Few people can remain indifferent to the elegant appearance of the old streets and squares of European cities. Closely standing neat houses of 2-3 floors, with a deliberately open wooden frame, intricately delineating the whitewashed facade, look cozy and gingerbread.

The word Fachwerk (German) (Fachwerk) literally means frame, denotes a spatial structure of interconnected vertical posts, horizontal beams and inclined braces made of oak or coniferous species. The cells formed by the frame elements were filled with available building materials: raw brick, a mixture of clay and straw, reinforced with a willow mesh or natural stone. The medieval builder did not at all bother with covering the wooden parts of the frame, rather for the purposes of economy, but it was this feature that gave the exterior and interior of the houses individuality and charm. A sort of old Quadratisch. Praktisch. Gut.

The concept of half-timbering in its familiar form was formed about 600 years ago. Having emerged as one of the fastest and cheapest, this housing construction technology turned into an architectural art within 100 years. The lines of the frame acquired a more complex and regular structure, the facades were filled with details for purely decorative, aesthetic purposes, the number of storeys of buildings increased, even entire castles were erected. Despite the apparent lightness and fragility of the structure, many half-timbered houses have served for several centuries without replacing the load-bearing elements of the frame, which characterizes this technology as extremely reliable. And in the usual sense, a half-timbered structure is, in fact, a frame structure.

The half-timbered technology received its rebirth about half a century ago as a kind of response to the demanding demand of those whose eyes were tired of modern reinforced concrete architecture. The basis of modern half-timbering is the Herrenalb system, developed by the German architect Goetz. Houses created using this technology are distinguished by expressiveness, harmony, a memorable exterior and a high level of comfort. The distinctive features of any modern half-timbered structure are a wooden frame with massive posts and beams, a large glazing area (up to 100% of the area of ​​all walls), panoramic floor-to-ceiling windows, and wide roof overhangs. The main feature - open frame elements - makes modern half-timbered wood similar to traditional ones.

Despite the seeming impracticality (of course, because we have it that the larger the glazing area, the greater the heat loss), houses built according to the Herrenbald system are perfect for our climate. New technologies have made it possible not to limit the thickness of the walls due to the use of laminated veneer lumber in the frame racks, and the use of modern double-glazed windows significantly reduces the thermal conductivity of windows.

The technology of modern half-timbering began its cautious march across Russia about 10 years ago. At first, cottage villages appeared near Moscow, certainly of a premium class, aimed at a discerning public demanding the very best. And the point is not that the price of building such a house is very high - building a modern half-timbered building is no more expensive than building a brick house of similar size. But the point is a cunning move by marketers who took advantage of the novelty of technology and “loaded” the beautiful phrase “modern half-timbered timber” with a bunch of excellent epithets: unique, exclusive, trendy, etc. And as you understand, being chosen and status cannot come cheap.

However, the desire for beauty is inherent not only to a select few, and the novelty of technological techniques and, as a consequence, the lack of a sufficient amount of information, encourages our compatriots to bold experiments. Over time, one of the private developers, paying tribute to the spectacular appearance of half-timbered wood, tried to decorate the facades of their houses with budget stylization, reproducing a layout of boards on them that imitated half-timbered wood. Read about how this can be done.

But let's be honest, imitation is imitation, as the user rightly noted in her comment ArtFamily, independently implementing the project."

ArtFamily FORUMHOUSE Member

Imitation is nothing more than graffiti on the wall; the philosophy (or aesthetics) of half-timbered technology lies not in the layouts on the facades, but in the visible structure itself.

Modern fachwerk is not a compromise, it is a young, but already fully formed direction in architecture. And on FORUMHOUSE there are users who realize their dreams within the framework of the principles of the Herrenbald concept - Modern half-timbering. Someone orders a laminated timber construction kit from a factory based on a finished project in order to independently assemble a true modern half-timbered structure. This is exactly what the user Evgeniy Romanov did, nickname - EvgeniyRomanov what he talked about in his thread

EvgeniyRomanov FORUMHOUSE Member

At the time of construction there was very little, and one might say, almost no information on the network about this technology, but I decided to self-construction, and I had to learn from my own mistakes. Now it’s much easier for people, they often write and call me, and I happily answer all questions, remembering how hard it was for me when choosing an answer to the questions posed to me in this situation.

Evgeniy chose an insulated Swedish stove as the foundation for his house, which has an area of ​​about 150 meters. Users of the portal who have knowledge of the issue described this choice of foundation as the one that best meets the technology requirements, although not the only one possible. As alternative options, a MZLF or a pile-grillage foundation with a floor on the ground can be used.

The total volume of glued structures was 28 cubic meters. And for various elements the frame had its own nomenclature. So, section corner posts was 300*300 mm, intermediate – 300*180 mm, internal 180*180 mm, timber 300*180 mm was used for strapping. The figures shown show that the thickness external walls at home can be up to 300 mm, and if, in order to increase energy efficiency, the aesthetics of open racks are neglected, then the thickness can be increased.

The frame of a modern half-timbered frame is assembled using so-called scrums, by connecting vertical and horizontal elements in half-tree notches, which are initially cut at the factory in accordance with the project.

In total, such a constructor has about 500 notches. Unlike a traditional half-timbered frame, where the frame contained jibs that ensured its stability, in the Herrenbald system stability is ensured due to the reliable connection of the nodes and high precision selection of notches, guaranteeing a tight fit of the elements in their places. All nodes are connected by through metal pins.

EvgeniyRomanov

The assembly of the half-timbered frame began; first, a waterproofing tape was laid under the timber frame. After the harness itself was installed, everything was leveled with wedges, according to the level and level. Then the beam was mounted to the foundation slab with anchors, and we began installing the first columns.

Considering the large mass individual elements frame, its assembly should be carried out by a fairly large team using a crane.

EvgeniyRomanov

A little advice for those who decide to assemble a half-timbered frame, BUY A HOIST! I've already paid for it 5 times for sure.

Next, the frame was assembled in a logical sequence; after installing the vertical posts, the frame beams were installed, which is the foundation for the second floor. During the construction process, the author’s topic repeatedly raised the issue of cold bridges formed by through metal studs. Evgeniy trusted German pedantry and did not change the project. Subsequent operation showed that with a proper ventilation system and working heating (warm floors), condensation does not form on the studs, and heat loss is comparable to the statistical error.

The rafter system was also made of laminated timber, and its installation was carried out on general principles. The width of the roof overhang was about 1.5 meters, which, in addition to external aesthetics, also carries a practical load - the wetting of the facade during precipitation is significantly reduced, and the wide overhangs prevent heating of the house's premises from direct sunlight. Natural cement-sand tiles were used as roofing.

After completing the installation of the frame, Evgeniy began filling the cells. The façade facing south, as well as some of the cells of other facades, were filled with panoramic energy-saving windows installed using frameless glazing technology. The total glazing area was 85 square meters. With this technology, even before assembling the frame, grooves are selected in the corresponding posts and beams using a milling cutter. The width of the grooves should be approximately 1 centimeter wider than the thickness of the glass unit; after installation, this space is filled with sealant. The depth of the grooves is such that first the glass unit is pushed into one groove until it stops, then it is inserted into another groove and centered using special stands; after filling with sealant, the bottom strip is mounted.

It should be noted that a modern energy-efficient double-glazed window, the design of which uses multifunctional glass, as well as triplex, has a thermal conductivity coefficient comparable to a timber wall 20-22 cm thick, as well as enviable impact resistance.

Frame frames under basalt insulation were installed inside the blind cells of the facade, a vapor barrier was installed on the inside, and sheet windproof material (this could be OSB, MDVP, etc.) on the outside, on which it was attached exterior decoration facade (fiber cement siding) flush with the front plane of the frame posts. With this design, special attention should be paid to vapor barrier, given that the film does not create a sealed contour, but is placed only in cells, leaving the load-bearing elements of the frame open, which requires special care when performing work, as well as the use of special tape.

Technologically, there are many options for filling the cells of the frame - from brick (a la traditional half-timbered timber) to multi-layer pies using basalt insulation special membranes and films, or eco-wool. One of the closest in spirit to traditional half-timbering, as well as an environmentally friendly option, is filling the cells arbolite blocks, followed by plastering.

Methods for finishing the facade can only be limited by your healthy imagination. This and wet facade, and ventilated with imitation or planken upholstery, and decorative: clinker imitating old brickwork, and other options. Although we must understand that the concept of modern half-timbering itself imposes certain stylistic restrictions on the choice of roofing material, as well as the decoration of the facade.

Anyone who is sure that frame houses are a technological tribute to modern economy and environmental protection, and that our distant ancestors built exclusively from wood or stone, is mistaken. In Europe, the construction of frame dwellings was widely practiced 500 years ago, and before that it was perfected for several more centuries. The technology was called “half-timbered”, which is translated from German as a frame structure.

Externally, a half-timbered house is very easy to recognize. The hallmark of this technology is beams protruding from the walls, which form a pattern of straight and inclined lines. This solution is beneficial at least because of ease of installation and ease of use.

Ancient house built using half-timbered technology, Germany

Evolution of technology

The wooden frame is one of the oldest inventions. He was known to the builders of Ancient Egypt, ancient Greece, the Roman Empire and their colleagues in Ancient China. Being one of the oldest ways construction, half-timbered timber was common in those places where it was necessary to take care of saving wood. Simple at first, the technology underwent changes over time, developing and becoming more complex. The basis of the first buildings were beams (logs or poles) dug into the ground or clay, which served as the floor. The filling of the walls was most often also made of clay, and the roof was topped with a thatched roof.

Such a structure could not last long - the dug-in support pillars gradually became saturated with moisture, rotted and collapsed. Later, they figured out how to install the frame supports on a stone cushion sunk into the ground, and reinforce the clay for the walls with straw, branches or reeds. Over time, the development of crafts (especially shipbuilding) made it possible to produce new structural parts, beams and racks of progressive rectangular section. The experience of generations of builders has shown that inclined frame parts - struts and struts - significantly improve the stability of the structure.

The construction of half-timbered houses is very popular in Scandinavia, for example in Sweden

Half-timbered houses spread throughout Europe, including the states of the Scandinavian Peninsula, Holland, Switzerland and France. In each country, the technology was modified, adapting to local conditions (in England, for example, walls were additionally insulated with sheep's wool). The stone foundation and logs appeared only in the 15th century.

Half-timbered houses were a common feature of the urban landscape of the 15th and 16th centuries, especially in Northern Europe - Britain, Germany and Poland. In the 18th century, the half-timbered style began to be replaced by other architectural finds and construction methods. It was remembered in the 70s of the last century, in the wake of interest in the environmental friendliness and practicality of medieval technology.

The hallmark of half-timbered wood remains its decorativeness. The frame of beams, which darken over time, remains visible, the walls are covered with light plaster, and the house takes on an elegant, festive look. IN different countries the frame beams were installed in their own way (in England and France vertically, in Switzerland and Germany - at angles), which made it possible to create an infinitely diverse variety of picturesque facades.

Modern house in half-timbered style

Modern technology

Half-timbered buildings are still a common type of structure in Europe with a recognizable load-bearing base of beams, prominently protruding beyond the plane of the facade. Modern construction techniques have preserved the classic half-timbered structure, while expanding the list of materials used. Houses using half-timbered technology are still a combination of a supporting structure and wall panels.

The basis is a rigid spatial frame made of timber elements (often made of coniferous wood). The frame forms cells, which are then filled with materials chosen for the walls - from traditional natural to innovative.

The use of frame-frame construction solves several problems:

Allows you to build a durable structure with stable parameters.

Reduce housing construction time.

Minimize wood consumption (and, therefore, budget).

Construction modern house passes quickly and technologically

Features of building a house using half-timbered technology

With the advent of new materials and tools, the construction of houses using half-timbered technology has undergone many changes over the past few decades, maintaining main principle style - frame. The changes affected almost all structural elements:

Foundation. Since the frame of the house is light and rigid, in most cases a shallow foundation is installed, the parameters of which are calculated taking into account the properties of the soil and the features of the project. Then the base is waterproofed and insulated with polystyrene foam or mineral wool. The foundation and the lower part of the frame are connected with anchor bolts.

Frame. Traditional materials (logs and poles) have been replaced by technologically advanced glued or polished timber. The structural parts (fragments of walls, roofs, terraces) are securely joined with wooden elements (dowels, tenons, dowels). Connections are made in special ways (poluman, mann, wilderman, “St. Andrew’s cross”), which must be correctly designed and positioned. Many projects use metal fasteners. Wooden elements are protected from damage with complex preparations (antiseptic, fire retardant) and varnished.

Load-bearing walls. A feature of the technology - the filling between the beams - is not a load-bearing basis, the walls only divide the space. It practically opens unlimited possibilities redevelopment.

Filling wall cells. Any material is suitable for filling the cells. Internal partitions are filled with slabs with high heat and vapor barrier properties. The surface of the walls is puttied and decorated without any special restrictions.

On our website you can get acquainted with the most popular projects of houses using half-timbered technology from construction companies presented at the exhibition of houses “Low-Rise Country”.

Half-timbered house: wall material

The filler can be brick, stone and cellular concrete blocks (foam and aerated concrete), but in the last decade there has been a tendency to use slab materials (OSB, cement-bonded particle boards, plasterboard). It is preferable to use materials with the following characteristics:

lightness and strength;

moisture resistance;

high heat-saving properties;

environmental friendliness.

Sectional fragment of the structure (features of wall filling)

A traditional feature of the style is the method of filling - the frame is not hidden from the facade, but serves as a spectacular architectural detail. Internal surfaces are designed in accordance with the chosen style. For finishing choose facing materials(for example, with imitation brickwork) or plastering, which is still popular (often with decorative compounds).

A half-timbered house belongs to wooden housing construction, but the trend modern design All-glass walls become when the glazing area of ​​the house occupies at least 60% of the wall surface. This option is not designed for mass construction, since it is difficult to implement, expensive and controversial in regions with long, harsh winters (even if energy-saving double-glazed windows are installed). The design will be advantageous next to a pond or slope, when there is an illusion of merging the landscape and the interior.

A modern interpretation of the style - an elite half-timbered house with a flat roof

Roof for half-timbered

Classic European half-timbered buildings were often built with a storey overhang (where the top story protrudes above the bottom). The purpose of this architectural technique was to protect the house from precipitation - when it rained, water flowed not onto the foundation, but onto the ground. In modern half-timbered houses, the protective function is performed by a roof with wide overhangs, borrowed from the chalet style.

The gable roof fits perfectly into the architectural style of the house, which, in addition to overhangs, has another characteristic feature - the absence of an attic and attic. Traditionally, natural tiles can serve as a roof; although metal tiles, ondulin and soft roofing are more common.

On our website you can find contacts of construction companies that offer the service of constructing half-timbered houses. You can communicate directly with representatives by visiting the “Low-Rise Country” exhibition of houses.

Advantages and disadvantages of houses

Advantages of a half-timbered structure:

Durability. It is difficult to blame the Germans for the lack of a rational approach and practicality. German builders know a lot about durability, and you don’t have to look far for evidence - many houses in Germany last 200-300 years. Of course, this also plays a role correct operation buildings, but this does not detract from the builders’ ability to select and use quality materials and methods of processing them.

Aesthetic appeal. If you want to highlight your home, a half-timbered house is one of the most suitable options.

House designed on a slope

Multivariate. The house adapts to any climatic conditions. The technology allows you to design large rooms (60-70 m²) without supports.

Construction time. Approximately 3 months.

Saving. Consists of reducing foundation costs.

Minimum shrinkage. Laminated timber frame chamber drying practically does not shrink, which allows you not to delay with interior decoration.

Openness of the design. Allows you to make maximum use of sunlight, which is so lacking in autumn and winter. At the same time, the design features do not cause difficulties with the placement of engineering communications (technological niches are provided for them in the walls and floor).

Video description

About the pros and cons of half-timbered houses in the following video:

The disadvantages of half-timbered structures are:

Price. The development and implementation of such a project using half-timbered technology will cost more than a similar frame house of equal area. The budget is affected by the price of energy-saving double-glazed windows and laminated veneer lumber.

Treatment. Wooden parts require regular treatment to extend their service life.

House with a lot of wooden elements that need protection

Additional expenses. May be required if half-timbered housing is being built in a region with low winter temperatures. An effective layer of thermal insulation will increase the thickness of the walls and, consequently, the cross-section of the wall beams. Additional cash injections will require the installation of heated floors and a modern heating system.

Fragility. A large amount of glass calls for caution. Triplex and armored glass will help ensure a safe life.

When designing, attention is focused on the following aspects:

Deadlines. Construction company, for example "EcoComplete", is capable of erecting a half-timbered house as quickly as a frame-panel one. The house kit is manufactured at the factory according to the provided drawings. The speed of assembly is determined largely by the qualifications of the builders.

High-quality laminated veneer lumber is the basis of a durable structure

Construction materials. The service life of a half-timbered house depends on the quality of the supporting beams. For a durable frame, beams made of denser and more resinous wood (for example, larch) are needed. High-quality parts have a certificate, which guarantees good drying and the absence of defects (cracks and cracks) on the surface of the timber.

Design of ventilation and heating systems. A house with most of its walls occupied by glass needs a well-thought-out heating and ventilation system. For houses created according to an individual project, energy-saving triplex (tempered laminated glass) is selected, which does not increase heating bills and prevents the formation of moisture on the windows.

Subtleties of design

You can emphasize and enhance the originality of a home built using German technology in different ways. The following solutions will complement the recognizable architecture:

Usage decorative stone . A base finished with stone or brick (or modern finishing material) is important element exterior design of a half-timbered house.

The contrasting facade is noticeable in any weather

Using arched windows. Arched windows with wooden shutters will emphasize the originality of the architectural design.

Enhancing color contrast. It can be considered a traditional style sign. The role of a decorative element of a half-timbered house is played by the roof under red tiles and doors painted in a color contrasting with the facade.

Imitation of half-timbered style

Sometimes standard frame houses are stylized in the German style. To give the facade a spectacular, noble look, they use not heavy and expensive wooden beams, but decorative prototypes made of polyurethane. Such parts are light in weight (even a child can lift them), are easy to install and are presented in a rich variety of materials. color palette. Artificial beams also look authentic in the interior, as a ceiling structure.

Classic style of a half-timbered house

Interior features of a half-timbered house

The interior appearance of a half-timbered house does not necessarily have to match the exterior. The peculiarity of the technology (the ability to control volume and zone space in different ways) provides unlimited possibilities for interior design. Using beams and rafters, you can create both traditional and modern styles:

Half-timbered style(German, Scandinavian, country). The emphasis is on the color of the walls and beams: light walls require a dark frame, and vice versa. The floor is made of wood or stone (intentionally aged tiles), the walls are covered with plaster or paint. A fireplace, forged and wicker elements, and natural fabrics fit perfectly into the style. It is convenient to fasten shelves on beams, mount lighting or home appliances.

Minimalism(or hi-tech). It is easier to play with modern style in spacious and bright rooms with large-scale glazing; just paint the walls white (cream) and decorate the space with laconic furniture. Metal (especially forged) parts will look easy and organic in such an environment.

Classic. No one will stop you from decorating the partitions with wallpaper and decorating the house with high-quality furniture, elegant lamps and expensive textiles, changing your home beyond recognition.

Video description

About the construction of a half-timbered chalet house and the technology itself, see the following video:

In what cases is it advisable to choose a half-timbered house?

Experts agree that the share of such houses in Russia, although increasing, remains small. Interest in the technology of constructing half-timbered houses manifests itself in different ways:

In the economy segment. When price and energy efficiency are paramount, there is strong competition with laminated timber and frame-panel houses. The main advantage turned out to be unclaimed - panoramic glazing, inappropriate on a small plot of land surrounded by curious neighbors.

In business class. The area of ​​the plot often does not allow the construction of housing with window openings on the entire wall. The budget of representatives of this category allows them to pay attention not only to cost, but also to beauty, which unexpectedly results in the construction of an imitation half-timbered house with false beams.

Facade of a modern house in half-timbered style

Projects and prices

Stylish and respectable half-timbered houses, the construction of which is most practical to entrust construction organization with solid work experience, it takes about 3 months. In order for the house to be comfortable and durable, the connection of the project to the site is entrusted to a qualified specialist who is able to take into account the features of the relief. The price of the structure is affected by:

Architecture and design. The more intricate they are (layout, location of the fireplace), the harder and more expensive the house. Modern structures are often designed with balconies and terraces.

Glazing degree. A building with large windows is difficult to heat, and energy-efficient double-glazed windows are not an option for every budget.

The quality of the house kit elements. We are talking about wooden parts and the method of insulation.

Half-timbered house project with large area glazing

Average price of a house using half-timbered technology in the Moscow region:

without finishing and utilities starts from 29-34 thousand rubles/m²;

in business class (turnkey) – 40-45 thousand rubles/m²;

luxury housing – from 65-70 thousand rubles/m².

Projects of classic and modern half-timbered houses cost:

In the economy segment. Up to 100 m² – 1,100-1,600 thousand rubles, up to 200 m² – 1,800-2,400 thousand rubles, up to 300 m² – 2,700-4,500 thousand rubles.

In the business segment (2 floors). Up to 100 m² – 4,300-5,900 thousand rubles, up to 200 m² – 6,400-8,900 thousand rubles, up to 300 m² – from 9 million rubles.

On our website you can get acquainted with the most popular projects half-timbered houses from construction companies represented at the exhibition of Low-Rise Country houses.

Video description

How not to build a half-timbered house in the following video:

Conclusion

Modern houses built in the half-timbered architectural style are an unusual detail in the Russian countryside landscape. Such buildings attract those who like to experiment with interior space; modern technologies make such buildings environmentally friendly, energy-saving and adapted to the continental climate. Among all wooden houses namely, half-timbered structures with panoramic windows allow you to feel the presence of nature and harmony with it.

In our area, half-timbered houses appeared and became widespread relatively recently. Nevertheless, this technology construction has already managed to win a lot of supporters - and it is not surprising that thanks to its thoughtful design, ease of construction using natural, environmentally friendly materials, as well as ease of use, half-timbered houses are becoming increasingly widespread, including in our latitudes.

The history of the appearance of half-timbered houses goes back several centuries. The first structures of this type appeared in the twelfth century. By the mid-sixteenth century, the technology for constructing half-timbered houses in Western Europe was recognized as very suitable and became widespread in many countries. Half-timbered houses traditionally belong to low-rise construction - such buildings can include up to 3-4 floors. Currently, there is a growing popularity in the construction of one-story half-timbered houses using modern technologies, including for the middle class. Currently, there are about two million buildings in this style in Germany – you can even take special excursions there called “Full-Timbered Street”.

Translated from German, “fachwerk” is a cellular (lattice) structure. The technology for constructing houses in this style differs from other construction methods. A half-timbered house is a structure based on a wooden frame made of load-bearing vertical posts, horizontal beams and diagonal braces. Processed special compounds Glued laminated timber from durable wood forms the basis of the building. The space between the frame elements of a half-timbered house is filled with panels or masonry made of various materials (brick, stone, building blocks). Cement particle boards are widely used in construction - this material, made by pressing from Portland cement with the addition of wood chips and stabilizers, is different high density, excellent sound and heat insulation properties, resistance to weather influences, as well as low cost and ease of processing.

In addition, modern technologies make it possible to build the walls of half-timbered houses from special heat-saving glass panels (consisting of single- or double-layer glass, as well as triplex). This method makes it possible to glaze 75-95% of the walls. Thanks to modern technologies, three-layer glazing with the chambers of double-glazed windows filled with argon makes it possible to obtain the equivalent of walls with brickwork about 80 cm thick - the thermal insulation properties of such a house are very impressive.

Traditionally, half-timbered houses are crowned with a gable or hipped roof, hung low enough so that in its shade you can hide from the scorching sun. A tribute to historical tradition and the main distinctive feature technology for building houses, half-timbered wood is a visible wooden frame, which is assembled from durable wood species - oak, beech, hornbeam, as well as coniferous wood. Given construction solution makes it easy to distinguish the facade of a half-timbered house from buildings in other styles.

Advantages and disadvantages of half-timbered houses

Half-timbered houses pleasantly impress with their neat appearance, lightness and elegance of construction, and at the same time they are distinguished by ease of construction - such a building can be erected with little labor in a short time, by assembling the house from its component parts like a constructor. Despite this, half-timbered houses are characterized by a significant margin of safety and durability - this is evidenced by buildings erected about three centuries ago, which are still preserved in excellent condition.

In addition, the following advantages of half-timbered houses can be noted:

• The axial design characteristic of half-timbered buildings allows you to plan rooms of any size in them without the need to build internal load-bearing walls;
• in a half-timbered house, the main load is carried by the vertical wooden posts of the frame. This design is very durable and at the same time lightweight - this reduces the pressure on the foundation of the house. Half-timbered houses do not shrink and can be erected on any foundation, unlike monolithic buildings, including lightweight ones. This circumstance significantly reduces the cost of construction;
• the technology of constructing half-timbered houses, which essentially represents the assembly of a structure on a frame like parts of a designer, allows you to complete turnkey construction work (from pre-prepared material) in a short time - several times faster than traditional buildings made of brick, stone or timber .

There is probably no ideal construction style without any drawbacks. But most of the problems were solved over several centuries of construction of half-timbered houses. Half-timbered houses with walls built on the basis of a wooden frame filled with clay adobe, were significantly inferior in their ability to conserve heat - compared to brick buildings. With the use of modern heat-saving materials, the situation has changed. It is worth noting that most insulation requires replacement - after about 25-30 years. In the same time, square meter the resulting living space will be relatively inexpensive - thus, the constructive solution of a half-timbered house allows you to save a significant amount during construction, which will be more than enough for several cycles of replacing thermal insulation materials. With the use of modern construction technologies, the heat transfer results are almost equal, modern half-timbered houses are quite energy efficient - perhaps, except for the conditions of the far north.

Glass buildings placed in the lap of nature look very harmonious and allow you to admire the surrounding landscape from anywhere in the house.

Decorating a house in half-timbered style

The basis of a half-timbered house is a specially designed and visible supporting frame, which is made of laminated veneer lumber, reinforced concrete or steel. In such houses the elements power frame in the form of racks, beams and braces are traditionally located in the field of view (outside and inside the building), emphasizing the design features of the building and giving it special expressiveness.

Previously, the space between the load-bearing elements was filled with adobe, in modern conditions For this purpose, various building materials are used - bricks (in the form of regular or decorative masonry), natural stone, gas and foam blocks with the addition of various insulation materials. For the construction of walls and subsequent finishing of houses in the half-timbered style, you can also use:

• panel materials - for example, cement-bonded particle boards (CPB). Due to its high wear resistance and durability, this material is widely used for finishing buildings in the half-timbered style. Slabs cut with a grinder or jigsaw are painted in suitable colors using a water-based or oil paint, and then fixed with screws on the walls between the frame elements. Other board materials are also widely used for these purposes - moisture-resistant gypsum fiber sheets, lining;
• plastering walls - this rather labor-intensive type of finishing is suitable for brick and block buildings. Waterproof building mixtures are suitable for this; the final layer of plaster can reach several centimeters;
• in areas with a harsh climate, building a half-timbered house with glass walls may not be cost-effective. Thus, various adapted construction options have appeared, borrowing recognizable features of the half-timbered style, including finishing the facade in this style. In this case, the basis can be ordinary house from wooden beams, bricks or building blocks, and for finishing you can choose a very realistic-looking decor from polyurethane panels and timber (with a cross-section of at least 150x150 mm), imitating a half-timbered structure. They are glued to the facade using construction adhesive (placed on liquid nails, ceresite, etc.). The advantages of such a half-timbered imitation include a presentable appearance at low cost, resistance to various weather conditions, mold and insects, strength and durability.

DIY half-timbered houses

If you have read the available information and examples of projects presented on the Internet, and then thought about building a half-timbered house with your own hands, it is worth considering that this is not at all easy. Construction companies claim that the construction of such a building will take a little time - it should be noted that this means the assembly of a house from a kit previously prepared by specialists according to the developed project of a half-timbered house, in which all the details and structural elements are carefully planned and calculated using computer programs. The beams are connected using special connecting seams that guarantee structural strength - when independent execution Such work from scratch will require carpentry skills.

If a ready-made kit is used, factory-prepared wooden beams (usually oak or pine) with cut grooves, pre-painted and treated with a special impregnation, as well as front panels prepared for installation, are delivered to the construction site. In this case, all that remains is to assemble the house from the parts according to the plan - like a wooden construction set.

When building a house in the half-timbered style, the following features of construction technology should be taken into account:

• To erect a building, you will need to prepare a lightweight foundation - it is recommended to use a shallowly buried strip foundation up to 0.5 m wide. A half-timbered house will not create a large load on the foundation, since it is largely distributed by the elements of the wooden frame. In addition, the walls of this design are quite rigid and do not differ in significant weight;
• a layer of waterproofing is laid on the foundation, a timber frame is installed on top, securing it with metal anchors;
• Next, it is necessary to build a frame from laminated veneer lumber, connecting its elements (vertical posts and horizontal beams) in a pre-planned manner, securing the structure with braces;
• for the construction of internal partitions, beams with a smaller cross-section are used - they are attached to the floor using frame dowels;
• the frame frame is connected to the roof rafters;
• it is necessary that the walls of a half-timbered house fill the frame from the inside, leaving the elements of its structure visible;
• internal partitions in such a house can be erected in any way from any building material;
• Various materials are used as insulation - for example, basalt wool or cellulose fiber mats. In the case of glazing the walls, a “warm floor” system or convection heat supply near the double-glazed windows is used to heat the house;
• communications are placed under the floor, as well as in the frame;
• the roof of half-timbered houses is most often covered with ceramic tiles or metal tiles, sometimes with sheet iron;
• After the work has been done, you will need to start exterior decoration. By plastering opaque walls and painting them in light colors, you can give the house a characteristic half-timbered flavor.

Half-timbered houses - photos

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What is “half-timbered timber” and how to build using this technology and in this style

Rice. 1. The wooden frame of a half-timbered house consists of posts, beams, crossbars, struts, struts, upper and lower frames.

After erecting the frame of the house, at the next stage the walls are filled with panels made of fascine (in Europe, fascines are woven or knitted from willow twigs, and in East Asia - bamboo), coated with clay, adobe raw brick or, as well as natural stone.

Brick inserts are attached to the frame on pins inserted at one end into beams or posts. Another ancient way of attaching brick inserts to the frame is to use triangular slats, which are attached along the perimeter of the opening to internal surfaces frame. At the same time, a triangular groove is cut out in the outer bricks for these slats.

Rice. 2. Strength and rigidity of the frame is given by the use of various types of tenon joints and notches, secured with wooden dowels to increase strength.

In the old days, the cracks that inevitably formed between the inserts and the frame parts of the house were caulked with wool mixed with lime, and then plastered with lime mortar.

In modern conditions, cracks are sealed in approximately the same way, but more technologically advanced industrially produced sealing and finishing materials are used.

In addition, in order to turn a half-timbered building into a house that meets modern requirements for comfortable living, the walls must be insulated and additional sound insulation must be provided.

However, additional heat and sound insulation is installed, as a rule, on the inside of the walls, trying not to violate the traditional, historically established architectural style of the half-timbered building.

According to established tradition, the wooden beams of the frame are painted dark red, brown or even black. When plastering, a wooden frame is also traditionally outlined with a “thick” black line so that the frame parts appear thicker, more massive and durable. Moreover, this technique is used both in Germany and in China. Very often, plastered panels are decorated with various floral ornaments, coats of arms, inscriptions or other images. If the filling is brick, then various geometrically correct, repeating patterns are laid out of brick.

Most often, the source material for the main element of the half-timbered structure - the filling - is clay, since it is not in short supply, is distributed almost everywhere and can be extracted without causing any damage to the environment. natural environment. Clay is a fine-grained sedimentary rock that is pulverized when dry and plastic when wet. The diameter of its particles does not exceed 0.005 mm, but if the traditional technology for constructing half-timbered buildings is followed, dust does not form during their subsequent operation.

Another common filling material is ceramic brick. The main raw material for its production is the clay described above, and therefore at the operational stage the brick is safe for human health. However, when assessing the degree of influence ceramic materials on environment High energy consumption and industrial emissions during their production must be taken into account.

Occasionally, natural stone is used as filling. In most cases, natural stone is human-friendly, and in its own way natural state has the necessary construction properties, the main one being durability. In half-timbered construction, natural stone is used without any additional processing, so there is no waste, and when using local stone materials, the environmental burden associated with its extraction and transportation is reduced.

The roof of half-timbered houses is usually made from traditional materials: tiles, reeds and plates of natural or industrially produced slate. In humid climatic conditions, they also cover the walls of buildings. Currently, slate has ceased to be made using asbestos, replacing it with other fibrous materials that are safe for human health.

However, when choosing modern building materials and technologies, a certain amount of caution and caution should be exercised, since not all of them are compatible with the historically established and unique architectural style of half-timbered buildings.

So, for external window sills and external floor slats, you should not use coniferous wood. Even if it is processed by modern protective equipment it has a limited service life.

For these purposes, it is better to use traditional oak, although it is more difficult to process and costs much more.

You should also not get carried away with wide openings for entrance doors and entrance gates, since heavy hinged doors will inevitably lead to deformation of the wooden posts and frame beams over time. The distance between adjacent wooden posts should not exceed 120 cm, or, if this distance still needs to be increased, steel structures should be used.

Fig.3. Project of a modern house in half-timbered style with all the elements of this traditional architecture and technology.

You should also be careful when using modern insulating and sealing materials when filling a half-timbered frame. The fact is that historically the walls of half-timbered houses always had gaps. This made it possible for many decades to avoid rotting of wooden frame parts due to effective natural ventilation. When using modern sealing materials, it is necessary to provide special ventilation gaps and channels, which is not always possible to do without disturbing traditional style half-timbered house.

Among the details that do not fit well with traditional trends in half-timbered architecture, one can highlight metal doors with a large glazing area, especially if they have many decorative elements of a round shape. Modern plastic windows with wide openings, devoid of small parts binding. Such windows can completely destroy the architectural style and character of the building. A similar effect is achieved when window openings are placed “stepwise” in relation to adjacent horizontal beams or trim beams. We should not forget that intersecting beams and posts should divide the wall space into even rectangles of the correct shape. Skewed rectangles and squares are completely out of place on the facade of a house.

In contrast to the structural elements of the house, when choosing the method of finishing it, decorative details and color shades the possibilities are much wider. The frame and its filling can be either contrasting colors, or painted in two close shades of the same color, and even in the same color.

According to the old German tradition, upon completion of construction work, a half-timbered house is decorated with branches deciduous trees and have a housewarming party.

Half-timbered timber is not only a construction technology, but also an architectural style

Despite its centuries-old history and more than respectable age, half-timbered wood remains popular in modern housing construction.

A half-timbered structure is a frame structure made of wooden beams, consisting of a system of posts, beams, crossbars, braces and strapping. It is the presence of braces, as well as a wide variety of joints secured with wooden dowels and giving rigidity to the frame, that distinguishes half-timbered timber from other types of frame house construction. Another difference is that the frame elements are not hidden under the cladding, but protrude outward from the flat surface of the walls, visually dividing the walls into geometric sections and giving the building textural clarity and expressiveness. The space between the wooden beams of the frame is filled with a variety of building materials, and the walls themselves are covered with plaster.

On a note

In the old days, almost any available material was used as wall filler in half-timbered houses: clay, wood chips, adobe (a mixture of clay with reeds or straw), broken stone and even construction waste. Rich townspeople filled the inter-frame space with carved wooden panels.

So that it doesn't drip from above

Very often, half-timbered structures use floor projections: the upper floors hang over the lower ones, forming a kind of stepped ledge. You might think that the goal is to increase the area of ​​each subsequent floor. This is partly true. But this is only a consequence, and the main thing was something else. In this ingenious way, medieval architects protected unburnt adobe walls with a wooden frame from destructive moisture, which primarily affected the facades of buildings with high gables and a large number of windows.

Modern version

Today, for the frame, instead of ordinary timber, glued timber is most often used, which is more durable and minimally susceptible to deformation and cracking. Glulam beams and beams, manufactured in a factory, can have different sections and non-standard lengths (up to 18 m), which allows you to implement any architectural ideas. In addition to laminated veneer lumber, modern half-timbered houses can use a load-bearing frame made of a metal thermoprofile. You can put modern fiber insulation into a half-timbered frame, although due to the presence of braces this procedure becomes noticeably more complicated, because in no case should there be empty “pockets” left in the thickness of the insulation.

Tradition and innovation

A more expensive, but very effective option for “insulation” is energy-saving double-glazed windows. The facades can be almost 100% glazed, while a unique spirit is created in the house, which could be called a kingdom of space and light. The use of a large amount of glass does not in any way affect the strength of the building. Custom-made double-glazed windows with low-emissivity glass (i-glass, K-glass) make it possible to achieve a low level of heat loss that meets modern standards for heat retention of residential buildings. Which, in combination with modern heating systems, provides warmth and comfort with very modest energy consumption. Well, to isolate yourself from indiscreet gazes, you just need to close the curtains.

Half-timbered buildings in a “simplified” way

There is a simplified option - exterior and interior decoration of the house in the half-timbered style. It consists of gluing wooden decorative elements onto plastered walls to imitate posts, beams and braces of a half-timbered frame. These wooden parts They are usually painted in a dark contrasting color. This solution applies to houses built in different styles from different materials. Under the elegant half-timbered “skin” any structural “skeleton” can be hidden: a frame, unplaned timber, brick or foam blocks.

Do-it-yourself half-timbered frame house - an example of design and construction

The reputation of frame-type houses, including half-timbered ones, in our country has been undermined.

Maybe not hopeless, but quite serious. There are many reasons for this. After all, we all dreamed of the cheapest and affordable houses. And when, at the end of the last century, relatively inexpensive and energy-efficient frame structures(for some reason they immediately began to be called Canadian, although they often had nothing to do with Canada), everyone was happy.

Here it is! It happened! Simple and warm house! But instead of adopting Western experience in the construction and operation of such houses and creatively reworking it in order to adapt to Russian conditions, customers and builders rushed to save on everything.

The customer’s ideology, however, is quite clear: pay less, but get more. As a result, “Canadian” houses first lost the system air heating and cooling. Then forced supply and exhaust ventilation systems also sank into oblivion.

Builders also contributed both to the “saving” of building materials and to simplifying structures, which was often fraught with very serious consequences. unpleasant consequences. “United efforts” in a matter of years have led to the fact that most customers still do not want to hear about frame houses.

As a result, builders who know how to build good frame structures have been trying for 15 years to restore their reputation and prove that a frame house was, is and, perhaps, will remain for a long time the most inexpensive, technologically advanced, energy efficient and economical type of building to operate.

They have to prove that they are right in practice to almost every customer by demonstrating the completed objects. And advanced builders are even developing new technologies for constructing frames that are beneficial... (don’t be surprised!) for the customer.

However, unfortunately, mistrust is deeply rooted somewhere, and this is probably why the volume of frame construction is growing extremely slowly. But, fortunately, they are still growing.

How to restore prestige to the frame?

It was this question that the designers and builders of the Zaoksky Open Spaces and Landscapes company thought about back in 2007. They developed a fairly simple and understandable modular system for the design and construction of half-timbered houses, the essence of which boils down to the following. The frame of the house is assembled from glued posts and beams with a section of 200 x 180 mm.

In this case, the racks are mounted with a strictly defined pitch - approximately 2.5 m (from which it follows that the system is modular), which corresponds to twice the width of the plasterboard sheets, DSP and OSB boards used for cladding the frame, and, therefore, reduces minimize the amount of waste.

In addition, such a powerful frame, which remains visible from the outside and inside, as is customary in half-timbering, ensures the strength and reliability of the assembled structure. It is curious that at the same time it lacks all kinds of struts and similar elements characteristic of classic half-timbering.

Instead, the rigidity of the structure is given by sheets of OSB or DSP, mounted side by side in the openings of the frame (the technology of filling the openings is know-how).

To connect the wooden frame elements together, original unified units were developed (about ten of them in total), which is convenient for designers - now they immediately create not only a house project, but also a special file that allows them to control an automated line that produces the necessary racks and beams.

The new system is no less convenient for builders. After all, ready-made parts with connecting cups and tenons and even with grooves for installing metal connecting elements (they are also used in the design) arrive at the construction site.

In this case, nothing needs to be customized - select the desired fragment from the delivered packs (assembly is carried out in a strictly defined order, which must not be violated), mount it in place and fix the connection with the metal part specified in the accompanying documentation (screws, perforated metal elements, etc. are used). - the need to use each of them is determined by the designer).

If some part does not fit, the assembler (it would be more correct to call him that way), without trying to fit something on his own, as is usually customary at a construction site, stops and calls the foreman.

However, the advantages of the new system do not end there. Since the created structure is not subject to shrinkage, it is possible to install large double-glazed windows directly into the openings formed by the frame, thus saving on their expensive frame framing. But that's not all.

The created structure can be insulated to the degree of energy efficiency required by the customer. The client wants to build passive house- No problem.

Timber-timbered house on a slope

The construction of a half-timbered house with a total area of ​​302 m2 by the company “Zaokskie Prostori and Landscapes” using its own technology is described in sufficient detail in a photo report from the construction site. We will add only some comments.

The development site is located near the Polenovo museum-reserve. The terrain there is quite hilly; the height difference from one end of the site purchased by the customers to the other was about 6 m.

The height difference in the “building spot” is 1.5 m, which forced the builders to make a stepped pile-grillage foundation and basement floor. The steps that appeared inside the house helped not only to conditionally, but actually to divide inner space ground floor into residential and public areas with ceilings of different heights. The living quarters of the second floor are located on the same level.

Let's add a few words about saving money... for the customer.

If you build a similar house using modern, but, let’s say, standard half-timbered technology, then due to the increase in material consumption and lengthening the construction time, it will cost about 500 thousand rubles. expensive. And if wide window openings are filled with double-glazed windows inserted into the frame, say from warm aluminum, then the cost of construction will increase by about 800 thousand rubles. And, as it seems to us, the customer, moving to new house, will be happy to spend the money saved, for example, on furniture.

Half-timbered house - design and construction: photo

Fachwerk - a technology that originated in Germany back in the 15th century, became widespread not only in its homeland, but throughout Europe. Today, half-timbered houses are built not only by the Germans, but also in Russia. They are quite popular and have received a lot positive feedback. How to build this magnificent house yourself?

The space between beams and cross members, which are usually left visible from the outside, is filled various materials, these are frame houses, it doesn’t matter whether it’s board or board, they use it in half-timbering.

In ancient times in Germany, the Germans used clay mixed with. There is even a house dating back to the 13th century, which was built by a German builder in 1347.

During this time, the timber beams did not rot, and the wood became as strong as stone. This house will stand for many more centuries. Europeans have long realized the reliability of these houses, and gradually they are beginning to appear in Russia. And all this was done by hand, without the use of power tools.

It is amazing that a half-timbered house can stand for more than 500 years, this proves the reliability of this type of construction.

Today, technological solutions can be very diverse; in half-timbered construction, panoramic double-glazed windows, brick, wood, natural stone, etc. are used instead of walls.

Features of German frame houses in Germany

A characteristic feature of a half-timbered house is the protrusion of each upper floor above the previous one. This historically established feature is not at all connected with the desire to increase the area of ​​the upper floor. This was done in order to protect the facade of the house, which is also load-bearing frame the entire building, from precipitation and excess moisture. Thanks to such indentations, water flowing down the walls of the upper floors flows directly to the ground, and the facade of the lower floor remains dry.

Half-timbered houses

Despite the fact that the widespread use of half-timbered houses was to some extent associated with the desire to save wood, this technology has shown itself to be excellent and has a number of advantages.

This is a fairly inexpensive and environmentally friendly type of construction that you can afford to build with your own hands. Half-timbered houses are unusual and beautiful.

At modern construction glued laminated timber from softwood is more often used, which provides buildings with strength and durability, but you can also use ordinary timber, the main thing is to choose dry timber of good quality.

Modern houses using half-timbered technology

Thanks to the use of modern materials, a modern house in the half-timbered style will not only be aesthetically attractive, but also warm and cozy.

When choosing a material to fill the space between the beams, you can show your imagination and use, along with traditional building materials, glass, carved wood, clay mixtures, etc. Painting beams or fillers with modern paints and varnishes will be beneficial and protect against moisture.

Having all these advantages, half-timbered houses are still being built today; many are ready to build such structures with their own hands. In addition, being quite lightweight in nature, half-timbered houses do not require construction. Perfect for them, which will allow you to build such a house even on a slope and on the purchase of land.

Video about modern glass frame half-timbered houses