It often seems that we are farther and further from our soul, dreams and high aspirations. For everyday troubles, we completely learned to perceive life as a gift, like something incomprehensible and beautiful. Were we always so? Do we all are? Isn't there already in our lives of a small place for the beautiful? But what about the wonder of the birth of a new person, love for parents, happiness to be a mother? Is it really empty sound for us such eternal concepts as female loyalty, faith in God? I am very sorry for those people who do not have these feelings. We rarely think about the fact that this is our life - the gift from God. We all have forgotten in pursuit of our own ideal. And what is your intentional ideal? And you need so insistently walking towards him, sometimes spending all my life on this road? Ideal for me is something better, perfect. Often under this word We understand moral values \u200b\u200b- good and truth, love and happiness, justice and sincerity. However, mostly our ideas are varying. For example, some people believe that the perfect society is where people have a good job, good accommodation, dear car. And there are people for whom the perfect state is an opportunity to develop and improve their knowledge, this is a creative job. Ideal in human appearance is, above all, a person of high moral qualities. For us, Russians, Jesus Christ has already been such an ideal for two millennia. A lot of ideal figures lives in folk legends, fairy tales, promscarves, parables. These moral ideals is a kind of example for us, their descendants. Let's try to remember the ancestors. Ukraine has always existed their religious preferences. Personally, I like the fact that women always trusted their worries of the Mother of God. This is exactly what they brought themselves to the high ideal of maternal debt. The main thing for a woman is to preserve the loyalty to her husband, family, children. A vivid example of this desire in history is Yaroslavna. As a faithful wife, she is worried about her husband, she is capable of any sacrifices for him. So that we can get closer to the ideal, you need to really appreciate yourself, our moral qualities and, of course, soberly think over personal shortcomings. Only in this way can I understand that in which direction you need to do that at least at a step to get closer to the desired one. After all, it is known that any disadvantage can be overcome and eliminate, and any virtue is to develop and multiply. It is only important to observe the measure in everything and do not forget that everything great begins with very small. Ideals are perfect valued by people since the very time of the creation of the world. For they are eternal.

4.3. My dream

"Dreaming is great, if just not forget that this is just a dream," Joseph Ernest Renan.

Every generation dreams of something with his own. Our moms and dads dreamed of becoming cosmonauts and teachers. Now everything has changed: if you ask first grader, who he dreams of becoming, then he, without thinking, will answer - a programmer or businessman.

In childhood, I wanted to become a designer. It seemed to me that this is a very exciting occupation - create your fashionable things.

But you already need to look at life real. Now I am at that age when it is still difficult for me to call yourself an adult, but I'm not a child. I have not yet been touched by adult problems, although I often think about who I will, how my life will be.

Many people seek their dream from childhood. They are additionally studying foreign languages \u200b\u200bto work out in student years to work as a text translator or study in specialized schools. There they get an idea of \u200b\u200ba future profession or at least know what to do and who to become.

Dreams of adults most often are not possible. Although, even if a person has already taken place, he still seeks something to become even more successful. But this is possible to achieve a little.

Dreams are just what we are trying to get closer. But if you can not achieve them, do not be upset. After all, we live in the present, and should not forget about it. Let's love life today, she is so beautiful!

Place for formula. 4.4. My motto

"Liveevery day, as if this day last in your life. Live likeeveryone would be the only person on your path, and every one is your act- Chief. And it does not matter - what is real, and what is not. The important thing is that youdo now "

Values

and

ideals

Objectives and objectives of the lesson:

Introductory students with the concepts of ideal and values;
Form the concept of conflict of values;
Educating respect for the eldest, sense of duty and honor.

"A kind person is not the one who knows how to do good, and the one who does not know how to do evil"

V.O. Klechevsky

"Angry man harms himself before he hurt another"

Augustine

Parable "The island of spiritual values"

Once upon a time there was an island on Earth, on which all spiritual values \u200b\u200blived. But one day they noticed how the island began to go under the water. All values \u200b\u200bsat on their ships and sailed. Only love remained on the island.
She waited until the last, but when there was nothing to wait, she also wanted to float from the island.
Then she called wealth and asked for a ship, but wealth answered: "On my ship a lot of jewels and gold, there is no place for you." When the ship sailed past, she asked for her, but she answered her: "Sorry, love, I am so sad that I should always stay alone." Then love saw the ship of pride and asked for help her, but she said that love breaks harmony on her ship. Needing joy, but that was so busy with fun, which did not even hear about the invokes of love. Then love is completely desperate.
But suddenly she heard the voice somewhere behind: "Let's go, love, I will take you with me." Love turned around and saw the elder. He brought her to Sushi, and when the old man walked, love was unwritten, because she forgot to ask his name. Then she turned to knowledge:
- Tell me, knowing me? Who was this old man?
Cognition looked at love:
- It was time.
- Time? - Love asked. - But why did it save me?
Cognition once again looked at love, then in the distance, where the old man sailed:
- Because only time knows how important love is in life.

I. .

Morality

3. Etiquette.

A) the doctrine of morality and morality

B) the norms that the Society established.

C) the norms that established the state.

D) rules of behavior of people in society

II. . Match Terms and Concepts:

A) spends serious research, expanding the ideas about the world.

B) disassembled in the basics of sciences.

C) disassembled not only in the basics of science, but in literature and art.

1. Literate man

2. Enlightened man

3. Scientist man

Answers to the test:

I. . A-4, B-1, B-2, M-3.

II. . A-3, B-1, B-2.

What is the ideal?

Ideal - Sample, something perfect, the highest goal of the aspirations.

Idealist - A disinterested person striving for sublime purposes.

Idealization - Presentation of someone or

what is the best than it is in reality.

Materialist - The person is striving for material benefit.

What are the values?

Values - It is a positive value of something that is not doubtful.

Moral values \u200b\u200bserve as an ideal for all people.

Seven fundamental values: Truth, good, benefit, domination, justice, freedom, beauty.

Highlight those provisions that are

valuable for you in life.

Homework

animals

Faithful friends

Good studies

attitude

teachers

Sports

Respect

Visit

theaters and Museums

Pocket

money on expenses

Understanding

parents

Write out that you can never forgive

a person with whom to be friends or respected.

Explain why. Add list.

Greed

Coarseness

Weakness of character

meanness

Betrayal

Specify that you never allow yourself

communication with a person who love and worthwhile.

Explain why. Add your options.

It looks untidy

Tell a lie

The most important value for any person is life.

but sometimes people risks it.

Read the texts and determine, in the name of what values

people risked life.

In 1941 to the front

thousands of volunteers,

to fight

with fascist troops,

they attacked our country.

During the epidemic

tipha doctor helped

sick, although I knew

what is this disease.

Suggest

situation.

Two climbers

in the mountains fell under the collapse

stones. One serious

suffered, and the second saved him

risching your own life.

"Golden" rule of morality:

"Treat the people so

as you want,

to relate

For several years now in our country there are discussions on how to make Russia the most advanced country of the modern world. A number of authors emphasizes the importance

the newest scientific developments and domestic achievements in the fundamental sciences. Others point to the geopolitical and climatic features of Russia, which implies large additional costs of heat supply and laying other communications, overcoming significant distances, processing of primary raw materials, etc. The third is a special national spirit of the people who are overcoming any difficulties on the shoulder. Fourth believe that the West will have substantial assistance in the technological and economic development of the country, guided by the considerations of geopolitical stability.

What do you think about these positions? Which of the bottom more consistent with common sense? What are initially unreal?

carried out by gear from generation to generation unchanged
values. Activities, their funds and targets of centuries existed
As sustainable traditions, samples and social norms.
In modern conditions, the need for qualitatively different
ways to prepare and incorporate individuals in society. "
What type of society is the author under the "modern conditions"?
Relying on the knowledge of the social science and personal social experience,
Bring two explanations of the author's point of view, why in modern
the world "has increased the need for qualitatively other ways to prepare and
Inclusion of an individual to society. "

There are various meanings of the concept of "society". Under society, in a broad sense, understand

1) the whole population of the earth
2) the whole world in the manifold of its forms and manifestations
3) unity of living and inanimate nature
4) a certain stage of historical development

The concept of "personality" is used to characterize
1) human activity
2) unique human originality
3) the aggregate of socially significant qualities of a person
4) a person as a separate representative of the human race

Grandma explains how to make a delicious borsch properly. What form of communication illustrates this example?
1) Exchange of views
3) Transferring experience
2) Information sharing
4) expression of experiences

Are the following judgments are true about the relationship of society and nature?
A. The existence of society is largely depends on the state of nature.
B. Society always negatively affects the natural environment.
1) is true only
3) Both judgments are true
2) true only b
4) both judgments are incorrect

Targeted cognitive activity of man upon receipt
knowledge and skills are called
1) creativity
3) socialization
2) Education
4) labor

Are the following judgments about the role of science in the modern world?
A. Science explains the laws of development of the surrounding world.
B. Science reveals possible prospects for the development of society.
1) is true only
3) Both judgments are true
2) true only b
4) both judgments are incorrect
Called productivity
1) the number of products produced per unit of time
2) the difference between the revenue of the company and the total costs
3) separation of production process per number of individual stages
4) process of production of goods and services

The citizen V. who returned from vacation found that for the month prices for
major consumer goods have increased. Subsequently, she noted
further price increase. Manifestations of which economic phenomenon noted
citizen V.?
1) Competition
2) Inflation
3) sentences
4) demand

In the country z, there is a commodity production and money circulation. What
Additional information will make the conclusion that the economy
Countries Z wearing a team (planned) character?
1) Retired employees receive an old-age retirement.
2) Most workers work at industrial enterprises.
3) the state acts as a monopolist on hiring labor.
4) the state carries out control over the money supply.

Are the following wage judgments true?
A. The salary of the employee depends solely on his personal qualities.
B. There are various forms of wages of workers.
1) is true only
3) Both judgments are true
2) true only b
4) both judgments are incorrect

Socio-political organizations and movements d) All of the above 89. Task Note the correct answer The form of the organization of political power in a society with sovereignty and controlling with the help of special authorities is: a) political system b) political regime C) state 90. Task Mark the correct answer in the broadest sense, the government is: a) the right to do something on behalf of the state b) the art of living together c) the ability of an individual or group of people to control, influence other people 91. Task Note the correct answer note to what kind The authorities include the power of the Minister: a) to the executive b) to the legislative c) to judicial 92. The task is to note the correct answer to the recognition by society or its most part of the existing power characterizes it: a) Legality b) legitimacy c) Statism 93. Task Note the correct answer what Of the signs listed below are not mandatory for the state? a) Public power b) permanent government control over the daily lives of people c) the presence of a certain territory d) sovereignty and independence of the country in the international arena 94. Task notify the correct answer which of the following signs is not a sign of the Presidential Republic. a) President - Head of State b) The president is elected by spicy national voting c) the leader of the Government becomes the leader of the party's election 95. The task is to note the correct answer in accordance with the Constitution The Russian Federation is: (a) the democratic state b) by the Federal State B) of the legal state) presidential Republic 96. Task Note the correct answer What is the legal state? a) The state in which the Constitution b) is also actually operating the state, the main principle of which is the rule of law (law) c) state with the republican form of government 97. Task notify the correct answer by the signs of the legal state are: a) the separation of the authorities to the legislative, executive and judicial b) equality of all before the law c) Institute of the Presidential Power D) Mutual Responsibility of the State and Citizens 98. Task Note the correct answer The set of political institutions, public structures, norms, values, as well as their interactions in which political power is implemented and political Influence is: a) political regime b) political system c) state 99. Quest Note the correct answer by the main functions of political parties is: a) the organization of the electoral process b) ensuring the connection of civil society and the state c) selection of candidates and the nomination of political figures d) all of the above 100. Task Note the correct answer. The system of methods and methods for the implementation of power : a) political regime B) political system c) State 101. Task Mark the correct answer Political scientists allocate the following types of political regimes: a) democratic b) authoritarian c) totalitarian d) all listed above 102. Task notify the correct answer What document is recognized in modern the world "of the international standard of human rights and freedoms?" a) Declaration of the Rights of Russia b) Universal Declaration of Human Rights B) Declaration on the Principles of International Law

11. Holistic understanding of nature, society, a person who has expressed in the system of values \u200b\u200band identity ideals, social

groups, societies are

1) Nicocentrism 2) Nauchnocentrism 3) Worldview 4) Sociocentrism

12 . The process of mastering knowledge and skills, methods of behavior called:

1) Education 2) Adaptation 3) Socialization 4) Modernization

13 . Inherent only to a person, the form of interaction with the outside world is

1) need 2) activity 3) goal 4) program

14 . The definition of a person himself as a person who can make independent decisions to join certain relations with other people and nature:

1) Socialization 2) Education 3) self-realization 4) self-awareness

15. Inherent only to a person, the form of interaction with the outside world is

1) Need 2) Activities 3) Purpose 4) Program.

16 .Tommin "Society" not Includes concept:

1) the union form of people

2) parts of the material world

3) natural habitat

4) ways to interact people

17 . The transition from the covered fire to the fatal agriculture will be an example of interconnection:

1) society and nature

2) societies and cultures

3) Economics and Religion

4) civilization and formation

18. All examples, with the exception of two, belong to the concept of "social needs." Indicate unnecessary examples.

Creation of cultural values, labor activity, communication, social activity,

participation in the game, sleep.

19. Complete the proposals:

1) Accordingly, the need for the reproduction of the kind was formed by social

institute - ...

2) A person is a product of biological, cultural and social ....

3) what is most expensive, holy both for one person and for all mankind

- this is … .

4) according to social needs for social needs ....

5) the origin of a person is called ....

6) Perfection, the highest goal of the human aspiration is ....

20. Spiritual and bodily in man:

1) precede each other

2) are connected with each other

3) oppose each other

4) independent of each other

21. The distinctive feature of a person is

1) satisfaction needs

2) Environmental adaptation

3) understanding of the world and himself

4) use of labor guns

22 . Thennium has knowledge and abilities to defend personal rights, respects the rights of others, strictly fulfills their duties, complies with the laws of the country. What qualities is Gennady?

1) Cituit

2) conscience

3) patriotism

4) responsibility

23 Will the following judgments about the social start in man?

A. Social start in man precedes biological.

B. Social start in man is opposite to biological

1) is true only

2) true only b

3) Both judgments are true

4) both judgments are incorrect

24. Will the next judgments about spirituality?

A. Spirituality is the highest level of development and self-regulation of a mature personality.

B. Spirituality is the morally oriented will and human mind.

1) is true only

2) true only b

3) Both judgments are true

4) both judgments are incorrect

25 . Read the text below, each position is numbered.

1.Avitenna, Mozart, Beethoven, Chopin - This is a few names of the priests, whose genius has revealed in full force. 2. Ufologists consider the appearance of adderkind aliens intervention. 3. According to biophysicists, the geomagnetic waves affecting the fruit. 4. The geomagnetic field of the Earth is different and its intensity depends on the Sun and other planets.

Determine which clauses of tex are carrying: 1) actual character 2) evaluation character

Write down under the position of the position letter denoting its character.

26 . Read the following text in which a number of words are missing. Select from the proposed list of the words you want to insert to the place of passage:

"Society, the state and culture are the means of human organization _______________ (a), due to which coordination is achieved between the actions of individual people / coordination __________________ (b) people at the same time creates society and is created by it. People are united to achieve those who stand in front of them __________ (c) some researchers were even the opinion that the ability to create associations is a special form _____________ (d) of a person to dangerous ____________ (e). If the animals are changed in the process of evolution Body or ________ (e), then a person unites his efforts with the efforts of other people. " Words in the list are given in the nominative case. Each word, phrase can only be used once. Choose a sequential one word after another, mentally filling each pass. Note that in the word list more than you need to fill the pass. "

1) Environment

2) Culture

4) Activities

5) Interaction

6) Behavior

7) labor instrument

8) Device

9) Generation

27 . You are invited to prepare a detailed answer on the problem of "public progress". Make up sophisticated planAccording to which you will cover this topic.

Ideals in modern society

ESSAY

by discipline: culturalology

Ideals in modern society

Introduction

1. Ideals and values: historical review

2. Cultural space 60s and modern Russia

Conclusion

Introduction

Moral - a way to regulate the behavior of people. Other ways of regulation are custom and right. Moral includes moral feelings, standards, commandments, principles, ideas about the good and evil, honor, dignity, justice, happiness, etc. Based on this, a person estimates its goals, motives, feelings, actions, thoughts. Moral assessment may be subject to all in the world. Including the world itself, its device, as well as society or its individual establishments, actions, thoughts, feelings of other people, etc. A person can expose to moral assessment of God and his acts. This is about this, for example, in the novel F.M. Dostoevsky "Brothers of the Karamazov", in the section on the Great Inquisitor.

Moral is, thereby, in this way of understanding and evaluating reality, which can be judged from everything and can endure the sentence to any event, the phenomenon of the world of external and world internal. But in order to judge and endure the sentence, it is necessary, first of all, to have the right to do this, and, secondly, have evaluation criteria, ideas about moral and immoral.

In modern Russian society, spiritual discomfort is felt, in many respects caused by the moral conflict of generations. Modern youth can not accept the lifestyle and style of thinking, idealized by the elders, the older generation is convinced that it used to be better, about the modern society - the descendant and is doomed to disintegrate. What gives the right to such a moral assessment? Is there a healthy grain? This work is devoted to the analysis of the problems of ideals in modern society and its applicability to the modern situation in Russia.

1. Ideals and values: historical review

Moral assessment is based on the idea of \u200b\u200bhow "must be", i.e. The idea of \u200b\u200ba certain proper world order, which is not yet, but who should still be, an ideal world order. From the point of view of moral consciousness, the world should be kind, honest, fair, humane. If he is not so, the worse for the world, it means that he has not yet grown, not matured, did not fully implement the potency fully laid in it. The moral consciousness "knows" what the world should be and thereby pushing reality to move in this direction. Those. Moral consciousness believes that the world can and need to be done more perfect. The cash condition of the world does not suit him, it is mainly immoral, there is still no morality in it and it is necessary to make it there.

In nature, everyone seeks to survive and compete with others for life benefits. Mortgage and cooperation here are rare phenomena. In society, on the contrary, life is impossible without mutual assistance and cooperation. In nature, weak dying, weak helps in society. This is the main difference between a person from the animal. And this is the new thing that a person makes it in this world. But a person is not "ready" in this world, he grows from the kingdom of nature and in it all the time competes the natural and human principle. Morality is the expression of human in man.

A true person is the one who is able to live for others to help others, even sacrifice for others. Self-sacrifice - the highest manifestation of morality, embodied in the image of God, Christ, who has long remained for people, an unattainable ideal, a role model for imitation. A man from biblical times began to realize his duality: a beast man began to turn into a man-God. God he is not in heaven, he is in the soul of everyone and everyone is able to be God, i.e. To sacrifice something for others, to give yourself to another particle.

The most important condition of morality is the freedom of humans. Freedom means independence, human autonomy from the outside world. Of course, a person is not God, he is material material, he lives in the world, he must eat, drink, survive. And, nevertheless, thanks to the consciousness, a person gains freedom, it is not determined by the outside world, although it depends on it. The man himself determines himself, it creates himself, he decides how to be. If a person says: "What can I? Nothing depends on me, "he himself chose a non-free, his dependence.

Conscience is an indisputable evidence that a person is free. If there is no freedom, then nothing to judge is: do not judge the animal who killed a person does not judge the car. A person is judged and, above all, his own conscience judges him, if only he has not yet become an animal, although this is also not uncommon. Free, according to the Bible, a person even considers God, who endowed his freedom of will. A person has long understood that freedom - and happiness, and burden. Freedom, identical mind, distinguishes a person from animals and gives him the joy of knowledge and creativity. But at the same time, freedom is severe responsibility for itself and its actions, for the world as a whole.

A person as a creature capable of creativity is like God or Nature in general, that creative strength that creates peace. It means that he is able to either improve this world, to make it better, or destroy, destroy. In any case, he is responsible for his actions, for his actions, big and small. Every act is changing something in this world and if a person does not think about it, does not track the consequences of his actions, it means he has not yet become a man, the creature is reasonable, he is still in the way and it is not known where this path will lead.

There is one morality or a lot of them? Maybe everyone has their own morality? Answer this question is not so simple. Obviously, in society there are always several codes of behavior practicing in various social groups.

Regulation of relationships in society is largely determined by moral traditions, which include a system of moral values \u200b\u200band ideals. A significant place in the emergence and evolution of these ideals belongs to philosophical and religious systems.

In the ancient philosophy, a person realizes itself as a cosmic creature, trying to comprehend his place in space. Finding truth is a search for an answer to the question of how the world is arranged and how it works, what is the good, good. The traditional ideas about good and evil are rethought, the true benefit is distinguished, as opposed to the fact that the true good is not, but only considered to be. If the everyday consciousness of the good believed wealth and power, as well as the pleasure delivered by them, the philosophy allocated the true benefit - wisdom, courage, moderation, justice.

In the era of Christianity there is a significant shift in moral consciousness. There were general moral principles formulated by Christianity, which, however, in ordinary life, was not particularly practiced even in the clergy environment. But this does not devalue the importance of Christian morality, in which important universal moral principles and commandments were formulated.

With his negative attitude towards property in any form ("Do not collect treasures on the ground"), Christian Moral opposed himself to dominant in the Roman Empire type of moral consciousness. The main idea in it becomes the idea of \u200b\u200bspiritual equality - equality of all before God.

Christian ethics readily accepted everything for her acceptable from earlier ethical systems. So, the well-known rule of morality "Do not do the person of what you do not want yourself", the authorship of which is attributed to the Confucius and the Jewish sages, entered the Canon of Christian ethics on a par with the commandments of the Nagorno Protection.

Early Christian ethics laid the foundations of humanism, preaching humans, selflessness, mercy, non-resistance to evil violence. The latter assumed the resistance without harming the other, the opposition of moral. However, this in no case meant a refusal of his beliefs. In the same sense, the question of the moral right of condemnation was also put in the same sense: "Do not judge, do not judge," you have to understand how "do not condemn, do not make sentencing, for you yourself are not sinless," but stop the evil, stop the spread of evil.

Christian ethics proclaims the commandment of good and love for the enemy, the principle of universal love: "You heard that it was said:" Love your neighbor and raising your enemy. " And I tell you: Love your enemies and pray for chasing you ... For if you love loving, what is your award? "

In a new time, in the XVI-XVII centuries, significant changes occur in society, which could not but affect morality. Protestantism proclaimed that the main responsibility of the believer before God is stubborn labor in his profession, and the testimony of God-being is successful. Thus, the Protestant church gave her flock to the whole list: "Enrich!" If Christianity has previously argued that it is easier for a camel to pass through the needle-minded ear, the richer to get into the kingdom of heaven, now on the contrary - the rich becomes God-loved, and the poor are rejected by God.

With the development of capitalism, industry and science develops, the worldview is changing. The world loses the halo of divinity. God generally became superfluous in this world, he interpreted a person to feel like a full-fledged Mr. Peace and soon proclaimed the death of God. "God died. Who killed him? You and I, "says Nietzsche. A man liberated from God decided to become God himself. Only the deity was pretty ugly. It decided that the main goal was to consume as much as possible and created a consumption society for some part of humanity. True, it was necessary to destroy a significant part of the forests, pollute the water and the atmosphere, and turn the huge territories into the landfill. It was also necessary to create mountains of weapons to defend against those who did not get into the consumption society.

Modern morality again became a semi-speaking, resembling prechristian. It is based on conviction - we live once, so you need to take everything from life. As sometime, the callos in conversation with Socrates argued that happiness is to meet all his desires, and now it becomes the main principle of life. True, some intellectuals did not agree with this and began to create a new morality. Back in the XIX century. There was ethics of non-violence.

It happened so that it was the XX century that you can't call humanism in any way, and mercy gave rise to ideas in direct contradiction with the prevailing practice of solving all the problems and conflicts from the position of force. It turned out to be a quiet, disagreement, disobedience, non-evil resistance, disagreement, disagreement. A person supplied to a hopeless position, humiliated and dyeing, finds a non-violent means of struggle and liberation (first of all internal). He, as it were, takes responsibility for evil, creatible by others, takes on someone else's sin and takes it over with his non-aggravated evil.

In Marxism, the thought is defended on the phased establishment of genuine social justice. The most important aspect of an understanding of justice proclaims the equality of people in relation to the means of production. It is recognized that during socialism, differences in labor qualifications are still preserved, in the distribution of consumption items. Marxism adheres to the thesis that only the communism must occur with the full coincidence of the justice and social equality of people.

Despite the fact that in Russia Marxism spawned a totalitarian regime, which actually deny all the fundamental human values \u200b\u200b(although the proclaiming of their main goal), the Soviet society was a society, where culture, primarily the spiritual, was attributed to high status

2. Cultural space 60s and modern Russia

The flourishing of the Russian Soviet culture was the 60s, in any case, these years are often idealized in the memoirs of people talking about the decline of culture. In order to reconstruct the spiritual picture of the era of the 60s, the "Sixtiets" competition was held "I looked into myself in the epoch mirror." From people who lived and developed near the "thaw" could expect detailed and detailed characteristics of the era, detailed and deployed characteristics of the era, descriptions of ideals and aspirations.

Here's what the era of the 60s looks like in the descriptions of the educated participants of the competition: "For some time we believed that we were free and can live on conscience, to be ourselves", "everyone sighed freely", "a lot began to talk about a new life, many publications appeared "; "The 60s - the most interesting and saturated: listened to our sixties and poets, read (more often secretly)" one day of Ivan Denisovich "; "The 60s is the time when everyone pucched from the Sun, as Zhvanetsky said"; "I refer myself to the number of sixties - those whose ideological formation on the basis of the communist ideology occurred after the death of Stalin, who experienced the cleansing effect of the XX Congress"; "We felt the spiritual growth of society, despised the ordinary, rushed to an interesting work"; "At this time, the development of space, virgin"; "A significant event - the report of Khrushchev - comprehension began"; "Moral Code of Communism Builder", "National Public Power", "Worship of Science".

There are poorly educated participants in the contest, direct assessments of the era of the 60s are very rare. We can say that in fact they do not distinguish this time as a special era and do not explain from this point of view their participation in the competition. In the same cases, when the characteristics of this time appear in their descriptions, they are specific and "material", and the era of 60s is determined primarily as the time of Khrushchev reforms ("Bread interruptions", "Instead of familiar crops on the fields of corn" , "The mistress parted with their burenks" ...). In other words, the 60s are not recorded at all as "thaw" as the liberation of the country and personality, as a mitigation of the regime and change of ideology.

The concept of cultural capital in applied to the realities of the life of the Soviet person can be considered not only as the presence of higher education and appropriate status from the parents of the narrator, but also as the presence of a complete and loving family, as well as talent, skill, hard work of his parents (the fact that in the Russian Culture is denoted by the word "nugget"). This was especially convexed in the history of the life of the "peasant" generation, which realized the potential for democratization of social relations accumulated long before the revolution.

For the participants of the "Sixties" competition formed in the definition of cultural capital, their belonging to the educated layers of society in the second generation, the presence of education among their parents that gave the status of an employee in the Soviet society is becoming. And if parents are in this sense of educated people (people of noble origin are also here, which, naturally, very little, and "modest Soviet employees" of proletarian or peasant origin), then the cultural capital of the family, as evidenced by the descriptions, necessarily affects the biographies of children .

The generalized picture of the biographies of those belongs to the educated layers of society in the first generation, and those whose parents have already had in one degree or another cultural capital looks like this. The first characterizes the turbulent (student) youth with reading poems, theaters, scarce books and cultural enthusiasm (that is, with myths of their youth), which with the beginning of a family life as a whole fades and becomes a pleasant memory. Their engagement in the cultural codes of the Soviet ideology, as a rule, was maintained by active participation in public work related to parties. And in cases where they are disappointed in the past, they determine ourselves as "naive spaces", "workers, trusting by nature worked on conscience and in the 60s, and in the 70s, and in the 80s."

This shows that the ideals and culture of the sixties were still not a fairly common phenomenon, rather by the mindset of the elite. However, in the post-Soviet period, this mind has changed dramatically, the uniforms of the elite changed. However, the value conflict in modern society is constantly present. This is in general terms - the conflict between the Soviet spiritual culture and modern material.

Recently, in the post-Soviet intellectual elite, there were popular arguments about the "end of the Russian intelligentsia", which "intelligentsia goes out." This refers not only to the "brain leak" abroad, but mainly the transformation of the Russian intellectual in the Western European intellectual. The tragedy of this transformation is that a unique ethical and cultural type is lost - "educated person with a sick conscience" (M.S. Kagan). The place of a reverectant in front of a culture, a liberal and disinterested altruist is occupied by calculating egoists-purchases, neglecting national and universal cultural values. In this regard, the revival of Russian culture, rooted in its gold and silver centuries, becomes dubious. How justified these fears?

The cradle and the abode of the Russian intelligentsia in the XIX and XX centuries. There was Russian literature. For Russia, unlike European countries, the literary centers of the public consciousness was characterized, which is that fiction and publicism (and not religion, philosophy or science) served as the main source of socially recognized ideas, ideals, and poets, writers, writers and Critics performed in the role of the rulers of the Dum, authoritative judges, the apostles and the prophets. Russian literature brought up Russian intelligentsia, and the Russian intelligentsia gripped Russian literature. Since literature is one of the communicative channels of the book culture, it can be concluded that "Book Communication - Russian Intelligentsia" can be concluded.

In order to interrupt the reproduction of the Russian intelligentsia, it is necessary to deprive its nutrient soil, i.e. It is necessary that the "gone" raising the moral sensitivity of Russian literature. Currently, the crisis of Russian literature is obvious: the mass reader prefers entertainment bestsellers (most often foreign authors) or not reading at all; Books are more expensive and circulation reduced; Among the modern writers, there are practically no attractive names for young people. Polls of St. Petersburg students showed that the "thirst reading" is experiencing less than 10%, and the rest are indifferent to the classics and modern fiction. Hence a narrow cultural outlook, often - elementary ignorance: the question "from what Pushkin died?", You can hear "from cholera." Thus, the indispensable condition for the "care" of the Russian intelligentsia from the coming century is carried out: Book Communication is little in demand by the young generation.

We are witnessing a natural change of book communication with electronic communications electronic (television-computer). Back in the middle of the XX century. They spoke about the "crisis of information", due to the contradiction between the books and the funds and the individual capabilities of their perception. As a result - a deadline of knowledge, we do not know what we know. Funds of Russian literature are constantly growing and becoming increasingly unbarrous and inaccessible. It turns out a paradox: the books are more and more, and the readers are less and less.

The steady drop in interest in literature, artistic and journalistic, creates the impression that the post-Soviet student decided to "write off" in the archives of history burdensome and archaic book communications in the name of multimedia communication. Hoping that the classical Russian literature will take the form of multimedia messages. There are no foundations: it is not adapted for this. So, the ethical potential peculiar to it will be lost. There is no doubt that electronic communication will generate their ethics and its raising effect will be no less than Chekhov stories or novels of Dostoevsky, but it will not be intellectual ethics.

Without affecting the social, economic, political arguments, which operate the authors of very common publications about the late Russian intelligentsia, using only the communicative mechanism of its reproduction, can come to the following conclusion: there is no reason to hope for the revival of "educated people with a sick conscience". Generation of educated Russian people XXI century. It will be "educated" other than their parents - the Soviet intelligentsia of the "disappointed" generation, and the ideal of a reverectant in front of the culture of Altruist will attract a few.

O. Saffler, developing his theory of three waves in macroistoria, believes that the identity of the second wave was formed in accordance with Protestant ethics. However, for Russia, Protestant ethics was not characteristic. We can say that in the Soviet period there was ethics of a Soviet person and, accordingly, modern youth, denying ideals and ethics of the previous generation, remains inextricably linked genetically with previous generations. Toffler himself hopes to replace the Protestant ethics of a new, information. In the light of the new cultural dynamics in Russia, you can express hope that this process will be dynamic and easier for us than in the West and the social support data confirm it.

Analyzing the data of sociological surveys can be attempted to determine which personality features are characteristic of modern youth due to the transition to the information society, which is based on information and communication. Based on polls conducted in Mirea in 2003-2005, the following can be noted. The very possibility of communication is for today's youth value, so they try to be at the level of modern innovation and innovations. Higher education is still a weak help in this area, even in the field of information technologies, so young people are actively engaged in self-education.

However, education is not valuable by itself, as for generation of the Soviet period. This is a means of achieving social status and material well-being. The ability to communicate using all modern means of communication is value, while there is a tendency to unite into the interest groups. Such bright individualization that Toffler says is not observed. So far it is difficult to talk about such a feature as an orientation for consumption, since in the Soviet society this feature was expressed weakly. In general, the presence of high interest in new computer technologies and robotable enthusiasm allows you to hope that the information society in Russia will still become a reality for most of the population when today's youth will grow a little.

Conclusion

The crisis in which Russia is today is much heavier than the usual financial crisis or traditional industrial depression. The country is not just discarded for several decades ago; All efforts undertaken over the last century were impaired in order to provide Russia's status of the Great Power. The country copies the worst samples of Asian corruption capitalism.

The society of modern Russia is experiencing difficult times: the previous ideals are overthow and new ones are found. The resulting value-semantic vacuum is rapidly filled with the artifacts of Western culture, which covered almost all spheres of social and spiritual life, ranging from the forms of leisure, manners of communication and ending with ethical and aesthetic values, ideological landmarks.

In terms of Toffler, information civilization generates a new type of people who create a new information society. This human type Toffler calls the "third wave", as well as an agrarian society, he considers the "first wave", and the industrial - "second wave". At the same time, each wave creates its special type of person, having an appropriate character and ethics. Thus, the "second wave" according to Toffler is characterized by Protestant ethics, and such features as subjectivity and individualism, the ability to abstract thinking, empathy and imagination.

"The third wave does not create a certain ideal superman, a kind of heroic variety that lives among us, and radically changes the character traits inherent in the whole society. A new person is created, but a new social character. Therefore, our task is to seek not a mythical "man", but those traits that are most likely to be appreciated by the civilization of tomorrow. " Toffler believes that "education will also change. Many children will not learn not in the classroom. " Toffler believes that "the third wave civilization can prefer completely different features of the young, such as independence from peer opinions, less orientation for consumption and less hedonistic looping on itself."

Perhaps those changes that our country is now will lead to the formation of a new type of Russian intellectual - an information intelligentsia, which, without repeating the errors of the "disappointed" generation, will overcome Western individualism, based on rich Russian cultural traditions.

List of used literature

Alekseeva L. History of dissent in the USSR: the newest period. Vilnius-Moscow: News, 1992.

Achiezer A.S. Russia as a large society // Questions of philosophy. 1993. N 1. C.3-19.

Berto D., Malysheva M. Cultural model of Russian masses and forced transition to the market // Biographical method: history, methodology and practice. M.: Institute of Sociology RAS, 1994. P.94-146.

Waile P., Genis A. Country of words // New World. 1991. N 4. C.239-251.

Gozman L., Etkind A. from the cult of power to the power of people. Psychology of political consciousness // Neva. 1989. N 7.

Levada Yu.A. The problem of intelligentsia in modern Russia // Where is Russia? .. Alternatives to Public Development. (International Symposium December 17-19, 1993). M., 1994. C.208-214.

Soviet simple man. Social portrait experience at the turn of the 90s. M.: World Ocean, 1993

Toffler O. Third Wave. - M., Science: 2001.

Tsvetaeva N.N. Biographical discourse of the Soviet era // Sociological magazine. 1999. N 1/2.

Related Schedules:

The problem of the modern crisis of culture and its causes. The essence of the modern understanding of the culture. Material, social and spiritual culture. Informatization of society. The spread of nihilism. Means and ways to overcome the modern crisis of culture.

In the structure of morality, it is customary to distinguish between its elements. Morality includes moral practices (expressing in behavior), moral relations, moral consciousness.

Moral norms, moral principles, moral ideals and values \u200b\u200b- all these elements of moral consciousness.
Moral norms are social norms regulating human behavior in society, his attitude to other people, to society and to themselves. Their implementation is ensured by the power of public opinion, internal conviction on the basis of the ideas adopted in this society about good and evil, justice and injustice, virtues and vice, due and condemn.
Moral norms determine the content of the behavior, how it is customary to enter a certain situation, that is, inherent in this society, the social group of morals. They differ from other rules operating in society and performing regulatory functions (economic, political, legal, aesthetic), according to the method of regulating the actions of people. Morals are reproduced every day in the life of society by the power of tradition, authority and power of generally accepted and supported by all disciplines, public opinion, the conviction of members of society about proper behavior under certain conditions. Unlike simple customs and habits, when people come to the same way in similar situations (celebration of the birthday, weddings, wires in the army, various rituals, habit of certain labor actions, etc.), moral norms are not simply carried out as a result of the generally accepted order, but The ideological rationale in the views of a person about proper or short-term behavior, both in general and in a specific life situation.

The formulation of moral norms as reasonable, expedient and approved rules of behavior is the real principles, ideals, concepts about good and evil, etc., operating in society.
The implementation of moral norms is ensured by the authority and power of public opinion, the subject of the subject on decent or unworthy, moral, or immoral, which determines the nature of moral sanctions.
The moral norm in principle is designed for voluntary performance. But its violation entails moral sanctions, consisting in the negative assessment and condemnation of human behavior, in a directional spiritual impact. They mean a moral ban to make such actions in the future, addressed to both a specific person and everyone around. The moral sanction reinforces the moral requirements contained in moral norms and principles.
Violation of moral norms can entail in addition to the moral sanctions of other kinds of sanctions (disciplinary or public organizations envisaged). For example, if a soldier lied to his commander, then behind this dishonest act in accordance with his degree of gravity on the basis of military charters will follow the relevant response.

Moral norms can be expressed both in a negative, prohibiting form (for example, Moiseev laws are the ten commandments formulated in the Bible), and in positive (be honest, help the neighbor, respect the elders, take care of honor, etc.). The moral principles are one of the forms of the expression of moral requirements, in the most general form, the revealing moral content existing in one or another society. They express fundamental requirements regarding the moral essence of a person, the nature of the relationship between people, determine the overall direction of human activity and underlie private, specific behavioral norms. In this regard, they serve as criteria of morality.
If the moral norm prescribes which specifically a deed should make a person how to behave in typical situations, then the moral principle gives a man a general direction of activity.
The moral principles include such common principles of morality as
Humanism - a person's recognition by the highest value;

altruism - disinterested ministry;

mercy - compassionate and active love, expressing in willingness to help everyone in anyone in need;

collectivism - a conscious desire to promote the common blessing;

refusal of individualism - contrasting the individual to society, any

sociality, and egoism - preferences of their own interests to the interests of all others.
In addition to the principles characterizing the essence of one or another morality, there are values \u200b\u200b- these are samples of behavior and the situation, recognized as a guideline that are approved in the norms. When they say "be honest", mean that honesty is the value. Human values \u200b\u200bhave a hierarchy, i.e. There are values \u200b\u200bof lower and higher levels. In relation to all these levels, the supreme regulator serve as the concept of higher values \u200b\u200b(value orientations) of morality (freedom, meaning of life, happiness).

Moral ideals are the concepts of moral consciousness in which moral requirements for people are expressed in the form of an image of a morally perfect personality, the idea of \u200b\u200ba person who has embodied the highest moral qualities.

The moral ideal was understood in different ways at different times, in various societies and exercises. If Aristotle saw the moral ideal in the person, who considers the highest valuable to be a self-adhesive, exhausted from the unrest and alarms of practical activities, then Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) described the moral ideal as a leadership for our actions, "divine person inside us" with which We compare ourselves and improve, never, however, without being able to become one level with it. The moral ideal in its own way determine various religious teachings, political trends, philosophers. The moral ideal adopted by man indicates the ultimate goal of self-education. The moral ideal adopted by the public moral consciousness determines the purpose of education, affects the maintenance of moral principles and norms. You can talk about a public moral ideal as an image of a perfect society built on the requirements of higher justice, humanism.

ESSAY

by discipline: culturalology

Ideals in modern society

Introduction

2. Cultural space 60s and modern Russia

Conclusion

List of used literature

Introduction

The fundamental characteristic of the environment of a person in modern society is social changes. For an ordinary person of a subject of social knowledge, the instability of society is perceived primarily as the uncertainty of the existing situation. Therefore, there is a two-way process in relations with the future. On the one hand, in the situation of instability and uncertainty about tomorrow, which exists even in the secured segments of the population, a person is trying to find what he will give him confidence, support in the future change. Some people are trying to secure their future at the expense of property, others are trying to repel from higher ideals. Many people are perceived as a kind of warranty that increases security in changing social circumstances, contributing to confidence in the future.

Moral method of regulation of behavior of people. Other ways to regulate custom and right. Moral includes moral feelings, standards, commandments, principles, ideas about the good and evil, honor, dignity, justice, happiness, etc. Based on this, a person estimates its goals, motives, feelings, actions, thoughts. Moral assessment may be subject to all in the world. Including the world itself, its device, as well as society or its individual establishments, actions, thoughts, feelings of other people, etc. A person can expose to moral assessment of God and his acts. This is about this, for example, in the novel F.M. Dostoevsky "Brothers of the Karamazov", in the section on the Great Inquisitor.

In modern Russian society, spiritual discomfort is felt, in many respects caused by the moral conflict of generations. Modern youth can not accept the lifestyle and style of thinking idealized by the elders, the older generation is convinced that it used to be better, about the modern society is poorly and doomed on the decay. What gives the right to such a moral assessment? Is there a healthy grain? This work is devoted to the analysis of the problems of ideals in modern society and its applicability to the modern situation in Russia.

1. Ideals and values: historical review

A true person is the one who is able to live for others to help others, even sacrifice for others. Self-sacrifice The highest manifestation of morality, embodied in the image of God, Christ, who has long remained for people an unattainable ideal, a model for imitation. A man from biblical times began to realize his duality: a beast man began to turn into a man-God. God he is not in heaven, he is in the soul of everyone and everyone is able to be God, i.e. To sacrifice something for others, to give yourself to another particle.

Conscience is an indisputable evidence that a person is free. If there is no freedom, then nothing to judge is: do not judge the animal who killed a person does not judge the car. A person is judged and, above all, his own conscience judges him, if only he has not yet become an animal, although this is also not uncommon. Free, according to the Bible, a person even considers God, who endowed his freedom of will. A person has long understood that freedom and happiness, and burden. Freedom, identical mind, distinguishes a person from animals and gives him the joy of knowledge and creativity. But at the same time, freedom is severe responsible for itself and its actions, for the world as a whole.

There is one morality or a lot of them? Maybe everyone has their own morality? Answer this question is not so easy. Obviously, in society there are always several codes of behavior practicing in various social groups.

In the ancient philosophy, a person realizes itself as a cosmic creature, trying to comprehend his place in space. Finding Truth This is a search for an answer to the question of how the world works and how it works myself that is good, good. The traditional ideas about good and evil are rethought, the true benefit is distinguished, as opposed to the fact that the true good is not, but only considered to be. If the everyday consciousness of the good believed wealth and power, as well as the pleasure delivered, the philosophy allocated the true benefit of wisdom, courage, moderation, justice.

Two types of civilizations - open societies and closed societies - have not only different, but can be said, diametrically opposing valuables.

Universal values \u200b\u200bcharacterizing not only modern, but also any era, disintegrate into two sets of opposite values: the values \u200b\u200bof the open society and the value of a closed society. The values \u200b\u200bof intermediate societies lying between individualistic and collectivist societies are usually some combination of values \u200b\u200bof these polar societies. If, let's say, in the open society, freedom is the ability to do what the individual himself chooses and what does not interfere with the relevant freedom of other people, then in the closed society freedom there is a conscious need, namely, to do what is necessary for the implementation of the main objective of this society .

Marx somehow noticed that the human anatomy is the key to understanding the anatomy of the monkey. The higher stage of development of any phenomenon allows to clearly understand the preceding stages of its development. In this sense, the history of the last century is the key to understanding the whole human story.

In the future, the discussion is concentrated primarily on modern postcapitalize and modern extreme, or totalitarian, socialism in its communist and national-socialist versions. The analysis concerns both the material and spiritual side of the life of postcalistic and socialist societies, since the dynamics of the development of individual societies is determined primarily by the interaction of these two sides. Lying between postcalism and socialism and to one of these poles of society will not be considered specially considered.

Society XX century - This society, split into two opposing systems - postcalism and socialism, between which there are many countries, with one or another force with one of these two poles.

It should be noted that the concept of "socialism" is consumed in two different meanings. First, under socialism, there is a concept that places the global goal of overthrowing capitalism, building a perfect society in the foreseeable future, and requiring the mobilization of all resources available to the Company to achieve this goal. Secondly, socialism is a real society trying to implement socialist ideals. Socialism in the first sense is theoretical socialism. Socialism in the second sense is practical, or real, socialism. The discrepancy between the socialist theory and socialist practice is, as demonstrated by the history of the last century, radical. If theoretical socialism draws almost a paradise life, which should be about to step on Earth due to the selfless efforts of society, the socialist practice is a real hell, tens of millions of innocent victims burn in fire.

Socialism existed in two basic forms - in the form of left socialism, or communism, and in the form of right socialism, or national-socialism. By the middle of the century, National Socialism, which unleashed the war for his world domination was defeated. By the end of the century, communism, also striving for the approval of its power on a global scale, collapsed under the cargo generated by the insoluble problems themselves.

Postcase and socialist societies are fundamentally different. At the same time, between these two extreme types of the social device, there is a certain similarity. This is just that similarity, about which they say: extremes agree.

The essence of the similarities of postcapitalism and socialism comes down to the following:

- each of these societies is inclined to submit itself to the only successfully developing civilization, and in the industrial era, when humanity begins to gain increasing unity - by the avant-garde of all mankind;
- the highest meaning of each of them considers scientific and technological domination over the world, the increasing operation of the environment;
- these societies deny the idea of \u200b\u200bequality of different cultures and their not cited diversity;
- with its task with respect to other cultures, these companies consider to attack their progressive movement in the direction of the apparent obvious purposes;
- The cult of analytical thought and utilitarian mind plays an exceptional role;
- these companies are negligiously referred to non-technical criteria for determining the level of development of a society or the people;
- the simplified concept of development makes these societies skeptically refer to the culture of the past, to the peculiarity of the existence of other peoples, to all other than their own, customs and traditions;
- these companies tend to neglect national differences, focusing on activities, which is, in essence, international;
- these societies are in many ways lose the ability to doubt themselves, they remain blind and criticized from the outside;
- culture in ethnic value, including compulsory commitment to an unshakable tradition, is sacrificed by the culture, understood primarily as artistic and literary creativity;
- These companies deny the fact that different forms of human life and different systems of symbolic understanding of Genesis are worthy of equal respect.

Summing up the overall characteristic of two poles of modern society, it can be said that the first yield of industrial collectivism on the world arena was unsuccessful. National-socialism suffered a crushing military defeat, leaders or committed suicide, or were hanged by the sentence of the Nuremberg Tribunal. In most developed countries, the national socialist ideology is now prohibited. The socialism of the communist type has achieved more: he covered almost a third of humanity and took it hardly half of the earth's surface. But his success was temporary: already in the 1970s. It became clear that this form of socialism is doomed to death.

Care from the historical arena of two leading forms of socialism was inspired by many conviction that socialism is a historically random phenomenon, some kind of annoying deviation from the main path of history and that now about socialist collectivism, forever the past, you can safely forget.

Such conviction is only an illusion, and with a dangerous illusion. Post-industrial collectivism is unlikely to return on a large scale in the form of old socialism (nation-socialism or communism). But it is impossible to exclude that post-industrial collectivism will return to some new, unknown form.

Collectivism is generated by non-mythical universal historical laws, but by the changeable circumstances of real human history. The source of collectivism is not the theories invented by outstanding thinkers and then leading broad masses then in motion. Theories are secondary, and the main source of collectivism is to speak the most generally need. The extreme degree of exacerbation of social problems and the lack of other means to solve them, except for the consolidation of the whole society to overcome the current situation, make the centralized leadership of the economy, and then other areas of life, neglect the rights and freedoms of the individual, to apply violence to implement the global goal and d.

A characteristic example of this kind of need is the war, forcing even democratic states to impose restrictions on freedom, democracy, competition, partially nationalize property, etc. Communist and national-socialist varieties of economics, management and lifestyle - the generation of critical situations. These are strong, but dangerous means used to counteract the "disease" seeking hopeless. In the conditions of "illness", they are sometimes useful and help to restore normal health. As soon as "health" improves, such a medicine not only ceases to be necessary, but even becomes harmful to society. It is usually gradually canceled and is replaced by a normal rhythm of social, cultural and individual life, free from emergency regulation. But as the experience of the last century shows, this is not always happening.

Thus, a sharp weakening of post-industrial collectivism does not mean that in the case of the onset of new deep social crises, he will not return to the historical scene in some updated form. The discussion of the basic values \u200b\u200bof collectivism is not the subject of purely historical interest.

So, under the "modern epoch" means the society of the late XIX - early XXI century. Modern society is not only a real, but also a recent past, and a historically foreseeable future.

We first consider such values \u200b\u200bof an open society as civil society, democracy, freedom, human rights, etc. It can be said that this is the fundamental values \u200b\u200bof such a society. It is necessary, however, it is necessary to take into account that the values \u200b\u200bof each society form a complex system, which, like a network, excretes all society and in which only in abstraction can be distinguished higher and lower values.

Currently, Russia is in the process of transition from a closed, collectivist society to open, individualistic. Naturally, therefore, that the discussion of the values \u200b\u200bof the modern era begins with the values \u200b\u200bof an open society.

A civil society is the sphere of spontaneous self-controling of free individuals and their voluntary associations, fenced by law from direct intervention and arbitrary regulation by state authorities.

Civil society includes the whole set of non-political relations in society, namely, economic, social, family, spiritual, moral, national, religious, etc. Being a counterweight state, civil society as a totality of various and sufficiently strong non-governmental institutions acts on the role of peacemaker and arbiter Between the main groups of interest and restores the desire of the state to the domination and atomization of society.

For the first time, the term "civil society" was used even in the XVI century. In the comments to the "politics" of Aristotle, where civil society was opposed to "political society", i.e. the world of professional policy. By tradition, taking place from Marx, civil society is opposed to the state. Starting from the 1970s. The term "civil society" becomes one of the most popular in disputes about the differences between capitalism and socialism.

In the capitalist society, the state does not interfere with the privacy of people, does not impose a single ideology and a unified system of values. The diverse interests of people are implemented through their joint actions, for whose organization people enter the voluntary, unread to the state of association and association. Non-state, non-governmental organizations, reflecting the interests of people, are not included in official statistics and are difficult to account. According to some data, only in the United States, hundreds of thousands of such organizations are funded from more than 25 thousand charitable funds. In Norway for every 6 inhabitants, one has one non-governmental organization.

Another Cicero said that "the people are not just a group of people, cohesive in one way or another; The people appear where people unites consent about the rights and laws, as well as the desire to promote mutual benefit. "

Civil Associations contribute to the development of the spirit of cooperation, solidarity and devotion to the group. Individuals voluntarily included in the group with a wide range of goals and preferences among its members, not only acquire the skills of cooperation and the feeling of civil liability for collective undertaking, but also involuntarily learn self-discipline, tolerance and respectful attitude to the opinions of others.

The state always seeks to divert citizens, to narrow the scope of their non-elected activities, disagree them. Civil society, being a counterweight state, seeks to limit his activities to the political sphere, leaving all other areas of life with the free choice of individuals. Civil society does not allow the state to expand its area of \u200b\u200bactivity and distribute it to moral, spiritual, religious, national and other relations of people. The absorption of civil society by the state is one of the characteristic traits of totalitarianism.

Marxism dreamed of liberating a person from splitness between political and economic concerns, about erasing the face between a political, moral and human, selfish, selfish. Since this face is an integral line of civil society, Marxism estimated the latter as a deception. The diversity of civil society institutions opposing the state, balancing it and at the same time under control and the patronage of the state, is, from the position of Marxism, only the facade hiding oppression and violence. Worse, this facade helps to strengthen oppression. The state that protects civil society and civil society, which is a counterweight state, is all over.

The communist state, which carried out the root restructuring of the economic, social and spiritual life of society, did not assume the division of the economy and policies or the autonomy and the sovereignty of their individuals. This state has deprived the civil society of all its functions and absorbed it. Civil society for many decades has ceased to be a counterweight state that has received complete control over all parties to the life of the Communist Society. The formation of civil society in modern Russia is the basis and guarantee of the irreversibility of democratic transformations. Only in civil society there are conditions that cause people to take social order voluntarily, without fear.

Civil society and the state must be in constant dynamic equilibrium. A sharp weakening, in essence, the destruction of civil society led in the recent past to the hypertrophied growth of the state that was done by totalitarian. The weakening of the state in the current conditions leads to the growth of civil society, the emergence of anarchy elements in it and the fall of manageability.

To describe the interaction of civil society and the state, it is advisable to take advantage of the previously introduced differences between communitarian and structural social relations. The first is the relationship of equal in all people, the second - relations for posts, statuses and roles, openly imply inequality individuals.

Social life is a process that includes the consistent experience of the community (community) and structures, equality and inequalities. Structural relations can be interpreted as the relationship of power or coercion, if power is defined as the ability of one individual to put pressure on another and change its behavior. Structurality, or power, scattered in all society, and not concentrated in the framework of the ruling elite, the ruling class, etc. The ratio of coercion or pressure takes place not only between the leaders and their subordinates, but in all those cases when in one or In other uniform, the inequality of individuals is found, starting with the inequality of their status and ending with the inequality of their capabilities to follow the fashion.

Communitarian relations are particularly clearly manifested in transition situations: movement in space (transport passengers), the change of work (the unemployed community), the election of the authorities (community of voters), radical social reforms and revolutions (society as a whole), etc. Communication relations are characteristic For religious communities whose members, preparing for the transition to another world, are equal and voluntarily obeying spiritual mentors. Communicative relations exist in cells of civil society (alliances, associations, clubs), in political parties, etc. In the case of particularly distinct communistarial relations resembling genuine friendship or love, individuals act as holistic personality, in everything or almost in all Equal to each other. "Only in love and through love you can understand another person" - this means that the prerequisite for a deep understanding is purely communitarian relations between people entering into contact with each other.

Structivity is an anti-communal, inequality of individuals, the diversity of their classifications and oppositions on the status, roles, positions, property, sex, clothing, etc.

Communitarian relations are sometimes called connections horizontal character and structural relations - connections vertical character. The fundamental contrast between horizontal and vertical connections is quite obvious.

Communitarian relationships only in rare cases are manifested in its pure form. Usually they intertwined with structural relationships. For example, in a family where all its members are generally equal, there are children and parents at the same time.

Communitarian relations express the deep essence of a person - the unity of all people, their generic community. In a certain sense, they are fundamental than structural relationships: the company's president, his wife and his chauffeur, in the first place, people, creatures belonging to one biological species, and then on this basis - are different people who differ in their positions, roles and status. Communicative relations express the essential and generic relationship between people, without which no society is unthinkable.

Social life is always the complex dynamics of equality and inequality, communitarian and structural relations. If one of them get an obvious advantage over others, you can say about society that it is unhealthy. The exaggeration of the structure leads to the fact that the communitarian relations are manifested from outside and against the "law". The exaggeration of the role of communitarian relations in the political movements of the equalization type, as a rule, is soon replaced by despotism, bureaucratization or other types of structural tightening. A characteristic example in this regard was the Communist Society. It sought to make commutitarian relations to dominant and gradually oust structural relations from all or almost all spheres of life (death, law, centralized economics and management, the transformation of society into the system of self-governing communities, or communities). Really, an attempt to create a "community of equal" led to despotism, unambiguous hierarchies and structural stiffness.

The Company is as if two "models" of human interconnectedness, superimposed on each other and alternating. The first is a model of society as a structural, differentiated and often hierarchical system of political, legal and economic deposits with many types of estimates that share people on the basis of "more" or "less". The second model, especially distinctly distinguished into transition periods (elections, revolution, etc.), is society as a non-structural or rudimentary structural undifferentiated community of equal individuals who obey the supreme power of ritual "leaders".

One of the main sources of the structure of society is the state; The main source of community social relations is civil society.

Values \u200b\u200bin human life: definition, features and their classification

08.04.2015

Snezhana Ivanova

The most important role in the life of a separate person and the whole society as a whole is played by values \u200b\u200band value orientations ...

An important role is not only in the life of each individual person, but also the whole society as a whole play values \u200b\u200band value orientations, which performed primarily an integrative function. It is based on the values \u200b\u200b(at the same time focusing on their approval in society), each person does its own choice in life. Values, taking a central position in the personality structure, have a significant impact on the direction of a person and the content of its social activity, behavior and actions, its social position and on the general attitude of him to the world, to themselves and other people. Therefore, the loss of a man's meaning of life is always the result of destruction and rethinking the old value system and to gain this meaning again, it needs to create a new system based on universal experience and using the form of behavior and activity adopted in society.

Values \u200b\u200bare a kind of internal integrator of a person, concentrating around them all its needs, interests, ideals, installations and beliefs. Thus, the system of values \u200b\u200bin a person's life takes the appearance of the inner rod of all his personality, and the same system in society is the rod of its culture. Systems of values, functioning both at the level of personality and at the level of society, create a kind of unity. This is due to the fact that the personal value system is always formed, based on values \u200b\u200bthat are dominant in a particular society, and they, in turn, affect the choice of the individual purpose of each individual and to determine how to achieve it.

Values \u200b\u200bin human life are the basis for choosing goals, methods and conditions of activity, and also help him answer the question for which he makes one or another? In addition, the values \u200b\u200bare a system-forming core of the idea (or programs), human activity and its inner spiritual life, because brass principles, intentions and humanity include no more activities, but to values \u200b\u200band value orientations.

The role of values \u200b\u200bin human life: theoretical approaches to the problem

Modern human values - the most relevant problem and theoretical, and applied psychology, as they influence the formation and are an integrative basis of activity not only separately taken individual, but also a social group (large or small), a team, ethnos, nation and all mankind. It is difficult to overestimate the role of values \u200b\u200bin a person's life, because they illuminate his lives by filling it with harmony and simplicity, which causes the desire of a person to freedom of will, to the will of creative possibilities.

The problem of human values \u200b\u200bin life is studied by science axiology ( in per. With Greek. Axia / Axio - Value, Logos / Logos - Reasonable Word, Teaching, Study), More precisely, a separate branch of scientific knowledge of philosophy, sociology, psychology and pedagogy. In psychology, under values, it is customary to understand something significant for the person himself, what gives the answer to its actual, personal meanings. The values \u200b\u200balso see the concept that denotes objects, phenomena, their properties and abstract ideas that reflect public ideals and therefore are the standard due.

It should be noted that the special importance and importance of values \u200b\u200bin a person's life arises only in comparison with the opposite (so people strive for good, because there is evil on earth). Values \u200b\u200bcover all his life as a person, so humanity, while they affect absolutely all spheres (cognitive, behavioral and emotional-sensual).

The problem of values \u200b\u200bwas interested in many famous philosophers, sociologists, psychologists and teachers, but the beginning of the study of this issue was laid back in distant antiquity. So, for example, Socrates was one of the first who tried to understand what benefit, virtue and beauty, and these concepts separated from things or actions. He believed that the knowledge achieved due to the understanding of these concepts and is the basis of human moral behavior. It is also worth referring to the ideas of the protagodore, which believed that each person is already value as a measure of the existing and non-existent.

Analyzing the category of "values", it is impossible to pass by Aristotle, because it is that the emergence of the term "Timy" (or appreciated). He believed that the values \u200b\u200bin human life are both the source of things and phenomena, and the cause of their diversity. Aristotle allocated the following benefits:

valued (or divine, to which the philosopher attributed the soul and mind);
praise (bold praise);
opportunities (here the philosopher attributed strength, wealth, beauty, power, etc.).

A significant contribution to the development of issues on the nature of values \u200b\u200bwas made by philosophers of the new time. Among the most significant figures of that era are to highlight I. Kant, which is the central category that could help in solving the problems of human value sphere, called the will. And the most detailed explanation of the process of the formation of values \u200b\u200bbelongs to G. Hegel, who described changes in values, their connections and structures in three stages of activity (in more detail they are described below in the table).

Features of changes in value in the process of activity (in Gegel)

Steps of activity	Features of the formation of values
first	the emergence of subjective value (its definition occurs before the start of actions), a decision is made, that is, value-goal should be specified and correlated with external changing conditions
second	The value is in the focus of the activity itself, there is active, but at the same time contradictory interaction between the value and possible ways to achieve it, here the value becomes a way to form new values.
third	values \u200b\u200bare woven directly into operations where they are manifested as an objectivated process.

The problem of human values \u200b\u200bin life was deeply studied by foreign psychologists, among whom it is worth noting the work of V. Frankl. He said that the meaning of the life of a person as its basic education finds its manifestation in the value system. Under the very values, he understood the meaning (he called "universals of meanings"), which are characteristic of more representatives not only a particular society, but also humanity as a whole throughout the path of its development (historical). Victor Frankl focused on the subjective importance of values, which is accompanied primarily by accepting a person responsibility for its implementation.

In the second half of the last century, values \u200b\u200bwere often considered by scientists through the prism of the concepts of "value orientations" and "personal values". The greatest attention was paid to the study of the value orientations of the individual, under which it was also understood as an ideological, political, moral and ethical basis for an assessment by a person of the surrounding reality, and as a method of differentiation of objects in their significance for the individual. The main thing is that almost all scientists paid attention to, so this is that value orientations are formed only thanks to the assimilation of social experience, and they find their manifestation for purposes, ideals, and other manifestations of the individual. In turn, the system of values \u200b\u200bin human life is the basis of the substantive side of the identity of the personality and displays its inner relation in the surrounding reality.

Thus, the value orientations in psychology were considered as a complex socio-psychological phenomenon, which gave the identity characteristic of the identity and the meaningful side of its activity, which determined the general approach of the person to himself, other people and the world as a whole, and also attached meaning and focusing behavior and activity.

Forms of the existence of values, their signs and features

Throughout its history of development, humanity developed universal or universal values, which for many generations did not change their meaning and did not reduce their significance. These are such values \u200b\u200bas truth, beauty, good, freedom, justice and many others. These and many other values \u200b\u200bin human life are connected with the motivational and consumed sphere and are an important regulatory factor in its livelihoods.

Values \u200b\u200bin psychological understanding can be represented in two values:

in the form of objectively existing ideas, objects, phenomena, actions, properties of products (both material and spiritual);
as a significance of them for a person (valuables).

Among the forms of valuables are allocated: social, subject and personal (they are presented in more detail in the table).

Forms of the existence of values \u200b\u200bfor O.V. Sukhomlinsky

Of particular importance in the study of values \u200b\u200band value orientations, M. Rokich's research had. He understood the positive or negative ideas under values \u200b\u200b(and abstract), which are not in any way related to some particular object or the situation, but are the expression of human beliefs about behavior types and prevailing purposes. According to the researcher, all values \u200b\u200bhave the following signs:

the total number of values \u200b\u200b(significant and motivated) is small;
all values \u200b\u200bin people are similar (different all the steps of their significance);
all values \u200b\u200bare organized in the system;
sources of values \u200b\u200bare culture, society and social institutions;
values \u200b\u200baffect the large number of phenomena, which are studied by the various sciences.

In addition, M. Rokich established a direct dependence of the value orientations of a person from many factors, such as its income, gender, age, race, nationality, level of education and upbringing, religious, political convictions, etc.

Some signs of values \u200b\u200bwere also offered to Sh. Schwarz and W. Biliski, namely:

under values \u200b\u200bare understood either the concept or conviction;
they relate to the desired end states of the individual or to its behavior;
they have an overturated character;
guided by the choice, as well as the assessment of human and action behavior;
they are arranged in importance.

Classification of values

To date, in psychology there is a huge number of various classifications of values \u200b\u200band value orientations. Such a variety appeared due to the fact that the values \u200b\u200bare classified according to the most different criteria. So they can unite into certain groups and classes, depending on which types of needs, these values \u200b\u200bsatisfy, what role they play in a person's life and in which area they are applied. The table below presents the most generalized classification of values.

Classification of values

Criteria	Values \u200b\u200bcan be
object assimilation	material and moral and spiritual
object and content of the object	socio-political, economic and moral
subject of assimilation	public, class and values \u200b\u200bof social groups
the purpose of the assimilation	egoistical and altruistic
level of generalization	concrete and abstract
method of manifestation	persistent and situational
the role of human activity	terminal and instrumental
content of human activity	cognitive and subject-transformative (creative, aesthetic, scientific, religious, etc.)
belonging	individual (or personal), group, collective, public, national, universal
relationship group and society	positive and negative

From the point of view of the psychological characteristics of human values, the classification proposed by K. Habibulin is interesting. The values \u200b\u200bof them were divided as follows:

depending on the subject of the activity of value, it can be individual or to act as the values \u200b\u200bof the group, class, society;
according to the object of activity, the scientist highlighted material values \u200b\u200bin human life (or vital) and sociogenic (or spiritual);
depending on the type of human activity, value can be informative, labor, educational and socio-political;
the last group is valuable by the method of performing activities.

There is also a classification based on the allocation of vital (person's ideas about good, evil, happiness and grief) and universal values. This classification was proposed at the end of the last century T.V. Butkovskaya. Universal values, according to scientist, are:

vitals (life, family, health);
social recognition (such values \u200b\u200bas social status and abilityability);
interpersonal recognition (manifestation and honesty);
democratic (freedom of statement or freedom of speech);
particular (family affiliation);
transcendental (manifestation of faith in God).

It is also worth a particularly discharged on the classification of values \u200b\u200bin M. Rokich - the author of the most famous methodology in the world, the main purpose of which is to determine the hierarchy of the value orientation of the individual. All values \u200b\u200bof man M. Rokich divided into two large categories:

terminal (or value values) - the conviction of a person is that the ultimate goal is all efforts to achieve it;
instrumental (or value methods) - the conviction of man is that a certain way of behavior and actions is the most successful to achieve the goal.

There is still a huge number of different classifications of values, a summary of which is shown below in the table.

Classification of values

Scientist	Values
V.P. Tugarins	spiritual	education, Art and Science
	socio-political	justice, Will, Equality and Brotherhood
	material	various types of material goods, technique
V.F. Sergeants	material	tools of labor and methods of execution
V.F. Sergeants	spiritual	political, moral, ethical, religious, legal and philosophical
A. Maslow	genesis (B-values)	higher, characteristic of personality, which is self-actualized (the values \u200b\u200bof beauty, good, truth, simplicity, uniqueness, justice, etc.)
A. Maslow	deficit (d-values)	the lowest, aimed at meeting the need, which was fruitated (such values \u200b\u200bas a dream, safety, addiction, calm, etc.)

Analyzing the classified classification, the question arises, and what are the main values \u200b\u200bin a person's life? In fact, such values \u200b\u200bare a huge set, but the most important (or universal) values \u200b\u200bare most important, which, according to V. Frankl, are based on three main human extensity - spirituality, freedom and responsibility. The psychologist was allocated the following groups of values \u200b\u200b("Eternal Values"):

creativity that allow people to understand that they can give this society;
experiences, thanks to which a person is aware of what he receives from society and society;
relationships that enable people to realize their place (position) regarding the factors that somehow limit their lives.

It should also be noted that the most important place is made up of moral values \u200b\u200bin a person's life, because they play a leading role in making people solutions related to morality and moral norms, and this in turn indicates the level of development of their personality and humanistic orientation.

System of values \u200b\u200bin human life

The problem of human values \u200b\u200bin life occupies a leading position in psychological studies, because they are a stem and determine its focus. In solving this problem, a significant role belongs to the study of the value system and the study of S. Bubnova, which, based on the works of M. Rokich, has created a serious influence on the works of M. Rokich, created its own model of the value orientation system (it is hierarchical and consists of three levels). The system of values \u200b\u200bin a person's life in her opinion consists of:

values \u200b\u200bideals who are the most common and abstract (here include spiritual and social values);
property values \u200b\u200bthat are fixed in the process of human livelihoods;
values \u200b\u200b- ways of activity and behavior.

Any valuables will always combine two categories of values: value values \u200b\u200b(or terminal) and methods-methods (or instrumental). Terminal include the ideals and goals of a person, group and society, and instrumental - ways to achieve the goals that are accepted and approved in this society. Values \u200b\u200bare more stable than value-methods, therefore they act as a system-forming factor in various social and cultural systems.

To existing in society, each person shows his own attitude. In psychology, five types of human relationships are distinguished in the value system (by Ya Gudchek):

active, which is expressed in the high degree of internalization of this system;
comformed, that is, externally accepted, but the person does not identify himself with this system of values;
indifferent, which is the manifestation of indifference and the complete lack of interest in this system;
disagreement or non-acceptance, manifested in a critical attitude and condemnation of the value system, with the intention to change it;
the opposition that is also manifested in the internal and external contradiction with this system.

It should be noted that the system of values \u200b\u200bin human life is the most important component in the personality structure, while it occupies a cross-border position - on the one hand, this is a system of personality of man, on the other - its motivational-needs sphere. Values \u200b\u200band value orientations of a person act as a leading personality quality, emphasizing its uniqueness and individuality.

Values \u200b\u200bare the most powerful human life regulator. They guide a person on the path of its development and determine his behavior and activity. In addition, the direction of a person for certain values \u200b\u200band value orientations will necessarily affect the process of forming society as a whole.

Introduction 1. Ideals and values: historical review 2. Cultural space 60s and modern Russia 3. "Society of consumption" by J. Bodriarai Conclusion List of used literature

Introduction

The fundamental characteristic of the environment of a person in modern society is social changes. For an ordinary person - the subject of social knowledge - the instability of society is perceived primarily as the uncertainty of the existing situation. Therefore, there is a two-way process in relations with the future. On the one hand, in the situation of instability and uncertainty about tomorrow, which exists even in the secured segments of the population, a person is trying to find what he will give him confidence, support in the future change. Some people are trying to secure their future at the expense of property, others are trying to repel from higher ideals. Many people are perceived as a kind of warranty that increases security in changing social circumstances, contributing to confidence in the future. Moral - a way to regulate the behavior of people. Other ways of regulation are custom and right. Moral includes moral feelings, standards, commandments, principles, ideas about the good and evil, honor, dignity, justice, happiness, etc. Based on this, a person estimates its goals, motives, feelings, actions, thoughts. Moral assessment may be subject to all in the world. Including the world itself, its device, as well as society or its individual establishments, actions, thoughts, feelings of other people, etc. A person can expose to moral assessment of God and his acts. This is about this, for example, in the novel F.M. Dostoevsky "Brothers of the Karamazov", in the section on the Great Inquisitor. Moral is, thereby, in this way of understanding and evaluating reality, which can be judged from everything and can endure the sentence to any event, the phenomenon of the world of external and world internal. But in order to judge and endure the sentence, it is necessary, first of all, to have the right to do this, and, secondly, have evaluation criteria, ideas about moral and immoral. In modern Russian society, spiritual discomfort is felt, in many respects caused by the moral conflict of generations. Modern youth can not accept the lifestyle and style of thinking, idealized by the elders, the older generation is convinced that it used to be better, about the modern society - the descendant and is doomed to disintegrate. What gives the right to such a moral assessment? Is there a healthy grain? This work is devoted to the analysis of the problems of ideals in modern society and its applicability to the modern situation in Russia. The purpose of the work is to analyze ideals and values \u200b\u200bin modern society. Tasks: 1. Consider historical values \u200b\u200band ideals; 2. Compare historical values \u200b\u200bwith modern; 3. Analyze the point of view J. Bodrieryar for modern society; 4. Make a conclusion about the modern values \u200b\u200bof man.

Conclusion

The consumption society thinks itself precisely by the consumption society, it consumes and wants to consume without having a different goal, in addition to consumption, without having ahead of any utopia (it changes itself to the utopia), it is shorter, perceives itself as an end of history. Therefore, the discourse of the consumption society cannot be anything except tautology. Consumption discourse Together with its countertices, consisting in the moralizing challenge of consumption, create an idea of \u200b\u200bthe "civilization of the object", which is characterized by the void of human relationships, contrary to the mobilization of production and public forces. Bodrieryar predicts "Rough invasion and sudden destruction, which is just as unforeseen, but obviously, as in May 1968, they will disach this white Mass." Indeed, it can be understood that the consumption society is unstable precisely as a result of its emptiness and life among consumer mirages. Whether it will be destroyed from the inside by the inwards in the public forces or from outside - as a result of threats that the existence of poor peoples or a lack of resources, and whether it will be completely destroyed, will show the future. The illusory existence in the world of consumption, and the tug has to be argued by the Bodrieyar, never covered completely throughout social life, and real values \u200b\u200bhave always continued to exist among people, even being pushed from the foreground. Perhaps a harsh story, which, as discovered, has not disappeared anywhere, will put an end of life among spectacles and mirages of a human consumption society. The crisis in which Russia is today is much heavier than the usual financial crisis or traditional industrial depression. The country is not just discarded for several decades ago; All efforts undertaken over the last century were impaired in order to provide Russia's status of the Great Power. The country copies the worst samples of Asian corruption capitalism. The society of modern Russia is experiencing difficult times: the previous ideals are overthow and new ones are found. The resulting value-semantic vacuum is rapidly filled with the artifacts of Western culture, which covered almost all spheres of social and spiritual life, ranging from the forms of leisure, manners of communication and ending with ethical and aesthetic values, ideological landmarks. In terms of Toffler, information civilization generates a new type of people who create a new information society. This human type Toffler calls the "third wave", as well as an agrarian society, he considers the "first wave", and the industrial - "second wave". At the same time, each wave creates its special type of person, having an appropriate character and ethics. Thus, the "second wave" according to Toffler is characterized by Protestant ethics, and such features as subjectivity and individualism, the ability to abstract thinking, empathy and imagination. "The third wave does not create a certain ideal superman, a kind of heroic variety that lives among us, and radically changes the character traits inherent in the whole society. A new person is created, but a new social character. Therefore, our task is to seek not a mythical "man", but those traits that are most likely to be appreciated by the civilization of tomorrow. " Toffler believes that "education will also change. Many children will not learn not in the classroom. " Toffler believes that "the third wave civilization can prefer completely different features of the young, such as independence from peer opinions, less orientation for consumption and less hedonistic looping on itself." Perhaps those changes that our country is now will lead to the formation of a new type of Russian intellectual - an information intelligentsia, which, without repeating the errors of the "disappointed" generation, will overcome Western individualism, based on rich Russian cultural traditions.

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