Learning to write an essay: The problem of the text (How to formulate the problem). Correct formulation of the problem

Managers solve problems, these are production problems. People solve personal problems. It’s just what it is that they decide. What is the problem? If this or that person does not know what he is deciding, then how effective will the decision be? The correct formulation of the problem is half of its solution. We don't know whose idea this is, but it is very common in the psychology literature.

In this article we will talk about what we consider the problem and its correct formulation. And you, dear reader, decide whether the approach we propose is really effective. In this article we will offer step by step process defining and formulating the problem. To do this, we will use Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP) and at the end of the article we will offer the option of reframing (changing perception) or what we call a “resource turn” in formulating the problem 18.

Problems and circumstances

When we ask students at executive seminars what a problem is, the vast majority answer that a problem is some circumstance that interferes with the achievement of goals. When asked where the problem is - inside or outside a person, 90% answer that it is outside. This shows that most people confuse problems with circumstances, considering obstacles (or self-assessed negative circumstances) to be the problem. But if we are talking about solving problems, then it is impossible to solve circumstances; they either exist or they don’t. If you use NLP logic, then circumstances cannot be negative or positive. They just are. In this context, I recall the words from the song that Alisa Freindlich sings in “Office Romance” “...nature has no bad weather...”. Bad weather is made by human consciousness.

We can say that the problem is inside this or that person who senses or formulates the problem. For if this person did not exist, then only circumstances would remain. All in all: " No man, no problem" Moreover, the same circumstances for different people can be either a source of problems or a source of satisfaction. For example:

What is good for a Russian is death for a German.

What is the problem

Apparently, the problem should be understood as the discrepancy between “I want” and “I am”, between the circumstances in which a person is now and those in which he wants to be in the future, between what is desired and what is actual.

There are three stages in solving a problem understood in this way:

“There are” - those circumstances in which a person is now and which do not satisfy him;
Awareness of your needs. “I want” is a requirement that cannot be fulfilled at this stage.
Actions to bring “I want” and “I have” closer together. The decision to take action to achieve rapprochement is the first step in actually solving the problem. The actions themselves are the second step.

It is worth speculating about what it is, the circumstances that a person wants. We make the assumption that we're talking about about the resources that a person wants to obtain for personal or industrial use. That is, the “I want” state is about those resources that a person wants, and this desire is so intense that these resources become a motive for action. And at the first step of the third stage, a decision is made on these actions.

So what is the problem at the moment it is formulated? First of all, the problem is a thought, this is the idea of the need to obtain some resources through some actions. Further, a problem is not just a thought, it is a formulation of how to obtain the desired resources efficiently, i.e. with at the lowest cost. The problem is question about the most effective method obtaining resources in the current circumstances.

Let's list the main resources that may be desirable. For themselves or for personal use, a person is interested in the following resources: physical resources of the body and health, emotional, intellectual and creative resources, time resource.

A person playing the role of an employee or manager of an organization is interested in the resources that the organization needs for its activities. These are material, financial, human, intangible, creative resources, time. It should be borne in mind that when solving any organizational problem, a person always solves some related personal problem. Otherwise, there would be no point in him deciding 19. This is what approaches to staff motivation are based on.)

How to correctly formulate the problem

In order to choose an effective method for obtaining resources, it is worth understanding which resource is actually needed. That is, to understand what is really needed. Let's look at this with examples.

This is a production example. The only machine in the workshop that produces an indispensable component for the plant's products has broken down. Is this a problem or not? At the level of everyday thinking, a broken machine is a problem. But, in fact, this is just a circumstance. Let's decide what resource the plant actually needs in this situation: a repaired machine, its products or components in principle, without a clear definition of where they were produced, including on this machine. Most likely, the latter.

Another example. You are rushing to the airport along a narrow mountain road. There is a large boulder on the road. The driver cannot go around it. The boulder is not a problem, the boulder is a circumstance. What resource do you need in the current circumstances: the ability to drive around the rock, the ability to be at the airport on time or get to your arrival point on time? And again, most likely, the latter.

It is worth paying attention to the fact that often one of the most important resources needed is time. In both of the above examples, time is present.

If the problem is a question about the most efficient method of obtaining a resource or resources, then in the first example the problem is formulated as follows: How to get the necessary components (within a certain time)? In the second example: How to be in a certain place on time?

So the problem is question about method obtaining the desired resources within the available time limit. Thus, the formulation of the problem contains four components: Phrases like: “how to get”, “how to appear”, “how to manage”, etc.; short description resource, a description of the time limit and a question mark. The words “get”, “find out”, “have time” and others are selected so that they do not describe a specific action. After all, the problem is a question of method. Most other verbs, for example “earn”, “get there”, already describe most of the method, which limits us in the method even at the stage of formulating the problem.

Let's try.

State your own problem. To do this, write down the problem as you think it is formulated. Then think about what resource or resources you actually need. Decide how much time you have for this. If necessary, rewrite the wording as follows: How to get ___(Description of resources)__in (indicate the time you allocate to solve the problem)_? Replace in your wording all words containing “without-”, “not-” or “nor-”, as well as all words that have at least some negative connotation with positive synonyms. The fact is that this problem is about searching and obtaining resources, and “non-”, etc. deny something, rather than give it. Words that are negative in nature also make the formulation negative, and the search for resources is a positive activity.

If you formulated everything correctly, then you now have a certain formulation that can be solved, or a question to which you can look for an answer.

Resource pivot

The idea of a resource turn is based on the fact that circumstances themselves cannot be negative. They just are. It is possible that if we learn to use the existing circumstances, or at least think about the fact that they can be used, then the effectiveness of solving the problem may increase.

We see three ways of resource deployment.

I. In order to perform a resource pivot, the first way is to take the formulation of the problem that you have already compiled and include obstacles in it using words and phrases:

while;
contrary to;
despite;
even if, etc.

If we take the above examples, we get:

1. How to get the necessary components within 24 hours, despite a broken machine?

2. How to be in a certain place on time, even if there is a boulder on the road?

Now let's try to make a resource turn. To do this, instead of words:

while;
contrary to;
despite;
even if, etc.

insert the word "using". In this case, you will have formulations that offer you a view of obstacles as possible resources. In our examples we will get:

1. How to get the necessary components within 24 hours, using broken machine?

2. How to be in a certain place on time, using boulder on the road?

It’s not a fact that a new solution will come to your mind right away or that it will come at all. But the lack of a solution most likely means that you lack knowledge and/or experience in using certain circumstances. In our examples, the solutions could be like this.

1. Offer to an enterprise that has a similar unique machine, your broken one, in exchange for a constant supply of components at a discount.

2. Considering that there are also cars piled up on the other side of the boulder, you can convince passengers that help will come not soon, and offer to swap cars. In this case, you can choose a car that, say, is more powerful and will take you faster.

The above are just illustrations, and for many circumstances such solutions are not acceptable. But the above approach allows us to look at problems from a different point of view.

II. The second option for a resource turn is to immediately think of circumstances as a resource. That is, when considering the circumstances of the problem, immediately ask yourself the question of how you can benefit from these circumstances. Let's give an example. At the level of everyday thinking, the average person looks at a street thermometer in winter and says: “Minus 30, bad, cold.” In the summer, the same average person looks at the same thermometer and says: “Plus 30, hot, cold.” A person with a resource mindset looks at the thermometer in winter and says to himself: “It’s frosty, what benefits can I get?”, “How can I make money from this?” In the summer he says: “It’s hot, how can I benefit?”, “How can I make money from this?”

III. The third option is to immediately use the word “task” instead of the word “problem”, and use the word “opportunity” to describe obstacles. This approach immediately allows you to think about the problem resourcefully.

Well, one last thing. Having formulated the problem, so as not to overload yourself with unnecessary work, ask yourself the following questions:

Is it necessary to solve this problem at all?

Should you be the one to solve this problem?
Should you make a decision immediately?

Thus, in our opinion, problem- this is a question about an effective method of obtaining the desired resources. And it is up to the reader to judge how effective this approach to formulating the problem is and how far the problems formulated using the methods we propose facilitate the search for a solution.

However, in the article we talked about the situation of searching for the desired resource. There is another type of problem. These are the problems about effective use available resources. These are development problems, and the question of how to formulate them may be the subject of another article.

For questions: klubok@site

The question of whether a problem exists is of paramount importance, since putting enormous effort into solving non-existent problems is not an exception, but a very common case. Contrived problems mask the urgency of the problem. At the same time, a successful formulation of a problem can be equivalent to half of its solution.

The problem is the basis of all work. Therefore, it is necessary to clearly, clearly, correctly formulate the problem. It can be realized in the form problematic situation, an unresolved issue, a theoretical or practical problem, etc.

A problem is a kind of boundary between knowledge and ignorance. It arises when previous knowledge becomes insufficient, and new knowledge has not yet taken a developed form.

If the problem is identified and formulated in the form of an idea, a concept, then this means that you can begin to formulate a problem to solve it.

Problem Statement scientific research- this is, in essence, the crystallization of a plan scientific work. Therefore, the correct formulation of the problem is the key to success. In order to correctly detect the problem, it is necessary to understand what has already been developed in the chosen topic, what has been poorly developed, and what has not been touched upon at all, and this is only possible on the basis of studying the available literature.

Any scientific research is carried out in order to overcome certain difficulties in the process of understanding new phenomena, to explain previously unknown facts or to reveal the incompleteness of old ways of explaining known facts. These difficulties manifest themselves most clearly in so-called problem situations, when the existing scientific knowledge turns out to be insufficient for solving new problems of cognition. The problem always arises when the old knowledge has already revealed its inconsistency, and the new knowledge has not yet taken a developed form. Thus, a problem in science is a contradictory situation that requires its solution. This situation most often arises as a result of the discovery of new facts that clearly do not fit into the framework of previous theoretical concepts, i.e. when none of the theories can explain newly discovered facts. The correct formulation and clear formulation of new problems is often no less important than solving them themselves. Essentially, it is the choice of problems, if not entirely, then to a very large extent that determines the strategy of research in general and the direction of scientific research in particular. It is no coincidence that it is generally accepted that to formulate a scientific problem means to demonstrate the ability to separate the main from the secondary, to find out what is already known and what is not yet known to science about the subject of research.

Unlike everyday ones, a scientific problem is formed in terms of a certain scientific field. It must be operationalized. “Why does the sun shine?” is a question, but not a problem, since the area of remedies and method of solution are not indicated here. “Are differences in aggressiveness, a personality trait of people, a genetically determined trait or dependent on the influences of family upbringing?” is a problem that is formulated in terms of developmental psychology and can be solved by certain methods.

The problem, according to Yu.K. Babansky, there is a problem characteristic, i.e. contradictory situation - the discrepancy between the theory about the subject of social practice and this practice - which the researcher discovers in the material he has studied. The vision of a particular problem by a certain scientist is due, firstly, to the limitations of personal experience - the fact that in the immediate personal experience a scientist always deals only with one or another part of objective reality and, secondly, with those ideas about this reality that have developed as a result of all his scientific training. It is clear that every researcher sees different problems and may have different opinions about which one is actual problem. Those. The purpose of scientific research is also defined differently, which, according to Yu.K. Babansky, there is a result of solving a problem in an ideal form. The goal may generally be an external necessity for the researcher. For example, there is a social or state order that some part of objective reality is in an unsatisfactory state, therefore, it is necessary to understand the reasons for this, identify patterns between the external connections of the system (part of objective reality) and its internal connections and determine measures to bring the system to the desired state , satisfactory condition for the ordering. There is a multiplicity of problems and goals

In science, problem formulation is the discovery of a “deficit,” a lack of information to describe or explain reality. Ability to detect " White spot“in knowledge about the world is one of the main manifestations of the researcher’s talent. So, we can distinguish the following stages of generating a problem (Fig. 5).

Rice. 5 - Stages of generating a problem

Let's consider the validity of the 5 stages shown in Figure.

The first stage is associated with a lack of information to describe or explain reality. The second stage is necessary, since the transition to the level of everyday language makes it possible to switch from one scientific field (with its own specific terminology) to another. The third stage depends on the amount of objective knowledge accumulated by a particular science.

A good problem statement describes in precise, concrete terms what the data reveals.

Criteria for posing a scientific problem can be presented the following points(Fig. 6).

Rice. 6 - Criteria for posing a scientific problem

What are the ways to correctly pose problems? A lot of them. This includes the legalization of the mandatory allocation of pre-planned study of each topic, and the annual scientific certification of all completed research projects with the involvement of the Russian Academy of Sciences and its institutes, and a competitive form of distribution of topics, funding not for teams, but for truly problematic work.

First they get an answer to the question: does a problem exist?

Then the development of the problem (in the past and future), its external connections with other problems are considered, and the question of the fundamental solvability of the problem is raised.

When do scientific problems arise?

A scientific problem arises in a problematic situation when a contradiction arises and is realized between knowledge about the needs of people in the course of their activities and ignorance of the means, ways, methods of satisfying (realizing) these needs, which ultimately rests on ignorance of certain laws of the objective world.

A problematic situation also arises as a contradiction between existing theories and new facts that require a different theoretical interpretation, or as a clarification of the internal logical inconsistency of existing theories, etc. A contradiction is an indicator that the knowledge recorded in generally accepted provisions is too general, non-specific, and one-sided.

Practice is the basis for the emergence of a problem situation. In the process of practical interaction between a person and the objects of his activity, a contradiction is created and constantly recreated between the qualitatively rapidly changing and quantitatively rapidly growing needs of society and the means (opportunities) that society has to satisfy them. The need to uncover the laws of new, unknown areas of activity is the basis of the problem.

Any scientific research in its essence is always problematic, representing a chain of successive problems that are constantly solved and arise again in different conditions, at qualitatively new stages of the development of knowledge.

What problem should you choose to solve?

Science is guided by two inextricably linked principles for selecting problems for solution (Fig. 7.).

Rice. 7 - Principles for selecting scientific problems to solve

In addition, it is important to know the mechanism by which problems and tasks arise in science and correctly determine the actions that lead to the formulation of problems and tasks.

For a problem to fulfill its purpose, it must be correctly stated. To do this, a specialist needs to be at the most advanced frontiers of science and have a clear understanding of what exactly is already known to humanity, and what is truly unknown, what remains to be researched. To correctly pose a scientific problem, you need a broad outlook. It is not without reason that scientists argue that a correctly posed problem is already a half-solved problem.

A competent formulation of the problem involves performing the following groups of actions (Fig. 8.).

Rice. 8 - Basic groups of actions when correctly posing a problem

Let's look at the ones shown in Fig. the main groups of actions for a competent formulation of the problem in more detail.

1. Formulation of the problem, consisting of questioning (putting forward the central question of the problem), contradictation (fixation of the contradiction that formed the basis of the problem), finitization (presumptive description of the expected result);

2. Construction of the problem, represented by the operations of stratification (“splitting” the problem into sub-questions, without answers to which it is impossible to obtain an answer to the main problem question), composition (grouping and determining the sequence of solutions to sub-questions that make up the problem), localization (limiting the field of study in in accordance with the needs of the research and the capabilities of the researcher, limiting the known from the unknown in the area chosen for study), variation (developing an attitude towards the possibility of replacing any question of the problem with any other and searching for alternatives for all elements of the problem);

3. Assessment of the problem, characterized by such specialist actions as condensation (identification of all conditions necessary to solve the problem, including methods, means, techniques, etc.), inventory (checking available capabilities and prerequisites), cognification (determining the degree of problem, i.e., the relationship between the known and the unknown in the information that needs to be used to solve the problem), assimilation (finding among already solved problems similar to the one being solved), qualification (attributing the problem to a certain type);

4. Justification, which is a consistent implementation of the procedures of exposure (establishing value, content and genetic connections of a given problem with other problems), actualization (arguing in favor of the reality of the problem, its formulation and solution), compromise (putting forward large number objections to the problem), demonstration (objective synthesis of the results obtained at the stage of updating and compromising);

5. Designation, consisting of explication (clarification) of concepts, recoding (translation of the problem into another scientific or everyday language), intimateization of concepts (verbal nuance - subtle transition - expression of the problem and selection of concepts that most accurately capture the meaning of the problem).

Depending on the nature of the study and the experience of the researcher, the sequence of procedures and operations may be changed. Some of them can be carried out in parallel with others (for example, stratification (separation) with variation (replacing one question with another)), some - as all procedures and operations of the problem unfold (for example, explication (clarification) of concepts or assimilation). All procedures can be represented in the form of a network, which, when superimposed on an unknown (or partially unknown) area, allows us to organize our ideas about this area, its boundaries, methods and means of comprehending it, etc.

Studying the problem based on the material of different sciences shows that three levels of formulation of a scientific problem can be distinguished:

A frequently encountered situation is that once the central issue has been identified, little concern is given to further development of the problem. This is, so to speak, the lowest intuitive form of problem posing.

Statement of the problem in accordance with the described rules, but without full awareness of their meaning and the need to comply. It should be emphasized that all operations are not always fully implemented by one specialist. But each of them is represented in one way or another in some of the real problems of science. This was the basis for drawing up a procedural search.

Conscious use of all procedures and operations included in it.

What is the benefit of performing the above actions?

Firstly, following the rules, scientists are forced to think about the problem from angles that are most often not discussed in an intuitive formulation. As a result, the understanding of the problem is enriched, new approaches to it are identified, and new points of view arise on the means and conditions for solving it.

Secondly, in a number of cases, research is abandoned if it is discovered that the problem posed by the researcher is not one in reality, or if the gap between the ability to solve the problem and the goals set in it is too large.

Thirdly, by complying with the requirements of the problem statement, high-quality planning of scientific research is ensured. After all, following the rules means that all pre-planned preparatory work done. With such a plan, effective organization of the work of researchers is ensured.

Fourthly, if actions are implemented psychological readiness specialist to cognitive activity turns out to be much higher both due to clear focus and due to the confidence that arises on the basis of a clear understanding of the essence of the problem, the opportunities that it contains, and the difficulties that must be overcome. As you know, confidence is largely a consequence of knowledge. Knowledge of the problem is no exception in this regard. In general, the “quality” of the problem is significantly improved and the transition from idea to solution is significantly accelerated.

An important issue for the organization of science is the question of so-called imaginary problems. The latter are understood as problem-like structures that are not problems, but are either mistakenly taken for them or passed off as such.

Depending on the nature of their occurrence, all imaginary problems can be divided into two classes:

Extrascientific imaginary problems, the causes of which are outside science. Their origin is based on ideological, methodological, ideological and other misconceptions.

Intrascientific problems, the causes of which are rooted in knowledge itself, in its achievements and difficulties.

Significant with practical point vision is the task of developing criteria for distinguishing between real and imaginary problems, as well as methods for their recognition. The dialectical approach allows us to formulate a number of criteria (existence, adequacy, necessity, prerequisites, continuity, solvability, verifiability, truth, etc.), which make it possible to separate truly scientific problems from imaginary ones with a sufficient degree of reliability. The lack of systems thinking also leads to the emergence of false problems.

In our time, the study of general conditions, which ensure a reduction in the number of errors of specialists when working with problematic knowledge. Problem analysis allows you to correctly and clearly formulate the problem for which the system is being created. In a number of cases they come to a negative conclusion, i.e. that the problem does not exist and the system is not needed, which also turns out to be quite useful. In other cases, such research leads to the conclusion that the problem was initially formulated incorrectly, that it lies elsewhere, and therefore the functions and structure of the conceived system should be different.

Concomitant use system analysis and intuitive assessments of the relative importance of problems and assessments of their effectiveness already gives very tangible practical results, in any case better than traditional methods cost-effectiveness calculations or cumbersome operations research methods.

A characteristic feature of modern high school is the study of problems, but it is very important to pay attention to two contradictions that are not recognized by classical science, which studies only consistent thinking. In subject knowledge it is impossible to accept optimal solution- the most main feature person. There are many reasons. One of them is the lack of sufficient information. A specialist needs to draw about 40% of information from related, and sometimes even distant, areas of knowledge. In the age of scientific specialization, many even major scientists in their field do not have a general scientific picture of the world, which negatively affects their work. Specialist in creating a new scientific theory becomes, in essence, a philosopher, for he is forced to analyze the nature of his activity, the limits of applicability of the used scientific concepts, offers new ways for a person to understand interaction with the outside world.

For those who feel really bad - 2

L. S. Sokolova, S. P. Belokurova teachers of Russian language and literature, St. Petersburg

1. How to formulate the problem?

Read the text carefully and think about what idea (thought, concept) did the author spend his efforts on? What did he want to say? Found it? Try to ask a question about this thesis - it will be the problem of the text, formulated in interrogative form. You can formulate the problem using a construction with the genitive case: the problem of what? – influence..., responsibility..., role... etc.

The problem must be taken larger than just special case, described by the author (the problem of mercy, moral choice (between what and what), social justice, cruelty (to what or who?), loneliness, purpose and meaning (of life, writing, etc.), complexity of life, role (of books , music, nature, etc.) in human life, etc. As a rule, the described case for the author is a reason for reflection or an illustration for thinking about the problem. But at the same time, the problem cannot be formulated very generally: a human problem. , the problem of good and evil. The problem should be formulated quite narrowly, but not reduced to specific example given in the source text.

The word “problem” (or “question”) must appear in the text. Moreover, the problem should not be confused with the author’s position. The position is designated as a thesis (complete sentence), and the problem is formulated either as a question or by combining the word “problem” with a noun in the genitive case.

2. How to comment on the text?

A commentary is not a paraphrase, not a continuous quotation. To comment on a text, you must understand what the author is doing to make the reader think about a particular issue.

It is important to state and comment on the same problem, and not different ones - the author in the text may raise several problems, but it is important for you to talk about only one.

Reflect on some questions related to the text you read: It is important to analyze the text from the point of view of the problem you have identified and those aspects of it that will allow you to formulate the author’s position. What is important here is the word, the image, the detail, the vital material on which the reasoning is based, and the reliance on authoritative opinion (quotes). Possible the following options works:

1) If the text is literary and has a plot, be sure to convey the essence of the plot in 1-2 sentences. Next, you can answer the following questions:

On whose behalf is the narration being told (there is no need to equate the hero-narrator with the author of the source text)? Why does the author use this particular material to illustrate his point? Is the situation depicted by the author typical? What facts and details are important from the point of view of the identified problem does the author pay attention to? Why? What impression does this make on the reader? What did you notice as a reader about the story? In what mood does the author write? (sad irony, sarcasm, sadness, sadness, joy, etc.) It is necessary to indicate how this is manifested (it is advisable to be based on the choice of specific words and details by the writer (or publicist). Why does the hero (narrator) act this way? How does this action help understand the author's position?

2) If the text is journalistic or scientific, then you can answer the following questions:

important details

Please note that you need to comment on the problem reflected in the text, and not just the text and its topics, and not just the problem in isolation from the text.

Instructions

Read the text carefully. Think about what the author is talking about, what worries him. Remember that at the heart of the problem there is always a contradiction, a conflict. In fact, a problem is a subject of discussion, a certain difficulty, a subject of dispute, controversy. The problem is often hidden behind the actions and speech of the heroes, biographical facts, historical facts, which are, as it were, an illustration of the problem.

There are several types of problems. Determine what type your text is. Philosophical: the development of society, the place of man in the world of people, the search for the meaning of life.
Social: structure and life of society, creation, observance of human rights.
Political: the activities of government, the laws of civil society, the horrors of terrorism, nationalism and chauvinism, the causes of international conflicts and wars.
Moral: spiritual, relationships between people (selfishness and humanism, kindness and cruelty, honor and dishonor, friendship and betrayal, intelligence and rudeness,).
Ecological: the relationship between man and nature, consumer attitude towards, ecology of culture, ecology of language.
Aesthetic: perception of art, education of artistic taste, the role of a person’s book, the influence of the Internet and television on adolescents.

Choose a way to formulate the problem. Firstly, you can formulate it in your own words: “The author makes you think about the current problem of choice life path". For this purpose, you can use the following sentences: "What influences the formation of a person's personality? What is the problem that the author is thinking about?” Secondly, you can use quotation: “What should television be in our lives?” - L. Zhukhovitsky is trying to find an answer to this question. Thirdly, you can indicate the numbers of sentences from text, if the problem has already been formulated by the author.

Pick up standard designs. - In the text proposed for analysis, the focus of (who?) is (what?) problem (what?).
- In the text proposed for analysis (who?) concerns (what?) problem (what?).
- The text proposed for analysis (by whom?) is devoted to the problem (of what?).

Use clue words. The problem (what?) is complex, painful, relevant, topical, scientific, international, insoluble, painfully familiar. The problem (what?) of upbringing, education, nobility, preservation native language, revival of personality, tolerance. The author (what is he doing?) painfully reflects, touches, analyzes, expounds, puts forward, in detail. The author makes the reader (what to do?) think deeply, take seriously..., look at differently... ., evaluate your own position, understand with bitterness.

Now insert the clue words into the standard constructions.

note

Don't forget that you must have:

The word "problem" ("question", "task");
- what is the problem? what?;
- author's surname.

Helpful advice

Remember!

The problem of (what?) the meaning of life.

The question (about what?) about the meaning of life.

Perfectly prepared offer leads to the conclusion of a long-term contract. The presentation will show the main aspects of the proposed service and will reveal in detail the topics that you want to cover.

Instructions

The technique of drawing up a business proposal consists of two main parts. The first will include a description of business opportunities and your future plans for its development.

The other part will show the financial side at the moment. The presentation should not be too long. Reveal the essence in a form that a potential partner can understand correctly. Prepare diagrams and diagrams that tell you about the paths of development in the market.

Emphasis should be placed on the results of cooperation, since they will buy methods only if they are fully confident that they will be able to get the desired results. You can also cite a number of reasons and factors that distinguish the business you represent from other competitors in the market, highlighting your experience and achievements.

When formulating business proposals, it is important to be realistic and not exaggerate information. This will help avoid dissatisfied customers and loss of funds. Otherwise, in the future this may lead to refusal or, on the contrary, contribute to the persuasion of the party. And the result will be that yours is nothing more than just an unrealizable plan.

Make it clear that working together will bring significant benefits. Well worded offer can play decisive role for a project, while a poorly written business plan can lead to failure, even if your business is going great. It is this approach that is more effective with potential.

Video on the topic

The main function of language is communicative, but besides it there are many other tasks that this amazing phenomenon performs in human life. The role of language for people and society cannot be overestimated: some scientists consider it main reason the emergence of the mind.

What is language?

Language is a complex system, consisting of signs with which you can convey certain information. In a general sense, this concept includes both natural and languages, including programming languages, animal languages, sign languages and others.

But natural human language, which arose during the evolution of people several hundred thousand years ago, is one of the most complex, unusual and amazing phenomena. Its origin is still unknown; there are many hypotheses, but none of them have yet received official confirmation. One thing is certain - the role of language in human life and society is enormous; perhaps it is one of the tools that allowed man as a biological species to gain a dominant position among all animals and become intelligent.

Language functions

First and main function, language in human life is communicative. First of all, this phenomenon serves to transmit information from one person to another. Without this, any Team work, starting from building a house and ending with the creation of hadron colliders. The voluntary function is one of the manifestations of the communicative function, it means that with the help of language you can influence another person.

Closely related to this function is another – accumulative. This means that language allows information to be transmitted not only among individuals living in the same society at the same time, but also from generation to generation. As a result, knowledge accumulates and can be used by people at any time. Technological progress and the development of science would be impossible without language.

Linguists highlight the emotional-expressive function of language: it seems not as significant in a person’s life as others, but in fact it is of great importance. A person is a social being, for whom it is important not only to interact with other people, but also to have complex relationships with them: friendly, family, love and others. Gestures, behavior, facial expressions also perform this function, but only you can express your emotions as fully as possible.

The constructive function determines the impact of language on human thinking: these two concepts, as proven by scientists, are closely interrelated. It is language that helps in perception, allows you to operate with concepts, build thought chains, record and analyze your thoughts. With the help of language, thinking is structured, takes on clear forms, thoughts become understandable and logical.

Video on the topic

A book is one of the first teachers in a person’s life. Children who have not been shown the whole colorful world of made-up stories lose a lot in their development. There is a huge amount of varied children's literature, with colorful drawings and musical effects. The main thing is to choose a book according to age and instill a love of literature from a very early age.

People face problems in personal, professional and public life. Any of them can unsettle, but trying to formulate the essence often helps to find a solution. First, collect information about the problem. Next, try to express the essence of the problem in words. Finally, analyze the wording to find possible solutions.

Steps

Part 1

How to collect information about the problem

Ask yourself “Why?” to get to the point. The question “Why?” will help you better understand the essence of the problem. Keep asking this question until there is nothing more to add. This approach works in group discussions, but solo “ brainstorm” should also bring results.
- For example, if you are looking for new apartment, then you need to start with the question: “Why do I need a new apartment? The reason is that my neighbor is leaving, I can’t find a new neighbor and I can’t afford such an apartment on my own.”
- To find information about starving children, you can follow this line of thought: “Why do children go hungry? The reason is that parents run out of money by the end of the month. Why are they running out of money? Because they receive their small salary at the beginning of the month.”
Determine what you already know about the problem. Write down all available information. If you are working in a group, then everyone must complete this step. You can write your plan as a short list or in complete sentences.
- For example, if you need a new apartment, then write down specific details such as check-in time, maximum allowable monthly payment and suitable area.
- If you are trying to outline the problem of child hunger in your city, you can make a list of the approximate number of children, the areas where they live, and the schools these children go to.
Determine other required information. Make a list of known facts and think about what you don’t yet know. This important aspect, which will help to comprehensively formulate the essence of the problem and find a solution. If you are not working alone, then discuss the missing information with group members.
- For example, if you're looking for a new apartment, the missing information might be the rent price you can afford, local rental offers, cost utilities without a roommate.
- If you are trying to identify the problem of child hunger in your area, then it would help to find out how much food families are missing, what social programs are available, and what other food sources are available to children.
Do your research to fill in the gaps. Try to find the necessary information on the Internet. If your search is unsuccessful, you will need to make phone calls or conduct surveys and talk to experts on the subject.
- For example, if you want to find an apartment in a specific area and price range, you can study advertisements on the Internet or newspapers, or call a real estate company.
- For child hunger, you can talk to school staff or create a survey form for parents.
Part 2
How to Express a Problem in Words
1. Describe the problem in your own words. Try to describe the essence of the problem in your own words. It is important to go into detail and be as specific as possible.
  - For example, if you need to find a new apartment because your neighbor is moving out, then write: “I need to find a new apartment because I can’t afford to rent.” two-room apartment and I can’t find a new neighbor.”
  - Another example: “Some children in our area often go hungry towards the end of the month.”
2. Add new details to the original wording. Try to expand the description of the problem using the information you have collected. Use as much detail as possible in this description.
  - For example, if you are looking for a new apartment, then the following wording is possible: “I need to find a new apartment by the end of the month, since I can no longer afford my current housing. Need studio apartment or a studio in the same area costing no more than 30,000 rubles per month.”
  - The formulation of the problem of child hunger might look like this: “Some children in our area often go hungry towards the end of the month because their parents run out of money and they are not aware of social programs.”
3. Consider improving the wording. A group discussion of the problem statement allows you to understand what you missed. Have an open discussion. Strive to improve this formulation and present the problem more clearly.
  - Ask group members the following questions: “What is missing from the wording? What aspects can be improved?” Try to find the missing parts together.
4. Identify key concepts in the formulation. If you need to present your statement to a group of people, include definitions of key terms. This must be done even if the wording seems clear to you.
  - For example, it is necessary to clarify what is meant by “ social programs” outlining the problem of child hunger in your area.
Part 3
How to find a solution
1. Look for patterns in how other people describe the problem. Talk to people affected this problem. Read articles and opinions about the issue. All this will help you better understand the cause and find a possible solution.
  - For example, if the reason for looking for an apartment was the price of rent, then you may notice that this problem affects many people. Observation will help you understand that the root of the problem is the high cost of rent in the area.
  - If you are trying to determine the causes of childhood hunger, then read articles and opinions on the topic. It may turn out that the main problem is insufficient awareness of the population about social programs.
2. Check the possible causes of the problem. The causes of problems are not always on the surface. Take the time to search for answers. There may be several reasons. It is important to know this before you start looking for a solution.
  - For example, if the high cost of rent is due to the location of the area and fairly developed infrastructure, then such aspects may justify additional expenses. So, you can try to reduce the cost of entertainment and other aspects in order to be able to rent an apartment in such an area.
  - If you are trying to frame the problem of childhood hunger, then possible reason There may be high food prices and low wages.
3. Define possible consequences Problems. Failure to find a solution to a problem can lead to more problems in the future. Consider all the possible consequences of such a problem. Make a list of arguments for and against finding a solution to the problem to prevent negative consequences. Sometimes trying to solve a problem can lead to more dangerous consequences than observation.
  - For example, if you try to live in an apartment that is too expensive, then over time you risk finding yourself in an even more difficult financial situation.
  - If the problem of childhood hunger is not addressed, children may suffer from malnutrition and suffer psychological trauma, which will affect the rest of their lives.
4. Identify aspects that can be changed. Sometimes it is not possible to solve the entire problem if some of the nuances are beyond your control. What aspects of the problem can you really influence?
  - For example, if you don’t have enough money to rent an apartment, then you cannot control the price. At the same time, you have the power to spend your money wisely or find a part-time job.
  - If you are trying to solve the problem of child hunger in your community, you may not be able to influence families, but you will be able to communicate information about various social programs.