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Web design training from scratch - step by step guide for beginners (ten stages)

Many young people want to connect future profession with website development. Naturally, not everyone wants to be a programmer; some of them are quite happy with web design.

Learning this profession from scratch is not an easy task, because in addition to working skills, you need to be a creative person, at least understand a little code (know CSS and), be able to communicate with the customer in the same language, etc.

Before starting to familiarize yourself with the basics of the profession, A number of questions arise, and you have to look for answers to them yourself. This is not easy to do due to the lack of experience; materials from the Internet do not always become useful, and sometimes, on the contrary, they only add new questions, and not everyone has an experienced friend.

Let's figure out where to start learning web design, what knowledge you will need for creativity, where and in what order to get it, how much time to devote to practical exercises, how to get your first experience and order...and with a lot of related questions.

Contents:

Step one - find out why you want to do this

On the one hand, this is a simple question, because most people want to do web design because of the good pay.

Website building is a very profitable business, but an experienced, and most importantly, intelligent developer is not always easy to find during the day.

Although there are many cases when a person wants to do it, and without knowledge of creating a website’s graphic engine, programming it is not easy.

And the third common reason why people become interested in web design is a craving for fine art.

And this area can serve as an excellent means for putting your talents into practice while deriving financial benefits from it.

Important! For whatever purpose you get acquainted with web design, remember that both learning and work should be interesting, carried out with desire and bring pleasure, but not turn into a routine.

Due to the fact that a graphic artist is young profession, her precise definition does not exist yet, and many experts interpret the concept in their own way.

If earlier this person had to make the pages beautiful and pleasing to the eye, now it is necessary to have coding skills, understand marketing, and have an understanding of SEO promotion.

Without unique solutions, original ideas and individual creative approach the problem is not solved.

Website designer is a technical artist who works on the appearance and loading optimization of websites and web applications.

The tasks of these people include:

• working on the logical structure of the page– so that everything is clear to any novice user, he can find what he is looking for the first time, all important links should be visible;
• development of the most rational way content delivery– the ability to interest the visitor, make him stay longer on the resource, leaf through the pages of the site;
• graphic design– where what elements will be placed, what the buttons and inscriptions will be like after a click, how interaction with the client is carried out, how and what will change during the visitor’s work, zoom changes, etc.

So we briefly found out why people want to do the graphic part of websites.

For future programmers, it is enough to familiarize yourself with the basics of visual design of web resources, at least superficially master graphic editors and template layout.

Those who are eager to devote many years of their life to creating an interface for Internet pages and obtaining the appropriate profession will first have to work hard, this article is dedicated to them.

Stage two - choose the direction of web design in which you want to try yourself

Internet technologies are developing rapidly, and along with them, the requirements for developers are increasing. At first, a beautiful aesthetic and bright page was the task of the artist.

Nowadays they distinguish as many as seven directions in their design, and these are just the main ones.

Hard

A type of page design as old as website building itself, requiring no effort, is perfect for beginners.

The bottom line is that all resource elements are placed in virtual table cells with fixed sizes, which are set by the designer.

Such a page will look absolutely the same on all devices, regardless of platform and screen size.

And this does not mean that such a resource is backward, because an experienced developer using strict design can create a beautifully designed website, and adjusting something in this case takes a matter of minutes.

Flexible

Also tabular design, but the width of the virtual table cells is not strictly specified, but depends on the screen size (aspect ratio, resolution). Objects will try to fill the entire space of the cell, changing its size. The main feature of this solution– increasing the convenience of visual perception of data due to dynamically changing display parameters. On such pages there are no empty spaces free of content.

The challenges of this design are:

• there is no guarantee that on old “square” and huge widescreen displays the resource will display correctly, without stretching or shrinking the contents;
• Not all browsers work well with the processing of so-called flexible cells, and Internet browsers created on different engines do this each in their own way;
• it takes a lot of time to adjust and bring the project to perfection.

Combined

Combining the two previous methods: if the dimensions of the monitor (its aspect ratio) differ greatly from the parameters of the display that was used to create the site, a flexible design is used, otherwise both cells are used, depending on the availability of free space in them.

Text

Used when designing one-page resources and websites, which represent small businesses and companies in the global digital network. A feature of this design is the virtual absence graphic elements, which has a positive effect on page loading speed. Playing with fonts, text colors, and good text placement will help make your project attractive.

Printing

Most in demand in the development of corporate and marketing resources, where emotional content comes first. The designer must be as creative as possible and creatively choose pixel images to design the page.

The disadvantage of print design is that it slows down the loading speed of the site. due to the presence, as a rule, of an abundant number of raster images, and even in high resolution.

Interface

Mostly experienced craftsmen turn to him. Their task is to satisfy all user requests, usually by minimizing program code, optimizing graphic elements and creating a convenient navigation system with a menu located at the top of the page. Such resources load quickly and are easy to work with both from a computer and from mobile devices

.

Dynamic

The most time-consuming, complex options for designing web pages. This type of design consists of placing dynamic content on the page (animation, scripts, moving and changing elements, wide-format videos).

To implement your plans, you will have to work hard, and in order for the visitor to be satisfied and everything to work as intended, you need not only mastery of graphic editors, but also optimization skills; who wants to wait a long time for the appearance of some colorful three-dimensional button. But a well-designed resource always attracts with its beauty, originality and artistic solutions, regardless of the content.

Step three - find out which web design programs are trending right now

Before downloading books on this or that graphic editor, you need to clearly understand the elements that are used in the graphic design of websites: shapes, colors, forms, the play of light and shadow, lines - these are the basic elements from which the entire composition is created.

Anyway, Knowledge of cascading tables and hypertext markup is needed almost in the first place.

The designer will also need knowledge in the field of computer animation, popular animation, SEO, and maybe 3D modeling.

Attention! In addition to being difficult to learn, the application will also have to be purchased for full use, although for training purposes you can cheat by bypassing the program’s protection.

The latter is acquiring functionality that is in demand in dozens of areas, and the guys pay little attention to increasing the capabilities of web design.

Sketch is another matter - it is designed for drawing graphical interfaces from scratch, does not have a single superfluous element, is easier to learn and easily outperforms Photoshop in key indicators.

Be sure to choose the most convenient one that supports syntax and highlighting: , Sublime, Axure RP.

Stage four - study useful books for beginner web designers

The good thing about the Internet is that it allows you to acquire books for free that ten years ago you would have had to purchase or look for like-minded people.

With the popularization of the web designer profession, the number of books on the topic has increased. A book without a mentor or teacher - The best way Gain knowledge.

Learning web design from scratch should start with the literature where basic concepts, theory and small practical tasks are given:

The main elements are:

Logo– usually occupies the central part of the page and distinguishes the resource from others;

Navigation elements– placed at the top of the page horizontally, less often – vertically and contains links to the main sections;

The main block where the content is located– occupies the main part of the screen, the text is always accompanied by drawings, tables, diagrams, animation, etc.

Modular grid

Before developing a project diagram, you need to understand the concept of a modular grid. It is a way of distributing information into columns; it is the framework of the future site.

Using a modular grid will greatly simplify further layout, take the time to get to know her.

Stage six – online trainings

• attending seminars and trainings;
• participation in online training (remotely).

Choose suitable activities based on your knowledge, experience and the direction in which you realize your creative potential. When taking courses, it is fascinating to consolidate theory into practice.

1 Web design lessons for beginners

More experienced developers owning English language, You should definitely familiarize yourself with the courses of your Western colleagues. As in the case of books, Western technical artists practice new technologies and solutions in the field before, secondly, the concept of work among foreign designers can be quite different, and it is always useful to adopt other people's experience. People get more benefit from courses than from dozens of books they read, as for practical skills.

Stage seven - find like-minded people

IN labor activity It's important to connect with people who do what you do.

This way you can not only make friends, but also share experience, knowledge, advice, provide assistance and evaluate projects one by one.

Healthy competition– the engine of progress, it allows you to develop, striving to do better than your friend, to bring something new to the project. And when learning web design from scratch, you definitely need to communicate with more experienced developers.

Stage eight – follow trends and tendencies

To be prepared for anything when working with a customer in an area where not a day goes by without new products, you need to constantly monitor new developments, solutions and technologies.

They change for the better, optimize resource loading, and increase the emotional appeal of the page.

The easiest way is to visit resources where experienced and not so experienced designers exhibit their work:

Stage nine - try your hand at a freelance exchange

You can work as a technical artist either on your own or for a company. It is better for beginner users to gain experience on freelance exchanges:

We work for cheap at first: we take inexpensive orders and work long and hard to complete them until the customer is satisfied.

Successful projects mean experience not only in design, but also in communicating with various clients, replenishing an as yet empty portfolio with work.

Pay more attention to filling out your profile and pricing the work.

Simple, but polished layouts can be sold, using similar projects put up for sale as a basis.

Important! Don’t hesitate to ask questions, find out which sites the customer likes best, so that you have something to focus on. You should not rush and do work with flaws or underestimate deadlines, and then make the customer wait and be nervous.

Stage ten – turn web design from a hobby into a profession

Website design is usually started by students and young people for whom this activity becomes a hobby.

They devote their weekends and evenings to what they love, and when they gain a little experience and their hobby brings in their first income, they seriously think about changing their occupation.

Just quit your job and go free for a living or replace your current place of work with a comfortable chair in the office at the computer many are afraid.

Here the lack of experience is reflected, and the chances of finding a customer or acquiring regular clients are low, and no one guarantees a stable income in the case of work and relevant forums.

Rice. 15 – Over time, web design should become a profession

And yet, if the activity of developing graphical interfaces for websites is attractive, it is definitely worth turning it into your main profession, and there is no need to delay it.

Over time, knowledge, experience, and regular orders will appear.

And if you want more stability, pay attention to working in an office among like-minded people with the opportunity to periodically work remotely.

The main thing is to strive to become better, constantly develop and enjoy what you do!

It's no secret that when starting any professional career, every person hits the bumps. And everything would be fine if these bumps weren’t so painful. And folk wisdom still recommends learning from other people’s cones rather than from your own. So today we’ll talk about the worst of them and help you avoid them in the future.

So, the first bump is the laws of ergonomics

This is such a clever science that takes into account the peculiarities of human physiology and helps to plan the space of the room so that it is as comfortable and functional as possible.

A trivial example, the kitchen cabinet is located so high that you have to stand on a stool in order to get a package of buckwheat. Or you are sitting in the toilet reading useful literature, but it is impossible to close the door from the inside - your knees are in the way.

Mistake two - play of color and light

There's a complete rush here! Ignorance of the intricacies of a colorist, the psychological impact of color on a person, the characteristics of various paints when applied, and most importantly, the location of windows relative to the cardinal directions.

As for the power, type and type of glow of various lamps, many novice designers simply lose sight of this important aspect during the development and implementation of their design project.

So it turns out that the living room was placed on the north side, painted in a “pleasant” azure color, and also energy-saving cold-glow lamps were screwed into the chandelier. The prospect of being in this room does not evoke pleasant emotions.

The third bump is a one-goal game

Many designers naively believe that by completing the interior in neutral tones, and at the same time using a obviously win-win color, the work will be 100% successful. Nothing like this! Lack of accents in interior design will make it boring. Accents can be bright color spots of decorative elements, parts of a furniture set, textiles, and even household appliances. Experiment, play, the interior should be alive!

The fourth bump is a violation of the laws of composition

Another important point. Don't go overboard when playing with interior design. The laws of composition have not yet been canceled! Furniture, decorative elements, architectural features of the room, finishing materials and textiles must be located and correlated with each other in accordance with certain laws. Then harmony and comfort will reign in your room.

For example, a stylish but huge chair in a small room or a small painting by a fashionable artist on an empty wall will not give you much aesthetic pleasure.

Mistake #5 - style pun

Of course, in interior design there is such a thing as ECLECTICism (mixing styles). But if you, as a beginning designer, are still poorly versed in the main stylistic directions, and at the same time you try to mix them, then what comes out is not eclecticism, but a pun.

Therefore, in order to avoid this at the beginning of your professional activity, it is better to adhere to one style agreed with the customer.

Error six - ignorance of technical parts (VERY IMPORTANT)

The ability to draw beautifully, understand interior styles, knowledge of computer programs and a subtle aesthetic taste will not make you a designer! We must not forget about such a boring, complex and sometimes not at all aesthetic side of interior design as the technical part.

It includes:

• knowledge of basic construction norms and rules;
• knowledge of the features of installation and design of communications (gas, water, sewerage, electricity, ventilation, telephony, etc.);
• having a general idea of ​​the load-bearing capacities of structures;
• compliance with the sequence of technological processes (what, why and how to do);
• acquaintance with the qualities and properties of modern finishing materials.

You can't do without this knowledge! And sometimes it’s not at all funny when a novice designer has to completely redo, and sometimes even throw into the trash, his beautiful and “polished” design project. And all because he did not take into account the presence of a future ventilation duct on the ceiling or did not know that such an ornament on the same plasterboard ceiling was not technically possible. And there are a huge number of such nuances.

The seventh bump is the pursuit of a client

The golden mean is very important here.

On the one hand, self-respect. Although you are a beginner interior designer, you already have a certain amount of knowledge and skills. Therefore, feel free to determine your competitive cost and behave with dignity in a conversation with the customer.

On the other hand, acquire basic knowledge of psychology in order to listen to the customer and identify his needs. After all, you are creating the interior for your loved one, and in this interior he should feel happy and comfortable. Then he will bring new customers to you, and you will be in “chocolate”!

One of the favorite accessories for every woman is, of course, a bag. A handbag is an integral attribute of almost every representative of the fair sex, because this accessory performs not only a decorative, but also a very important practical function, serving as a spacious storage for a thousand and one little things. There are never too many handbags, so every woman will always have at least a couple of them in stock - and often the number of bags of all types and sizes even reaches several dozen. Today we invite lovely ladies to watch a short tutorial that tells you how to add another wonderful handbag to your wardrobe for the spring-summer season.

DIY bags master class

The authors of the lesson called “Bright spring bag in 15 minutes” talk about how to make a stylish handbag with your own hands with minimal time and money. Even a novice needlewoman can cope with this task, so this video lesson will be of interest to all representatives of the fair sex, regardless of the level of their artistic abilities and design skills. For work, you will need an old handbag, which, due to long-term use, has lost its original appearance, as well as unnecessary leather boots (for example, if they have become small or simply gone out of fashion). Don't rush to throw away these outdated things - you can give them a new life! The authors of this lesson show how you can completely transform an old bag with the help of simple decor, made with your own hands from everything that was at hand. One of the “highlights” of the handbag model shown in this master class is, of course, the stylish leather fringe, which has been considered one of the leading fashion trends for several seasons now. As a result of the work of the craftswomen, the result was an extremely fashionable and original ladies' bag in ethno-style, which has a universal purpose: it can be taken for a walk, to work, and while shopping.

Sew a bag with your own hands from fabric

We hope that this master class will help our viewers discover new resources for handmade crafts, have a good time doing needlework and, as a result, get something new in their wardrobe - a stylish handbag for spring

Every resident of a big city knows firsthand what a lack of natural environment and fresh air means. The same applies to many food products: if rural residents have most of the vitamins in fresh vegetables and fruits at hand, then city dwellers have a more difficult time in this matter - they have to buy everything, risking running into nitrates and other not very useful additives. Therefore, of course, everything that can be grown independently is better - it is cheaper, more environmentally friendly, and healthier. The short video presented on our website is dedicated to this issue.

DIY vegetable garden on the windowsill

Video lesson entitled “How to make a vegetable garden at home? Growing greens and seedlings." This video will be interesting to a very wide range of viewers, since the issues of growing healthy seedlings at home are of equal interest to the inhabitants of both large cities and small villages. The invited expert in this video talks about how, with minimal financial investment, you can create a special structure at home in which you can successfully grow both high-quality seedlings for planting in the country and any greens for everyday consumption. What are the advantages of the method of growing seedlings proposed in this video lesson? Firstly, this method is extremely economical, both from the financial side (does not require large monetary outlays) and from the point of view of rational expenditure of time and effort. Setting up such a unique indoor “bed” will not take much time, caring for it is also not at all difficult, and will not interfere with other daily activities. In addition, the advantage of the above method, such as the compact design, which is used for growing greenery and seedlings, is especially important for residents of city apartments. The mentioned design has small dimensions, is easy to fold and carry, so it will not be at all difficult to choose a suitable corner for it even in a small apartment or small house.

What can you grow on a windowsill in winter?

We are confident that all our viewers who are interested in gardening and want to provide their family with fresh, environmentally friendly greens will definitely learn a lot of useful things from this video.

All kinds of fraud and deception of gullible citizens have flourished at all times, and usually scammers show enviable ingenuity, constantly coming up with more and more new ways to illegally seize other people's property. In full accordance with the latest trends in the development of society in the twenty-first century, virtual and mobile fraud is now particularly flourishing. It is the latter that is discussed in this video lesson, which we recommend that everyone watch without exception - regardless of gender and age.

How to avoid becoming a victim of SMS scammers

A short video called “How to avoid becoming a victim of scammers” is worth watching for all visitors to our website, because none of us are immune from the possibility of sooner or later becoming a victim of SMS fraud. In addition, the information heard in this video must be conveyed to your friends and loved ones, especially to children and elderly family members, since they are the ones who most often fall for the bait of mobile scammers, sometimes transferring very large sums of money to them. In this video lesson, invited experts briefly, but very informatively and clearly talk about the most common methods of SMS fraud, and how to behave in such situations so as not to lose your savings. In addition, our viewers will certainly be interested general recommendations regarding how to minimize the risk of falling into one of the fraudulent schemes. An extremely important nuance that experts emphasize is maintaining composure and a sober view of things. Very often, scammers use the so-called “shock effect” - they try to stun the victim with unexpected information and demand immediate action (for example, urgently transfer money) so that the person does not have time to come to his senses and understand the situation. Therefore, in no case should you do hasty actions - it is better to think ten times before doing what your mobile interlocutor requires of you.

How to avoid becoming a victim of scammers on the Internet

We hope that this video lesson will help reduce crime rates and help our viewers successfully resist SMS scammers in any circumstances.

One of the most important events in the life of every young girl is, of course, the school prom. This event marks the end of an entire school era and is a kind of “bridge” to adulthood. In addition, this is one of the few holidays when you can give free rein to your imagination in choosing an outfit and turn, at least for one evening, into a real princess for your family and classmates. And, of course, what prom is complete without a prom dress? Our lesson is dedicated to him.

How to choose a dress for prom 2017

Thanks to this video lesson “How to choose a prom dress,” future graduates, as well as their mothers, grandmothers and girlfriends, will be able to familiarize themselves with the recommendations of leading stylists regarding exactly what factors need to be taken into account when choosing a prom dress and what rules should be followed. It's no secret that many young ladies begin to think about choosing an outfit for prom long before the event itself - sometimes even a year in advance. There is no single point of view on what a dress for a prom should be, because all girls are different, each with their own style, character and features of appearance. Therefore, it is extremely important not just to blindly follow fashion trends, but to try to ensure that the graduation dress is in harmony with the graduate’s personality, reflects her individuality and emphasizes her external advantages. Many girls prefer to follow traditional rules in choosing a dress - they choose pastel colors, light fabrics, feminine silhouettes. Of course, this is already a classic, so such outfits will always be appropriate for a prom. However, if a girl wants to show off her originality, then it is quite possible to get creative - choose more unusual colors and styles. As a rule, black is considered an undesirable color - it may be too heavy and gloomy for a young girl during the prom.

How to choose a dress according to your figure

We hope that this video lesson will help each of our viewers make the right choice in favor of the most beautiful and stylish prom outfit that will allow the girl to feel like a true lady.

How to remove belly fat for a girl

It's no secret that one of the most problematic areas for most women is the tummy and sides, because that's where all those "goodies" with which we actively pamper ourselves begin to be deposited first. However, the situation is not critical, and you shouldn’t completely give up your favorite foods - just eat them in moderation and don’t neglect physical activity. The authors of this video dwell in detail on the last question, telling and showing which ones physical exercise will be most effective for getting rid of fat folds on the stomach and sides. It turns out that you don’t have to exhaust yourself with hours of training in the gym - such exercises can be successfully performed even at home, and it doesn’t take that much time. All these exercises can be done, for example, while watching a television series - and thus, you can combine business with pleasure. The authors of the lesson offer five of the most effective exercises that will help you quickly and reliably make your waist thinner and your figure as a whole slimmer. Of course, to achieve a good result, you must adhere to several rules when performing such exercises: firstly, you need to do each exercise correctly, strictly following all the trainer’s recommendations; secondly, you should exercise regularly, preferably daily, or at least every other day. With constant training, after a short period of time (1-2 weeks), the first improvements will be noticeable and your waist size will begin to decrease.

How to remove belly fat at home

This video lesson will be useful and interesting to almost every woman who wants to have good figure with minimal expenditure of effort, time and money.

It’s no secret that human health is the most important thing, so taking care of your own health and your body should start from a very early age. As they say, many diseases are much easier to prevent in time than to treat later, when the disease has already begun to develop intensively.

High-quality medical services are in demand everywhere and always: both a thousand years ago and today. It is well known that the profession of an aesculapian does not tolerate unprofessionalism and amateurism, therefore you should seek medical help only from highly qualified specialists. Otherwise, poor-quality medical care may not only fail to bring the desired improvement, but, on the contrary, may further aggravate the situation and harm health.

Today, the services of large, general medical centers, the so-called family medical centers (or clinics), which will provide high-quality medical services to all family members: both adults and children, are in great demand.

Among the many advantages of such medical centers, I would especially like to highlight the following:

• Extremely high quality of medical services offered. The entire staff of a large center - from the head physician to the nurse - is highly qualified, has rich practical experience and an impeccable reputation, so specialists of this kind of medical institutions successfully cope with even the most complex tasks;
• Versatility. Clients of the above-mentioned private family-type clinics can safely come here with diseases of a wide variety of profiles - from therapeutic to gynecological. At the same time, an integrated approach to each patient is provided, his previous complaints and requests are taken into account.
• Comfort. One of the main disadvantages of public hospitals - the lack of necessary amenities for comfortable treatment - has been completely eliminated in private medical institutions. Both outpatients and inpatients can stay in pleasant conditions and enjoy all the necessary amenities.
• Availability of the most modern medical equipment;
• Reasonable pricing policy, fixed cost of services and the absence of any extortions, additional payments and demands for “thank you” in envelopes, which patients of so-called “free” clinics constantly face.

All of the above advantages are fully possessed by the well-known German-Ukrainian medical center Aurora, which offers everyone first-class medical services, consultations and assistance from highly qualified world-class specialists.

Every representative of the fair sex strives to be beautiful and attractive, while following the latest trends in the world of fashion and beauty. It turns out that not only clothes or a handbag can be fashionable - but also eyebrows! For recent years All over the world, well-groomed natural eyebrows of sufficient thickness and width remain in trend. Such eyebrows make the look more expressive, and the whole face more vibrant and memorable. However, what to do if nature has deprived you of thick eyebrows? Don’t be upset, there is a way out - and you can learn about it in this video lesson “How to grow thick eyebrows.”

How to quickly grow eyebrows

This short video is dedicated to such an interesting issue for any woman as eyebrow care, in particular - how to become the owner of sable eyebrows without extensions, naturally. This is quite possible if you use certain products to care for your eyebrows. traditional medicine, namely, freshwater. Many people have already heard about its beneficial properties in cosmetology. Now it can be successfully used as effective remedy to improve growth and appearance eyebrows Qualified experts will tell you in this video how exactly to use bodyagu for the above purpose, how often such procedures need to be carried out and what precautions to take. A very important nuance is the availability of this method of eyebrow care. Bodyaga is a completely inexpensive, publicly available drug that can be purchased at any pharmacy. Therefore, every representative of the fair sex gets a wonderful opportunity to become even more beautiful at minimal financial costs. By carefully following the beauty tips and recommendations voiced in this video, every woman can see positive changes in the condition of her eyebrows in a short period of time - they will become thicker, healthier, and it will be possible to give them a new shape in accordance with the latest world trends in the issue of eyebrow styling.

How to quickly grow eyebrows at home

We hope that this video lesson will be useful for our viewers and will help to replenish the arsenal of beauty products with another very effective one.

The violin is wonderful musical instrument, which won millions of hearts thanks to its lyrical sound. However, violinists (both beginners and professionals) are well aware that the violin not only has a delicate and fragile sound. It is also a rather intricate instrument in itself, which requires a special approach and care.

First of all, it is worth protecting the violin from direct sunlight to avoid drying out. Under no circumstances should this musical instrument be left under the scorching sun. The same applies to severe frosts: the violin generally does not like significant temperature changes, so you need to try to maintain a favorable temperature regime in the place where the instrument is stored. Remember that you should not leave the violin near open heat sources: fireplaces, air heaters, stoves, and so on.

Second, no less important advice: The violinist must constantly monitor the humidity level in the environment where the violin is stored. This musical instrument does not like either excessive humidity, since it causes the wood to become damp and possibly even mold, or too dry air, because in the latter case, cracks and other damage may appear on the wood - and the instrument will become completely unsuitable for use. Experts recommend maintaining an optimal indoor humidity level of 45-60 percent.

An extremely important responsibility of the violinist is also the regular cleaning of the instrument, which should preferably be cleaned and wiped after each use. Do not neglect this responsibility in order to avoid the appearance of dirt, abrasions and other unpleasant signs of use on the body of the violin. To avoid this, we suggest using online stores, for example,

However, even if you fully comply with all the basic recommendations for caring for a violin, its owner is not insured against damage to the instrument. Both as a result of natural wear and tear (if the violin was used for a sufficiently long period of time), and as a result of some unforeseen accidents (blows, falls, other mechanical damage).

If such troubles occur, you should not hesitate, but contact a qualified violin maker, which can offer an extensive range of instrument repair services - from replacing strings to restoring varnish.

I did not complete design courses and did not study design at the institute, but I managed to complete my own course of study in 6 months, I note that during the learning process I was simultaneously doing my main job full time. Although I didn’t think that I was ready to get a new job as a designer, I was still very lucky and managed to find a good place.

Of course, I understand that I do not have the skills that many professional designers have who have studied this for several years and have a lot of experience, however, I feel that I can work at a good level, creating a good design. I am currently designing websites.

This article will help beginning designers take their first steps in learning design on their own; here you will find links to those books and resources that helped me in my study and turned out to be useful. Please note that the links point to English-language resources that I used for self-study.

Level one: learning to see

The main mistake that novice designers make is trying to immediately start by learning Photoshop and drawing a design. But Photoshop won't make you a designer, just like buying paints and brushes won't make you an artist. Therefore, let's start with mastering the very basics of design.

Learn to draw

To complete this task you will not need to make a lot of effort or enroll in an art school, you will not have to draw still lifes and paint oil paintings, we will limit ourselves to learning the basics of drawing, which will be enough to make a sketch on paper. One will help with this good book in drawing - “How to learn to draw in 30 days”. By practicing for half an hour for 30 days, you can learn the basics of drawing.

Learning the theory of graphic design

- Start with the book - “Draw It”. This book will help you understand the basics of design.
- Learn color, typography, and grid-based design.
- Take several training lessons from this site every day.

Learn the basics of user experience

A huge number of books have been written on this topic, you can start with these two:
- “Design of everyday things”.
- “Don’t make me think!”

Learning to write

Abracadabra like Lorem Ipsum should be cause for concern; it is a direct indication of a bad designer. Good designer must be able to communicate well with his users, he sees the entire process of evaluating his design as a whole and does not miss such details as presentation text. Each word is chosen thoughtfully, wisely, and the text itself is written with the expectation that people will read it. Don't use the abstruse language that teachers use in school.

Do not include absolutely all of your work in your portfolio, choose only the best.
On initial stages don't try to be original, it will come with time, with experience, with skill. At first, everyone learns the basics and repeats simple things after the teacher, and when enough experience has been accumulated, you can move on to more advanced and independent work.

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Design- the concept is voluminous, and this circumstance creates difficulties when trying to give it an unambiguous definition, therefore the word “design” usually means a design method. In a word, design is a type of human activity aimed at satisfying needs and wants through exchange. To clarify this definition, the following concepts are considered: need, needs, requests, product, exchange, transaction and market. Thus, the original idea underlying design is the idea of ​​utility, beauty and the necessity of human needs, i.e., simply put, design is beauty and utility. And we can also say that design is pleasure.

Interior Design- art of a special kind. By the style in which the interior is designed, it is possible to determine not only the taste, type of activity, status, image, hobbies of the residents, but also the character, mentality, nationality, as well as the number of people living in the house. Just as the face of each person is different from others, even if they are similar, even typical interior has its own face. To create your own image of the interior, its style, color, spirit - this is the main task of the designer.

We perceive the interior, like architecture, with open eyes, turning our heads and moving from one place to another. Architecture is not a phenomenon that is immediately perceived; it is created from a series of images, sequentially superimposed on one another in time and space, like music... Human eyes are located at an average height of 1.6 meters from the ground. This is the tool we have for perceiving architecture. The human field of vision is very limited in size; to an even greater extent it is limited by consciousness, which, following the visual apparatus, perceives, evaluates and measures only what it has time for.” This is how the experimental designer and innovative architect Le Corbusier described the perception of architecture.

Defining goals and objectives in design. People's needs are practically limitless, but the resources to satisfy them are limited, so a person will choose those goods that will give him the greatest satisfaction within the limits of his financial capabilities.

People get bored with things that are no longer in use, and they seek variety for variety's sake. It is necessary to determine your creative and financial capabilities (design and marketing concepts are complementary to each other), and set the right goal for yourself.

Step one. Clarification of needs.

Step two. Clarifying possibilities.

Step three. Deciding what is needed.

Step four. Target selection.

Step five. Clarification of the goal.

Step six. Setting time boundaries.

Step seven. Monitoring your achievements.

The goal must be measurable, since any wallet has limitations; the goal must be achievable (it is stupid to use expensive advanced space technologies in the home interior), a result-oriented goal, limited in time, because protracted repairs, reconstruction or redevelopment turn the apartment into a warehouse for building materials, and the design will no longer bring joy. After defining and choosing the right goal, you want to immediately begin implementing your plan. Where to begin? Of course, from the layout.

Housing layout. P interior layout (from the French interieur - the internal space of a building or room in a building: vestibule, room, hall). The layout of an apartment is the distribution of rooms according to their purpose. Layout of individual rooms - “zoning” of footage by function. Layout is the first step in arranging an apartment as a whole or individual rooms.

There are many options. You can arrange the furniture as you wish, live as you please, and call this type of layout whatever you want. In architectural design, there are certain types of layouts: free, universal, extraordinary, studio apartment.

There is an equal sign between the layout of the house, family relationships, and peace of mind. This should be kept in mind before you begin planning or renovating your apartment.

Instinctively, a person craves solitude in a space where no one can enter. The house must certainly have at least a small room in which you can relax quietly with a book, knitting, or... just dreaming alone with yourself, provided that the sounds of civilization are not heard.

True, there is a psychology of men, and there is a psychology of women, and organisms behave differently when protecting themselves from external stimuli.

For women, the world around them seems complex and full of dangers, because... a woman's instincts perceive the environment as a whole more subtly. The female type is considered less protected.

Men, on the contrary, concentrate their attention on individual fragments of existence, discarding, in their opinion, what is unnecessary. This is the type of people who are able to read, write, go about their business, not paying attention to the sounds of music, the cry of a child, the roar of the crowd.

Determining your type and the type of household members is important at the apartment planning stage, regardless of who is designing the apartment - a competent designer or an amateur owner. Ultimately, it is not the designer who lives in the house, but the owner.

It is at this stage that the character of the future interior is laid - conflict or calm. It is necessary to take into account all factors: the number of adults, children, age, habits. Signs of a good layout are: the presence of an entrance hall (corridor); kitchen-dining room; storage rooms; sufficient illumination of rooms, especially children's; personal rooms; separate or several bathrooms.

When planning, it is important to think about the location of “expensive” items, such as a favorite chair that falls out of the general style, or an outdated but extremely necessary sewing machine that does not fit into the interior. Little things can turn out to be very important and further contribute to the coexistence of residents or create undesirable situations.

Types of layouts

Free layout. This type of “cutting” appears either in the case of designing a room “from scratch”, on paper, or when a major restructuring is possible, with the ability to “move” walls, deepen floors, change the height of the ceiling. Ideal for a flight of fancy. The main advantage of a free layout is that it allows for the most efficient use of usable area premises - change (increase or decrease) space.

Universal layout. A bolder solution is a universal interior with mobile partitions instead of walls, with “blurred” boundaries that conditionally separate the hallway from the living room and bedroom, the living room from the kitchen. In this case, however, it is necessary to have a good air conditioning system, a modern extraction of kitchen odors and appropriate convertible furniture.

An extraordinary solution. Apartment-studio-most unusual option housing arrangement. By by and large, you can do everything here. The only drawback of this option is that there is no privacy in the studio, so the studio is most likely not suitable for a family.

A studio apartment, like other apartment layout options, has a main center (sometimes two or more), around which the interior is organized. The starting point around which the entire space “dances” can be any object that deserves special attention. This could be a load-bearing or decorative column, an unusually shaped table, an element of wildlife (a stump, for example), a huge aquarium (not necessarily with fish), a terrarium, or even plumbing items. According to the complexity of the repair, repairs are divided into routine, cosmetic, and major.

Redecorating. Cleaning surfaces of ceilings and walls. Puttying, sanding ceilings, walls. Floor repair, plumbing replacement, tiling. Changes in electrical wiring. Parquet sanding and varnishing. Linoleum flooring, painting baseboards. Painting radiators and heating pipes. Painting ceilings. Wallpapering walls. Painting windows, doors, replacing broken glass.

Major renovation. Redevelopment, installation of arches, niches, suspended ceilings, podiums. Cleaning the surfaces of ceilings and walls from old coatings. Preparation of wall and ceiling surfaces. Replacement of heating radiators, plumbing, doors, windows. Installation of new cold and hot water supply. Installation of new electrical wiring, TV and telephone lines, security alarm. Installation of heated floors. Tiling of bathrooms and kitchens with tiles and panels. Installation of new floor coverings (parquet, tiles, etc.). Decoration of loggia, balcony. Delivery of general construction materials. Garbage removal, loading and unloading.

Creative renovation. Creative renovation-design project, redevelopment and coordination, resolving issues with REU, DEZ, HOA, neighbors, local police officer, etc., garbage removal. Unfortunately, the more serious the repair, the more approval authorities and papers it requires. The main contact will be with the Customer Service. According to the Housing Code of the Russian Federation, redevelopment of residential premises that worsens the operation and living conditions of all residents of the house is not allowed.

Interior elements. Interior and furniture. The interior and furniture always went hand in hand. Each era has its own style. This is reflected in behavior, music, literature, architecture. Just as there is no interior without furniture, there is no furniture without an interior. “Stylish” furniture was a luxury item for the aristocracy and was mainly produced in limited editions. Only since the 19th century did the middle class receive mass production of furniture. It is clear that the production of “consumer goods” was not exclusive, and since then the style in furniture production has become “folk”. But no matter what style the furniture has, first of all, it has a utilitarian form: for storage, sitting, lying. Structurally, furniture differs as stationary (non-dismountable), cabinet (collapsible), transformable (folding).

Built in furniture. An apartment does not always have “extra” meters. This problem can be solved with the help of built-in furniture - cabinets, partition cabinets, mezzanines. An important point when designing built-in furniture is anthropological parameters, i.e. correct determination of cabinet dimensions, taking into account the anatomical features of a person. It is reasonable to install built-in furniture (a wardrobe, for example), even if the room allows you to accommodate cabinet furniture without compromising the footage. Firstly, it’s stylish, secondly, it’s convenient, and thirdly, you don’t have to look for a place where you can hang a mirror, which is so necessary in the bedroom. “Meuble” (French) - furnishings, means movable property. A distinctive feature of this type of furniture is its dual purpose. A wardrobe partition serves both to store things and to divide a room into zones with different functions.

Sliding wardrobes have become widespread thanks to sliding doors. Sliding doors help to significantly save useful space in the room. Sliding wardrobes are used as furniture for the hallway, bedroom, nursery, kitchen, office, study. The wardrobe can be built-in or free-standing. A free-standing wardrobe has all the elements of cabinet furniture (basement, floor, ceiling, side walls, back wall) and differs from it by the presence of compartment doors. A built-in wardrobe uses the walls, floor, and ceiling of the room as its elements. Design options for built-in wardrobes

When designing an interior, a wardrobe can be combined with other elements of cabinet furniture (open sections, tables, bookcases, etc.). The internal filling of sliding wardrobes is designed at the customer’s request from laminated chipboard, metal honeycomb shelves or a combination of both. If available in the apartment free space (dark rooms etc.) it is possible to organize a dressing room for storing things. To organize a storage system for things, three different solutions are possible: a storage system with a chipboard frame; storage system with a frame made of metal honeycomb elements; storage system with a mixed frame (chipboard + honeycomb core). When organizing a dressing room inside a large room, it is possible to separate the dressing room from the main room with sliding sliding doors.

Ceilings. Once upon a time, in the “old times”, about a hundred years ago, architects and clients wanted to see exceptionally high ceilings, “out of reach” if possible. The goal pursued was different: from the feeling of the insignificance of a person to the spaciousness of thought, “so that the firmament does not press.”

Sofas. Almost no interior is complete without a sofa - this unique piece of furniture. Its uniqueness lies in its versatility. The sofa, or sofa, has been known for three centuries and is a relative of the ordinary bench. The magnificent flourishing of the palace interior of the 17th century gave a powerful impetus to the appearance of soft armchairs and sofas. Wool was used as filler. Initially, benches upholstered in fabric or leather with an adjustable headboard, called a couch, were popular. A sofa is an oriental analogue of a couch, only it was not customary to lie on it, they only sat on the sofa, just like on a sofa - a French couch. Despite the limited use of the sofa, this type of sofa was “equipped” with soft pillows stuffed with horsehair, which were later replaced with springs.

After a century, transformable designs appeared, allowing for a wider use of various types of sofas in furniture, and in modern interiors, sofas play an important role, dictating or complementing not only home style living room, bedroom or kitchen, but also soften the harsh style of business offices. The choice of the modern family of sofas is extensive - from traditional heavy stationary ones to light elegant ones, which embody all the achievements of the modern furniture industry and design sophistication. The softness of sitting and lying can be solved using spring block, foam rubber, polyurethane foam, synthetic padding. The upholstery, like the entire structure, is distinguished by advances in technology, but in the field of textiles and chemistry, and a coating such as Teflon ignores not just liquids, but even hot drinks: the enemies of all furniture are coffee and tea. The liquid simply does not have time to leave traces, it drains. Today, this type of upholstery is the most expensive, and if you handle furniture and drinks carefully, it is not the most necessary. The taste of not only drinks, but style in general is important, which can be helped by choosing a suitable sofa.

Tapestries. Tapestries play a special role in interior decoration. The word tapestry (French gobelin) means decorative fabric of high artistic value, produced by hand, named after the Gobelins dyers, the products have been known since 1662, since the founding of the manufactory of the same name.

Modern tapestry is a natural cotton fabric of jacquard weave with woven patterns, manufactured industrially. Decorative tapestries are products of a certain size with a finished composition. In the decoration of a modern interior, a tapestry is understood as a textile product for various purposes; it can be used as an independent product (decorative panels, wall painting, tablecloth, pillows), or as part of another item (screens, draperies) with additional finishing (drapes).

Depending on the design and functional load, tapestries can be supplemented with decorative edging, loops, eyelets, and trimmed with fringe.

Curtains. In modern Russian, the concept of curtains refers to a whole series of window textiles, plastic, and aluminum. These are, first of all, curtains (Gardine - German), because... they are translated and mean “window curtain”, as well as from French - curtain, curtain: curtain, curtain, curtain, curtain. This also includes drapes, blinds, short curtains, curtains, tulle, which serve not only to decorate windows, but also perform a protective function.

Curtains. This type of curtain serves more of a decorative function, but there are a number of special curtains that can serve as sun-protection loose curtains - lined curtains. Combined curtains protect both the owner of the apartment and the fabric from which they are made from fading from the sun and light. Any curtains, like many other interior items, can visually change the space of an apartment. The shape of the window plays a role (wide or narrow, elongated horizontally or vertically)

Curtains. The next type of window decoration is drapes - textile curtains that combine decorative and practical functions. In classical interiors, curtains made of dense fabrics such as velvet, thick silk with lining were traditionally used, either emphasizing the color scheme of the main fabric or contrasting with it. The main, front side can be plain, patterned, or applicative. To add completeness, an additional decorative element - fringe or tassels - is widely used. Among all types of window decoration, drapes are perhaps unique in their tolerance for experimentation. Often modern curtains combine fabrics of different textures and similar colors; in addition, the emphasis can be transferred from the fabric to a wooden or forged cornice. In the design of curtains, they use the overlay of one transparent fabric on another, uneven gathering, and sagging.

Roman curtains. Manifold various options curtains gave rise to national textile designs for window decoration such as Roman blinds or French blinds. Traditional Roman blinds differ from their analogues in their universal uniqueness in their specific placement inside the window frame or under the ceiling. Unlike curtains, they only allow you to modestly tuck themselves into neat folds. They look impressive where the use of curtains is undesirable or impossible, for example, in a glazed loggia.

French curtains. The French curtain has a range of more traditional uses, being an integral element of the classic style. However, there are no canons on the type of textile for curtains of this type; it can be light, transparent tulle, but it is also possible to use dense fabric. Typically, a French-type curtain serves only as a window decoration, being at the same time an element that attracts attention. Interestingly, French curtains can create an atmosphere of respectability and solidity in business office or a romantic mood in the relaxation room. It all depends on the color, task, taste and cornice, which is used for all types of window decoration.

Cornices. When draping windows, special attention is paid to the cornices, as they play an important role; The range of cornices is wide and varies in material, weight, decor, but the entire range can be divided into two types - hidden and open. Modern advances in the field of electronics have made it possible to produce curtain rods equipped with remote-controlled electric mechanisms, which allow creating the desired image of a high-mounted or inclined window. Classic cornices are made of wood with a round or oval cross-section, or from a baguette ending in a tip.

Interior styles. Just as a person has two cerebral hemispheres - left and right, planet Earth has two of its own - eastern and western, so there are, by and large, two directions in interior styles - eastern and western, which, in turn, are divided into more specific. Eastern: Ancient Egypt, Byzantium, Muslim, Chinese, Japanese. Western: Antiquity, Romanesque architecture. Gothic (XII-XV centuries), Renaissance (Renaissance), Baroque, Classicism, Romanticism, Art-Nouveau (Modern), Neo-Modern, Art-Deco, Modernism, Minimalism, Techno-Art.

What is style? Just as in real life every nation has two languages ​​- a flexible spoken language and a correct literary one, so in architecture there are definitions and characteristics of styles that in fact are closely intertwined with each other. We can say with confidence that an “ideal” style does not exist and cannot exist, because... style, like everything in real life, is constantly changing.

"Style or stylization"- this is a generalized image of the means of artistic expression, determined by the unity of creative techniques. You can talk about the style of entire eras, for example, the Renaissance. You can talk about a personal style, for example, the design style of a specific interior, united by the unity of artistic and figurative principles, and all these discussions will be about style. Thus, along with generally accepted historical styles, there are individual styles in parallel, and in general, there are no clear boundaries between styles, as well as the eras that gave rise to them, therefore, when they say that there are only two styles - “Classic” and “Modern” - This is either narrow-minded knowledge or a publicity stunt.

Style is the language of architecture, design, composition and, like any other living language, it adopts languages ​​and individual words from other directions. Hence the intertwining of styles, their kinship. However, excessive borrowing gives rise, at best, to eclecticism—a mixture of styles.

Interior Design

Style-forming. A new direction in architecture arises at the moment when one style has already “developed” itself, and another has not yet appeared. It is clear that this moment is not momentary, and life and architecture do not stand still. In this transitional time, the “finest hour” of eclecticism begins - borrowing individual elements of previous styles. This architectural vinaigrette does not always result in bad taste; more often than not, a multi-style, but “tasty” work is born.

It is possible to design a personal interior in a mixed style, but eclecticism (a mixture of styles) is very different from the kitsch style (bad taste, anti-art), and the border between them runs along the same line of taste. So, it is better, before deciding to create a new or remodel an old interior, to know and understand the basics of architectural trends or styles.

Ancient Egypt. The style, which existed for 4000 years, based its core on the worship of eternity. During its existence, it has undergone almost no changes. The plant type of stylization was widely used. In the religious buildings of the architect, 3 types of columns were used - lotus-shaped (capital in the form of a flower or lotus bud), papyrus-shaped (capital in the form of a bunch of papyrus) and gatoric (capital with the image of the head of a goddess (the author is a woman with the head of a dog). Over time, the style became more democratic, funerary scenes were replaced by the depiction of sentimental scenes of life.Since the discovery of Egypt by Europeans, the culture of ancient civilization has so strongly aroused the imagination that, having reworked its basic principles, an imperial style called Empire appeared.

Interior styles

Antiquity. Antiquity is usually understood as art Ancient Rome and Greece. This style is the standard of harmony and beauty. The art of this style developed in parallel with the art and canons Ancient Egypt, but, despite the connection between the peoples of Greece and Egypt, it developed independently.

Subsequently, the same harmonious later movements as the Renaissance, Classicism, Neoclassicism were repelled from Antiquity as from the canon. Unlike the Egyptians, the Greeks and Romans had a life-affirming view of life. All architecture and interior design the dwellings showed realistic canons and proportions. Such an exact science as geometry played a role in this, thanks to which “ideal” forms and proportions appeared in architecture and art. In combination with exact sciences and art, a system of artistic design in architecture was born: post-and-beam structures - orders and columns, which are still used today. Moreover, the role of supports was performed not only by cylindrical columns, “borrowed” from nature (tree trunks), but also, as a hymn to man, columns in the form of figures of gods - caryatids.

Baroque. Michelangelo is considered both the last born and the creator of the Baroque style, because it was he who realized the style-forming element - the plasticity of the wall. The crown of his creation - St. Peter's Cathedral in Rome - is already considered to be in the Baroque style.

Rococo. A fashionable trend in the decoration of noble mansions at the end of the 19th century. Luxury living rooms, replete with expensive collections of works of art. The second half of the 19th century in the Russian version of the formation of Rococo, namely the services of architects in interior design. The owner himself has a room to his own taste. Overload with decor, the number of square meters and, as a result, the enclosed space are typical crises of the style of this time.

Classicism. The name speaks for itself. The style is based on the types of previous styles. Trying to create the perfect style

Byzantium. This type is characterized by powerful walls cut through by small windows and arches. The interior space is richly decorated with bright carpets

Gothic (XII-XV centuries). The Gothic style is characterized by elongated proportions, spacious, excessively elongated rooms, where a person would feel like an insignificant creature.

France in the 12th century. In contrast to the worthlessness of flesh, the “stone lace” of thin-walled buildings blossomed in lush color. Gothic - the time of birth of colored stained glass in the form of lancet arches. This structural system made it possible to achieve unprecedented heights of vaults thanks to large windows and excellent illumination.

Renaissance (Renaissance). The greatest master of this era was Michelangelo Buonarotti, who was more a sculptor than an architect. From this point of view, he created architecture as a kind of advantageous background for his sculptures. In particular, he doubles columns and pilasters and changes their rhythm

Byzantine style for centuries, but forever. The idea was reborn from time to time and became relevant again. The principle is still considered universal: “if you don’t know how, do “Classicism”. The use of elements of ancient architecture in the design of premises and facades, the development of the so-called “order” organization of decor.

Romanticism. Natural forms of decor. Wild stone, forging, Gothic elements. Romantic dinner. It is considered characteristic of poetic natures.

Neomodern. The use of Art-Nouveau plastic forms for the architectural design of premises on a modern technological basis. Almost complete absence of ornaments.

Art-Deco. Paris has repeatedly set style and fashion. During the period between the first and second world wars. The lightness and grace of decor, trying to perceive the speed and pressure of the coming machine age, gave rise to a style of decorative art called “Art-Deco”.

Modernism. A product of Cubism and the German Bauhaus school of design. The search for rational aesthetics, revealing the technological and utilitarian essence of things.

Minimalism. Neglecting decor for the sake of searching for ideal proportions and color relationships in basic forms.

Techno-Art. Selection load-bearing structures and communications. Paris again. The end of the 20th century. Center J. Pompidou.

ART NOuveau (art nouveau). A style that developed in architecture, art and design in Europe at the end of the 19th century as opposed to Neo-Gothic. It is characterized by sinuous, smooth outlines with a clear tendency towards asymmetry. The furniture decor contains natural and plant motifs. Art Nouveau style decoration is characterized by the depiction of female figures with flowing streams of hair. In Russia, this style went down in history under the name Modern. The symbol of this style are elements of vegetation; irises and orchids were especially revered. Characterized by “exquisite poetry of lines.”

Eclectic. The use of mixed styles or a combination of objects of different origins, styles and times. Eclecticism becomes a style in the interior if it is designed according to the principle of combining no more than two or three stylistic types, united by color, texture, and architectural design. This direction of style, or better yet, the absence as such, usually flourishes in times when one style has already “developed” itself, and another has not yet appeared. We can say that the present time, the end of the 20th - beginning of the 21st century, is the time of Eclecticism. Anything you like or fits functionally is fashionable.

Art Deco. Art Deco, 20-30s, is a continuation of the Art Nouveau direction. At the same time, he was influenced by Cubism, American folk art and the design of the rapidly developing machine and aircraft industry at that time. This style is characterized by rounded corners, strict vertical lines and “receding” shapes. What distinguishes it from all furniture styles is the use decorative elements in the form of zigzags, circles, triangles, suns.

Industrial style (industrial). Closely related to Minimalism. Industrial style - with open, sterile spaces, like something out of a science fiction film. Metal objects resembling fantastic devices and equipment. The industrial style in interior design is characterized by the presence of unhidden communications (pipes, valves, wires), building forms are visible in the interior. Metal tables and cast iron slabs on the floor are often used. To many, the style seems “inhuman,” wild, and uninhabited, but sometimes it is used not only in office spaces, but also in residential ones. This style is a kind of industry game.

High tech. Originated in Britain in the 70s of the 20th century (English: Higttech - high technology). Design style and theory based on the latest advances in technology. A distinctive feature is the presence of protruding structural elements and engineering equipment. Chrome pipes, metal surfaces, polished joints, bolts - everything that indicates thought and modern concepts O spaceships. All attributes are in demand in the interior " high technology" Fashion for “High-Tech” emerges in waves, with the advent of either new construction and finishing materials, or from the demand for certain technologies. For example, plastic, popular in the 60s of the last century, is again in demand in the furniture industry and decor; Hybrid materials have appeared, combining plastic and cotton fiber - a kind of “high-tech” canvas.

Stretch acrylic ceilings are also a “Higttech” element.

Neoclassicism (Neoclassic). Neoclassicism of the 20th century goes back to the neoclassicism of the 17th-18th centuries with its appeal to ancient Greek and Roman styles. The modern use of classical motifs includes both strict antique and more magnificent and whimsical forms inherent in Empire and Rococo. Neoclassical decor is characterized by images of acanthus leaves, shells, and architectural fragments.

Post-modernism (post modern). Develops at the end of the 20th century in architecture and art as a counterbalance to modernist radicalism. Postmodernists use fusion various styles the past, for example. Classicism and Baroque, often using them with ironic effect. The specificity of the style is hyperbole as a tool for creating a bright theatrical image of the environment.

Kitsch. The collective name for certain Postmodern movements, such as Memphis, that exploit the potential for bad taste and the charms of sentimental crafts of mass demand. This is an anti-design game that emerged as a protest movement in interior fashion for those who are not willing to take their living environment too seriously.

Traditional. Respectable interiors that embody the bourgeois order of life are considered traditional. This is good, solid furniture in the style of past eras, an interior consisting of objects that always have a historical affiliation.

Exotic. Interiors furnished and decorated with stylized authentic objects of ethnic cultures in their most common manifestations with echoes of distant and unknown life. It is clear that for each country and culture the term “exotic” is independent. As they say, “what is good for a Russian is death for a German.”

Antique style (Flea). The concept of Antique style is very vague in terms of time. What is modern today and does not have historical value, after 40 years it refers to the concept of “antiques”. More recently, elephants were in fashion, and their location on oval-shaped televisions and radios was a mandatory attribute of Soviet families. Nowadays, these porcelain amulets are rarities and fit well into the concept of Antique style.

Modern style. Every innovation in industry and technology gives rise to its own style and fashion. Fashion influences material, material influences fashion. Thus, in the primitive communal system, natural stone was “in fashion.” At the same time, wood was going into construction. A derivative of wood is papyrus. It was used not only for communication at a distance, but also for decoration. Later, with the discovery of metal, materials such as copper, then bronze, “became popular” in everyday use. Civilization invented glass, and its plastic and physical properties are actively used in home decoration.

Several centuries have passed, continuous production and industrial chemistry have appeared, and, as a result of the “triumph of man over nature,” synthetic materials are in demand in construction and finishing. The age of plastics still coexists perfectly in the interior, both public and personal.

China

“...Your robe of Chinese cut is decorated with a golden dragon...” wrote F. Nebesny, a specialist in oriental epics and bard, accurately recognizing the essence of Chinese philosophy. The home improvement of the Chinese is very different in style from other peoples of the East. A measured way of life and a philosophical attitude to everything that happened played a role in this. “You live in time and space, but we only live in space,” says Chinese wisdom.

Chinese home. The Chinese interior lacks sharp corners, bulky furniture, and what is available is not very diverse. Durable but elastic bamboo is widely used as a material for the manufacture of both furniture and various other items. The furniture was decorated using a complex multi-layer varnishing technique. Black lacquer carvings were used for decoration. Everyone knows and has always highly valued Chinese porcelain with images showing everyday scenes, nature, fairy-tale dragons, and real animals. In contrast to the ascetic simplicity of Japan, the Chinese make fuller use of inner space rooms, forming niches, arches for the arrangement of decorative objects and toys. In contrast to formal furniture, cabinets were simple objects everyday life. The rich furnishings of the living spaces are completed by exquisitely decorated lacquer tables with durable carvings, on which jewelry and vases were placed.

A typical Chinese national type of furniture is lacquered stools of an original design, inserted into each other or installed on top of each other and used separately as tables for flowers, serving tables, tea tables. The lacquer technique was used in the manufacture of umbrellas and various screens with rich designs, the beauty of which was enhanced by colorfully embroidered silk fabrics. Paper wallpaper for pasting walls first appeared in China and were brought to Europe during the Rococo period. In furniture, the intarsia technique, known to Europeans, is widely used - a mortise decoration made of the finest plywood of various shades on the surface of tables and cabinets. But, unlike the European one, which has one level with the main plane, the Chinese one protrudes above the surface.

The furniture in the houses of noble Chinese was different from the furniture of commoners. The main interior items among the furniture were a lounger, chairs and tables. All items were made using bamboo and had mainly rectangular shapes. Another distinctive feature, which to this day lives, perhaps, only in China, is the complete absence of curtains on the windows, and there are no chandeliers in the houses, although electricity, of course, illuminates the houses, but with the help of ordinary lighting lamps.

The main idea of ​​arranging a Chinese home is to intertwine the real with mythology, where the main character is the dragon - the most powerful of all animals. The “main” color in Chinese life is “assigned” red - the color of the fire dragon, the color of energy.

Japan

The Japanese type of home decoration, although it is subject to certain laws, still reflects the individual spirit of its own world. Moreover, both the first and second features are still alive. A characteristic feature of Japanese taste is a penchant for simplicity and asymmetry. The interior seems to breathe. If in the Chinese style screens are widely used as partitions, then in Japan, along with screens, mats are used. Moreover, not only for “zoning” rooms, but as wall decorations, as well as for covering floors, on which the islanders spend a long period of their lives - talking, eating, doing household chores, sleeping.

The main task of the owner of the house is complete isolation from the outside world, which is facilitated by the clear functionality of the rooms. There is no furniture as such. Niches in the walls (analogous to built-in wardrobes) are used as cabinets and shelves, where not only the wardrobe is located, but also bed dress and interior decorations such as vases. Cabinets and chests are still present in limited quantities in the home, but, like any Japanese thing, they are a work of art. In furniture products and boxes, traditional lacquer miniatures are widely used, with alternating asymmetrical and repeating patterns, mainly of the plant world.

Muslim style

This style is a kind of conglomerate, a bouquet created on the basis of previous styles: Egyptian, Byzantine, Roman. A distinctive feature of this direction is its intricate ornaments. The religion of Islam prohibited the depiction of spiritualized nature, hence the “encrypted” depiction of life.

This decor was born from the famous Arabic font with endless curls. Due to this, the walls took on the appearance of luxurious Persian carpets, which were also often used to decorate Arab houses.

But furniture played a rather insignificant role in Muslim life. The Arabs preferred to sit on carpets and pillows, and for sleeping, instead of wooden beds, they used ottomans covered with carpets and silk fabrics. Instead of cabinets, they used wall niches with doors; the doors in most cases had a lattice made of typically Arab turned wooden shelves.

The tables were low and small, richly carved, round, four-, six- and octagonal in shape; the tabletops were made of wood with intarsia or hammered copper (copper dish). In addition, the furnishings of the dwellings included chests, screens and shelves.

There is a noticeable architectural influence in the furniture. Often there are columns, arcades with horseshoe arches, stalactite forms of vaults, and chiseled elements as decorative decoration, complex species gratings. Mother of pearl was often used for intarsia; this technique spread widely in Italy and Spain; furniture decorated with inlay (Certosian mosaic in Venice) became the subject of imitation.

For upholstery of furniture (the backs of chairs or chests) Cordovan leather with embossing and often (as on book bindings) gilding was also used. Often the product was treated with openwork metal overlays over leather upholstery.

However, the greatest influence on European art was the famous Muslim ornament. His strength, grace, and courage testify simultaneously to both imagination and a mathematical way of thinking. The Arab-Moorish decorative style represents a peculiar, unfamiliar, self-contained world of forms; its strong influence took the art of the Middle Ages even further away from the classical heritage, enriching the Middle Ages, which already did not suffer from poverty of imagination, with numerous, hitherto unknown, fantastic decorative elements.

Country. Not that exotic, but quite extravagant is the so-called Ethnic style, an interior made according to the canons of a certain era. One of these folk styles can be considered the “Country” style, popular both in Europe and in America, both in the southern and northern latitudes. This style is akin to “classics”, so organically it fits into the design of both urban and rural apartments, houses, or just living spaces.

The name of the style comes from the English COUNTRY-village. “Country style” is so popular that an entire industry serving the interior market has begun to produce items in the “addicted” style. “Country” is the embodiment of the objective and emotional world in the spirit of the year before last, the 19th century. The “Country” style is so universal and popular that it has its admirers in many countries, in all hemispheres. However, although “Kountry” is translated as rural, it has nothing to do with the Russian village style.

American country. This direction of interior style solution is characterized by deliberately rough furniture, awkwardly wide boards covering the floors, covered with homespun, amateur carpets. Country is the most authentic style - “grandmother’s chest”: what’s older is better, almost like “flea style”, but unlike antique it has more sophisticated requirements.

American southwestern style (American southng-west). He gives preference to natural, natural colors - the ocher color of sand, the color of natural vegetation - greenery, blue, heavenly purity. There are also antiques here - fireplaces, attributes of Indian culture.

English country (English country style). According to the British decorator John Fowler, the interior in “English country style” combines the image of “wornness”. These are worn out carpets self made on worn-out wooden floors. The furniture is certainly made from hundred-year-old pine, painted with stripes, faded, polished furniture. Sofas and armchairs should be covered with old shawls and woolen capes.

French (French COUNTRY). This type of style is sometimes called "sunny" for its predilection for bright colors natural origin: bright yellow, green, sky blue, piercing red. Rough, no-frills furniture is also “close” to nature.

Adirondac. This is how the passion for rough natural materials used in the interior of houses was called in the USA. This is furniture made from branches, chips, planks, untreated wood with protruding knots, awkward chairs, a table with a planed but unpolished tabletop.

Modern country style. If the floors and walls are new, they are specially rubbed down “antique”, giving them a dilapidated look. Unlike the antique style, which contains genuine items half a century or a century ago, the Adirondac style is created by items that are either simply old or completely modern, artificially aged.

Scandinavian style. Among the “country styles”, the so-called “Scandinavian style” is distinguished by its purity and completeness of line, high-quality solid wood furniture with paneled doors, and stenciled patterns on the walls. At the same time, the style “allows” the use of modern materials.

What interior style to choose, what materials - traditional, modern or mixed to use during reconstruction or repair, what principle of harmony to take as a basis - each owner has to decide independently, but knowing the principles of design and implementation of design, it is important not to forget about the laws of composition, the measure of taste , ease of use, which will ultimately lead to an exclusive, memorable “face of the apartment”, which is the end result of any interior design solution,

To summarize, the basic principles of interior design should be determined:

1. Any interior must have a main center of composition.

2. The color scheme is consistent with the intended style.

3. If possible, there should be no random parts.

4. A beautiful design is one that is functional.

The Japanese proverb explains the principles of beauty and benefit even more simply: Do everything simply - If you can’t do it simply, do it beautifully... If you can’t do it beautifully, do it richly.

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Interior Design

Time spent at home is valued by every person. This is where we live – we sleep, relax, eat, spend time with family, etc. Interior Design various public institutions - shops, schools, administrative buildings, offices, theaters, is predetermined by their functional responsibilities. In contrast, living space must be adapted for various types of human activities.

Creating such a multifunctional interior is the main task of designers and decorators. It is necessary to take into account a lot of things - from the construction and architectural features of the building to the individual characteristics of the people living in the house. To Interior Design gave the home all the attractiveness of a sweet home, you need to take care of the functionality of each room, carefully consider the layout, wisely mark out the living space and ensure effective maintenance.

You need to take care of complete harmony and comfort of life. For example, it should be taken into account that, sometimes, certain areas of the home will be used for other purposes. This option needs to be anticipated and its implementation in the design must be thought through in advance. It should also be said about the importance of forming interior design using furniture. From correct selection The number and dimensions of pieces of furniture determine the ease of use of the room. Poorly selected sizes of the most expensive and exquisite furniture can ruin Interior Design any room.

Sometimes, in order to fully realize the requirements for interior design, it is necessary to remodel the existing rooms. This is especially true for small apartments with a small area of ​​premises. Typically removed internal partitions, which allows you to combine several rooms into one. And now it depends only on the skill of the designer how well zones for different pastimes will be combined in one room. It should be remembered that redevelopment needs to be approached, as they say, “headlong”, since it is not enough to simply remove all the walls and make repairs. Only with the correct zoning of the room, combining various elements interior design, you can achieve convenience and comfort of use.

Correct Interior Design allows you to control the perception of the space of the premises, correct architectural shortcomings, emphasizing the advantageous points. For example, with the help of design solutions, you can shift the emphasis from the proportions and dimensions of the room to finishing elements or pieces of furniture. Using various design techniques interior design allows, as they say, to transform the house. The installation of figured ceilings, the use of various color combinations, and the installation of decorative ceiling beams, podiums, combination different types flooring. Your home is not only a living space, defined by the presence of walls, floors and ceilings. This is the place where your life takes place, and if so, you need to make sure that it is dynamic, constantly changing and emphasizing your individual style. Therefore to interior design you need to approach it very carefully and responsibly.

The view from the balcony, terrace or windows also plays a significant role in shaping the design. It should be taken into account along with internal interior details - furniture, decorative items and finishing elements. For everyone with imagination and creative thinking, planning interior design opens up unprecedented horizons for the flight of thought. Fortunately, thanks to modern building materials, today any of your dreams can be realized.

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