DIY mansard roof step by step. Mansard roof - device and design. Choosing the type of roof and rafter system

Installing an attic in an individual home is a fairly common occurrence. This construction method allows you to reduce the cost per square meter and create a rather interesting room in the under-roof space. In order to properly install an attic floor, you need to study the basic requirements for it and choose the right type of roof and its slope.

What is an attic

According to regulatory documents, the attic floor is the volume under the roof that is used to accommodate residential and utility rooms. In this case, the height of the external walls should be no more than 1.5 m in the general case, otherwise the space will be considered a full-fledged residential floor.

A do-it-yourself attic is beneficial both during the construction and operation of a private house. In the first case, costs are reduced due to the fact that the height of the vertical enclosing structures is reduced. The roof takes on this function without ceasing to fulfill its original purpose.

An attic is an under-roof space that can be converted into a separate room for living.

During operation, cost reduction may include the following:

1. The heated volume of premises is reduced, as a result, there is a reduction in heating costs, which are an impressive item of utility costs.
2. After completion of construction, the house must be measured by specialists from BTI, after which a passport of the object is issued. It is based on the area values ​​​​given in it that taxes are calculated and payment is made utilities(subject to connection to centralized systems and the absence of metering devices, which is now practically unheard of). The area of ​​the marsard floor is included in the area of ​​the entire house with coefficients of 0.7 or 0.8 depending on the height outer wall and the angle of inclination of the roof, which allows significant savings throughout the entire life of the facility.

Preparatory stage

Construction should begin with the development of a project or diagrams on which the future structure will be drawn. Most often, the roof that is used for the attic floor is a gable roof, but it is also possible to use a four-slope hip roof. The gable design makes it possible to provide full-fledged windows in the gables.

In the case of using a hip for lighting rooms, it is possible to install only attic window openings. This option may become more labor-intensive in terms of installing roof elements and developing interior interiors. Cost reduction with a hip roof is achieved due to the absence of gables (the savings will be especially noticeable in brick house, where the cost of materials and the work itself for installing wall fences is quite high).

Do-it-yourself attic construction begins with determining geometric dimensions and roof shapes. We have already talked about choosing the type of rafter system for a house (gable, hip), after which you will need to decide whether the slope will be straight or broken. The broken design has such disadvantages as increased cost and labor intensity. Its use is justified by the need to increase the height of the room by changing the angle of the roof.

At the design stage it is determined optimal slope roofs. Its choice depends on ergonomic considerations and the roofing material used, which imposes restrictions.

Before making an attic, it is also necessary to calculate all its load-bearing elements for strength and bending, select the composition of the roof pie, perform thermal calculations and decide on materials. More on this below.

Main load-bearing elements

The design includes the following components:

1. Rafter legs, which transfer the load from the weight of the roofing and the wall to the walls of the house. The section is selected depending on the angle of inclination, span, pitch and design load. A professional can perform detailed calculations correctly. For private construction, you can use approximate values, but it is best to provide a small margin.
2. Narozhniki- These are rafter legs that rest on the slopes on one or both sides. The cross section is calculated in the same way as for rafters.
3. Sloping legs- a structure that is used in a hip roof. This element serves as a support for the narodniks. The cross-section is taken depending on the load and span; in any case, it should be larger than that of the rafter legs.
4. Mauerlat- an element that serves as a support for the footrails and transfers the load from the roof to the walls, distributing it evenly. It would be correct to choose a section with dimensions of 100 by 100 or 150 by 150, depending on the complexity of the object. Installation of the Mauerlat is not carried out during the construction of frame and wooden houses, since in this case its role is played by the upper crown of the walls or trim.
5. Rigel- a beam, which also serves as a support for the rafters, but in the upper part. The crossbar is installed at the ridge of the roof or at a break in the slope, in the case of a broken structure. The cross-section should be taken depending on the conditions; the recommended value is 200 by 200 mm.
6. Struts, racks, contractions– additional elements for securing elements. They are used to reduce the cross-section of load-bearing structures. Their cross section is most often chosen constructively. It is important to consider the convenience of making connections.

A do-it-yourself attic roof must be erected starting with the selection of sections of all elements of the roof frame. The material for manufacturing is selected taking into account the following conditions:

• the wood must be coniferous species(pine, spruce, larch);
• material grade – first or second;
• humidity no more than 15%.

Be sure to treat all boards and bars with antiseptic compounds before starting construction.

Thermal calculations

To keep the house warm, you will need to select the thickness of the insulation. Most often, mineral wool is used for attic spaces (more often in slabs than in mats). It is also possible to use polyurethane foam, polystyrene foam, extruded polystyrene foam and ecowool. Having determined what to make the thermal insulation layer from, select its thickness. It is important to consider the height of the rafters. It should always be equal to or greater than the thickness of the thermal insulation. For mineral wool will also need to provide ventilation gap 50 mm thick between the top surface of the heat insulator and the roofing. If the cross-section of the rafters is small, then in order to fulfill this requirement, a counter-lattice is installed.

Before you build an attic roof with your own hands, you can calculate it using heating engineering manually, guided by the joint venture " Thermal protection buildings." But it’s better to turn to special programs for help. To correctly calculate the thickness in the Teremok program (available for free on the Internet), you need to know the thermal conductivity of the insulation and the area where the house is being built, the program will find the rest itself.

A do-it-yourself mansard roof is different from a regular one pitched roof only by the presence of thermal insulation. More layers are also added to the cake to protect the insulation. Below step-by-step instruction will allow you to correctly install the elements mansard roof.

The procedure is as follows:

• fastening the Mauerlat to the wall;
• installation of rafters and systems of struts and racks;
• installation of waterproofing and wind protection;
• sheathing;
• roofing;
• insulation;
• bottom trim.

Assembling the roof frame

Installation begins with the Mauerlat. It is laid on the inner grant of the outer wall. Fastening depends on the material of the load-bearing walls, but in general it can be done in several ways:

• on staples;
• on stiletto heels;
• on the anchor.

For fragile house wall materials, such as aerated concrete and foam concrete, trimming is carried out monolithic belt which will prevent the walls from collapsing. For wooden and frame houses Mauerlat is not provided.

Next, you need to install the crossbars, if provided. After being laid support structures, lay out the rafter legs. The fastening of the rafters to the mauerlat can be rigid and hinged. It is better to do it using cutting and fixing metal corners on both sides.

This is a fairly old album, so all the drawings in it use nails as fasteners. It is better to replace them with studs. The design of the roof of the house in this regulatory document shown in great detail, so it is recommended that you familiarize yourself with it before starting work.

Before you begin installing insulation in the house, it is necessary to ensure its protection from negative influences environment. To do this, spread a moisture- and wind-proof membrane over the surface and secure the sheathing. After this, the roofing covering is installed, taking into account the recommendations for the selected material. For example, bituminous shingles require a continuous sheathing, which is most often made of moisture-resistant plywood.

Installation of thermal insulation

To insulate a house, you need to install insulation without gaps or cracks. For mineral wool, it will be easier to install if the clear distance between the rafters is 580 or 1180 mm. This will allow the material to be laid with a slight spacer, which will prevent cracks from occurring.

When using expanded polystyrene, the distance between the slabs and rafters is filled with sealant or polyurethane foam.

After laying the insulation, you need to attach a vapor barrier to it from below. After this, the lower sheathing and ceiling lining are installed. For an attic, it is best to cover the frame with two layers of 12.5 mm thick plasterboard followed by finishing.

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Attic construction attic space allows not only to increase living space home, but also to make the building unusual and beautiful. Moreover, a building with this type of roof can be made in almost any style. Roof mansard type, the execution options of which can be very different, are found both in urban areas and in rural areas. Let's look at how to create such a design yourself, and find out what its features are.

Mansard roof - options

This roof has a special slope design, usually consisting of a flat upper part and a steeper lower part. Thanks to this shape, a fairly spacious room appears inside, which can be used as an attic or even turn into a very cozy living room.

The history of attics began in the 17th century, such a roof design was invented by the architect Francois Mansart - it was a derivative of his name that such a roof was named. But this Frenchman was far from the first to implement the idea of ​​economical use attic floor Houses. The mansard roof was first built by Pierre Lescot, also a Frenchman, who worked on the construction of such famous buildings as the Louvre and Notre-Dame de Paris.

On a note! In the 19th century, poor people usually lived on attic floors, but now this floor can appear in the housing of fairly wealthy people.

Nowadays, attics are quite often constructed during construction. country houses or small two-story cottages, but the idea may well be implemented when creating other types of buildings. The attic has a number of advantages:

• it is cheaper to build a house with an attic than with two full floors and a roof;
• foundation costs during the construction of such a structure are also reduced;
• an attic can significantly increase the living space of any building;
• it gives the house an unusual and beautiful look;
• it is not difficult to build the structure, the work can be completed quite quickly;
• the attic is always associated with comfort;
• a house with an attic is warmer by reducing heat loss through the roof.

But attics also have several disadvantages. This type of attic space has sloping ceilings, which results in low wall heights, making it difficult to choose furniture. Also, the roof must be well installed so as not to leak and not let heat out of the house - you will have to spend money on good hydro- and thermal insulation materials. And building attics is still more difficult than, for example, a regular gable roof.

Design Features

The attic is a universal element. It was used both for ordinary houses and for the construction of country houses; often this type of attic space was chosen even for the construction of palaces. Of course, it could decorate workshops, commercial buildings, etc. And despite the fact that they were used for its construction different materials, different styles were chosen, the attic still remained an attic - it has certain design features.

So, this building may have different geometric shape– triangular, broken, have symmetrical or, conversely, geometrically complex and non-standard slopes. It can be located both across the entire width of the building, and only on one side of it relative to the longitudinal axis.

Prices for timber

On a note! If the roof has a broken shape, then the lower part will have very steep slopes with an inclination angle of about 60-70 degrees, and on the top the slopes, on the contrary, will be flat (about 15-30 degrees).

But whatever the attic, it will be located within the walls of the main building. In relation to the external walls, the attic may be slightly wider, but then it rests on the ceiling extensions. If the offset is large, then you will have to install additional supports (for example, columns, walls, etc.).

Height mansard roof it cannot be less than 2.5 m, otherwise it will not be possible to create a spacious room under it. Windows, which also need to be provided here, will be manufactured using special technologies using durable tempered glass and a reliable frame. They will cost several times more than usual. A bearing structures can be made of reinforced concrete, metal or wood. But in the case of the latter, it is important to carefully consider fire safety measures.

The mansard roof is a multi-layer structure, which complicates installation. It can be insulated completely or only in the area where there is a living room - where there is heating. But in any case, the design of the attic implies the presence of rafters, a ridge, the roofing material itself, thermal and waterproofing, and a vapor barrier layer. The interfloor ceiling will serve as the foundation under the roof.

Rafters for an attic roof must have good load-bearing capacity. The cross-section of the materials used will depend on the angle of the roof slope and cannot be less than 5x15 cm at a pitch of 100 cm. If the slope angle is 45 degrees, then a pitch of 140 cm is maintained.

Attention! In areas where it snows frequently and the amount of precipitation is high, it is recommended to install rafters at intervals of no more than 80 cm.

If the attic will be used as a living space, then it is important to consider that in this case there is a risk of large amounts of condensation forming under the roof. Because of this, pockets of mold may appear inside the structure, fungus may develop, etc. The presence of a large amount of moisture will also negatively affect the insulating properties of the material. That is why it is important to follow all the rules for installing an attic roof, and the heat-insulating material must be reliably protected from moisture not only from the outside, but also from the inside, that is, a layer of vapor barrier material is also located on this side.

Important! Don’t forget about creating roof vents that will allow air to circulate quietly inside the roof structure and help remove condensation.

Types of mansard roofs

There are 4 main types of mansard roofs, which differ from each other design features. They can be divided into single-level and two-level. The first are the simplest to implement, usually combined with a sloping or gable roof with a slope angle of 35-45 degrees. The second involves the arrangement of two rooms at different levels. A mixed support system is used here.

On a note! When building an attic under a gable roof, the height of the walls can be no more than 1.5 m, followed by sloping ceilings. With a broken-shaped roof, the ceiling height along the perimeter of the walls is up to 2.5 m.

When building a house, you can choose one of the types of attics - a single-level attic with a gable roof, a single-level with a sloping roof, with external consoles, or a two-level with a special mixed type of supports.

Table. Main types of attics.

Type	Description
	In this case, the attic has one level and is located under a regular gable roof. The simplest option, the design of which does not require the use of complex calculations. Rainfall with a simple gable roof goes away on its own, there is no need to equip any additional elements.
	In this case, the attic also has one level, but the rafter system is performed differently. It looks like four roof slopes are formed. A much larger room can fit under it, but creating such a roof is more difficult.
	Of the single-level attics, this is the most difficult option. Here the room under the roof is even more spacious. Usually in this case the attic room is shifted to one of the edges of the house. This design allows you to make large vertical windows on one side. Main disadvantages – complex shape, complexity of construction. But under the edge of such an attic you can make a functional canopy where a terrace, garage or other extension can be located.
	The most difficult option is the attic, since at least two rooms under the roof are arranged here, located at different levels. When designing a house, such a design immediately becomes part of its structure.

The attic roof can also have a balcony. It is created according to the principle of window construction. The main thing is that the load-bearing capacity of the walls allows it to be equipped. By the way, the balcony can also be supported by columns, but in this case it is built above the entrance.

Types of rafters for attics

Rafter trusses can be of two types - and layered. You will have to choose between them depending on the method of attachment to the walls of the house. Hanging ones are simpler and are usually used for houses that do not have a middle load-bearing wall. The rafters rest only on the main walls of the house, without intermediate supports. The width of the span between the walls cannot be large - usually it does not exceed 6 m. If the span is larger (over 9 m), then it will be necessary to install struts and headstocks.

Layered rafters are usually used to create houses with two spans, that is, those that have a load-bearing wall in the middle. In this case, the rafters have three support points - directly this wall, as well as the main ones around the perimeter of the house.

Material for the manufacture of the rafter system

Rafters can be made of metal, reinforced concrete or wood. Each material has its own advantages and disadvantages. Wooden rafters are environmentally friendly, they are easy to use, and can be easily adjusted to the desired size. But wooden structures They are afraid of excess moisture and are susceptible to the formation of mold and mildew.

On a note! It is recommended to treat wooden materials before construction protective compounds, which will extend their service life.

Metal and reinforced concrete structures You can not cover them with such compounds - fungus and mold do not appear on them. Due to this, they are considered more reliable and durable. But the main disadvantage is that, if necessary, it will be difficult to adjust them on site to the required dimensions, and the slightest error in the calculations can lead to the roof being skewed. Also, a craftsman working with reinforced concrete or metal rafters may encounter other difficulties - this is a large mass of products, which forces the use of special equipment even to lift the elements.

Difficulties and features of arranging an attic roof

When designing and constructing an attic roof, a number of design features should be taken into account, based on which a number of operating rules are formed. For example, the Mauerlat must be secured very securely with anchor bolts. It is he who will experience the maximum load, and therefore support the entire roof. It is additionally recommended to wall up the anchors cement mixture, if the main walls of the house are made of stone, brick and other similar materials.

It is also important to remember the correct design and layers of the roof. For example, mansard roofs cannot be covered with metal roofing materials. They get very hot and on the top floor in the summer it will be too hot, there can simply be no talk of any comfortable living. As waterproofing material It is not recommended to use roofing felt - when heated, it begins to smell specifically. It is best to cover the attic roof with slate or soft tiles. For thermal insulation, it is usually recommended to purchase mineral wool, which is laid with a waterproofing film on both sides.

Construction of an attic is a very important process that is performed both at the design stage of the entire house and after its construction. This room provides its owners with additional square meters of living space. Let's look at the features of the attic construction below.

Construction of an attic: project and its development

The attic is a rather difficult part of the building to construct. It is preferable to design it at the stage of building the house itself. Because building a residential attic on a finished building is not always possible. First of all, due to the fact that the attic space has considerable weight, and therefore loads the foundation.

The construction of an attic consists of a certain kind of stages, such as:

• attic construction drawings;
• dismantling old roofing materials, if the attic is being built on an already completed building;
• strengthening the walls on the upper floor, strengthening the foundation, if necessary;
• walling attic room;
• construction of the roof, its insulation, waterproofing and finishing;
• installation window designs;
• interior finishing works.

Compliance with everyone technological nuances in the construction of an attic, will allow you to get a reliable and durable building.

The first and most important stage is drawing up a project for the attic space. At this stage, you should take into account such features as the size of the room, the material used in its construction, the roof and the level of its slope and many other nuances.

There are three ways to design an attic. The first is the most budgetary, drawing up the project manually. However, minimal design experience is required to carry out this operation. The second way is to use ready-made design documentation; however, it is not a fact that someone else’s attic design will be completely suitable for your home, so you will still have to make some adjustments to it. The third way is to contact specialized organizations that, in the shortest possible time, will help you draw up an attic project that is ideal for your home.

In the process of independent design, you should take into account the wall loads on the building, its appearance and finishing materials used both indoors and outdoors. In addition, it is imperative to take into account the load from the building on the foundation; it may need to be strengthened. If the attic is too heavy, there is a risk of deformation or cracks in the house.

Experts will help you choose the optimal building materials, which, on the one hand, will ensure the attic's durability in operation, and on the other hand, will help reduce its load on the base of the entire building.

In addition, after drawing up the project, it should be agreed upon with special government agencies. If you have a competent project, this process will go quite quickly.

Do-it-yourself attic construction in the house

We invite you to familiarize yourself with the option of constructing an attic in an already built and commissioned residential building. In this case, the first step is to dismantle the old roof. Thus, it will be possible to expand the under-roof space and increase the safety of the building under construction.

To dismantle the roof, it is not necessary to hire specialists; all work can be done with your own hands. To do this, you must first get rid of the external roofing finishing material. Next, you need to completely remove the sheathing and rafter system.

After this, it is necessary to strengthen the walls on the adjacent floor, since the attic will exert a certain pressure on them. The design features of the attic exert pressure not only on the surface of the base of the building, but also on its walls. Therefore, first of all, before constructing an attic, it is necessary to strengthen the walls close to it. To do this, you should use special calculations, according to which this process is carried out and the strength level of old walls is determined.

The next stage is insulation and waterproofing of the attic floor, which is also the ceiling on the previous floor. With the help of these actions it will be possible to ensure a healthy atmosphere in the room. To insulate the attic, you can use various thermal insulation materials in the form of polystyrene foam, mineral wool, etc.

Construction of the attic photo:

Next follows the process of erecting walls in the attic. The walls are made in accordance with the project developed in advance. Most often, wood or timber is used to build walls. To insulate the attic, it is recommended to use mineral wool or expanded polystyrene. When choosing a material for external and internal wall decoration, try to give preference to materials with high level fire safety.

The next process is the construction of the roof. IN in this case, calculation correct angle The slope of the roof is very important. Since a roof that is too flat will negatively affect the ease of use of the attic space. Please note that the roof must be properly waterproofed, since if there is the slightest leak on its surface, moisture enters the attic.

In addition, the shape of the roof should be as simple as possible; the presence of broken and shaped elements will only complicate the process of their construction. Also important is the issue of insulating the attic space. For these purposes, various types are used Construction Materials. When choosing insulation for the attic, try to give preference to materials that do not absorb moisture and are resistant to frost, temperature changes and rodents. In addition, the thermal insulation material should not allow heat to escape from the room.

It is best to focus on carrying out internal thermal insulation work. To create it, follow a number of steps:

• install finishing in the form of plasterboard or plywood base;
• form a vapor barrier layer; special films are used for these purposes;
• lay thermal insulation material - perfect solution- mineral wool;
• ensure proper waterproofing of the roof using a special type of membrane;
• lay external finishing roofing material.

To erect a roof, you will also need to install a rafter system and install sheathing, the installation step of which depends on the type of roofing material. After the roof installation is completed, windows should be installed.

In order to ensure high-quality lighting in the room, several windows should be installed in it, the size of which directly depends on the size of the attic itself. The window in the attic ceiling must be of high quality. It must be resistant to precipitation, wind, and temperature changes. In addition, with the help of window structures, high-quality ventilation of the attic is ensured.

Further actions for the construction of the attic are related to the internal finishing works, heating organization, decoration and design of the premises. Strict adherence to all recommendations for attic construction will help ensure long-term operation of this room.

Frame attic construction technology

Frame attic - perfect solution for any home, garage and even bathhouse. Among the advantages of attics frame type note:

• lightness of the structure, so it does not load the main building, there is no need for additional strengthening of the walls and foundation;
• affordable cost of the attic - in comparison with its stone options;
• high level of thermal insulation and sound insulation;
• the possibility of constructing an attic of almost any shape and configuration;
• ease of implementation construction work, since the materials for the construction are quite light and special equipment is not required to lift them to the surface of the house.

Construction frame attic allows you to get a finished building with excellent heat and sound insulation properties. In addition, the roof will remain completely intact, and the usable area of ​​the room will increase significantly.

A simpler process is to build an attic on a building that has not yet been erected. Construction of an attic on an already finished house requires dismantling the old one roofing. Work should begin by studying the characteristics of the soil on the site and determining load-bearing capacity foundation. If the foundation is not able to support the attic, then a series of works will be required to strengthen it.

Next, you should inspect the walls of the house for their susceptibility to additional loads. In this case, if necessary, it is necessary to strengthen the walls. After this, the old roof is dismantled and the ceiling is strengthened.

Construction wooden attic consists of the following stages:

• production of frame system;
• installation of walls;
• insulation of attic walls;
• installation work related to the installation of the roof;
• finishing the attic with roofing materials and insulating the roof;
• interior decoration of the attic.

In addition, the construction of an attic involves the installation of window and door structures, the manufacture and installation of stairs, etc.

In order to construct an attic from timber, you should prepare edged board, plywood, screws and the timber itself. Frame structure The height should be comfortable for the average person to move around. Optimal value The height of the attic is at least two meters. The height of the ridge zone should be about 350 cm.

The easiest way is to assemble the frame on the ground and then lift it onto the roof. The top beam or frame frame will act as a hearth in the attic. To fix the frame structure on the surface of the house, special boards or plywood are used. In this way it is possible to obtain a special platform. The knots and quality of fastening depend on the material from which the attic walls are made. Self-tapping screws are used to connect the timber at the top of the structure. After making the frame walls, the roof should be thermally insulated and waterproofed. After this, external and internal wall cladding is carried out, windows and doors are installed, and internal finishing work is carried out.

When planning an attic, you should carefully analyze the general condition of the main building. The attic can be one room or will consist of several rooms. At the design stage, you should also take into account the design and shape of the windows, as well as their location.

The attic should be constructed from light, but at the same time durable materials. Since the materials should easily rise to the roof and place minimal load on the base of the building.

The most optimal materials for the construction of an attic - wood or steel profile. An attic made of stone or concrete will load the main building. Roof finishing materials should also be light, but at the same time durable and reliable. Preferably used for roofing bitumen shingles or piece metal. We recommend using plasterboard for interior wall decoration and leveling.

Since the attic is located above the main building, it is in greater contact with cold air. Therefore, proper thermal insulation of this room should be ensured. Heated air in the room should not penetrate through the insulation. In addition, in order to prevent moisture from entering the room, it is necessary to ensure its waterproofing.

In relation to the design features of the attic, it consists of a rafter system, which is installed in increments of sixty centimeters. To fill the gaps between the rafter system, it is recommended to install thermal insulation materials, such as mineral wool, inside them. It is possible to lay the insulation in one, two or even three layers. To calculate the total thickness thermal insulation material, the overall heat loss coefficient in the room should be taken into account. To protect the roof from inside the room, a vapor barrier should be installed. Next, you should finish the roof using plasterboard, lining or finishing panels.

Do not forget to leave a ventilation gap, the main function of which will be to get rid of excess moisture in the under-roof space. The width of this gap directly depends on the type of roofing material. WITH outside thermal insulation material should be installed with vapor-permeable wind protection.

Excellent vapor barrier material is a film made of polyethylene, glassine or roofing felt. The insulation is laid with an overlap of 15 cm. Construction tape is used to seal the seams. Please note that foil waterproofing is laid with a foil covering inside the room. Thus, the foil will reflect the heat that comes from the room.

Construction of the attic video:

The attic allows for significant expansion usable area Houses. At the same time, the arrangement of the under-roof floor can be carried out even in already finished building. At the same time, financial expenses will be relatively small, because the basic necessary structures will already be present, and you can handle all the necessary activities on your own.

First of all, you must make sure that the foundation of the house can withstand the additional load from the attic floor. If necessary, the foundation must be strengthened or an attempt must be made to transfer new loads to a separate foundation. At this stage, you may need professional help.

Solve the issue of attic design. The under-roof floor can have a variety of shapes. Wherein inner space the premises are determined by the features of the roofing structure.

The attic roof must be designed in a special way. You will have to get rid of the old rafters and related materials, replacing them with a new system designed taking into account the upcoming loads, angle of inclination and other important design features.

Thus, truss structure must be calculated and designed separately, specifically for your attic floor.

The most optimal roofing option for the attic floor is a broken gable roof. A gable roof will place a much greater load on the walls compared to single slope system. However, you will not find a more convenient roof option for the attic floor.

Wherein broken roof will “eat up” the least amount of free space in the attic compared to all other types of roofs.

It is important that the gable roof has a sufficient number of load-bearing supports. Typically, layered rafters are used to construct such a roof. In this case, the elements of the rafter system must rest on load-bearing walls, capable of normally withstanding incoming vertical and horizontal loads.

Before starting construction, decide what area the under-roof floor should have, whether you will insulate it and whether you need to install heating in the attic.

In accordance with your own preferences, draw up (order, find in open sources) an attic project with sketches, drawings, calculations and explanations.

The design documentation should reflect the following important features attics:

• the presence of additional partitions and load-bearing walls;
• number of window openings;
• peculiarities internal structure roofs;
• type of roofing material, etc.

After this, calculate the required amount of materials for arranging the attic. It is best to make an attic using the same materials from which the structure itself is built (brick, blocks, etc.).

If you plan to use the attic exclusively for seasonal living, you can make it from more budget-friendly materials. Typically, wood is used in such situations. This material goes well with most existing building materials and is perfect for furnishing an attic.

Start setting up wooden frame– roof basics. Select suitable locations for placing the blocks needed for arranging the partitions.

First you will need to lay out the exterior and gable walls. Proceed with the arrangement of the attic roof only after the construction of the house itself has been completed.

To assemble the frame, use a high-quality wooden beam measuring 15x5 cm. When performing each stage of the work, be guided by the sketches and drawings you have. It is impossible to explain everything solely in words.

First step

Strengthen the existing structure with slings. To strengthen the purlins, use special support blocks in the shape of the letter U. Blocks are installed and poured cement mortar. This strengthening will prevent further cracking of the walls.

Second step

Build solid gable walls and begin building the attic. After installing all necessary walls start installing the elements of the rafter system.

Third step

Install the rafters according to project documentation and make sure the installed system is reliable.

First you need to install the purlins, and only after that fix the rafters. First you need to lay out the stepped wall slopes, and then arrange the partitions of the attic floor. Be sure to make sure that the elements of the rafter system are evenly positioned.

Fourth step

Align the slopes of the gable walls using a band saw.

Fifth step

Nail batten boards to the rafters to install the insulating material. Secure the waterproofing, insulation and vapor barrier, and then lay another layer of boards on top of the waterproofing.

Sixth step

Lay the chosen one on the crate finishing coat. It is better that the finishing roofing material is as reliable and high quality as possible, so that the attic is cozy, warm and safe.

After completing the work on arranging the walls and roof of the attic, proceed to insulation and interior arrangement of the under-roof room.

A wide variety of materials can be used to insulate the attic. For example, they are very suitable for performing such work mineral wool insulation, expanded polystyrene, all kinds of blocks, etc. One of the most preferred thermal insulation materials is fiberboard. Using this material as an example, the procedure for insulating an attic room will be considered.

In the case of using slabs with a thickness of 1.2 cm, the thermal insulation characteristics of such insulation will be similar to the properties of a wall laid in brick, or finishing made of boards about 5 cm thick.

In addition, the slabs have good noise insulation properties. Factory treatment with antiseptic preparations makes the material resistant to adverse external factors, and the relatively low price allows almost everyone to buy such slabs.

The most suitable material for attic insulation is fiberboard

On one side the slabs have a slightly corrugated texture, and on the other they are smooth. To cut slabs, you can use an ordinary sharp knife. The material is not particularly afraid of temperature and humidity changes. At the same time, work on thermal insulation of surfaces using fiberboard will not take much effort and time.

Finally, you can glue wallpaper to the smooth side of the fiberboard (the smooth side is the front side) or do another finishing at your own discretion.

Walls

Traditionally, thermal insulation work begins with insulating the walls. It is enough to fix the slabs with nails. First, duralumin plates should be placed under the fastener heads. Place the nails themselves staggered.

If the walls are not made of wood, you may need to use other fasteners. Focus on the situation.

To attach slabs to plastered surfaces, you can also use PVA glue or various types of adhesive mastics.

Ceiling

At the stage of covering the ceiling, try to enlist the support of at least one assistant - the slabs are quite large in size and it is not particularly convenient to attach them alone.

The cladding is carried out according to an extremely simple scheme: the slab is carefully applied to the fastening point and fixed using T-supports made of boards, nails and duralumin plates. Wear safety glasses at this stage.

The floor can be insulated using two methods.

In accordance with the first method, the surface is first covered with a double layer of roofing material, after which fiberboard is fixed on top, and then the finished floor is installed.

In accordance with the second option, fiberboard slabs are nailed to the floor, and carpet is glued on top of them. This coating is very convenient. For added convenience, it is recommended to soak it special composition, making further carpet maintenance easier.

Before gluing the carpet, it must be unrolled and kept in the room for 7-10 days. Fiberboard boards are pre-coated with glue. After gluing the fiberboard, you need to additionally press it to the surface using boards and leave to dry for a day.

In conclusion, all you have to do is carry out a number of works on the internal improvement of the attic. Start from the ceiling.

Ceiling

The best option– arrangement of the lung suspended ceiling. Lining is well suited for the construction of such a structure. You can also use hardboard, plywood or other suitable materials.

It is more convenient to first make the ceiling to size, and then attach it to the crossbar of the truss.

Walls

Nail crossbars made of high-quality material to the rafter posts. wooden beam. Nail the chosen one to the frame finishing material. The best option is wooden lining.

Niches

In places where niches form (and they will definitely be present due to the peculiarities of the roofing structure), you can nail drywall or other suitable material, creating compact cabinets for storing various types of accessories.

Depending on the available space on attic floor you can arrange a bedroom, office, children's room. Focus on the specifics of your situation.

Lighting

Consider the procedure for arranging the attic lighting. The best option– organization of local lighting for each corner of the room. This way the interior of the attic will be most expressive.

In matters of furnishing and further arrangement of the under-roof floor, be guided by your needs and capabilities.

Good luck!

Video - Do-it-yourself attic construction

10 minutes to read. Views 1.3k.

Let's figure out what exactly we call an attic today. According to building regulations, valid in our time, we are talking about a room in the attic, part of the facade of which is formed by the surface of the roof.

Moreover, if we consider the line of intersection of the walls of the building facade and the roof surface, then its height above the floor level should not exceed one and a half meters.

There is a wide range of options for designing them. possible solutions. It must be remembered that one of the main features of the attic is that there are two sections of the roof slope. One of them is flatter, the other has a stronger slope.

In addition, it is desirable that the height of the vertical part of the wall be more than one meter. This will make it possible to feel much more comfortable in such a room than in the opposite case.

Design

Let's consider the types of rafter systems for attic spaces. Here we will talk about the main types of such premises depending on their structure.

Here we are talking about a flat inclined surface. However, the slope in this case is usually relatively small. Designing such an attic is much easier than for other types, but there will be relatively little usable space in such a room.

There are many such solutions. Let's talk about some of them. It is also one of the most simple options. It looks like this:

As we see here, when designing the attic, the integrity of the roof is not compromised. This allows you to reduce the cost of arranging such a room.

But the downside of this option is that the size of the attic itself in this case is minimal compared to other architectural design solutions.

Let's consider a similar option. However, we note that it allows you to increase the size of the attic. It is designed for a different type of roof structure.

Its main drawback is the same as in the previous case. Here, very little space is allocated for the premises. Which, however, pays off with the simplicity of designing this kind of attic.

Here we will look at more complex geometry.

We see that designing this type of attic presents certain difficulties. At the same time, the room has a much larger volume than in previous cases. There is a vertical outer wall, which makes it possible to make high-quality windows in the attic.

An important aspect of this solution is that it is possible to extend the vertical wall of the attic beyond the facade of the house. This gives good opportunity to increase the area of ​​the room. Note that here we are talking about a single-level attic.

Here we are talking about a much more complex option. A two-level room with several rooms can also be one of the attic options.

However, designing such a loft is not an easy task, although it can provide additional flexibility and efficiency in using the available space.

Roof shapes

In this section we will look at the main types. The simplest types include single-slope or double-slope.

A more complex option is to use the broken type. When using this variety, the internal space that can be used for the attic space increases significantly. This option is a type of gable roof.

More complex options are those made in the form of a dome, pyramid or cone.

There is also a four-slope one, which is also called hip. In fact, here we are talking about a gable roof, supplemented by two more slopes, which are located in front and behind.

Also, one cannot fail to mention multi-gable roofs. This means a combination of two or more gables, which are located perpendicular to each other.

The following figure clearly demonstrates some of their types.

Broken mansard roof

There are quite a few varieties of attics. However, some variants are quite rare. One of the most common is this. What exactly do we mean when we talk about this?

In fact, we are talking about a regular gable roof. Its only difference is that in the option under consideration, each slope is divided into two sections (this is the most common option, but there may be more than two such sections), which have different slopes. The part that is in the center is less inclined, and the part at the edges is more inclined. Let us explain this with a drawing.

Now let's move on to how it works. Let's look at another drawing.

This diagram shows the arrangement of the rafters that make up the frame. Let's briefly talk about them. Floor beams. This is the part on which the entire roof structure is mounted. On the one hand, this is part of the ceiling top floor building.

On the other hand, the remaining structural elements are mounted on these beams:

• Racks are vertically located elements that serve as support.
• The purlins are located along the attic.
• Layered rafters are an inclined base for decking.
• Cross beams are used for attic floors.

The main design elements were listed here. Let's show another diagram.

Shown here are a few more important elements rafter system:

• Mauerlat. These are longitudinally located beams that serve as the main support for layered rafters.
• Hanging rafters. They are located in the upper section of the roof.
• The tightening serves to increase the strength of the entire structure.
• Struts are additional support for layered rafters.

The rafter system is the basis, but that’s not all. The roof itself has a rather complex structure. After all, it must protect the house from rain, cold and heat. In addition, water condensation forms inside the house, which can not only create significant discomfort for residents, but also damage the thermal insulation layer. Therefore, it has a rather complex structure.

Let us explain this diagram. Typically, the insulation layer is placed between layered rafters. A vapor barrier is placed directly underneath it. Waterproofing is placed above the insulating layer. A thin air layer is left under it, which serves for ventilation.

A counter-lattice (slats that are located along the rafters) is nailed on top of the layered rafters. And on them there is a sheathing (slats located perpendicular to the rafters). A roof covering is installed on top. This is an example of a roof structure in which ventilation is provided.

The majority belong to this type. In areas where a warm and dry climate prevails, a roof can be installed in which this kind of ventilation is not provided.

Let's tell you what mansard roofs can look like in the most common cases.

Here is a design for a gable mansard roof. Here is another diagram that corresponds to a gable broken line.

If it is hipped, then this allows for more free space to be allocated for the attic. Here circuit diagram rafter system for them.

The diagram below shows a rafter system that can be used in the design. Next, we will show another example of a hipped (hip) roof.

Do-it-yourself attic roof construction technology

If we have plans to build an attic, then, in principle, two main ways are possible:

• Do it yourself.
• Contact specialists.

Each of the options mentioned has its own advantages and disadvantages. If you do everything necessary work do it yourself, it will cost much less. But for this you will have to work hard and you will need to do the work at a high-quality, fairly professional level.

If you turn to specialists, then the work, although it will be done efficiently, will also cost much more.

If you still decide to take on this matter yourself, then you first need to prepare the necessary materials and tools.

The creation will take place in two main stages:

• creating a frame,
• roofing arrangement.

To carry out the work you will need various materials:

• Wooden beams of various sections.
• The boards are 3-4 cm thick and 15 cm wide.
• Roofing material (slate).
• Insulation.
• Vapor barrier.
• Waterproofing.
• 80 mm nails.

You will also need tools for the job:

• Sharp knife.
• Hammer.
• Axe.
• Construction stapler with staples.
• Plumb.
• Roulette.
• Hacksaw.

Because is enough complex design, then you must first draw up its diagram and calculate the parts.

Let's consider the situation for a gable sloping mansard roof. We'll tell you what calculations need to be made and how.

First of all, it is important to decide on the roofing material. It must be chosen based on the specific characteristics of the situation. In particular, let us pay attention to two different sides question. The level of thermal insulation and waterproofing in the attic is significantly lower than in the house.

This necessitates the need for very careful attention when selecting materials for roof construction. Another feature is that it is important to use lighter materials both for the roof and for the interior decoration of the attic being created.

Since each slope is divided into two sections, it is important to determine the angle of inclination of the steeper section. It must be remembered that if it is less than 15 degrees, then this places special demands on the roofing material. If we are talking about a slope greater than 45 degrees, then almost any material can be used for the roof.

In order to determine the weight, you first need to determine its area. To do this, its surface is divided into simpler geometric figures and their area adds up.

When determining weight, the following are taken into account:

• weight of rafters and beams,
• insulation weight,
• waterproofing weight,
• roof weight.

First, the weight per unit area is determined, and then multiplied by its value.

When calculating the weight, do not forget about the possible weight of the applied snow and take into account its size. The additional impact of wind must also be taken into account.

The total load is found by dividing the total load by the roof area. Based on the obtained number and rather complex calculations using special tables, the necessary parameters of the rafter system are determined and, in particular, the value rafter step and recommended roof pitch.

Carrying out work

Installation of the rafter system

Before carrying out such work, it is necessary to prepare the wood. It needs to be dried well and also treated with a special antiseptic and fire retardant compound.

At the first stage you need to install the Mauerlat.

It is laid on a layer of waterproofing. The next step is to attach the ridge beam.

After this, layered rafters are installed. For convenience, their attachment points can be marked on the Mauerlat. Typically, the rafter installation step is 70 cm. It is customary to cut the rafters in order to strengthen the connection with the Mauerlat.

The upper edges of the rafters are also cut at an angle. They install the tightening there.

Then a sheathing is placed on the rafters and a vapor barrier film is installed.

The rafter system is the basis for the roof, but you need to install insulation and waterproofing.

First of all, you need to decide on the choice of material for insulation. Several options are common:

• Glass wool. It's cheap and efficient material, but when laying it, dust harmful to health is formed. When used, this material is safe, durable and effective.
• Fibreboard board. It has good thermal insulation and sound insulation. For residential buildings usually not used.
• Polystyrene foam is an effective material and weighs little. However, it is toxic and fire hazardous.
• Expanded polystyrene is similar in its characteristics to polystyrene foam, but does not have its disadvantages.
• Mineral wool. IN last years is the most common material used for insulation. It is effective in use and has almost no drawbacks.

We lay a waterproofing film on top of the rafters, which must be carefully secured. We insert mineral wool blocks from below and secure them with a vapor barrier membrane, attaching it to the rafters from below.

In this case, the mineral wool sheets need to be cut several centimeters wider than the gaps between the rafters. This is necessary in order to prevent the formation of cracks in the thermal insulation.

Features of rafter systems for mansard roofs

The frame is built to ensure that it will support the entire weight of the attic roof along with the so-called “ roofing pie" On the other hand, it should be as light as possible in order to reduce the load.

Wood is usually used for such work. coniferous trees. This is due to the fact that such wood can be processed more easily.

Before use, wooden parts must undergo antiseptic and fire protection treatment.

Modern technologies and high-quality building materials allow you to independently build a high-quality attic roof. However, in this case it is necessary to carry out competent design and calculation of the necessary parameters.

Particular attention should be paid to the quality and reliability of the rafter system being built.