Subject: Political map peace
(lesson-lecture)
Target: introduce students to modern political world map,
the main stages of its formation, groupings and typology
countries of our planet, their government structure; learn
high school students compiling characteristics of political
geographical location of the country; continue to form
ability to analyze cartographic information.
Equipment: political map of the world, handouts (information about the monarchies and federations of the world; a plan for characterizing the political and geographical position of the country), computer presentation"The Monarchies of the World".
During the classes:
I. Organization of the beginning of the lesson.
II. Updating students' knowledge.
Today we are starting to study the topic “Political Map of the World”, we are going to learn about the diversity of countries modern world, their state structure, we will identify the main stages in the formation of the political map, and we will learn to compile a description of the political and geographical position of the country.
Before we begin this acquaintance, let's try to find out what we know about modern states of the world.
Dictation “Do you know the political map of the world?”
Exercise: from the list of states proposed by the teacher, write down only
those that apply to your option.
Option 1: countries of Europe and Africa;
Option 2: countries of Asia and South America.
Mexico (-), Albania (1), Peru (2), Belgium (1), Guatemala (-), Nepal (2),
Somalia (1), USA (-), Paraguay (2), Greece (1), Mauritania (1), Venezuela (2),
Tanzania (1), Namibia (1), Uruguay (2), Iraq (2), Israel (2), Poland (1), Indonesia (2).
III. New topic.
Starting to get acquainted with the political map of the world, let's find out what information this map carries (atlas, pp. 2-3).
* A political map of the World - a world map showing all the countries of the modern world.
Currently, there are 193 sovereign states on our planet, and more than 200 state entities in total; half of all countries are located in Eurasia.
Stages of formation of the political map of the world:
Ancient (before V V. AD). The emergence and destruction of ancient states:
Carthage, Ancient Greece, Ancient Egypt, Ancient Rome. Main
the means of change on PKM is war.
Medieval ( V - XVI v.v.). The emergence of large feudal
states in Europe and Asia, formation of internal and external markets. Holy Roman Empire, Kievan Rus, Persia, China, England, Spain, Byzantium, Delhi Sultanate, etc. Major changes - the era of great geographical discoveries. Portugal - capture of the Slave Coast, Azores, Madeira; Spain - colonization of America.
New ( XVI - XIX v.v.). The origin and establishment of capitalism. Colonial seizures of territories by Europeans in America, Asia, Africa.
England – Egypt, India;
France - Algeria.
Newest (1st half XX V.). The formation of PCM is associated with I and II
world wars.
Collapse of Austria-Hungary; Germany lost Alsace and Lorraine
colonies in Africa and Oceania; education in Hungary, Czechoslovakia,
division of the Ottoman Empire.
Modern (after World War II).
Formation of the GDR and the Federal Republic of Germany, socialist states in Europe, Asia and Latin America (Cuba).
Formation of independent states in Asia and Africa.
Changes on the political map of the world in the last 15-20 years:
1) 1989 - Namibia was freed from colonial dependence;
states);
Yugoslavia (consisting of Serbia and Montenegro) and 4 autonomous states;
Republic of Yugoslavia, in place of the former SFRY - 6 states:
Serbia, Montenegro, Croatia, Macedonia, Bosnia and Herzegovina,
Slovenia. February 2008 – sovereignty of the Autonomous Province of Kosovo
(before that it was part of Serbia, it was originally Serbian territory);
Slovakia;
6) 1993 - the monarchical form of government in Cambodia was restored
(after 23 years the country is again a kingdom, the former Republic of Kampuchea);
7) 1993 - independence of Eritrea ( former territory Ethiopia,
republic, capital – Asmara);
8) 1994 - formation of the Republic of Palau (in Oceania, left under guardianship
USA);
9) 1997 - The Republic of Zaire was renamed the Democratic Republic
Congo;
colony of Portugal, then under the yoke of Indonesia; 2 years – control
UN);
kingdom, now a republic).
Ossetia; these state entities were part of Georgia,
but thanks to Russia’s intervention, Georgia’s aggression was stopped.
Sudan became an independent state (Capital Juba). 193rd country
world and 54th in Africa.
14) territories remain disputed - Gibraltar, Falkland Islands.
There are a lot of countries on our planet, they all differ in area, population, geographical location, government structure, level of economic development.
Based on quantitative indicators, it is customary to distinguish groupings of countries in the world; here are the world's leading countries in terms of area and population, and groups of countries that differ in the characteristics of their geographical location are identified.
Groupings of countries of the world.
I. By territory size
(7 largest countries, S at least 3 million km 2; they have ½ land area):
1) Russia
2) Canada
3) China
4) USA
5) Brazil
6) Australia
7) India
II. By population
(10 states with a population of at least 100 million people
each, they are home to 60% of the world's population):
1) China (1,300,000,000 people)
2) India (1,100,000,000 people)
3) USA (303,000,000 people)
4) Indonesia (215,000,000 people)
5) Brazil (188,000,000 people)
6) Pakistan (160,000,000 people)
7) Russia (142,000,000 people)
8) Nigeria (135,000,000 people)
9) Bangladesh (130,000,000 people)
10) Japan (128,000,000 people)
III. According to the characteristics of the geographical location:
coastal (Mexico, Russia, USA, Egypt, France, etc.)
inland (Mongolia, Chad, Hungary, Belarus)
peninsular (Italy, India, Somalia, Denmark)
island (Madagascar, Cuba, Malta, Sri Lanka)
archipelagic countries (Indonesia - 18 thousand islands; Japan - 4 thousand.
islands; Philippines, UK)
6) microstates (Vatican City, Monaco, Luxembourg, San Marino)
Typology of countries of the world.
The typology of countries around the world is based on identifying groups of countries based on differences in socio-political structure and economic indicators.
I . Socialist countries(China, Cuba, Vietnam, North Korea).
II . Developed capitalist countries(RKS, about 60 states):
1) "Big Eight":
Canada
Great Britain
France
Italy
Japan
Russia
2) small capitalist countries (junior economic
G8 partners, Western Europe: Sweden,
Switzerland, Austria, Belgium, the Netherlands, etc.)
3) countries of settler capitalism (Canada, South Africa, Israel,
Australia, New Zealand)
4) countries with an average level of capitalist development (Greece,
Ireland, Portugal)
5) countries with economies in transition (since the 90s of the XX century.
there is a gradual transition from planned economy To
market: Poland, Ukraine, Romania, Bulgaria, Kazakhstan,
Georgia, etc.)
III . Developing countries of the world(RS, about 130 states):
1) “key countries” (India, Brazil, Mexico)
2) newly industrialized countries (NICs): South Korea, Singapore,
Taiwan, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia; significant
breakthrough in - in the 80s - 90s of the XX century.
3) oil-exporting countries (high GDP due to the sale
oil; Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, Iran, UAE, Libya,
Algeria, Brunei, Venezuela)
4) countries lagging behind in their development (Colombia, Bolivia, Zambia,
Liberia, Ecuador, Morocco, etc.)
5) least developed countries (Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Yemen, Mali,
Chad, Mozambique, Haiti, etc.)
In the process of historical development, many states have gone from dependent territories to sovereign state entities.
* The colony - a country deprived of political and economic independence.
Gibraltar (UK)
Macau (Portuguese possession with internal self-government rights; transferred to China in December 1993)
Guiana (French possession in South America)
* Metropolis – country that owns colonies.
* Sovereign State – a politically independent state with independence in internal and external affairs.
Political system countries of the world.
* Monarchy – a form of government in which power is concentrated in the hands of one person and passed on by inheritance.
(exception is Malaysia and the UAE, where the monarch is elected from among relatives)
There were 29 monarchies in the world as of May 2008 (Nepal became a republican state on May 28, 2008):
Monarchies of the world (29):
E V R O P A
Andorra (principality)
Belgium (kingdom)
Vatican City (Papal State)
Great Britain (kingdom)
Denmark (kingdom)
Spain (kingdom)
Liechtenstein (principality)
Luxembourg (Grand Duchy)
Monaco (principality)
Netherlands (kingdom)
Norway (kingdom)
Sweden (kingdom)
A Z I Z
Bahrain (emirate)
Brunei (Sultanate, absolute. )
Bhutan (kingdom)
Jordan (kingdom)
Qatar (emirate, absolute. )
Cambodia (kingdom)
Kuwait (emirate)
Malaysia (Sultanate)
Oman (Sultanate, absolute .)
UAE (emirate, absolute .)
Saudi Arabia (kingdom, absolute. )
Thailand (kingdom)
Japan (empire)
A F R I K A
Lesotho (kingdom)
Morocco (kingdom)
3. Swaziland (kingdom)
O C E A N I A
1. Kingdom of Tonga
Types of monarchies:
Absolute(unlimited power of the monarch, the monarch is the head
states, governments, armed forces.
For examples, see the table above.
Constitutional(the power of the monarch is limited by the constitution; real
Legislative power belongs to parliament, and executive power belongs to
government; the monarch reigns but does not rule).
Theocratic(the head of the state is a clergyman).
Vatican, Saudi Arabia.
*Republic – a form of government in which the highest legislative power belongs to the elected body - parliament, and the executive -
government.
Types of republics:
Presidential(the head of government is the president).
USA, Argentina, Brazil; Russia is an exception, the head of government is the prime minister, but the type of republic is presidential.
Parliamentary(head of government - prime minister).
Germany, Italy, Austria, India.
Administrative forms territorial structure.
* Unitary state – This form of administrative-territorial structure in which the country has a single legislative and executive power.
(lat. Unitas - “unity”)
Signs: 1) the territory of the country does not include self-governing
formations;
2) the country has a single Constitution and system of government bodies.
China, France, Poland, Great Britain, Japan, Indonesia, Egypt, etc.
*Federal State – This form of administrative-territorial structure in which, along with unified authorities in the country, there are separate self-governing units - subjects.
(lat. Foederatio - union, association)
Signs: 1) territory of the country - subjects (self-governing
education);
2) federal units along with unified (federal)
laws (Constitution) have their own legislative and
executive authorities.
Federations of the world
S N G
Z A R U B E E E V R O P A
Republic of Austria
Kingdom of Belgium
Swiss Confederation
federal Republic Yugoslavia (part of Serbia and Montenegro since May 1992)
Z A R U B E A Z A Z I A
Republic of India
Malaysia
Union of Myanmar
Islamic Republic of Pakistan
A F R I K A
1. Federal Islamic Republic
Comoros
2. Federal Republic of Nigeria
3. South Africa
4. Ethiopia
NORTH AMERICA
1. Canada
2. USA
LATIN AMERICA
Argentine Republic
Federative Republic of Brazil
Republic of Venezuela
Mexican United States
Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis
Australia and Oceania
1. Commonwealth of Australia
2. Federal States
Micronesia
Changes on the political map of the world:
quantitative(land annexation, territorial losses and
conquest, unification or disintegration of states, “conquest” of land
by the sea);
2) quality(change of socio-economic formations,
acquisition of sovereignty by the country, formation of international unions,
change in the form of government and administrative-territorial
devices).
IV. Consolidation of the studied material (test).
1. Maritime boundaries have:
a) Pakistan and China b) Bolivia and Mongolia
c) Bhutan and Mali d) Belarus and Swaziland
2. Define a state with a unitary administrative form
territorial structure:
a) Brazil b) India c) Hungary d) Austria
3. Which of the following states is peninsular:
a) Belgium b) Chile c) India d) Gabon
4. Select the capital of one of the African states:
a) Managua b) Windhoek c) Thimphu d) Helsinki
5. Indicate a country with a monarchical form of government:
a) Japan b) Portugal c) Poland d) Tunisia
6. Choose a part of the world that does not have migrant countries
capitalism:
a) Europe b) Asia c) Africa d) America
7. Most least developed countries are located:
a) in Asia b) in Latin America
b) in Africa d) in Oceania
8. Select countries that are classified as industrialized countries:
a) Italy and Denmark c) Algeria and France
b) Laos and Mongolia d) Argentina and Mexico
9. Which state has the same shape
administrative-territorial division, like Russia:
a) Peru b) USA c) Italy d) Bulgaria
10. Indicate a country with an economy in transition:
a) Finland b) Angola c) Paraguay d) Georgia
V . Homework. Maksakovsky's textbook (Topic No. 1), for contour
map: the most big countries world by area and number
population, 3-4 examples each - inland countries, coastal,
island, peninsular, archipelagic countries, the G8,
small capitalist countries (5-7), countries of resettlement
capitalism, transition economy, RS (3-4 from each subgroup).
Preparation for the test in geographical nomenclature (GN).
Ministry Agriculture and food of the Samara region Ministry of Education and Science of the Samara Region Ministry of Property Relations of the Samara Region state budgetary professional educational institution Samara region “Vocational school with. Homework" Geography lesson Lesson topic: Political map of the world. The diversity of countries in the modern world. Prepared by: Geography teacher of the 1st qualification category Egorova N.P. 2 2017 Political map of the world. Diversity of countries Lesson topic: modern world. Type of lesson: learning new material Purpose of the lesson: To form in students basic ideas about the modern political map of the world, as a result of the centuries-old clash of spheres of influence of powerful states; get to know the diversity of countries around the world. Objectives of the lesson: educational: 1) organize the activities of students to independently determine the concept of “Political map of the world”; to analyze political maps; 2) to develop students’ knowledge about the factors influencing changes in the political map of the world; about the motives of wars; about the historical periodization of the political map of the world; 3) study the main criteria for classifying countries of the world; 4) introduce students to the concepts of “gross domestic product”, “sovereign state”; 5) to develop students’ skills in: working with scientific concepts; search activities (finding and applying geographic information for a correct assessment of the most important socio-economic issues in the international life of countries and trends in their possible development); characterize the main stages in the development of the political map of the world; install interdisciplinary connections geography with history and 3 social studies; analyze, summarize the knowledge gained; compare; practically apply the acquired knowledge; 6) develop students’ skills in working with the atlas; developing: 1) develop students’ sustainable cognitive interest in geography, using modern and historical material on the most important geographical features and problems of the world and largest countries; 2) to develop in schoolchildren, taking into account geographical specifics, verbal logical and figurative thinking, memory, imagination, attention; 3) develop oral speech. educational: 1) develop the ability to participate in dialogue: listen and understand others, express your point of view and defend it reasonably with the help of facts and additional information; 2) encourage students to critically think about political events taking place in the world; 3) shape the worldview of students; 4) develop a respectful attitude towards peers and a responsible attitude towards educational work; 5) develop independence, creative and cognitive activity of students; Teaching methods: problem-based learning, inductive, frontal questioning, individual questioning, demonstration, showing, story, explanation, educational discussion, conversation, exercise, independent work students, Forms of organizing educational activities: frontal, individual, group. Equipment: political map of the world, atlases, contour maps, assignments, computer, projector, electronic presentation. 4 1. Organizational stage Lesson progress: The teacher welcomes students, notes those who are absent, asks to check the availability of the necessary supplies: textbook, notebook, atlas and outline map, pens. 2. Activation of cognitive activity. Today we will need your knowledge of social studies. In addition, those who watch the news and are interested in “what’s going on in the world” have a chance to excel today and in subsequent lessons. So - let's get to work. 3. Determining the topic of the lesson What is the main source of knowledge in geography? geographic map Which map is the most important in the Economic and Social Geography of the World course? Political map of the world What is the main object on the political map of the world? Countries So, the topic of the lesson: “Political map of the world. The diversity of countries on the political map of the world,” write down the date and topic of the lesson in your notebook. 4. Setting the goals and objectives of the lesson Today in the lesson we will get acquainted with the stages of formation of the political map of the world, find out the criteria for classifying countries of the world and determine the position of these countries on the political map. Learning new material. 5. Teacher: First, let's deal with the main concept of the lesson - the political map of the world (hereinafter referred to as PCM). Let's try, with my help, to define the concept of PCM. To do this, we need to list 5 essential features of the concept of PCM. Atlases depicting a political map of the world will help us in identifying these features. Open them. What Students: States, do you see on the map? their borders, capitals, large cities. Teacher: Correct! Now that you have indicated the signs of PCM, you can define this concept. PCM is a geographical map that shows countries, their borders, capitals and major cities. However, PCM is not only a geographical, but also a historical and geographical concept, since a political map, in essence, is a geographical reflection of the historical process. Any historical processes involve a change in something over time. And changes occur both in quantity and quality. (Working with the textbook). Quantitative ones include changes in the total number of states, as well as changes in the area of countries. Qualitative changes include changes in the forms of government and forms of government of countries (Fig. 31). But geographers are more interested in quantitative changes, since they are what lead to changes in political maps. What was performed main reason quantitative changes on the PCM, that is, what led to changes in borders and the formation of new states? Students (express hypotheses): There are many reasons, however, the main ones were: wars, international agreements, the opening of new territories, etc. Teacher: Your reasoning, guys, is correct. The main factor, that is, the reason, for changes in PKM was war. Now let's figure out why people fight? When answering, you can actively use the knowledge acquired in history and social studies lessons. Students: Wars are fought over territory that is rich in resources. There are 6 wars of a religious, racial and ethnic nature. Teacher: The answer is correct. Now let's move on to the next question. If PKM is a historical and geographical concept, then each historical period had its own PKM. Remember from your history course which main historical periods are usually identified according to the dominant type of social thinking. Students: Ancient, Medieval, New, Newest, Modern. Teacher: Correct. Approximately the same periodization is typical for PCM. Now guys, let's see what PCM was like on each historical stage. To begin with, we will look at the first three stages of history: Ancient, Medieval and Modern. Your task is to compare PCM at these stages of historical development. Comparison of stages must be carried out according to three criteria: 1) clarity of boundaries; 2) the presence of unknown and no-man's territories (“white spots”); 3) number of countries. Students talk about the stages of formation of PCM, the rest complete task No. 1 Teacher: Let’s draw a conclusion. Students: 1) lack of clear boundaries; 2) the presence of many “white spots”; 3) a small amount of states Teacher: That's right! The following stages are historically closer to our time. This is the newest stage and Modern stage. These stages go back to the beginning of the 20th century. Pay attention to the map of Europe in 1914 and 1923. Your task is to indicate the main changes that have occurred on the PCM. It is recommended to actively use knowledge from the 9th grade history course. Students: The Autro-Hungarian Empire collapsed, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia were formed, the borders of Romania changed greatly; Finland and Poland left Russia. We see that the Baltic states gained independence from Russia: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. Ireland gained independence from Great Britain. Romania annexed Bessarabia (Moldova). Teacher: What historical events Did the newest stage influence the formation of PCM? Students: Except for the First World War, important events also were: Second World War And Cold War, as a result of which the world was divided according to ideological criteria into two large groupings of countries: 1) Countries of the Socialist camp (USSR, East Germany, North Korea, China, Eastern European countries, etc.); 2) Capitalist countries (USA, Germany, Republic of Korea, Countries Western Europe, Japan, etc.). Many countries in Asia and Africa receive sovereignty from their mother countries: India, Pakistan, Algeria, etc. Teacher: Next. The closest to us is the Modern stage. Its beginning is associated with the collapse of the USSR into 15 independent countries. Name these states. Students: Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Moldova, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan. Teacher: That's right. Within the same stage, the collapse of the USSR in a chain reaction leads to the unification of Germany (1990), the collapse of Czechoslovakia (1993) and the collapse of Yugoslavia (1989-2008). Many unrecognized and partially recognized states are emerging in the world: Abkhazia, South Ossetia, Transnistria, Kosovo. Guys, now try to remember the most recent changes to PKM, which you yourself witnessed. Perhaps you might have heard about them in the media or from history and social studies teachers? Students: The most recent changes were: Education of Kosovo (2008), Abkhazia and South Ossetia (2008) and South Sudan (2011). Crimea (2014) 8 Teacher: Guys, what conclusions can be drawn based on the features of the last stages of the formation of PCM? You can use the same criteria that we used when characterizing the first three stages development of PCM. Students: 1) There are almost no “white spots” left on the PCM; 2) The borders between countries have become clearer; 3) The number of countries on the PCM has increased significantly. Teacher: Let's summarize part 1 of the lesson on the political map: political map - reflects the main political and geographical changes; as a result of changes, sovereign states are formed, some are united, or, on the contrary, disintegrate; The political map is an inexhaustible source for the study of political geography. Having become acquainted with the political map, we were convinced that there are a huge number of countries in the modern world. If in 1900 there were 57 sovereign states in the world, then by 2002 out of 230 states there were already 192. The remaining states are non-self-governing territories, mainly “fragments” of the former colonial empires of Great Britain and France. Netherlands, USA. Teacher: Which state is called “sovereign”? Students: A sovereign state is a politically independent state that has independence in external and internal affairs. Teacher: Since there are a lot of countries in the world, there is a need to group them, which is carried out on the basis of different quantitative criteria and qualitative indicators. 9 Let's define the classification criteria (In the notebook, students draw a diagram based on the quantitative criteria). The grouping of countries by size (area) of territory is common (7 countries with S territory > 3 million km² each). Together they make up ½ of the entire landmass. TASK: Name the seven largest countries by S territory. Students: Russia, Canada, China, USA, Brazil, Australia, India. One of the students reads, and the teacher shows the states on the political map.) Teacher: In terms of population, there are 11 largest countries, with a population of more than 100 million people each: China, India, USA, Indonesia, Brazil, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Russia , Japan, Nigeria, Mexico. (The teacher shows the countries on the map, and the students, one by one, name the capitals using the atlas.) Teacher: Grouping countries according to the characteristics of the state is often used. There are: archipelagic countries (located on an archipelago), island countries (located on islands), peninsular countries (located on peninsulas), landlocked countries (inland), coastal countries (have access to the sea or ocean). (As the explanation progresses, students give examples of countries in these groups) Students complete task No. 2 Teacher: Based on qualitative indicators, countries are divided into: Economically developed Developing countries with economies in transition What is the main criterion for this typology? (found in the textbook) Students: the level of socio-economic development, which is determined by gross domestic product 10 (GDP) - an indicator characterizing the cost of all final products produced in a given country in one year, in US dollars (Write the definition in your notebook). The UN currently classifies approximately 60 countries in Europe, Asia, Africa, and North America, Australia and This group of countries is distinguished by significant inland Oceania. heterogeneity and three subgroups can be distinguished in its composition. The developing countries (third world countries) include about 150 countries and territories, which can be divided into six subgroups. And finally, a group of countries with economies in transition is highlighted. EXERCISE. Using the textbook text, determine (independent acquisition of knowledge): 1st row – subgroups of economically developed countries 2nd row – subgroups of developing countries 3rd row – countries with transition economies Students: Subgroups of economically developed countries: “Big Seven” Western countries: USA, Japan, Germany, France, Great Britain, Italy, Canada - are distinguished by the largest scale of economic and political activity. Smaller countries of Western Europe - play a large role in world affairs, GDP per capita in most of them is the same as in the G7 countries Switzerland, Austria. Non-European countries: Australia, New Zealand, South Africa - former settler colonies (dominions) of Great Britain that did not know feudalism (countries of settler capitalism). Israel is usually included in this group. Developing countries include about 150 countries and territories in which about 3/5 of the world's population lives, mainly countries in Asia, Africa, Latin America, Oceania. Most of them were colonies and gained independence after the Second World War. Developing countries are called the “third world”, it is divided into six subgroups: Subgroups of developing countries: 1. Key countries India, Mexico, Brazil. These are the leaders of the “third world” with enormous natural, human and economic potential. These countries produce as much industrial output as all other developing countries combined, but their per capita GDP is lower than that of economically developed countries. In India it is $350. 2. Countries with a per capita GDP of more than 1 thousand dollars (Argentina, Uruguay, Chile, Venezuela, etc.) 3. Newly industrialized countries that have achieved a big leap in social economic development in the 80s and 90s. The first NIS are Singapore, the Republic of Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, the second echelon NIS are Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia. These Asian countries have received the nickname “Asian dragons”. 4. Oil-exporting countries that, through the sale of oil, have a high per capita GDP (more than 10 thousand dollars). These are the countries of South-West Asia - Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, Iran, UAE. This subgroup also includes the countries of North Africa: Libya, Algeria, Brunei, etc. 5. Classic developing countries lagging behind in their development with a per capita GDP of less than 1 thousand dollars per head. These are mainly African countries. 6. Least developed countries (about 40 countries). They are sometimes called the “fourth world.” The economy of these countries is dominated by agriculture, 2/3 of the adult population is illiterate. The average per capita GDP is $100,300 per year. 12 Countries with economies in transition Inclusion of post-socialist countries with economies in transition into this two-part typology presents certain difficulties. According to their socioeconomic indicators, most countries of Eastern Europe (Poland, Czech Republic, Hungary, etc.), as well as the Baltic countries, are considered economically developed. Among the CIS countries there are both economically developed (Russia) and countries that occupy an intermediate position between developed and developing. So, let’s summarize part 2 of the lesson on the typology of countries in the world: most countries are independent states; A typology of countries can be carried out - by territory, by population, by geographical location, by level of socio-economic development. Homework 6. Your homework today will be the following: first, study the textbook material, learn the definitions that we wrote down in the notebook, learn all the nomenclature (countries and their capitals) that we mentioned in class today, mark them on the outline map. Write down in your notebook the ten smallest states in the world by area (microstates). Mark on the contour map the eleven largest countries by population, the giant countries by area, the G7 countries. Reflection 7. So, what did you learn new today? Guys, think, can this knowledge be useful to you in life? Where and when can you use them? That's all for today. Thank you for your attention. 13 Task No. 1 Find correspondences in the periods of formation of the political map of the world. Enter the data in the table Ancient Medieval New 1. Before the 5th century 2. 16th century 3. 5th century 16th century 4. Slave system 5. The origin, rise and establishment of capitalism 14 6. Feudalism 7. International economic relations 8. The formation of an internal market 9. Development and the collapse of the first states 10. The desire of feudal states to seize territories Based on the political map in the atlas, write out: Task No. 2 7 largest countries in the world by area ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 5 peninsular countries ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 5 island countries ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 5 archipelagic countries ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 5 inland ones states ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ Basic summary for the topic: Political map of the world. The diversity of countries in the modern world. Grouping of countries by characteristics 15 Typology of countries by socio-economic development Developed countries 16 Developing countries 17
Lesson topic
The purpose of the lesson
- to form in students a concept of the political map of the world
- familiarize yourself with the modern political map of the world and learn how to use it.
Lesson Objectives
- learn to use a political map of the world, find countries on the map.
Lesson Plan
- Structure of a political map. Country classification
- History of the formation of the political map
- Stages of formation of a political map in modern times
Structure of a political map. Country classification
A thematic map on which the borders of all countries of the world, the state borders of all countries of the world are shown with certain highlights. Has the property of changing over time.
Nowadays, there are about 230 countries that differ from each other in various indicators, namely:
Geographical location;
The size of the territory;
The size and national composition of the population;
Form of government;
State structure;
Level of socio-economic development.
1. monarchy
Constitutional - Norway, Sweden, Great Britain;
Unitary - Hungary, France.
History of the formation of the political map
The beginning of the formation of the political map of the world dates back several thousand years, and is divided into several periods.
Ancient (before the 5th century AD),
Medieval (V - XV centuries)
New (XVI - late XIX century)
Recent periods (from the beginning of the 20th century)
How the map of Europe has changed over 100 years
As already noted, the political map tends to change over time, so the latest territorial changes are associated with the course of two world wars, during which some states disappeared from it, while others, on the contrary, arose.
Stages of formation of a political map in modern times
First stage was, which lasted between the end of the first and the beginning of the second world wars, gave rise to a great state (the RSFSR, and later the USSR). Other equally significant states were also created, such as Czechoslovakia, Austria and Hungary. To the countries. Another great country, the Ottoman Empire, collapsed.
Second phase, which began at the end of the Second World War, caused the collapse of post-Hitler Germany into two separate states: the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic. The socialist state of Cuba was created, as were other states in Asia, Oceania, Africa, and Latin America.
The beginning of the 1990s gave rise to third stage V modern history. During this period, the decline of the most powerful state that ever existed - the USSR - occurred. After its collapse, many republics became part of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). Since October 1990 The two parts of the German state of the GDR and the FDR reunited. Czechoslovakia split into two smaller independent states - the Czech Republic and Slovakia. In 1999, the UK returned Hong Kong to the jurisdiction of the People's Republic of China (PRC). By now, there are not many dependent states left, which are mainly located in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans.
Political map of the world from 1800 to 2011
The changes occurring on the political map are classified as quantitative and qualitative.
Quantitative - these are changes associated primarily with acquisitions and losses of dependent territories.
Qualitative ones are characterized by a change from one formation to another, the introduction of a new state university to replace the old one.
Typology of countries of the world- this is the problem that for a long time are engaged in by both economists and political scientists, as well as representatives of other sciences. It is generally accepted that typology refers to historical categories. Until the early 90s, existing countries were divided according to three topographic criteria:
Socialist
Capitalist
Developing.
Currently under influence market economy the following criterion was added: gross domestic product(this is the cost of all finished products for the year), as well as the human development index.
Thus, all countries can be divided:
- Economically developed countries
This includes the G7 countries, where per capita GDP ranges from $20,000 to $30,000.
- Developing countries
Countries that are key to the global economy as a whole, but whose GDP per capita is around $350. This also includes oil-exporting countries such as Saudi Arabia and Iraq.
The place of any country, both on the political map of the world and in typology, changes over time.
In 1999, Professor Chuvyrov found a fragment of a map in the Urals. This is a hefty slab, its dimensions are about one meter by one and a half, its thickness is about 16 cm. The area that is depicted on it is very well known to scientists. This is the Ufa Upland, the Ufa Canyon, this is a fault earth's crust, stretching from Ufa to Sterlitamak, is the most important point of evidence. Geological surveys confirmed the location of a fault in the earth's crust in the place indicated on the map. Military Topographical Directorate of the General Staff Armed Forces Russia conducted a space survey in 2007 and issued a corresponding conclusion.
The map is three-layered. A very durable stone - dolomite - was used as the base. A layer of so-called is applied to it. "diopside glass". It is on this layer that the volumetric relief terrain. Finally, the third, two-millimeter protective layer is made of white matte porcelain of special strength. Such a map can only be made using currently fashionable nanotechnology.
Who didn't believe that words are the most powerful weapon in the world? That a word can create and destroy empires? And these statements are proven by the Typomaps political map of the world, created by German designer Dirk Schachter, which combines elements of typography and topography.
Homework
1. Mark on the contour map:
Federal (confederal) countries
Monarchies
Island states
2. Prepare cards with a list of European countries and their capitals
Used sources
1. Alekseev A.I., Nikolina V.V. Geography
2. Dushina I.V., Korinskaya V.A., Shchenev V.A. Geography
3. Dushina I.V., Pritula T.Yu., Smoktunovich T.L. Geography
We worked on the lesson
Cobweb Anna
Posynyak Oleg
Alekseev A.I.
Dushina I.V.
Compiled and edited by Oleg Posynyak
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The modern political map of the world indicates the geographical location of countries and their political and administrative structure. The main political and geographical changes are reflected: the emergence of new independent states, changes in the political structure of countries, changes in their borders and territories, names of countries and capitals, etc. The political map of the world and the patterns of changes on it are studied by the branch of geography called political geography.
The political map of the world reflects the state structure of countries, their features state system management, relationships between states, as well as regional conflicts arising in connection with the determination of state borders and population settlement. The political map of the world is constantly changing. Factors contributing to this:
- wars at various levels;
-deprivation of the country's independence, changing the boundaries of the territory;
-interstate and international agreements;
-formation of new independent states;
-change of the name of the country and capital;
-collapse and unification of states;
-changes in the structure and state system of government of the country;
-moving the capital of the country to another city.
All events related to the formation of the modern political map of the world are conventionally divided into two periods: the new one - from the 17th century to the First World War and the newest - from the First World War to the present day. The newest period is divided into 4 stages. 1st stage from 1918 to 1945, 2nd stage from 1945 to stage 3rd stage from 1945 to 1985, 4th stage from 1985 to the present.
On the modern political map of the world, there are more than 200 states that have declared their independence. Among them, the number of countries recognized at the international level is 191. A number of objects of the modern political map of the world include 67 dependent territories that do not have the status of independent governance.
Test questions
1.What is the name of the branch of geography that studies the political map of the world and the patterns of changes on it?
A) ecology
B) physical geography
C) biology
D) political geography
2.How many independent states are there on the modern political map of the world?
A) 400
B) 300
C) 200
D) 100
3. What 2 periods are all events related to the formation of the modern political map of the world divided into?
A) old and new
B) new and modern
C) new and newest
D) old and newest
2. How many independent territories are there on the modern political map of the world?
A) 27
B) 47
C) 67
D) 87
Glossary
Russian language
Kazakh language
English language
Socio-economic geography
Aleumetik-economics geography
Social-economic geography
Geographical discoveries
Geographical ashular
Geographical openings
Great Travelers
Attacks sayakhatshylar
Great travellers
Research
Zertteuler
Studies
A political map of the World
Daily life maps
Political card the world
Formation periods
Kalyptas Kezenderi
Periods of the shaping
Independent states
Tauelsiz memleketter
Independent state
Territory
Aumak
Territory
CPC topics
1) Study the topic “Earth as a planet.” L1, pp. 5-9.
SRSP topics
1) Based on diagram 5, analyze the changes that have taken place on the political map of the world using the example of one state. L1, pp. 78-81.
Preview:
Introduction. A political map of the World
Target: familiarize students with the structure of the course, sources of information, and the features of the textbook; to form an idea of the diversity of the modern world, to give knowledge about the classification of countries, to show Russia’s place in the world; develop the ability to listen to a lecture and take notes on lesson material.
Equipment: political map of the world, atlas, textbook, workbook
During the classes
1. introduction teachers
This year we will get acquainted with the peculiarities of the development and distribution of population and economy in the world and in individual countries. Science will help us with this - economic and social geography of the world.What words did this term come from?This science combines elements of geography, economics and sociology. Geography is the science of the Earth, economics is the science of managing a household, sociology is the science of society. These sciences are closely related to each other: it is impossible to study the Earth and the economy of countries without people, without taking into account the human factor.
IN economic geography new directions have appeared: geography of population, industry, transport, agriculture, medical geography, geoecology and others.
Our scientists Nikolai Nikolaevich Baransky and Ivan Aleksandrovich Vitver made a great contribution to the development of E&SGM.
2. Introduction to the textbook(according to the textbook pp. 5-7)
3. Learning new material
What is shown on the political map of the world?(states, their capitals and borders between countries). The political map of the world is constantly changing. Its formation is a long process, reflecting the development of human society. There are 5 stages.
Stage and social system | Major events | State measurements |
Ancient (before the 5th century BC) Slavery | The emergence, flourishing and collapse of the first states, the beginning of the division of the world, the first seizures of territories. The main way of changes on the political map is war. | Carthage, Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, Ancient Egypt, China |
Medieval (V-XVI centuries) Feudalism | The emergence of large states. Age of Discovery (Columbus's discovery of America, sea route to India around Africa by Vasco da Gama, Magellan's first circumnavigation). A pronounced desire for territorial conquests | The Holy Roman Empire, Kievan Rus, Byzantium, Portugal and Spain are the strongest naval powers |
New (XVI-early XX century) Capitalism | The origin and formation of capitalist relations. Colonial conquests by Europeans in America, Asia, Africa. By the end of the stage, the division of the world is completed. Only its violent redistribution is possible | England, France, Germany |
Newest (XX century) Capitalism and socialism | Two world wars. Education of the world socialist system. Collapse of the colonial system | USSR, USA, Cuba |
Modern (from the end of the 20th century to the present) Capitalism | The collapse of the USSR and the formation of the CIS, the “velvet” revolutions in Eastern Europe, the formation of a united Germany, the collapse of Yugoslavia, the formation of independent states in Asia and Africa | Russia, Czech Republic, Slovakia |
Political map of the world beginning of XXI V. finally formed. It can, of course, change, but these changes will no longer be drastic. Currently, there are 230 states on the political map.
A sovereign state is a politically independent state.Other states -colonies, i.e. non-self-governing territories. The metropolis is a country that owns colonies.
Country classification
By territory size (giant countries and dwarf states)
By population
By geographical location (coastal, land, island, peninsular, archipelagic countries)
These are quantitative characteristics of countries
Based on the flyleaf of the textbook and the atlas, write out (indicating the capital):
The 7 largest countries in the world by area - Russia, Canada, China, USA, Brazil, Australia, India
5 microstates of Europe - San Marino, Monaco, Vatican City, Andorra, Liechtenstein
10 countries with a population of more than 100 million people - China, India, USA, Indonesia, Brazil, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Russia, Nigeria, Japan
5 peninsular states - Italy, Spain, Greece, Saudi Arabia, Türkiye
5 island states - Sri Lanka, Iceland, Great Britain, Ireland. Madagascar
5 archipelagic countries - Japan. Indonesia, Philippines, Fiji, New Zealand
10 land countries - Belarus, Austria, Hungary, Armenia, Mongolia, Afghanistan, Chad, Niger, Mali, Bolivia
10 coastal states - Peru, Argentina, Mexico, Guatemala, Morocco, Algeria, France, Norway, Thailand, Myanmar
Country classification
By social order(socialist, capitalist)
By level of socio-economic development (developed, developing, countries with economies in transition)
This quality characteristics countries
According to their social system, until quite recently, countries were divided into socialist, capitalist and developing. Due to the collapse of the world socialist system, these concepts are outdated. However, there are several socialist countries in the world (DPRK, Cuba, China, Vietnam). The rest of the world has a capitalist economy of varying degrees of development.
The level of socio-economic development of a country is expressed by two indicators - gross domestic product (GDP) and human development index (HDI).
GDP is the value of all products and services produced in a given country per year in $.
HDI – level of per capita income, education, average life expectancy, crime rate, environmental safety.
According to these indicators, countries are divided into:
economically developed countries
Peculiarities – high level industrial development, significant capital reserves, high level of technological development, large export volumes, significant mineral reserves.
1. G7 countries: USA, UK, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Canada. GDP per capita is 20-30 thousand $.
2. Western European countries with the highest standard of living. The most prosperous countries today are considered to be Holland, Switzerland, Sweden, Denmark, and Finland.
3. Countries of “settler” capitalism (former British colonies): Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and Israel.
developing countries
This is most countries in the world. Many of them were colonies and gained independence after the Second World War. They are also called “third world” countries.
Peculiarities – periodic economic crises, instability, dependence on foreign loans, high unemployment, low income levels
1. Key countries - leaders of the “third world” countries with great natural, human and economic potential - India, Brazil, Mexico.
2. Latin American countries - Argentina, Chile, Venezuela, etc., as well as countries in Asia and North Africa.
3. NIS – Newly Industrialized Countries: Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Thailand, Indonesia, etc. They made a big leap in their socio-economic development and received the nickname “Asian dragons”.
4. Oil exporting countries Persian Gulf- Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, UAE, Iran, etc.
5. Most African countries are classic developing countries
6. About 40 least developed countries (“fourth world”). They are characterized by total poverty of the population, lack of basic necessities, unsanitary living conditions, widespread unemployment, low level of education, undeveloped industry, high mortality, and periodic mass starvation. This is Mozambique, Ethiopia. Rwanda, Somalia, etc.
countries with economies in transition
These are post-socialist countries: countries that were formerly part of the USSR, and former socialist countries of Eastern Europe. Although many of them can be classified as developed countries (group 2). Some occupy an intermediate position between developed and developing. And Russia is even part of the G8 countries.
4. Fastening: R.T. pp. 3.6 (No. 1-10)
5. Homework: § 1, complete RT, create a crossword puzzle “Countries of the World”, be able to show on a map all the countries and their capitals recorded in the lesson
