The Renaissance style in architecture is also called the Renaissance style. It occupies its niche during the period from the 15th to the 17th century in European countries.
A feature of this style is the geometric characteristics of each element and the building as a whole, thus taking into account symmetry and order components, geometry proportions.
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The architectural style of the Renaissance is manifested in the orderly arrangement of columns and pilasters, as well as the lintel, non-symmetry is replaced by symmetry, accompanied by arched semicircles, hemispherical domes, aedicules and niches.
The Renaissance style in architecture is also accompanied by new technologies and documentary evidence.
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Thus, in the buildings of the early period and styles, respectively, there was no information about the craftsmen and architects who erected them, but with the beginning of the Renaissance style everything changed, everyone who took part in the construction was documented.
Renaissance-style buildings were represented in rectangular shapes, they had symmetry and proportions based on the modulus. The module was often the width of the nave span, if we were talking about religious buildings, that is, temples.
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Organic wallpapers throughout Europe are labeled green ecodeco. No components are included in environment during production or after placing the premises into the environment. Artistic eras and features of the 18th century Rococo. 2-8 decades of European architectural and artistic styles emanating from the late Baroque. Rococo was associated with the culture of the estate, as well as in sacred architecture. Rococo buildings have small scales, light proportions, loose, asymmetrical finishes, decorative items self made.
The facade of a building in the Renaissance style is such that it is symmetrical about the vertical axis.
The architectural elements on the facade have a set corresponding to the antique; there are platbands on windows and doors, pediments, bas-relief pilasters, as well as cornices, which are especially common in residential buildings in the Renaissance.
In architecture, oval planes, sweeping facades. Typical buildings are palaces, villas, park pavilions. Compared to Baroque, Rococo interiors are more intimate, more intimate. Light, elegant decorations, plastic stitches, gold details and frescoes were used to decorate the walls and ceilings of civil and sacred buildings. Rococo style decorations dominated the interior decoration of buildings. It was dominated by light and open spaces, large windows and mirrors. Made to explore nature, to search for the laws of depicting reality.
Also, in residential buildings the arrangement of windows and corresponding details is often densely repeated; the main door is accompanied by a balcony, which contains a balustrade or can simply be surrounded by rustication.
The Renaissance style has foliage ornamentation, as for color scheme, then the revival style is dominated by brown, yellow, purple and blue colors. There are patterns in strict geometric lines, like a square, circle, cross, octagon.
Ideas of beauty and harmony were brought up and attempts were made to express them in systems of ideal proportions. The architecture was based on the ancient Greek and Roman heritage: ancient orders and structural systems - Various types arches, cylindrical, transverse brackets, columns, pilasters, not towers - domes. The composition of the buildings is characterized by symmetry, horizontal, moderate decorative forms, regular, light interior space. Efforts were made to match the proportions of buildings to human proportions and needs.
Renaissance buildings have a visually massive appearance and spacious halls; it is worth noting the height of the halls. This is partly due to the fact that in their design they have round and ribbed domes, which give the effect of spaciousness inside the building itself.
Renaissance style windows appear to be both rectangular with massive frames and heavy cornices, and semi-circular arched, which are often often paired or even stacked.
Artists returned to nature again and learned to accurately convey space, light and shadows, natural poses and various human feelings. Forms of easel art developed rapidly, the scale of scenes and techniques expanded, and genres began to appear. Along with religious themes, the creation of historical ones begins. mythological scenes, portraits. A painting designed to convey space, the volume of objects, based on linear perspective, precise drawing, light, localized colors. More attention was paid to realistic details and landscapes.
The Renaissance style originated in Italy and had a tremendous impact on the development of European architecture from the beginning of the 15th to the beginning of the 17th century. This was reflected not only in the revival of the ancient order system and the rejection of Gothic forms.
During this period, many new things were created in the field of civil architecture. Multi-storey city buildings - town halls, houses of merchant guilds, universities - became more elegant, with exquisite decor and noble proportions. Tall multi-stage pediments with scrolls appeared, decorated with sculptures and coats of arms.
Renaissance sculpture is separated from architecture. In halls, squares and palaces, sculptures can be seen from all sides. During the late Renaissance, he became disillusioned with humanist ideals. Maneuvering principles emerge. The Renaissance transition from the Middle Ages to the cultural period into the new era. An interested person - he was considered the most important element reality.
The Renaissance is characterized by the profound growth of art and science, their secular tendencies and the revival of ancient cultural traditions. Art is characterized by a clear, calm form and harmonious proportions. The Baroque style is widespread in Europe and Latin America. Its development is associated with the Counter-Reformation and Jesuit activity, as well as with the management of the monarchy and representative feudal manorial culture. Therefore, Baroque is also seen as the art of counter-revolution and absolutism.
Monuments of ancient architecture were everywhere in Italy, they reminded of the great past, their forms inspired architects. The Renaissance style, in a sense, is a continuation of the line of development of classical architecture after a thousand-year pause.
But Renaissance architecture was not simply expressed in the borrowing of architectural forms of antiquity. Such borrowing occurred, but these forms were used in a new way, in a different interpretation and different compositions. At the same time, new details were created and space-planning techniques emerged. But this was not a revival of ancient architecture. This was the process of creating a new Renaissance style.
Baroque is characterized by pomp and glamor. A history of scriptures and paintings depicting the lives of saints in which transcendental content is conveyed in an overly natural way. Baroque applied decorative art is luxurious, majestic, typical. Gothic specific antinomies: symbolic, allegorical content and naturalistic visual details, spirituality, mysticism and purposeful logical plastic scheme. Romantic style spread to Western and Central Europe, some Eastern European and Middle Eastern countries.
In Italy architectural monuments The early Renaissance are found mainly in Florence. The most significant among them is elegant and at the same time simple to use. technical solution the dome of the Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore and the Pitti Palace, created by Filippo Brunelleschi, which determined the vector of development of Renaissance architecture.
Brunelleschi understood the essence of classics and its fundamental difference from Gothic. The point is not only that Gothic forms were replaced by antique ones. The point is not only in the specific forms of the new style, but also in its spirit. Gothic expressed tension, overcoming, struggle. Ancient classics in the interpretation of the Renaissance - expressed clarity, precision, certainty, and tranquility. Gothic inner space the building is dynamic, in the Renaissance it is clearly limited and static.
Typical buildings are castles, monasteries, churches. The novelty of the novel is the overlap of all the rooms. At that time, many figurative and decorative portals appeared, as well as decoration of chimneys, friezes, facades and altar barriers. The capital of the figure has become one of the most characteristic features romance. The share of people and things is based on hierarchical relationships, and non-material parts of reality are erased. In the flourishing novel, miniatures, and also in artistic painting. Enamel traditions were formed. The tapestries were woven - large-format wallpaper, decorated with some kind of artistic composition.
Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore in Florence
Let's look at another fine example of early Renaissance architecture - the Church of Santa Maria Novella in Florence. Gothic elements are clearly visible here - lancet windows, arcade, etc. But the pediment of the building is Renaissance with characteristic curls. Gothic openwork rosettes are not made of stone, which is typical for Gothic, but painted; in general, the entire façade painting is made under the strong influence of Gothic. The church was built during the transitional period between styles from 1246 to 1360. But what an amazing building it turned out to be!
The sharp arch, crossed parietal artery and buttresses were made from Romanian structures. These three elements, combined into a solid frame system, supported the construction of Gothic churches. The relationships of the buildings have become more graceful. The blinds replaced walls with walls large windows stained glass windows, the closed, fragmented interior of the Romanesque church - a free dynamic space. The interior of the sacred building has become more durable. Structural changes were also brought about by functional changes: churches were not only centers of religious but also social life.
Church of Santa Maria Novella in Florence
The most prominent architect of the Renaissance style was Donato Bramante (1444-1514). The Tempietto Chapel he built is one of the best works of architecture of this period. The secret of the attractiveness of this small building is the integrity of its composition, the sophistication of its proportions, the high level of detail drawing and the harmony of the entire structure.
Chateau cathedral facade rose window. Strasbourg Cathedral Most of the sculptures were related to architecture: the figures were based on the wall. They are tall, slender, graceful, long in shape. Jewelry, enamels, textiles, bone, wood and glass products were developed. The importance of frescoes decreased in churches. Altar painting began to develop rapidly. Painting dominated painting. Characteristic architectural and decorative elements - deep portal, rose, wimperga, pinaclia, crucian carp, buds, masquerade - were formed in the stained glass window of the cathedral dome of the cathedral in Florence.
Donato Bramante. Tempietto
The Little Temple or Tempietto is a small chapel built by Bramante for the Spanish monarchs Ferdinand and Isabella on the Roman Janiculum hill in 1502. It was the first work of the Milanese architect in Rome, and it created a real sensation.
Western façade with portals, decorative facades pointed over them, and a big round window- rose - stood out in glamour. The heated windows were stained glass. A round sculpture appeared. Most of the sculptures were related to architecture: the figures were based on a wall. The imagination of the human body was aimed at realism and expressiveness. Decorations and statues adorned the façade of buildings, portals, pilgrims, altars, and the tombstones of abundant burials. Painting optically breaks the walls and ceiling, creating an integral, endless illusion of internal space.
The Renaissance style influenced all European architecture of that period. Famous Italian architects were invited to different countries and they created their masterpieces taking into account local color and traditions. One of the largest and most beautiful squares in Europe in the Renaissance style is located in the small Czech town of Telc
Wall and ceiling paintings and stylistic decorations play an important role. The Baroque paintings are considered the greatest achievement of the Jubian frescoes. Monumental, magnificent plastic facades add buildings to urban environment. Straight streets connecting floors open over long distances. Water from fountains, canals, and ponds enhances the feeling of movement. Baroque craft is distinguished by pomp, an abundance of external effects and decorative elements. The figures in the picture and their groups are depicted as solemnly gesticulating, with a sensual facial expression.
In each state, the Renaissance style had its own characteristics. In Germany, the architecture of the northern regions was influenced by Dutch architecture, while in the south there was a powerful influence coming from Italy. The heyday of the style dates back to the second half of the 16th century. The most prominent monument of the German Renaissance is
