Social psychologists me: student - M.: TK Welby, Prospekt Publishing House, 2005. - 336 p.
ISBN 5-482-00060-5
The textbook contains a systematic presentation of the foundations of social psychology. Covers such fundamental problems as the social psychology of the individual, the mutual influence of the individual and the group, communication and social cognition, interpersonal influence. The history of the development of socio-psychological knowledge is also examined in detail, and an overview of the main methods of social psychology is given. The content of this textbook corresponds to the course program and is based on materials from domestic and foreign social psychological research, including the most modern works.
For higher education students educational institutions, teachers, everyone interested in the problems of social psychology.
To my grandchildren -
Marta, Leonty, Erofey, Arseny
PREFACE
Domestic social psychology in the process of its formation and development has passed a difficult path. The theoretical thought of Russian sociologists, philosophers and psychologists of the late 19th - early 20th centuries, who touched upon socio-psychological problems, did not lead to the identification of social psychology as an independent science. Attempts to form “Marxist social psychology” in the 1920s. were not successful for a number of objective and subjective reasons (for more details, see Chapter 2 of this work). A long break in the development of domestic social psychology from the late 1920s to the late 1950s. led to our lag (let's call a spade a spade) from world science.
A modern Russian student mastering the basics of psychological science will probably be surprised to learn that for a long period social psychology was not taught anywhere in our country. The author of these lines graduated from the psychology department of the Faculty of Philosophy of Leningrad State University in 1959, having firmly learned (as they taught!) that social psychology is a bourgeois science and it has no place in the system of Marxist psychology. However, times change, and we change with them. And no matter what the pessimists claim, stop scientific progress no one can. On the wave of socio-political changes in the second half of the 1950s and early 1960s. in the USSR, the revival of domestic socio-psychological science becomes possible (at that time, of course, on a Marxist basis). In 1966, the teaching of a course in social psychology began at the Faculty of Psychology, which had just opened at Leningrad State University.
The author of these lines, at that time a junior researcher at the laboratory of social psychology at the Research Institute of Complex Social Research at Leningrad University, remembers well his teaching difficulties during the period when he first had to take up teaching a course in social psychology for students. Of course, there were no domestic textbooks on social psychology, and no one had experience teaching this science. However, as people now say, “the process has begun.” In Leningrad (where the first laboratory of social psychology was opened at the university in 1962) and other cities, research began, reports on social and psychological issues appeared at scientific conferences, and the community of researchers grew -
At that time, social psychology attracted not only psychologists, but also enthusiasts from other scientific fields; the first monographs on social psychology by B.D. Parygina, E.S. Kuzmina, A.G. Kovaleva, A.A. Bodaleva, B.F. Porshneva. These works served as textbooks on social psychology for many years.
An important milestone in the development of Russian social psychology and an indicator of its maturity was the publication of the first textbook by G.M. Andreeva " Social Psychology"(Moscow: Moscow State University Publishing House, 1980), which went through several reprints and successfully fulfills its functions to this day.
The fundamental changes that have occurred in our society over the past decade could not but affect social psychology. Freed from the ideological dictate of one dominant party, domestic social psychologists in their works try to follow the mainstream of world science. This is manifested both in their theoretical research and in empirical research. The training of certified social psychologists is also being improved; as practice shows, they are in no way inferior to graduates of foreign universities.
At present, one cannot complain about the lack of socio-psychological literature. On the shelves of bookstores you can see monographs of domestic and foreign psychologists, collections of their articles, teaching aids. However, all this does not exclude the publication of new and new textbooks. Not a single author of a textbook on social psychology can claim that his textbook is exceptional and has nothing in common with other textbooks. One textbook always complements another in some way. Even in high school It is considered useful to have not one standard textbook, but several, each of which can be good in its own way, and the teacher has the right to make the final choice. This is especially true high school.
This textbook reflects the main content of the course taught by the author at St. Petersburg State University and the Baltic Institute of Ecology, Politics and Law. The material presented is based on data from domestic and foreign (mainly American) social psychologists. Every chapter ends summary its content, it also highlights key concepts that you should pay attention to mastering, and gives short list literature for further reading. At the end of the textbook there is full list literature used, which will allow both the student and the specialist to turn to the primary source to deepen their knowledge.
The author is aware that the content of this textbook suffers from a certain incompleteness. However, the question of which sections must include a textbook on social psychology, is open. Even if we turn to modern American textbooks on social psychology (and here we have accumulated great experience), then you can see how different they are in content from each other. Both jokingly and seriously, the author always tells his students that as many social psychologists as there are in the world, there are as many views on the content of social psychology as a science. However, the main core issues, of course, should be present in all textbooks. These are issues of socialization (the formation of an individual as a person), the mutual influence of people on each other (both at the individual and group levels), social cognition and communication. This textbook examines all these issues in varying degrees of detail. The works of the St. Petersburg (Leningrad) socio-psychological school, the founder of which was E.S., are presented more fully than in other domestic textbooks. Kuzmin. We pay significant attention to the methods of social psychology. This is explained by the fact that over the last quarter of a century, not a single work has been published that sets out in sufficient detail the methods of collecting and analyzing primary information in empirical socio-psychological research. Thus, familiarizing readers with exactly how material is obtained, which then leads to the construction of theories or the development of practical recommendations, is necessary to obtain a holistic picture of social psychological science.
The author considers it his pleasant duty to thank those students whose attention and interest in lectures, questions and discussions in seminars stimulated the work on this book. The author is deeply grateful to his colleagues at the Department of Social Psychology of St. Petersburg state university, the “emotional climate” of which is perfectly conducive to creativity. Taking this opportunity, I sincerely thank Professor A.A. Krylov, dean of the Faculty of Psychology from 1976 to 2002, for his attention to the author’s scientific endeavors and their support.
Special thanks to my wife and faithful friend G.T. Tsetsulnikova, who took part in preparing the manuscript for publication, its first reader and critic.
A.L. Sventsitsky St. Petersburg, August 2002
Chapter 1 SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY AS A SCIENCE
§ 1. What is social context?
Imagine this picture. Land, field. It shows a peasant diligently cultivating this plot, as they say, by the sweat of his brow. But then a boy appears nearby, takes a tomato out of his pants pocket and... throws it right at the peasant’s head. Direct hit. And now a question for you, dear reader: “What will the peasant experience? How will he behave? What actions will he take?”
“It depends on what kind of peasant,” many will probably say. “It depends on his temperament,” adds a person familiar with the basics general psychology. If the peasant is choleric, then he will apparently rush after the boy to pull his ears. If the peasant is phlegmatic, then he will only stand in thought, disconnected from business. A specialist in psychophysiology will explain well why sparks fell from the peasant’s eyes. However, neither the first nor the second will undertake to predict more accurately the possible behavior of the peasant in this example.
Then it will be the turn of the social psychologist. “Let’s start from the beginning,” he will say first of all. “There is no peasant at all, there is no boy at all.” Voltaire also said that each of us is a creation of the time in which he lives. Therefore, each person should be considered in a certain social context, i.e. .e. in close connection with his entire social environment. Let's say this example refers to the period of feudalism. A peasant works on a plot of land rented from a feudal lord, and a mischievous boy is the son of this feudal lord, no matter what temperament the peasant has, it is unlikely that he will be happy. I’ll want to somehow teach the mischief a lesson. Let’s take a different era. A peasant is a farmer cultivating. own plot land, and the boy is the son of another farmer who has long been in debt to the first a large sum money. Obviously, in this case we have more reason to expect aggressive reactions towards the boy from the peasant.
This example (from the work of V.B. Olshansky) convincingly demonstrates the need to necessarily take into account a certain social context within the framework of which the situation of interaction between certain people that we are considering takes place.
Even if a person is currently alone, he nevertheless resides or strives to remain within a certain social context, being
A social animal (as Aristotle called man back in the 4th century BC). Remember the novel about Robinson Crusoe, familiar from childhood. Soon after the navigator found himself on a desert island, he decided to start a calendar - an integral part of the society to which he himself belonged. Robinson drew a line on the post with a knife every day. At the same time, a long line meant Sunday, and an even longer line meant the first day of each month. Now, please answer, why did Robinson spend all his years in prison? desert island Did you keep your calendar properly? Why did you set aside Sundays? There was a meaning here, and this meaning lies in the social nature of man. Let me remind you, by the way, that the devoted friend of the hero of the novel, Friday, had no idea at all about the calendar and was not at all bothered by it. Each of us has our own social world, the influence of which we are all subject to. On the other hand, our social world experiences certain influences on our part. This mutual influence is at the center of the research interest of a social psychologist, and the social context is the basis for understanding human social behavior.
§ 2. Subject of social psychology
Each of us lives in a world inhabited by many other people. Among them are relatives and friends, friends and acquaintances. Quite a few are just acquaintances. We constantly communicate with someone, work together, study or spend free time, while others we see occasionally. Someone comes our way only once in a lifetime, especially if we live in big city, and we will never meet hundreds of millions of other people inhabiting our planet. However, both of them, and the third, influence us in one way or another, causing certain changes in our consciousness and behavior.
Since time immemorial, people have been thinking about how to better understand other people, influence them, and establish certain relationships with them. This was caused by the needs of practice - the search best forms organization and interaction of people in various fields - economic, political, military, educational, medical, etc.
Why do different people perceive and evaluate the same phenomena differently? How are a person’s beliefs formed and can they be changed? What forces influence people’s actions and how? On what basis can we trust this or that person?
Why do people often agree with the majority opinion? Why does it happen the other way around, and one person convinces everyone else? How can you coordinate the actions of several
How many people and even large masses of people? Why do so many of us strive to help others? What can cause aggressive behavior in people? For what reasons do even close people sometimes quarrel? Why are there so many different manifestations of friendship and love? Is training possible? successful communication? How do the characteristics of people's relationships affect their health?
Today, such a branch of scientific knowledge as social psychology is trying to answer all such questions arising from the diverse forms of contacts between people. This is a science that studies the patterns of people’s knowledge of each other, their relationships and mutual influences. So, the focus of the social psychologist’s research is on the consequences of various types of contacts between people, manifested in the form of thoughts, feelings and actions of individuals. These contacts can be direct, as they say, face to face. They can also be indirect, for example, through the use of mass media - press, radio, television, cinema, the Internet, etc. This is how people are influenced not only by certain individuals, but also by individual social groups and society as a whole. .
Contacts between people can be random and relatively short-lived, for example, a conversation between two fellow travelers in the same compartment of a railway carriage. Conversely, interpersonal contacts can become systematic and long-lasting. For example, in the family, at work, in the company of friends. At the same time, the object of research interest of a social psychologist can be not only small groups of people, but also communities that include a significant number of people distributed over a large territory. For example, nations, classes, parties, trade unions, large contingents of various enterprises, firms, etc. These communities can be characterized by varying degrees of organization. Compare, for example, a huge crowd in a square, gathered on the occasion of a mass holiday, and a large military unit. A wide variety of large groups also act as objects of social psychology.
It should be noted that certain relationships arise not only between individuals, but also between entire groups, both small and large. Intergroup relations can be of a different nature - from mutual understanding and cooperation up to acute confrontation. The universally observed phenomena of globalization, characteristic of the beginning of our century, make the problems of intercultural communication extremely relevant. That's all today large quantity representatives of various ethnic groups and cultures directly
They collide with each other in the process of carrying out various joint actions. Teaching these people to successfully interact to achieve common goals is also a socio-psychological problem.
So, considering the structure of social psychology as a science, we can distinguish the following sections:
Social psychology of personality;
Social psychology of communication and interpersonal interaction;
Social psychology of groups.
Social psychology of personality covers issues determined by the social nature of the individual, his inclusion in various groups and society as a whole. These are, for example, issues of socialization of the individual, his socio-psychological qualities, the motivation of the individual’s behavior, the influence of social norms on this behavior.
Social psychology of communication and interpersonal interaction considers different kinds and means of communication between people (including mass communications), the mechanisms of these communications, types of interaction between people - from cooperation to conflict. Closely related to this issue are issues of social cognition, such as people’s perception, understanding and assessment of each other.
Social psychology of groups covers a variety of group phenomena and processes, the structure and dynamics of small and large groups, various stages of their life, as well as intergroup relations.
§ 3. Specifics of the socio-psychological approach
As we see, the scope of social psychology phenomena is very wide. However, this science ultimately tries to reveal how people influence each other and how they behave in different situations, i.e. various features social behavior. It is known that a number of other areas of scientific knowledge are also engaged in the study of certain aspects of human social behavior. What is the specificity of socio-psychological analysis? One way to look at how it differs from other approaches is through the example of crime in big cities (Taylor, Peplau and Sears, 1994).
Sociologists, economists, political scientists and representatives of other social sciences use social level of analysis(i.e. one that relates to the characteristics of society as a whole). In doing so, researchers are trying to understand common types of social behavior. For example, the murder rate, voting behavior or consumer spending. According
With this approach, social behavior is explained by factors such as economic decline, class conflicts, clashes between competing ethnic groups, regional crop failures, government policies, or technological changes. The goal of societal analysis is to identify connections between broad social influences and general types of social behavior. When studying violence in cities, sociologists look for relationships between violent crime rates and factors such as poverty, immigration, or the industrialization of a society.
Individual level of analysis commonly used in personality psychology and clinical psychology. Here, human behavior is explained based on a unique life history this person and him psychological characteristics. According to this approach, personality traits and motives can explain why an individual behaves in a certain way and why two people can react very differently in the same situation. At the individual level of analysis, there is a tendency to explain violent crimes in terms of the offender's unique life history and personality traits.
For example, V.L. Vasiliev emphasizes the need to study the so-called marginal individuals, whose main characteristic is internal social instability. “Marginal people” are distinguished by their inability to sufficiently fully master cultural traditions and develop appropriate social skills of behavior in the environment in which they find themselves. So, this is a resident of the rural “outback”, forced to live and work in a big city, an adult who moved to a region where they speak a language unfamiliar to him, and does not know local customs and traditions. Experiencing high level emotional stress, the “marginal” personality easily comes into conflict with the environment social environment(Vasiliev, 2000).
Social psychologists turn to a different level of analysis - interpersonal(interpersonal). Their attention is focused on the current social situation in which the individual finds himself. A social situation includes other people in a given environment, their attitudes and behavior, and their attitude towards a given person. To understand the causes of violent crime, social psychologists can pose the question: What types of interpersonal situations shape aggressive reactions that can lead to an increase in violent behavior? One important social psychological explanation is that states of frustration make people angry and thus contribute to the tendency
Act aggressively. This is called the frustration-aggression hypothesis. In accordance with it, it is assumed that a person, having encountered an obstacle to achieving a desired goal, experiences frustration and anger and, as a result, is likely to lose his temper. This frustration effect is one explanation for violent crime at the interpersonal level.
Using the frustration-aggression hypothesis, American psychologists believe, it is also possible to explain how large-scale economic and societal factors create situations that lead to violence and crime. For example, the poor people who inhabit the crowded areas of urban slums are undoubtedly frustrated; they cannot get a good job, afford a decent home, provide a safe environment for their children, etc. Frustration over all these issues can lead to anger, which is sometimes the direct cause of violent crime. The frustration-aggression hypothesis focuses on the immediate social situation and the feelings and thoughts that this situation evokes in people with different social characteristics, and the influence of these subjective reactions on behavior.
Of course, each of these three approaches (societal, individual, interpersonal) has its own value and is essential if we want to understand complex social behavior as fully as possible. Therefore, there is significant overlap in the nature of research conducted among these scientific disciplines. This book introduces the reader to the world human behavior, based on a socio-psychological perspective. However, we must note that it is impossible to draw clear demarcation lines separating social psychology from other sciences. The famous French social psychologist S. Moscovici characterized social psychology as a “bridge” between other branches of knowledge (Moscovici, 1989). He meant that social psychology draws on the discoveries of sociology, anthropology, political science, economics and biology to better understand how the individual is included in the larger social system.
§ 4. Two social psychologies
Perhaps the title of this paragraph may seem rather strange to some readers, but nevertheless, as they say, the fact remains a fact. Since the beginning of the last century, two main branches of social psychology began to take shape, primarily in the United States - psychological and sociological. The differences between the problems of these two directions and their theoretical foundations sometimes look quite significant. Evidence of such
The state of affairs is given by the American sociologist A.S. Tomars. In one of the colleges he knew, social psychology was taught in a psychology course. For a number of years it was taught both semesters, but by two different teachers. One of them gravitated toward sociology, the other toward individual psychology. The courses of these teachers had almost nothing in common with each other, and as a result, students came away with “completely different ideas about the subject they read, depending on whether they took it in the fall or in the spring semester” (Tomars, 1961).
Noting the presence of theoretical and practical problems caused by the peculiar duality of social psychology, G.M. Andreeva believes that this state of affairs is permissible only at some stage in the development of science, and “the benefit of discussions about its subject should lie, among other things, in facilitating an unambiguous solution to the issue” (Andreeva, 1996, p. 22) . However, so far on the pages of modern American and European textbooks the existence of two social psychologies is stated as a tribute to a long-established tradition (Franzoi, 1996; Houston et al., 2001).
First of all, it is noted that although both directions of socio-psychological knowledge consider social behavior, they do so from different theoretical positions. The focus of social psychology is the individual. At the same time, researchers try to understand and predict social behavior by turning to the analysis of immediate stimuli, psychological states and personality traits. It is assumed that variations in behavior are due to the way people interpret social stimuli or their personality differences. Even when studying group dynamics, there is a tendency to explain these processes at the individual level. The main research method here is experiment. Proponents of sociological social psychology, on the contrary, downplay the role of individual differences and the influence of immediate social stimuli on behavior. The focus of this movement is on the group or society. At the same time, researchers, in order to understand social behavior, turn to the analysis of societal variables, such as socioeconomic status, social roles and cultural norms. The predominant focus here is on the characteristics of larger social groups than in social psychology. Therefore, social psychologists of the sociological direction are primarily engaged in explaining such societal problems as poverty, crime, and deviant behavior.
The main research methods here are surveys and participant observation.
It is generally accepted that both directions of modern social psychology influence each other, mutually enriching. However, today, despite this mutual influence, psychological social psychology and sociological social psychology are developing in parallel. Considering the problems of social psychology in this book, we will proceed from the psychological direction of this science. The understanding of social psychology as a psychological science is characteristic of the socio-psychological school of St. Petersburg (Leningrad) State University, where such an understanding is traditional.
SUMMARY
A scientific approach to understanding the behavior of a person
century involves taking into account a certain social context,
those. close connection of a person with his entire social environment.
Social psychology is the science that studies law
dimensions of people’s knowledge of each other, their relationships
and mutual influences. Social psychologist's focus
are the consequences of various types of contacts between
people, manifested in the form of thoughts, feelings and actions from
efficient individuals. These contacts can be either directly
direct (face to face), and indirect (through
use of mass communications).
The structure of social psychology as a science includes
the following sections: social psychology of personality, social
al psychology of communication and interpersonal interaction
Viya, social psychology of groups.
The specifics of social psychology as a science, in contrast to social
ciology and personality psychology is the use of information
interpersonal level of analysis. Attention social
psychologists focus on the current social situation,
in which any person found himself. Social situation
tion includes other people in a given environment, their mouth
innovations and behavior, as well as attitude towards a given individual.
Since the beginning of the last century, two branches of social
al psychology - psychological and sociological. Both
directions consider social behavior, but with time
personal theoretical positions. Focus on psychology
gical social psychology is the individual. In the center
attention of sociological social psychology - group
or society as a whole. Both directions of modern social
different psychology influence each other, mutually enriching.
/ Social context V Social psychology V Social psychology of personality
S Social psychology of communication and interpersonal interaction
V Social psychology of groups S Interpersonal analysis S Psychological social psychology V Sociological social psychology
Literature for additional reading
Andreeva G.M. Social Psychology. M Aspect-Press 1996.
Aronson E., Wilson T., Eickert R. Social Psychology. SPb.: PRIME-EVROZNAK, 2002.
Parygin B.D. Social Psychology. St. Petersburg: IGUP, 1999.
Social psychology / Rep. ed. AL. Zhuravlev. M.: PER SE, 2002.
Social psychology in the works of domestic psychologists. St. Petersburg: Peter, 2000.
Shikhirev P.N. Modern social psychology. M.: Publishing house "Institute of Psychology RAS", 1999.
The textbook systematically sets out the foundations of social psychology in accordance with the provisions modern works domestic and foreign researchers. Issues of social psychology of personality, the main characteristics of social groups are considered, problems of interpersonal influence and communication are highlighted. The main directions of applied work in social psychology are described. For better assimilation of the studied material, at the end of each chapter there is summary, and also includes questions for self-test and discussion at seminars, assignments for independent work.
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- Social and psychological problems of management. L., 1975 (published in Japan, 1977).
- Industrial social psychology. L., 1982 (published in Czechoslovakia, 1985) (co-author and chief editor).
- Leader: word and deed. Social and psychological aspects. M., 1983.
- Social psychology of management. L., 1986.
- Psychology of organization management: Textbook. allowance. St. Petersburg, 1999.
- Social psychology: Textbook. M., 2003.
- Brief psychological dictionary. M., 2008.
The textbook systematically sets out the foundations of social psychology in accordance with the provisions of modern works of domestic and foreign researchers. Issues of social psychology of personality, the main characteristics of social groups are considered, problems of interpersonal influence and communication are highlighted. The main directions of applied work in social psychology are described. To better assimilate the material studied, a brief summary is provided at the end of each chapter, and also includes questions for self-testing and discussion at seminars, as well as assignments for independent work.
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ForSventsitsky Anatoly Leonidovich,
Saint Petersburg Doctor psychological sciences
, Professor. Honored Worker of Higher Education of the Russian Federation. Honorary Professor of St. Petersburg State University.
Professor of the Department of Social Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, St. Petersburg State University. Member of St. Petersburg psychological society and the Society for Psychological Research social problems
(USA).
After graduating from the university in 1959, A.L. Sventsitsky worked as a literary employee in a number of newspapers in Leningrad and the region. In 1962 A.L. Sventsitsky was accepted as a laboratory assistant in the country's first laboratory of social psychology at the Faculty of Philosophy of Leningrad State University. From 1962 to 1965 - postgraduate student at the laboratory of social psychology at the Research Institute of Complex Social Research of Leningrad State University. In 1965, he began working first as a junior, and soon as a senior researcher at the laboratory of social psychology of the Scientific Research Institute of Social Sciences of Leningrad State University. Since 1967, assistant, then senior lecturer, associate professor, professor of the Department of Social Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Leningrad State University. Since 1989, head of the department.
Regions scientific interests: personality in an organization, psychology of organizational management, socio-psychological climate of the workforce, methods of socio-psychological research, teaching social psychology at a university, history of foreign social psychology.
A.L. Sventsitsky created a scientific school of social psychology of organization management at Leningrad - St. Petersburg University. He is one of the initiators of the development of the direction of industrial social psychology in domestic psychology. In the 1970s, he justified the identification of a new scientific direction - social psychology of management, and formed a number of provisions of the socio-psychological theory of management production organizations, some patterns have been identified in the implementation of managerial influences at three levels: the individual, the primary work group, and the organization as a whole. A system of macro- and microenvironmental factors influencing the socio-psychological climate of the primary work group is identified, and the specifics of social regulation of the individual’s activities as a subject and object of management are determined.
A.L. Sventsitsky was the first in Russian social psychology to engage in the scientific development of the interview method, proposing ways to increase its effectiveness.
Is reading training courses and special courses: “Social psychology”, “Methods of social psychology”, “ Actual problems social psychology”, “Social psychology of management”, “Military psychology”, “Fundamentals of sociology”. A.L. Sventsitsky taught and participated in joint scientific and pedagogical programs in Germany (1997–2001) and Italy (2001–2007).
Author 160 scientific works(including 18 works published abroad). Of these, 6 monographs and one textbook “Social Psychology”, recommended by the UMO as a textbook for students of higher educational institutions studying in the specialty “Psychology”. Two monographs were published in Japan (1977) and Czechoslovakia (1985). Main publications:
Awards:
In 1990 he was awarded the Leningrad University Prize for lecturing skills. Received a State scientific scholarship three times (1994–2003). Awarded the medal of the Order of Merit for the Fatherland, II degree (2007).
The textbook contains a systematic presentation of the foundations of social psychology. Such fundamental problems as the social psychology of the individual, the mutual influence of the individual and the group, communication and social cognition, and interpersonal influence are covered. The history of the development of socio-psychological knowledge is also examined in detail, and an overview of the main methods of social psychology is given. The content of this textbook corresponds to the course program and is based on materials from domestic and foreign socio-psychological research, including the most modern works. For students of higher educational institutions, teachers, and anyone interested in the problems of social psychology.
Preface Chapter 1. Social psychology as a science § 1. What is social context? § 2. Subject of social psychology § 3. Specifics of the socio-psychological approach § 4. Two social psychologies Summary Key concepts Literature for additional reading Chapter 2. History of the development of socio-psychological knowledge § 1. Search for the causes of social behavior: from antiquity to the 20th century § 2. Formation of social psychology into an independent science § 3. Basic theoretical approaches in Western social psychology § 4. Development of domestic social psychology Summary Key concepts Literature for additional reading Chapter 3. Methods of social psychology § 1. Stages of socio-psychological research § 2. Correlation and experimental research§ 3. Observation § 4. Survey methods § 5. Document analysis Summary Key concepts Literature for additional reading Chapter 4. Personality in the social world § 1. The concept of personality § 2. Self-concept and self-esteem § 3. Social identity as part Self-concepts § 4. Self-regulation § 5. Concept of social role § 6. Fulfillment of social roles § 7. Mutual influence of personality and social role Summary Key concepts Literature for additional reading Chapter 5. Socialization § 1. The nature of socialization § 2. Theories of socialization § 3. Agents of socialization Summary Key concepts Literature for additional reading Chapter 6. Social attitude and behavior § 1. The concept of attitude § 2. Formation and change of attitudes § 3. The concept of dispositional regulation of personal behavior § 4. Is there a connection between attitudes and behavior? Summary Key concepts Literature for additional reading Chapter 7. Social groups: main characteristics § 1. Group as an object of socio-psychological analysis § 2. Functions of the group § 3. Group size §4. Group structure § 5. Intragroup communications § 6. Sociometry as a method for studying group structure § 7. Classifications of groups § 8. Organization as a social group Summary Key concepts Literature for additional reading Chapter 8. Group influences on individual behavior § 1. Phases of group membership § 2. The influence of group norms on the individual § 3. Conformity: the influence of the majority §4. Conformity: minority influence § 5. Reference groups and personality § 6. Social facilitation § 7. Social relaxation § 8. Social facilitation and social relaxation § 9. Deindividuation Summary Key concepts Further reading Chapter 9. Group dynamics and group effectiveness § 1. The concept of group dynamics § 2. Psychological compatibility group members § 3. Decision making in groups § 4. Pros and cons of group decision making § 5. Leadership and management in groups and organizations § 6. Social and psychological climate of the group Summary Key concepts Literature for additional reading Chapter 10. Communication and social cognition § 1. The concept of communication § 2. Basic aspects communication process§ 3. Nonverbal communication § 4. Forming a first impression of a person § 5. Social categories and stereotypes § 6. Causal attribution § 7. Social interaction and communication Summary Key concepts Additional reading Chapter 11. Interpersonal influence and social power § 1 Definition of concepts § 2. Dependency, uncertainty and power § 3. How are people influenced? § 4. Fundamentals of social power (psychological aspects) § 5. The authority of the power of legitimacy § b. From obedience to aggressiveness § 7. Problems and prospects for research on influence and power Summary Key concepts Literature for additional reading Literature
