Lesson objectives:
educational: know the rules for using pronouns in speech, the categories of pronouns, the rules of their spelling, develop the ability to analyze the role of pronouns in a text, use them correctly in your own speech,
educational: instill interest in learning the native word, cultivate a caring attitude towards the native word, familiarization with the norms of speech etiquette,
developing: develop analytical thinking, cognitive activity, and communication skills.
Lesson equipment : textbook for 6th grade, ed. E.A. Bystrova, presentation.
During the classes
I. Org. moment.
II. Repetition of what has been learned.
We continue to study the part of the speech that immodestly states:
I have this opinion about myself:
The role of pronouns is huge!
I give myself completely to my work,
I'm replacing names.
We got acquainted with all the categories of pronouns and their morphological characteristics. Let's check how you have mastered the material.
A) Before you is a linguistic fairy tale . Read it carefully and underline factual errors, admitted by the storyteller.
1. On the planet Linguistics there is a small Country of Pronouns. Its inhabitants point to objects, signs, quantities,actions , but don't name them.
2. Pronouns live in families: Personal, Interrogative, Relative,High quality, Possessive, Indefinite, Negative, Demonstrative, Determinative. The reflexive pronoun “Self” lives in splendid isolation.
3. Some families are particularly closely related. Descendants of Interrogative PronounsWho? What? Which? whose? what? How many? which? are Uncertain, Negative andPossessives pronouns.
4. Pronouns, as a rule, change according to cases. Only a capricious reflexive pronounmyself AndIndefinite pronouns not "whom, not" what didn't want to have a uniform nominative case. And the laziest Indefinite pronounsnot "who and not" what decided not to change at all.
5. Demonstrative, Possessive and Determinative pronouns are closely related to the inhabitants of the neighboring Country of Adjectives and, like Adjectives,they are all friendly change according to cases, genders and numbers.
6. Pronouns are always ready to help, they willingly become part of a sentence, replacing independent parts of speech, performing all syntactic functions,except the predicate.
B) Let’s check the spelling “health”.
Find the third odd one:
1.n..which, n..whose,who to call
2 .(some)who , about something, how much
4.met at _their place,about _her successes , came to _him.
*Self-assessment using the key on the screen
III. Teacher's word.
While studying pronouns, you noticed that these little words - pronouns - are not so simple.
Listen to statements about pronouns by linguists.
If we assume the incredible that pronouns suddenly disappeared from the language, speech would become impossible. A person would not be able to identify himself as the speaker, the interlocutor, the person in question. (G.Solganik)
Pronouns are convenient... They, “like substitute players” on the football field or “understudies” in the theater, enter the field when they are forced to “free up the game” with significant words. (A.Reformed)
How long, how boringThere would be our speech if there were no pronouns in it. Pronouns create verbal convenience, as they save time and space.
(V. Ivanov, 3. Potiha. D. Rosenthal)
IV.Definition of the topic and objectives of the lesson.
What idea unites these statements?
Formulate the topic of the lesson. (Use of pronouns in speech)
Setting lesson goals:
define……
learn to………
Write down in your notebooks: number, class. work, topic
V. Practical part.
We begin to observe the “behavior” of pronouns in speech in order to understand the rules by which they live...
1. Listen to A. Barto’s poem “Strong Cinema” (student reads by heart)
In advance, in advance
Everything was decided:
Schoolchildren have a meeting
Then they have a movie.
will come home
My elder brother,
He'll tell me
All,
He will explain to me
What is what.
And I'm big!
I'll understand.
And so he began
Your story:
- They're crawling
And he told them - once!
And right here
She crawled
How will he give it to him?
Out of spite!
They're right for her!
She told them - once!
But right here
He saved her
He was with her
At the same time...
Wow, powerful movie!
No, apparently I'm still young:
I do not understand.
Did you understand what the film was about? Why? When is it appropriate to use pronouns?
2. Let's turn to the text. How do “substitute players on the field” behave? (group task)
Task A.
We have been given a huge gift. This is our wondrous and powerful language. It contains all the gifts of Russia. The whole singing Russian soul is in it... And the people who created this language are themselves called to reach spiritually the height to which their language calls them. (I. Ilyin) – Russian. philosopher, writer...
- Prove that you have the text in front of you. His main point?
- How are the sentences connected in the text?
What linguistic means are used to connect sentences?
- Write down all the pronouns. (to us, this, our, in him, everything, all, this, himself, that which, his (personal), his (personal = adverb)
Task B.
Among the magnificent qualities our language There is one thing that is absolutely amazing. Quality is that by its sound language so diverse that it contains the sounds of almost all the languages of the world.
- Eliminate repetitions in the text. Read the statement of the writer K. G. Paustovsky.
-What pronouns cannot be replaced with “significant words”?
- Write down all the pronouns. (ours, it, in that, his, he, in himself, everyone)
CONCLUSION:
pronouns serve to connect sentences in the text;
help avoid repetitions;
“create speech convenience.”
3. So, we cannot do without pronouns, but when using them, we must be careful.
We turn to the textbook § 10, p. 45.
Ex. 57 Read an excerpt from the book “Speak Correctly” by E. Yazovitsky for yourself.Formulate the rule for using personal pronouns in speech .
...Personal pronouns, if handled incorrectly, turn out to be so “insidious” that the speaker or writer (when the error is explained to him) is ready to literally fall into the ground. Here are a few of these mistakes: 1) “Having returned from the expedition, the captain brought a bear with him. He told us a lot of interesting things about his adventures” (captain or bear!). 2) The waves violently hit the coastal rocks. Every hour they became higher and higher” (waves or rocks!).
Stylistic carelessness and ambiguity in these sentences is the result of forgetting the known rules that the 3rd person personal pronoun replaces the nearest pronoun.
-What happens when a rule is broken?
-Taking this rule into account, correct the sentences on the slide.
There was a girl standing in the room, near the stove. It was heated hot.
Yesterday the school doors opened hospitably to the schoolchildren. Strengthened over the summer, they took up their studies with renewed vigor.
4 . Not only ambiguity can arise from the incorrect use of pronouns. Some places. They will immediately show you as an illiterate, uneducated person.
I suggest you turn into proofreaders and correct grammatical errors, associated with consumption. places UPR. 65
1.Have you already learned your lessons?
2.Write your own autobiography.
3. Why talk to them?
4. I condemn their way of life.
5. Don't leave! I will miss you!
6. I don’t know what to do now?
*Write down 3 sentences (according to options)
5. Do you know what pronouns you need to remember to use in speech in order not to be considered impolite?
Scene - miniature
-Irina Nikolaevna, recently your Petya has become worse in his studies. Please take action.
-Vera Ivanovna, Petya will improve! You'll see! Petya, promise Vera Ivanovna that you will improve.
-What's the use of promising?! She's always unhappy with me...
-Which of the participants in the dialogue does not know rules of speech etiquette ?
*CM. meaning of the word ETIQUETTE (refer to the dictionary)
Read the section « We speak correctly” on page 46 and correct Petya.
Use of pronouns he (she), that (that), this (that) to indicate those present, instead of proper names, it gives the speech a contemptuous, dismissive tone, which does not correspond to the norms of speech etiquette.
6. The rules of speech etiquette also apply to the use of the pronouns you, your - you, your.
Individual message (from the history of using you-you)
There were times in Rus' when people addressed each other only as YOU. In the 18th century, the fashion came to say YOU to each other. “You” took hold primarily among educated nobles, even within the family circle. This emphasized respect for the interlocutor.
Before this, “you” in itself had no etiquette meaning. But in comparison with “you” it acquired the meaning of intimacy. And in the communication of people who are not close, it began to express social inequality, treatment from top to bottom. “You” was said to commoners and servants.
IN modern language(see table)
- in relation to a well-known person;In an informal setting;
With friendly relations;
In relation to an equal or junior
In relation to a stranger, little known person;
In a formal setting;
With an emphatically polite, restrained attitude towards a person;
In relation to equals and elders (by age, position)
It is necessary to remember the following grammatical rules:
You + plural verb (You look...)
You + singular adjective h (You are upset)
You + short adj. in plural h. (You're right)
CM. capitalized
7. Assignment. Compose the text of a greeting card on March 8th to your beloved teacher with good wishes. Remember, a greeting card is a pleasant and unique sign of attention. With the help of a postcard, a person expresses his feelings: respect, love, gratitude. Therefore, it is very important to choose the right words so that they sound original, sincere and...competent!
(distribute prepared postcards)
Respect.. ______!
We wish ____ _________________________.
You are very _____________________________ .
We want to ___ _________________.
Sincerely _________________ .
*Reading and discussing congratulations.
8.Restore the text using pronouns.
Given possession of ___ the rich, accurate, powerful and truly magical Russian language. Do ___ always treat ___ language the way ___ ___ deserves? By the attitude of ___ person to ___ language, one can accurately judge not only ___ cultural level, but also ___ civic value (K. Paustovsky)
(most, us, we, this, he, that, each, his, his, his)
We (personal) have been given possession of the most (def.) rich, accurate, powerful and truly magical Russian language. Do we (personal) always treat this (dec.) language the way he (personal) that (decree) .) deserves?
Based on the attitude of each (def.) person to his (possessive) language, one can judge not only his (personal = adverb) cultural level, but also his (personal = adv.) civic value.
*Self-test on screen.
What is the main idea of the text? What does the writer call us to?
VI. Lesson summary. Reflection.
What did you learn in the lesson?
What did you find difficult?
What did you especially like or remember?
Lesson grades.
VII. Homework
1.3rd person pronoun(he, she, it, they )usually replaces the nearest antecedent noun in the form of the same gender and number. However, this connection of a pronoun with a noun is sometimes determined by meaning, and not formally word order, For example: Tourists visited many cities of the country:They were primarily interested in local historical sights(there is no doubt that the pronoun They refers to a more distant noun tourists, and not to the one standing closest cities).
The possibility of relating a pronoun to different words in the preceding text can be a source of ambiguity or ambiguity, for example: Sister entered the artistictroupe , she leaving on tour soon(who is leaving - the sister or the troupe?). In these cases, editing is necessary; compare:
Sister joined the artistic troupe and is going on tour soon ;
Sister arrived V artistictroupe, who is leaving on tour soon; Olya's mother, when she got sick, became very nervous (who got sick - mother or Olya?); Additions have been made to both texts; they need some clarification (Do the texts need clarification or additions?).
Pronoun They must not refer to a collective noun that has a singular form. This rule has been broken, for example, in the sentence: “A lot of people took part in the rally; they demanded an end to the war in the Caucasus.” In such cases, when editing, it is often inconvenient to replace the form they with the singular form ( it, he ), therefore it is advisable to replace collective noun concrete noun ( ...many people participated; they demanded... ).
2.When choosing one of the options in pairs I walk – I'm walking, you read – read and so on. It is taken into account that the omission of the personal pronoun of the 1st and 2nd person as the subject of a predicate-verb, the form of which indicates a specific person, gives the speech dynamism and speeds up its pace, for example: I'll go there once again and howI'll be back, I'll go to the general andI'll ask his(L. Tolstoy); I don't agree! I can not! I don't want to (Chekhov). In such constructions, categoricalness is sometimes emphasized, for example: Go do it order.Sleep (Simonov). Wed. in orders and instructions: I order...; I suggest... and so on.
Subject-pronoun usually omitted in imperative forms. The presence of a pronoun in this case serves the purpose of logical emphasis and contrast, for example: ...Notes stay firm, calm and sullen(Pushkin); You stay with the sick, andI will go for medicine. The presence of a subject pronoun in the imperative mood can give a softening tone to the statement, for example: You to me tell me frankly...you to me give me some advice...(L. Tolstoy) (see also §178).
3. The 3rd person personal pronoun sometimes duplicates the subject-noun present in the sentence.
In some cases, this use of a pronoun is used to emphasize the subject and is found in oratory and poetic speech, for example: The whole look Beloved Georgia,He began to live differently in consciousness...(N. Tikhonov) (see also §220, paragraph 2).
In other cases, the phenomenon in question is observed in spoken language, in common parlance, for example: People, he culture requires(Soloukhin); Bullet – she It won’t please Fedotka, but it will knock someone from the outside(K, Sedykh).
Without a stylistic task, such constructions in literary language (in scientific, official business speech, in neutral styles) are not used. Compare erroneous constructions in student works: « Evgeny Onegin, he was a representative..."
4. The form is normativeshe has; form she has gives the utterance a conversational character, for example: She has tears flowed...(Fedin); No, eyesshe has Nothing!(Leonov).
5.When choosing an option in pairsinside them – inside their (With n before or without the 3rd person pronoun n ) one should proceed from the fact that in modern language the indicated sound is added if the pronoun comes after any of the simple, or primitive, prepositions ( without, in, for, before, for, from, to, on, over, about, from, on, under, before, with, about, with, at, through ), as well as after many adverbial prepositions ( near, around, in front, past, opposite, about, after, in the middle, behind and some others used with the genitive case). However, such prepositions both inside, outside, used mainly without initial n.
Not added n to the pronoun also after prepositions of adverbial origin that control the dative case, cf.: contrary toto him , contrary toto her , according tothem , followingto him , towardsto her , similarthem , respectivelythem ; Also: thanks toto him .
Does not require insertion after itself n Also complex prepositions in combination with a pronoun, for example: in a relationshiphis , with helpher , not likethem , a counterweightto him , abouther , with the exception oftheir , from the sidehis , because ofher ; Also: likehis , abouttheir .
Initial is not added n in cases where the pronoun comes after the comparative degree of an adjective or adverb, for example: olderhis , higherher , better than them.
If a personal pronoun is preceded by a defining pronoun all then both forms are acceptable (with counter n and without it), for example: everyone hastheir – everyone hasthem , for alltheir – for allthem , behind everyonethem – behind everyonethem , above allthem – above allthem .
Variant forms are also found in other cases of separation of a 3rd person pronoun from a preposition as a result of inserting some other word between them, for example: between you andthem – between you andthem , between me andthem – between me andhim . Wed: Do you see the difference between us andthem ... (Bitter). – ...No between us andthem no middle line(Gaidar).
The 3rd person pronoun (he, she, it) usually replaces the nearest antecedent noun in a form of the same gender and number. Sometimes this connection of a pronoun with a noun is determined by the meaning, and not by the order of words, for example: Marya Ivanovna was equipped, and a few days later she set off on the road with the faithful Pasha and with the faithful Savelich. (A. Pushkin). There is no doubt that the pronoun she refers to the noun “Marya Ivanovna”.
Sometimes the pronoun is incorrectly related to in different words is a source of ambiguity or ambiguity, for example: Changes have been made to both texts; they need some clarification. It is not clear whether the texts or additions need clarification? The correct structure of the sentence is as follows: Additions have been made to both texts that require some clarification.
The pronoun they should not be associated with collective numerals that have a singular form. Incorrect: Many people took part in the strike; they demanded higher wages. The correct option would be: Many miners took part in the strike; they demanded a salary increase
The omission of the personal pronoun of the 1st and 2nd persons as the subject of the predicate-verb indicates a specific person, gives the speech dynamism, speeds up its pace, and introduces a conversational tone. Compare: I disagree! I can't! I don't agree! I can not! Such constructions sometimes emphasize categoricalness: Go, follow the order! (K. Simonov)
The presence of a subject pronoun in the imperative form can give the statement a softening tone, for example: Tell me frankly... give me advice. (L. Tolstoy)
A personal pronoun sometimes duplicates the subject-noun in a sentence. This use of the pronoun is justified in oratory and poetic speech: The whole appearance of beloved Georgia, he began to live differently in consciousness. (N. Tikhonov)
In other cases, this phenomenon is observed in spoken language, vernacular, which is not a literary norm. You often hear how radio and television announcers make linguistic negligence, for example: State Duma deputies, they adopted the law in the third reading. Our national park“Curonian Spit”... it requires the constant attention of scientists and ordinary workers. Eugene Onegin, he was introduced to the noble youth. Or another example from Prime Minister M. Kasyan’s recent speech to journalists: “The relevant services, of course, they will sort it out...”
The form of her pronoun is normative, for example: She has an unusually charming voice. Her form gives the statement a conversational character: Her tears flowed... (K. Fedin)
An archaic or vernacular character is inherent in the forms: without her, for her, from her, etc. For example: I tried to get rid of her.
In modern language, the sound “N” is added to 3rd person pronouns if the pronoun comes after any of the simple prepositions: without, in, for, before, for, from, to, on, over, about, from, by, before, with, about, with, at, through, and also after many adverbial prepositions, i.e. transferred from adverbs: near, around, in front, past, opposite, around, after, in the middle, behind. The correct use of pronouns is as follows: in front of her, with her, near her, at them, around him, opposite them. However, one often hears: she has nothing, they were standing next to them. It is not right. However, prepositions such as inside, outside are used, as a rule, without inserting the initial “N”.
“N” is also not added to pronouns after prepositions of adverbial origin, controlled by the dative case: in spite of him, in defiance of her, according to them, after him, towards her, like them, according to them, and also thanks to him.
Prepositional combinations consisting of a simple preposition and a noun also do not require an “H” after themselves, for example: in relation to him, with the help of her, unlike them, in contrast to him, about her, except for them, by him , because of her, like him, about them.
The initial “H” is not added to pronouns if the pronoun comes after comparative degree adjective or adverb: older than him, higher than him, better than them.
If the personal pronoun is preceded by the attributive pronoun all, then both forms are acceptable: for all of them - for all of them, for all of them - for all of them, after all of them - for all of them, above all of them - above all of them.
The personal pronoun you is used to express politeness. In official papers you should write with a capital letter. Sometimes this pronoun is used incorrectly when addressing one person. For example: You are so demanding... (meaning a woman or a man). You need to say: “You are so demanding,” “You are so demanding.”
When using pronouns, you should avoid mistakes of this type: “Are you a family man? The plural of the adjective here is a vulgarism. The same vulgarism is the use of a verb in singular, for example: you said..., you bought..." (5, 360). The verb must agree with the pronoun in number.
Speaking about the pronoun you, I would like to quote a poem by A.S. Pushkin:
Empty you are heartfelt you
She, having mentioned, replaced,
And all the happy dreams
It aroused the soul of the lover.
I stand before her thoughtfully,
There is no strength to take your eyes off her,
I tell her: “How sweet you are!”
And I think: “How I love you!”
From the poem it is clear how the use of the pronoun you removes the deliberately emphasized touch of formality.
The reflexive pronoun self can refer to any of the three grammatical persons. If there are several nouns or pronouns in a sentence, to which the pronoun oneself may refer, then ambiguity often arises, for example: The commandant ordered the janitor to take the tenant’s things to himself. It is not clear who to refer to - the commandant or the janitor. In this case, according to D.E. Rosenthal, the pronoun must be attributed to the word that names the producer of the action, that is, to the janitor (attributed) (4, 215).
If the meaning of such a sentence is not clear, then you should get rid of the ambiguity, for example: The commandant ordered the janitor to take the tenant’s things to himself.
“The suffix -sya in reflexive verbs historically goes back to the pronoun itself, which is close in meaning to these common careless speech verbs” (5, 361). For example: don’t upset yourself - don’t get angry, refresh yourself - refresh yourself. “I’m sorry” is an extremely common sloppiness of speech. After all, “I apologize” can mean “I excuse myself,” that is, for example, “I think it’s normal that I pushed you.” We must decisively get rid of the word “I apologize” and replace it with the words “Sorry, excuse me, I’m guilty.”
A situation of ambiguity, when the meaning of a sentence is not entirely clear, can arise when using the pronoun "your". It can also refer to all three persons, for example: The older brother asked the younger brother to give him his instrument. It is not clear whose instrument is the older or younger brother. Here the pronoun should be attributed to younger brother, as the producer of an action, expressed by the verb to submit, with which the combination of one’s instrument is associated.
Possible synonymous use possessive pronouns mine is mine, for example: I indulge in my dreams (A. Pushkin). I will not tolerate thieves in my house (A. Chekhov) (4, 216).
The use of the pronouns my, yours, ours, yours instead of the pronoun yours emphasizes the connection with the corresponding person when contrasted: Touch my head with your hand (K. Zhukovsky).
You often hear how, instead of the possessive pronouns his, her, them, the words evony, eynaya, theirs, which do not exist in the Russian language, are used, for example: evony chief, ey signature, their documents. It should be remembered that there are no such words in the Russian literary language.
The pronouns everyone, everyone, any have semantic similarities, but they differ from each other in shades of meaning. In Rosenthal D.E. We find that the pronoun everyone has the first meaning of “different, most, diverse, all kinds.” For example: all kinds of opportunities. The second meaning: “any, whatever.” For example: Absence of any system.
The pronoun everyone contains a connotation of generalization, indicates objects without limiting them to a certain circle. So: Every plant needs moisture.
The pronoun each implies such a limitation. For example: Each of the recently planted plants needs more daily care (4, 216).
The pronoun each has the meaning “any of its own kind”, “taken separately”, “one of all in a given quantitative series”. For example: A grade book is issued to each student; at every step; every two hours.
The pronoun “any” usually refers to adjectives and has the meaning “any one to choose from.” For example: Give any document; Any means will do here. Stylistically, the word any is marked as colloquial.
In modern language, when using the pronouns he and most, there is no distinction. In former times the word sam referred to animate objects, and most - to the inanimate. Nowadays in journalistic style the pronoun he, rather than the most, is more often used. For example: the convening of the conference itself is important; The voting itself took place in an atmosphere of intense struggle.
It is permissible to use the book version of the word samoe, but in modern language it is preferable to use the word samu. For example: I met the teacher herself.
If there is a reflexive pronoun in a sentence, then the pronoun itself can agree in case either with it or with the subject, for example: I am surprised at myself - I am surprised at myself; she contradicts herself - she contradicts herself.
As noted by L.A. Shevchenko, N.M. Pipchenko, the use of the pronoun himself in the meaning of the numeral one in the literary language is not allowed (7, 121). Such expressions as I selected the literature myself (that is, alone), I sat at home myself are incorrect.
The pronouns something, something, something, anything, something, someone, some, someone, someone are close in meaning, but differ in semantic and stylistic shades.
The pronoun something (someone) indicates the unknown for both the speaker and the listener. For example: Someone is calling on the phone. Something is not noted in this document.
The pronoun something (someone) indicates something unknown to the listener, but to some extent known to the speaker. For example: I will say something on this issue.
The difference between the pronouns something and something (someone and anyone) is that the particle - that gives the meaning “it is unknown what or who”, and the particle -then gives the meaning “it doesn’t matter what or who”. For example: He knows something important. Tell us something about yourself.
Indefinite pronouns with the particle -something can be used with a predicate verb in the form of the future tense, imperative or subjunctive mood, as well as in interrogative sentences. For example: We will definitely see something interesting. If anyone is looking for me, let me know. Do you expect anything from me?
Pronouns with the particle -has more general meaning compared to pronouns with the particle -something. For example: Ask someone (one of the unknowns) - ask someone (any of the unknowns).
Here are a few “insidious examples”:
|
Wrong |
Right |
|
Returning from the expedition, the captain brought a bear with him. He told us a lot of interesting things about his adventures. |
The captain, returning from the expedition, brought a bear with him and told us a lot of interesting things about his adventures. |
|
The waves violently hit the coastal rocks. Every hour they became higher and higher. |
The waves violently hit the coastal rocks and became higher and higher every hour. |
|
Fearing the rain, the workers hid the arriving goods under a canopy and kept it there until it stopped. (Ridiculous) |
Fearing the rain, the workers hid the arriving goods under a canopy and kept it there until the rain stopped. |
|
Wrong |
Right |
|
The doctor suggested that the patient weigh himself every day. |
The doctor suggested that the patient weigh himself every day. |
|
The professor asked the student to read his report. |
From the above examples it follows that the incorrect use of pronouns leads to ambiguity or absurdity in the text. Such mistakes should be avoided.
Having examined in this work cases of correct and erroneous use of pronouns in speech, we will dwell on their spelling. Summarizing the material given in various manuals and textbooks on the Russian language, among the basic rules we highlight the following:
When declension of pronouns whose, whose is written soft sign:
Name whose portrait, whose book
R.p. whose portrait, whose book
D.p. whose portrait, whose book, etc.
Pronouns with the prefix some- and particles -, - either, - are written with a hyphen.
In negative pronouns, the particle not is written under stress, and without stress - nor. For example: no one to ask, no one to ask.
In negative pronouns, neither and nor are prefixes and are written together. When there is a preposition, not and neither are particles and are written separately. For example: There is no one to ask; can't be compared to anything.
The combinations no one else (other) and nothing else (other) are used in sentences where there is negation. For example: no one else could have done it better.
Introduction
The study of grammar and one of its independent sections - morphology in our time does not lose its relevance when studying at a university. On the contrary, courses on the study of the Russian language and the culture of speech and rhetoric are being introduced by the Ministry of Education into the programs of higher and secondary educational institutions for the training of future specialists in both technical and humanitarian fields. In our opinion, such attention to language learning, to the problem of compliance with morphological norms in the Russian language and cases of their violation is due to a number of objective and subjective reasons, which include a decrease general level literacy of the population, and especially youth, loss of interest among a certain category of students and schoolchildren in reading fiction and educational literature, replacement of book sources of knowledge with electronic analogues, etc. However, every person must express his thoughts accurately, concisely and colorfully (1, 9). There is no area of human knowledge human activity, for whom bad, confusing , illiterate professional or everyday speech of the performer would be a blessing (ibid., 8). In addition, during recent years A reform of the Russian language is being prepared. Obviously, the new set of rules will also determine new morphological norms for all parts of speech, including pronouns.
The focus of this work will be the problem of morphological norms of the Russian language and cases of their violation when used in oral and writing pronouns. To study this issue in detail, it is first necessary to define the very concept of morphology, identify its tasks, and also determine what is the subject of its study, what are the historical roots of this issue. Then you should find out what a pronoun is, what the meaning of this part of speech is, what lexical-semantic categories of pronouns exist, what are the morphological norms for the use and spelling of pronouns, and cases of their violation.
Morphology - the study of parts of speech
Any textbook or manual on the Russian language must have a section devoted to morphology. So what is morphology, and how does it relate to grammar?
In dictionary foreign words(4) these terms are translated from Latin,
which in turn were translated from Greek.
Morphology (Greek morphe - form , logos - word, concept, doctrine).
Gramma (Greek gramma - written sign, line, line).
Grammar is a branch of linguistics that studies the structure of words and sentences in a language and consists, respectively, of two parts: morphology and syntax.
One of the definitions of the concept of morphology is the following:
Morphology is a branch of the science of language that studies parts of speech and the forms of their change (7, 67). Another definition states that morphology is an independent section of the general doctrine of the grammatical structure of the Russian language and directly studies the grammatical classes and categories of words with their inherent grammatical meanings and grammatical forms (2,149).
Having compared the above definitions, we come to the conclusion that morphology is the study of parts of speech, word formation and inflection.
The tasks of morphology include the following: 1) evaluation of the word as a unit of the grammatical system of the Russian language; 2) establishing the principles of grammatical classification of words; 3) identification of grammatical classes and categories of words based on the specified principles; 4) description of general and particular grammatical meanings characteristic of individual classes of words, and definition of systems (paradigms) that implement these grammatical meanings (2, 148).
Thus, the subject of morphology is the study of parts of speech, as well as their functions in the grammatical structure of the Russian language.
From the history of the issue
morphology pronoun Russian language
The historical roots of morphology go back to the time of M.V. Lomonosov. His grammatical views are considered one of the first sources of scientific development of the theory of parts of speech. In his Russian grammar (1756) M.V. Lomonosov singled out eight significant parts:
). a name for naming things
). pronoun to abbreviate names,
). verb to name actions
). participle for abbreviation by combining a name and a verb into one utterance,
). adverb to briefly describe circumstances,
). a pretext for showing that circumstances belong to things or acts,
). union to depict the reciprocity of our concepts,
). interjection to briefly identify the movement of the spirit (2, 149).
The modern classification of parts of speech identifies ten classes of words: noun, pronoun-noun, adjective, numeral, adverb, verb, preposition, conjunction, particle, interjection. As an independent part of speech in this classification, the pronoun-noun is distinguished (I, you, we, you, he, who, what, anyone, anything, etc.); words that are adjective pronouns (my, yours, yours, whose, which, etc.)
Morphological norm
Let us now turn to the concept of morphological norm. Norm in the broadest sense of the word means a rule or a guiding principle. Morphological norm regulates inflection and word formation . When morphological norms are violated, speech errors occur that are associated with the use of different parts speech.
The occurrence of errors is primarily due to variability of norms in the field of morphology (ibid., 18). In this work, we will focus on the morphological norm and cases of its violation associated with the use of pronouns in speech.
Pronoun as part of speech
The pronoun differs from other parts of speech in that it does not have its own constant and stable lexical meaning; its meaning is variable and depends on the meaning of the word to which it refers or instead of which it is used. Therefore, a pronoun can be defined as a part of speech that conveys a general indication of objects and signs, but does not name them itself. In this sense, a pronoun is defined as a part of speech that appears in place of a noun, adjective or numeral.
Constants - rank, face (for personal ones);
Inconstant - case, gender, number (if any);
Syntactic role.
To the categories of pronouns in the “Course of Modern Russian” literary language» authors A.M. Finkel and N.M. Bazhenov (5, 353) included the following:
Personal: I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they.
Possessives: mine, ours, yours, yours, theirs, his, hers (in the sense of possessives), theirs.
Reflexive pronouns: yourself, me, you.
Interrogative pronouns: who, what, which, whose, which, which, how many.
Relative: who, what, which, whose, which, what, how many (used to communicate simple sentences into one complex one).
Indefinite: someone, something, some, several, some, someone, anyone, anyone, some, some, any, some, some, some.
Negative: no one, nothing, none, no one, no one, nothing.
Demonstratives: that, this, such, such, so much.
Determinatives: all, everyone, each, himself, most, any, other, other.
The correct use of pronouns in speech is important; for this you need to know morphological norms. Below we will consider the rules for using pronouns for various categories, as well as situations of violation of morphological norms.
Use of personal pronouns
The 3rd person pronoun (he, she, it) usually replaces the one closest to it
the preceding noun in a form of the same gender and number. Sometimes this connection of a pronoun with a noun is determined by the meaning, and not by the order of words, for example: Marya Ivanovna was equipped, and a few days later she set off on the road with the faithful Pasha and with the faithful Savelich. (A. Pushkin). There is no doubt that the pronoun she refers to a noun Marya Ivanovna.
Sometimes the incorrect relationship of a pronoun to different words is a source of confusion or ambiguity, for example: Changes have been made to both texts; they need some clarification. It is not clear whether the texts or additions need clarification? The correct structure of the sentence is as follows: Additions have been made to both texts that require some clarification.
The pronoun they should not be associated with collective numerals that have a singular form. Incorrect: Many people took part in the strike; they demanded higher wages.
The correct option would be: Many miners took part in the strike; they demanded higher wages.
The omission of the personal pronoun of the 1st and 2nd persons as the subject of the predicate-verb indicates a specific person, gives the speech dynamism, speeds up its pace, and introduces a conversational tone. Compare: I disagree! I can't! I don't agree! I can not! Such constructions sometimes emphasize categoricalness: Go, follow the order! (K. Simonov)
The presence of a subject pronoun in the imperative form can give the statement a softening tone, for example: Tell me frankly... give me advice. (L. Tolstoy)
A personal pronoun sometimes duplicates the subject-noun in a sentence. This use of the pronoun is justified in oratory and poetic speech: The whole appearance of beloved Georgia, he began to live differently in the mind. (N. Tikhonov)
In other cases, this phenomenon is observed in spoken language, vernacular, which is not a literary norm. You often hear how radio and television announcers make linguistic negligence, for example: State Duma deputies, they adopted the law in the third reading. Our national park Curonian Spit ... it requires the constant attention of scientists and ordinary workers. Eugene Onegin, he was introduced to the noble youth. Or another example from Prime Minister M. Kasyan’s recent speech to journalists: The relevant services, of course, will sort it out...
The form of her pronoun is normative, for example: She has an unusually charming voice. Her form gives the statement a conversational character: Her tears flowed... (K. Fedin)
An archaic or vernacular character is inherent in the forms: without her, for her, from her, etc. For example: I tried to get rid of her.
In modern language sound N is added to 3rd person pronouns if the pronoun comes after any of the simple prepositions: without, in, for, before, for, from, to, on, over, about, from, by, before, with, about, with, at, through , and also after many adverbial prepositions, i.e. transferred from adverbs: near, around, in front, past, opposite, around, after, in the middle, behind. The correct use of pronouns is as follows: in front of her, with her, near her, at them, around him, opposite them. However, one often hears: she has nothing, they were standing next to them. It is not right. However, prepositions such as inside, outside are used, as a rule, without inserting the initial N .
Not added N to pronouns also after prepositions of adverbial origin, controlled by the dative case: in spite of him, in defiance of her, according to them, after him, towards her, like them, according to them, and also thanks to him.
Do not require bets after themselves N also prepositional combinations consisting of a simple preposition and a noun, for example: in relation to him, with the help of her, unlike them, in contrast to him, about her, except for them, from him, because of her, like him, about them.
Initial is not added N to pronouns, if the pronoun comes after the comparative degree of an adjective or adverb: older than it, higher than it, better than them.
If the personal pronoun is preceded by the attributive pronoun all, then both forms are acceptable: for all of them - for all of them, for all of them - for all of them, after all of them - for all of them, above all of them - above all of them.
The personal pronoun you is used to express politeness. In official papers you should write with a capital letter. Sometimes this pronoun is used incorrectly when addressing one person. For example: You are so demanding... (meaning a woman or a man). Must speak: You are so demanding , You are so demanding.
When using pronouns you should avoid errors of this type: Are you a family man? The plural of the adjective here is a vulgarism. The same vulgarism is the use of a verb in the singular, for example: you said..., you bought... (5, 360). The verb must agree with the pronoun in number.
Speaking about the pronoun you, I would like to quote a poem by A.S. Pushkin:
Empty you are heartfelt you
She, having mentioned, replaced,
And all the happy dreams
It aroused the soul of the lover.
I stand before her thoughtfully,
There is no strength to take your eyes off her,
I tell her: How sweet you are!
And I think: How I love you!
From the poem it is clear how the use of the pronoun you removes the deliberately emphasized touch of formality.
Use of reflexive and possessive pronouns
The reflexive pronoun self can refer to any of the three grammatical persons. If there are several nouns or pronouns in a sentence, to which the pronoun oneself may refer, then ambiguity often arises, for example: The commandant ordered the janitor to take the tenant’s things to himself. It is not clear who to refer to - the commandant or the janitor. In this case, according to D.E. Rosenthal, the pronoun must be attributed to the word that names the producer of the action, that is, to the janitor (attributed) (4, 215).
If the meaning of such a sentence is not clear, then you should get rid of the ambiguity, for example: The commandant ordered the janitor to take the tenant’s things to himself.
The suffix -sya in reflexive verbs historically goes back to the pronoun itself, which is close in meaning to these common casual speech verbs (5, 361). For example: don’t upset yourself - don’t get angry, refresh yourself - refresh yourself. I'm sorry - extremely common carelessness of speech. After all I'm sorry Can mean I excuse myself , that is, for example, I think it's normal that I pushed you . We must resolutely get rid of the word I'm sorry , replace with words sorry, sorry, guilty.
A situation of ambiguity, when the meaning of a sentence is not entirely clear, can arise when using the pronoun "your". It can also refer to all three persons, for example: The older brother asked the younger brother to give him his instrument. It is not clear whose instrument is the older or younger brother. Here the pronoun should be attributed to the younger brother, as the producer of the action, expressed by the verb to submit, with which the combination of his instrument is associated.
It is possible to use synonymously the possessive pronouns mine - mine, for example: I indulge in my dreams (A. Pushkin). I will not tolerate thieves in my house (A. Chekhov) (4, 216).
The use of the pronouns my, yours, ours, yours instead of the pronoun yours emphasizes the connection with the corresponding person when contrasted: Touch my head with your hand (K. Zhukovsky).
You often hear how, instead of the possessive pronouns his, her, them, the words evony, eynaya, theirs, which do not exist in the Russian language, are used, for example: evony chief, ey signature, their documents. It should be remembered that there are no such words in the Russian literary language.
The pronouns everyone, everyone, any have semantic similarities, but they differ from each other in shades of meaning. In Rosenthal D.E. we find that the pronoun everyone has the first meaning different, most, diverse, all kinds . For example: all kinds of opportunities. Second meaning: any, whatever . For example: Absence of any system.
The pronoun everyone contains a connotation of generalization, indicates objects without limiting them to a certain circle. So: Every plant needs moisture.
The pronoun each implies such a limitation. For example: Each of the recently planted plants still needs daily care (4, 216).
Everyone's pronoun matters any of his own kind , taken separately , one of all in this quantitative series . For example: A grade book is issued to each student; at every step; every two hours.
The pronoun any usually refers to adjectives, has a meaning any of your choice . For example: Give any document; Any means will do here. Stylistically, the word any is marked as colloquial.
In modern language, when using the pronouns he and most, there is no distinction. In the past, the word sam referred to animate objects, and most to inanimate ones.
Nowadays in journalistic style the pronoun he, rather than the most, is more often used. For example: the convening of the conference itself is important; The voting itself took place in an atmosphere of intense struggle.
It is permissible to use the book version of the word samoe, but in modern language it is preferable to use the word samu. For example: I met the teacher herself.
If there is a reflexive pronoun in a sentence, then the pronoun itself can agree in case either with it or with the subject, for example: I am surprised at myself - I am surprised at myself; she contradicts herself - she contradicts herself.
As noted by L.A. Shevchenko, N.M. Pipchenko, the use of the pronoun himself in the meaning of the numeral one in the literary language is not allowed (7, 121). Such expressions as I selected the literature myself (that is, alone), I sat at home myself are incorrect.
Use of indefinite pronouns
The pronouns something, something, anything, anything, something, someone, some-who, anyone, someone are close in meaning, but differ in semantic and stylistic shades. The pronoun something (someone) indicates the unknown for both the speaker and the listener. For example: Someone is calling on the phone. Something is not noted in this document.
The pronoun something (someone) indicates something unknown to the listener, but to some extent known to the speaker. For example: I will say something on this issue. The difference between the pronouns something and something (someone and anyone) is that the particle - that gives meaning unknown what or who , and the particle gives meaning no matter what or who . For example: He knows something important. Tell us something about yourself. Indefinite pronouns with the particle -something can be used with a predicate verb in the form of the future tense, imperative or subjunctive mood, as well as in interrogative sentences.
For example: We will definitely see something interesting.
If anyone is looking for me, let me know. Do you expect anything from me? Pronouns with the particle - have a more general meaning compared to pronouns with the particle -something. For example: Ask someone (one of the unknowns) - ask someone (any of the unknowns).
Here are a few insidious examples:
Wrong | Correct |
|Returning from the expedition, |Captain, returning from |
| the captain brought a bear with him. | expedition, brought with him |
|He told us a lot |bear and told us a lot |
|interesting about yours |interesting about yours |
|adventures. |adventures. |
|Waves struck furiously against |Waves struck furiously against |
| coastal stones. With every hour | coastal stones and with every |
| they became higher and higher | hour by hour they became higher and |
|Fearing the rain, the workers hid |Fearing the rain, the workers hid |
| arrived goods under a canopy and | arrived goods under a canopy and |
|kept him there until |kept him there until|
|it didn’t stop. (Absurdity) |the rain didn’t stop. |
|Wrong |Correct |
| The doctor suggested to the patient that | | The doctor suggested to the patient that |
| day to weigh yourself. He weighed himself every day. |
|The professor asked the student |The professor asked the student, |
From the above examples it follows that the incorrect use of pronouns leads to ambiguity or absurdity in the text. Such mistakes should be avoided.
Spelling pronouns
Having examined in this work cases of correct and erroneous use of pronouns in speech, we will dwell on their spelling. Summarizing the material given in various manuals and textbooks on the Russian language, among the basic rules we highlight the following:
When declension of the pronouns whose, whose the soft sign is written:
Name whose portrait, whose book
R.p. whose portrait, whose book
D.p. whose portrait, whose book, etc.
Pronouns with the prefix some- and particles -, - either, - are written with a hyphen.
In negative pronouns, the particle not is written under stress, and without stress - nor. For example: no one to ask, no one to ask.
In negative pronouns, neither and nor are prefixes and are written together. When there is a preposition, not and neither are particles and are written separately. For example: There is no one to ask; can't be compared to anything.
The combinations no one else (other) and nothing else (other) are used in sentences where there is negation. For example: no one else could have done it better.
Conclusion
So, based on the literature studied, this work analyzes the problem of using morphological norms and cases of their violation associated with the use of pronouns in speech. For this purpose, the essence of the concept of morphology was revealed, it was determined how morphology and grammar relate, what are the tasks of morphology as a branch of linguistics, and what is the subject of its study. The work provides historical information about the first scientific developments of the theory of parts of speech and gives their modern classification. The concept of a morphological norm is given, cases of its violation when using pronouns according to their categories in speech are systematized.
Based on the material presented above, we come to the conclusion that the requirement for accuracy and clarity of presentation imposed on the text of any style of speech is possible only if certain norms of word usage and grammar rules are observed. Morphological norms for the use of pronouns in speech and their observance make it possible to avoid ambiguities, absurdities and other speech errors, enable us to express ourselves accurately and clearly express our thoughts. And the ability to speak Russian correctly is necessary for everyone, and especially for us - the future business people, specialists in the field of economics.
Literature
1. Alexandrov D.N. Rhetoric. - M.: UNITY-DANA, 2000.
Dudnikov A.V. Russian language. - M.: Education, 1974.
Dictionary of foreign words. - M.: Education, 1982.
Rosenthal D.E. Please write correctly! A manual on the Russian language. - M.: Astra, 1996.
Finkel A.M., Bazhenov N.M. Course of modern Russian literary language. - Kyiv: Radyanskaya school, 1965.
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UsePronounsth You and You in Russian speech
Pronoun is a part of speech that indicates objects, signs and quantities without naming them. For example:I feel the rationality of existence. Every day brings something new.
The name of the interlocutor with the pronoun (you) appeared not so long ago, in the 18th century. Some find its origin in the period of decline of the Roman Empire, when there were two emperors (one in Rome, the second in Constantinople) and they should have been addressed in the plural . others read what< You> arose as a respectful analogy to we(meaning I) with which emperors crowned themselves: weNikolai 2.
The first sign opposingYouAndYouthis is the degree of familiarity with the addressee. Youusually spoken to strangers and unfamiliar people,not yours, Youwell known and close,his. in the story L. N. Tolstoychildhoodwe read: all the children in the Irtenevs' house were onYou. And in communication with Ilinka Grap, the son of a poor foreigner, Nikolenka was onYou, since he wasn’t quite like himself
It's interesting to note that when friends quarrel, they can also turn toYou, thereby emphasizing his alienation.
You You can also speak in relation to a stranger, for example, in the speech of village representatives, in common parlance, often in male communication. and in such a situation mpronounhas two different shades.
OppositionYouAndYouin meaningyours and not yourswas also reflected in the above lines from the poem by F.S. Pushkin: emptyYou, i.e.not yours, stranger, to a loved one.
FormYou was known, especially in the 19th century, in relation to close but older people: mother, father, relatives. the wives of merchants in the 19th century often turned to their husbands for Youhearing backYou.
PronounsYouAndYou serve to indicate an interlocutor or interlocutors and are widely used in dialogical speech. Their use in written and monologue speech.
becomes one of the stylistic means that give a written message an addressable character:“Do you want to have a car?”, “You asked to find out” (newspaper column). Pronoun You in Russian can be used as a synonym for the pronoun You . In this case, the choice of pronoun is stylistically significant and depends on the relationship between the speakers: You - in casual, close relationships, You - with official
The most common distinction is formal
address and informal. Officially, formal address in modern Russian is made using the second person plural pronoun “you” addressed to one respondent. In written speech, the pronoun “you,” addressed to a specific interlocutor, is in certain cases written with a capital letter. Addressing using the pronoun “you” is considered informal. For brevity, formal address is often called “address to you”, informal - accordingly, “address to you”, although this is not entirely correct and does not correspond to reality everywhere.
It is believed that the address “to you” first began to be used in relation to the Roman emperors, due to the combination of several different titles . Sometimes plural counts a very ancient metaphor for power and authority.
INRussian languagethe address “to you” gradually came into use with18th century due to strong influence French and culture, especially in the circles of the aristocracy. There are theories that the original “you” was an address to the enemy. Before this, traditional Russian speech etiquette was used with its own system of familiar and formal addresses. Thus, the pronoun “you” could even be addressed to the king: « you, Father Tsar... " IN"Petitions"(Petition of workers and residents of St. Petersburg for submission to Nicholas II) “you” is also used, addressed to the TsarNicholas II.
In the English language, starting from the 15th century, the address “to you” was almost universally accepted. As a result of this, the normative forms of second-person pronouns ceased to differ, thus the address “to you” disappeared from English as an independent form. The exception is archaic or poetic speech: religious texts, prayers (when addressing to God), poems where the pronoun “you” is used, however, which is respectful.
Distance in verbal communication is determined by age and social status. It is expressed in speech by using the pronouns you and you. Speech etiquette defines the rules for choosing one of these forms. In general, the choice is dictated by a complex combination of external circumstances of communication and individual reactions of the interlocutors: degree of acquaintance of partners (you - to an acquaintance, you - to a stranger);the formality of the communication environment (you are informal, you are official); the nature of the relationship (you are friendly, “warm”, you are emphatically polite or tense, aloof, “cold”); equality or inequality of role relationships (by age, position: you are equal and inferior, you are equal and superior). The choice of one of the forms of address depends not only on the formal position and age, but also on the nature of the relationship of the interlocutors, their disposition towards a certain degree of formality of the conversation, linguistic taste and habits. Thus, the you is related, friendly, informal, intimate, trusting, familiar; You are polite, respectful, formal, aloof. Depending on the form of address to you or you, there are grammatical forms of verbs, as well as speech formulas for greetings, farewells, congratulations, and expressions of gratitude.
Conclusion :
So, the presence in the Russian language of forms of address inYouand onYou gives it to us effective remedy be polite. personal pronouns are directly related to speech etiquette. They are associated with self-names and names of the interlocutor, with the feeling that decentlyAndindecentin such a name. For example, when a person corrects his interlocutor: tell meYou, please don't poke, he expresses dissatisfaction with the disrespectful pronoun directed towards him. MeansYounot always empty, butYounot always cordial? usuallyYou used when addressing a loved one, in an informal setting and when the address is rude and familiar ; You- in polite address, in an official setting, in addressing a stranger, unfamiliar.
