Intensive gardening allows you to get maximum yield from a limited area. Its main feature is low fruit trees grafted onto dwarf rootstock, planted in dense rows. They begin to bear fruit very quickly already in the second year after planting, and already in the third year you can get a harvest of 35-40 centners per hectare. This is much faster than in ordinary - classical gardens.

Description of intensive gardening technology:

Intensive gardening allows you to get maximum yield in a limited area.

Its main feature is low fruit trees, grafted onto a dwarf rootstock, planted in dense rows. They begin to bear fruit very quickly already in the second year after planting, and already in the third year you can get a harvest of 35-40 centners per hectare. This is much faster than in ordinary - classical gardens. There you have to wait much longer for the first results.

IN intensive gardens When harvesting, fewer workers are required, and the productivity of their labor is higher. Tree pruning also happens, firstly, faster, and secondly, with less effort. The first truly large industrial harvest - over 100 centners per hectare - will be received by an ordinary grower in 8 years, and an intensive one - in 4.

In intensive gardening Only highly productive zoned varieties of intensive type are used, resistant to various adverse effects, incl. to infectious diseases.

Intensive gardening can be successfully used not only for growing apples, pears, plums, cherries and other fruit trees, but also for berry bushes– raspberries, gooseberries, blackberries, blueberries and honeysuckle.

Benefits of intensive gardening:

– low labor costs for tree care and harvesting,

– high productivity,

– obtaining the first harvest in the second year,

– less costs for treatment with fertilizers.

The technology of intensive gardening is based on the following principles:

– soil preparation. The soil must be fertilized with fertilizers. Fruit trees bear fruit only on fertile soil,

– high quality planting material. All trees should have a small and at the same time the same growth, i.e. Dwarf varieties should be used. Tree varieties must be high-yielding. Their crown must be constantly trimmed, giving the desired shape,

– fruit trees are not planted randomly, but in even rows, like vineyards. The planting density should be very high, the distance between neighboring trees should be small. There must be a distance between the rows so that a tractor can pass or several people can pass,

– Every tree must have a support - it supports the stem. The support can be wooden, metal or plastic. Otherwise, the tree will become heavy from the abundant fruits and simply fall on the ground. land,

– Fruit trees on dwarf rootstocks require constant care and attention. They develop well and bear fruit only on fertile soil, with regular irrigation and protection from pests according to all the rules. Irrigation is carried out throughout the year with the simultaneous application of fertilizers, and in the spring - above the crown so that the trees do not suffer from seasonal frosts,

– required condition obtaining a high-quality harvest of fruit trees - crown formation. The following parameters are considered the most acceptable: standard height 50–80 cm, central conductor, the presence in the lower part of the trunk of four to five semi-main branches, higher along the conductor - fruitful branches of 3–4 years of age, which can be periodically replaced.

Economic indicators of intensive gardens in comparison with conventional ones:

Characteristics:	Indicators:
	Regular gardens	Intensive gardens
Productivity, c/ha	70-150	250-350
Yield of higher commercial grades, % (excluding improvised carrion)	30-70	85-95
Labor productivity in fruit harvesting, %	100 (500 kg per shift)	130-150 (650-800 kg per shift)
Labor costs for pruning trees
people hour/ha	56-70	35-50
people hour/ha	6-10	1,5-2
Obtaining the first industrial harvest (more than 100 c/ha), years	6-8 years	3-4 years
Payback period of investments, years	7-9	4-6

Intensive fruit crops:

TO intensive fruit crops relate.

By the end of the twentieth century, industrial orchards in Russia consisted mainly of vigorous apple trees grown on seed rootstocks. The harvest in such gardens was collected 10-12 years after planting the trees, in best case scenario- in the 5th-6th year, and it was most often low. Intensive gardens on low-growing clonal rootstocks, characterized by an early onset of fruiting, rapid increase in yield and reduced costs of garden care, in climatic conditions middle zone Russia was absent for a long time due to the lack of sufficiently winter-hardy rootstocks.

Science and life // Illustrations

The shoots of dwarf apple trees are tied to both vertical wires and horizontal guides.

The fruits on dwarf apple trees ripened within the first year after planting.

Most branches of dwarf apple trees extend 50-60 cm towards the row spacing.

Apples in such orchards are easy to pick and no special equipment is required.

The most early ripening and productive varieties of dwarf apple trees: Alesya, Antey, Venyaminovskoye, Kandil Orlovsky, Pamyat Kovalenko.

As a result of long-term selection, domestic scientists obtained weak-growing clonal rootstocks, root system which can withstand temperatures of minus 15-16 o C and below. The new rootstocks have been tested in different regions of Russia and have received a positive assessment. Intensive technology for growing apple trees on dwarf rootstocks in industrial scale in the Non-Black Earth Region it was first introduced at the Lenin State Farm (Moscow region). 25 varieties of domestic apple trees, adapted to the climate of central Russia, were tested, the most productive with fruits of high quality and marketability, no different from imported ones, were identified, systems for maintaining soil in the garden and applying fertilizers were developed. The introduction of this apple production technology makes it possible to obtain maximum yields in a limited area on farms and personal plots.

An industrial intensive apple orchard on the dwarf rootstock “62-396” was founded at the Lenin State Farm in the fall of 2008. On each of the 6 hectares of land, 1,670 two-year-old trees and 25 varieties of apple trees were planted, most of them immune to the dangerous disease fruit crops- scab (which is important for obtaining environmentally friendly fruits). The predominant varieties were winter ripening (Venyaminovskoe, Kandil Orlovsky, Vesalina, Zorka, Pamyat Kovalenko, Polyvitaminnoe, Slavyanin, Daughter of Mekintosh) and late winter (Alesya, Antey, Belorusskoe Raspberry, Belorusskoe Sladoe, Verbnoe, Zaslavskoe, Imant, Nadzeiny, Pamyat Syubarova, Pospeh , Charovnitsa), and only certain varieties were summer-autumn (Melba, Orlovim, Young Naturalist).

The technology for planting a garden was based on the intensive garden model of the agricultural firm Sad-Giant. Krasnodar region, developed by Doctor of Agricultural Sciences Alexander Anatolyevich Klad. Every 10 m of future rows of plantings, support pillars were installed - iron pipes with a diameter of 100 mm. Three vertical lines of wire were attached to the pillars at heights of 60, 120 and 180 cm. On each pillar at a height of 60 cm from the ground, iron transverses 80 cm long were attached, through the ends of which horizontal wires were pulled. This support system made it possible to tie shoots to both vertical wires and horizontal guides.

Between support pillars furrows 25-30 cm deep were cut with a plow. The seedlings were planted in the furrows, the trunks were tied to a wire with an elastic agro-pipe, watered abundantly and covered with soil, as a result the trees ended up on elevated ridges. To avoid damage by mice and hares, the apple trees were whitewashed with garden paint. All seedlings took root and were well preserved until spring.

After the snow melted and the air warmed up to positive temperatures, they began to form a crown similar to a simplified modified “spindle.” Initially, the side branches of the seedlings were tied to the side trellises - wires, giving them a horizontal position.

Subsequently, to encourage trees to bear fruit early and abundantly, special techniques were used: bending branches, corking, cutting branches “to stumps” and others. The fruit wall should not consist of trees of one specific shape. First of all, they tried to grow overgrowing wood with fruit formations on the conductor trunks and form a crown stretched along the rows. Special attention were given to conductors, which were supposed to occupy a leading position not only in height, but also in thickness. Starting from the fifth year, individual lateral branches of the apple tree began to compete in thickness with the trunks. To prevent the trees from weakening, some of the branches were cut out, leaving stumps 1-3 cm long. Soon new replacement shoots grew at the base of the stumps, which two years later turned into fruit formations.

When growing an intensive garden on a dwarf rootstock, much attention was paid to adding nutrients to the soil (fertigation) and water in the form of drip irrigation. During the growing season, soil moisture was maintained at 75-80%, control was carried out using tensiometers.

Doses of mineral elements were adjusted annually depending on the nutrient content in the soil, leaf diagnostics and planned yield. They were applied with irrigation water in fractions, according to the phenological phases of the plants. In addition to soil nutrition during the growing season, foliar feeding trees with microelements and growth stimulants.

At the age of four, the height of the apple trees ranged from 215 cm (variety Polivitaminnoe) to 330 cm (variety Pamyat Syubarova). In most trees it was close to 300 cm. The smallest crown width was found in the Pamyat Syubarova variety (90 cm), the largest in the Belorusskoe Malinovoe and Daughter Mekintosha varieties (150-175 cm). The branches of most trees extended towards the row spacing by 50-60 cm. Thus, in the conditions of the Moscow region, a more restrained growth rate of apple trees on a dwarf rootstock was observed compared to trees grown in the southern regions. This makes it possible in the future, when planting new gardens, to place seedlings at shorter distances in a row (1-1.2 m), and, if appropriate equipment is available, to reduce row spacing to 3-3.5 m.

Dwarf apple trees of all varieties had already laid flower buds on annual growths in the nursery and were bearing fruit in the first year after being planted in the garden. The varieties Venyaminovskoe, Belorusskoe Sladoe, Kandil Orlovsky, Antey, Alesya, Belorusskoe Malinovoe, and Pamyat Kovalenko turned out to be the most early-fruiting and productive. In subsequent years, these varieties maintained high yields. Along with them, the fruiting of the varieties Verbnoye, Doch Mekintosh, Orlovim, Pamyat Syubarova, and Charovnitsa increased year by year. After four years, the yields of individual apple varieties reached more than 40 tons per hectare, and with age they increased annually. From the fourth to the eighth year inclusive, the following varieties showed high stable potential: Venyaminovskoye, Antey, Daughter of Mekintosh, Alesya, Belorusskoye Sladoe, Verbnoye, Pospeh.

Most of the fruits grown on dwarf trees had high commercial quality, beautiful color and large weight. Their appearance was not inferior to imported foreign fruits with high taste indicators.

From the entire area of ​​the garden, 90 tons of apples were collected in the fourth year, 96 tons in the fifth, 125 tons in the sixth, 139 tons in the seventh, 132 tons in the eighth, or 28 tons per hectare. This made it possible to annually receive revenue from their sales and, already from the third or fourth year, fully recoup the costs of planting the garden, and in the future make a profit.

The introduction of proven technology in the Moscow region and other regions of the Non-Black Earth Region can be of great help in the framework of import substitution.

Start your fruit growing business by registering a horticultural non-profit partnership (SNT). Documents are submitted to the tax service. Registration takes about 8 days. Payment of state duty is required.

The fruits you grow must comply with the following GOSTs:

1. - are common technical specifications for dried fruits.
2. - fresh apples sold in retail stores. Technical conditions.

New landing technology

For the most part, the outcome of the apple business depends on geography and the type of trees grown. But gardening improves every year. New technologies open up great opportunities and significantly reduce growing time. Follow our recommendations and get the following result:

• after 1 year – 15 tons/ha;
• after 4 years – 35 tons/ha;
• after 6 years – 50 tons/ha.

The success of these technologies depends on planting tall varieties on dwarf rootstocks with a high planting density of apple trees, correct pruning CZK Tall varieties include:

• Golden Delicious;
• Red Delicious;
• Jonared;
• Simorenko;
• Idored;
• Starking;
• Royal Delicious;
• Stayman.

You can choose the appropriate variety for your area yourself. The necessary information can be found on the Internet.

The business plan for an apple orchard covers an area of ​​1 hectare. Trees are planted at 2,000–5,000 apple trees per hectare. Use the most popular dwarf rootstock, M9. This is an international standard. Grafting apple trees onto M9 will shorten the fruiting period to 1 year. The only drawback is that the roots are in the upper layers of the soil. Therefore, frost resistance is only -11°C. To adapt to low temperatures, cover tree roots with soil.

How farmer Valery Zhomer gardens

Necessary equipment

Nowadays, it is expensive for a start-up entrepreneur to buy equipment. An alternative option is to buy equipment from or, which you will pay with your first income. More detailed information You can read about gardening equipment. To improve your earnings from growing apples, we recommend purchasing the following equipment:

1. Car/van/tractor with trailer - for transporting fruits;
2. Chainsaw or electric saw - for cutting dead trees;
3. Branch cutters - for removing broken and diseased branches;
4. Install the system automatic watering trees - this will free up your time for other important matters.

Preparing for landing

First of all, make a plan for the proper planting of apple trees. Not only the health and quality of the fruit, but also your reputation depends on this. For this:

• plow the area;
• when planting, take into account the distance of the hole, which is compared with the diameter of the root of the seedling;
• Fill the dug holes with water;
• place the cut roots of the seedlings so that they are covered with soil;
• prepare the necessary soil by creating a place for watering;
• water the trees.

Prepare the soil for the garden in the fall, and carry out the planting itself in the spring. Trees should not shade each other. Therefore, think about planting your garden. Better yet, contact a specialist. The planting scheme for an apple orchard depends on the type of crown pruning:

Prepare holes for seedlings:

Hole: lower 25 kg of peat-distillation mixture and 40 g of phosphorus-potassium fertilizers to the bottom.

Garden care

An apple orchard as a business must take into account the ongoing maintenance of the orchard. First, buy it. Keep the soil around the trunk free of weeds. Do not till the soil mechanically with a garden tiller. Cover with dry needles coniferous species, bark chips, treat with herbicides. Processing is done in the absence of wind. Simazin, Curb, Roundup, Glyphosate, Fosulen and other popular types of herbicides are suitable for this.

Treat trees against insects. Use different types insecticides, for example, Benzophosphate, Oleocuprit. If this is not done, harmful insects will significantly reduce your harvest or completely destroy it.

Seedling pruning: leave 6 buds from the height of the stamp (from 80 cm).

Mow the grass between the rows. If you use a mower that will chop up grass, use the grass as a cover for the soil. Remove unchopped grass.

Be sure to provide trees with supports. For example, concrete pillars (height 1 - 2 m), buried in the ground at a distance of 25 meters with taut wire. Or use pine stakes (height 2-3 m). But first treat them with an antiseptic. Thanks to the supports, the tree will grow in a vertical position, and the branches with apples will not break.

Some facts:

• the garden bears fruit for several decades;
• The lifespan of an apple tree is approximately 50 years;
• The peak of the highest yield falls on the 10-15th year of life with a further decrease in fruiting.

Harvest and storage

To receive the expected income, the crop must be properly harvested and stored. Fruit harvesting usually occurs in September. A characteristic indicator is the acquisition of a characteristic color of the peel and the ripening of the seed, which becomes brown.

Winter and autumn varieties are distinguished between removable and consumer maturity. In order for the product to be suitable for consumption, it is placed in storage for further maturation.

Requirements for collecting fruits:

• collection is carried out manually in cool weather;
• it is necessary to preserve the stalk;
• there should be no damage on the surface;
• the product cannot be poured, only shifted;
• fruits that have fallen to the ground are collected in a separate container;
• It is recommended to put apples in wooden boxes;
• fold the fruit in layers, separating it from the previous one with a sheet of paper, and also cover it with a sheet on top;

You don't need special equipment to store apples. Basement will become good place for storage. Monitor the temperature, keeping it between 0-2°C. You can keep it looking fresh until April by harvesting fall and winter varieties.

Selling apples

Growing apples as a business involves several optimal options Product sales:

• for small quantities of apples: sale in city markets, wholesale sales to traders, supply of apples to places where baked goods are made;
• with large quantities of apples: sales of goods to large supermarkets, supply of apples to manufacturers of wine, cider, jams, compotes, marmalade, vinegar.

Orient the planting according to the varieties of apples you buy. This fruit is very much appreciated among wholesalers and ordinary buyers. If the territory and funds allow, build a warehouse for storage. When selling apples in winter, profits increase by 50%.

Apple growing business is a win-win option for making money based on household. Even if you have not fully sold your product, you can additionally open it, which will not only save your product, but also increase your profit.

Apple orchard in numbers

The use of intensive technologies for growing an apple orchard will raise your business to industrial heights in just 3 to 4 years.

Stable profits are guaranteed every year.

Cost of seedlings– from 180 rub./piece.

Costs for arranging a garden:

Cost item	Cost, rub.)
SNT registration	12 000
Saplings	360 000 - 900 000
Garden design	3 000
Soil preparation	3 700
Planting seedlings	300 000
Organization of watering	4 000
Installation of supports	320 000
Special equipment	3 080 000
Total	4 082 700 - 4 622 700

Monthly costs:

Hire garden security only during the fruit ripening season. Seasonal workers are needed for harvesting. The rest of the time the number of employees should be minimal. Perhaps you can get by on your own or turn apple growing into a family business.

Payback business on apples – 3 – 4 years.

Profitability reaches 100%.

During the season, apples sell for 50 rubles. for 1 kg.

During the winter season, this price increases 3-4 times.

Spoiled fruits can be sold for industrial processing at a price of 20 rubles. for 1 kg.

In the first year profit from the harvest will be from 750,000 rub.. From each tree you will get about 8 kg of harvest. Every year the amount of harvest will increase.

Risks

Before the beginning entrepreneurial activity it is necessary to analyze all possible risks. U of this business The following risks and ways to prevent them are inherent:

• crop failure - calculate your own costs for crop insurance;
• loss of liquidity due to uneven sales - when attracting a loan, return funds in seasonal payments with the possibility of deferment and long-term loan repayment;
• reduction in product prices - agree in advance on the supply of products;
• untimely implementation technological operations due to inexperience - strict execution of the planned plan for cultivation technology.

Timely analysis and identification of risks will help you avoid possible errors and financial losses.

Additional income

You can also get a stable income from a new and profitable business for the production and cultivation of caramelized apples. To do this you will need:

• caramelizer;
• caramel mixture, water, sugar;
• nozzle sticks;
• toppings (chocolate, nuts, powder, sesame seeds, sugar powder);
• apples.

Apple - 7 rub.

Caramel - 3 rub.

Other expenses - 3 rubles.

Net profit: 60 – 13 = 47 rub. from one apple.

In a day in crowded places you can sell 200-300 apples, and at large events from 500 apples.

47 x 300 (average sales) = 14,100 rubles. for one event.

What else to do outdoors?

1. Yield and tasty berries can be the key to a successful business. Quick implementation contributes to a monthly profit of 130,000 rubles.

2. . This is the most popular vegetable in the field Agriculture. Business profitability is more than 150%. The product has a high purchase rate, especially at the end of the summer season.

3. - frequently asked question residents rural areas who have a plot of land and a desire to make money on this business idea. This type business has a profitability of 35-40%. Minimal competition and high demand for this product provide the opportunity to make good money.

4. in your garden. Sea buckthorn is not only useful product, but also has multifunctional applications in cooking, folk and scientific medicine, cosmetology, which makes it possible to quickly find points of sale for the product.

5. for those who want to earn money The value of this berry does not decrease until the end of the season. The income easily covers the initial expenses!

Seedlings for planting an intensive garden

Which seedlings should experienced gardeners prefer when planting an intensive garden?

The main requirements of any modern intensive garden, according to experts, are:

Early (1-2 years) entry of the garden into fruiting;

Stable and high yield of HIGH quality fruits;

High labor productivity when performing basic technological operations (pruning, pest and disease control, harvesting, etc.);

Varieties that satisfy consumer requirements and are in demand in the market;

The garden has a short lifespan (12-15 years), which makes it possible to quickly replace varieties in accordance with market demands.

Based on the foregoing, modern gardening is dominated by planting designs that provide the greatest number of trees per unit area at optimal density. These are precisely the plantings that are gardens on dwarf (in Western Europe, the USA, Canada, Ukraine and southern Russia, mainly of the M9 type) rootstocks with a rounded crown of the slender spindle type or its modifications, using varieties of a high world rating, which ensures the rapid entry of trees into fruiting, quick return of funds spent and subsequently their highest productivity and profitability. For our conditions, the M9 rootstock, which has low frost resistance of the root system and low winter hardiness of the above-ground part, is not suitable. The closest replacement for it in our country can be rootstock 57-146, but it has high wood fragility. Worse results may be obtained with rootstocks 134 and 62-396, producing taller trees with more late the beginning of fruiting. Planting such gardens requires independent cultivation of seedlings experienced gardeners, since such seedlings are practically not grown by local nurseries.

Let's look at the modifications of apple tree seedlings that exist today:

Common annuals;

Crowned yearlings;

Two-year-olds with a one-year crown (“knip-baum”);

Two-year-olds are “ordinary” according to the well-known traditional technology;

Seedlings with a standard-forming insert.

The quality of seedlings significantly affects the condition of the garden and its productivity. Such planting material should be grown on a virus-free basis, on a high agricultural background and with irrigation. Special observations show that this ensures a further increase in yield by 30-40%. True, in Sverdlovsk region, and in the regions neighboring it, there is no guarantee that the queen cells of the indicated dwarf rootstocks available there are virus-free, since they have not been tested for the presence of viruses.

In order to reduce the unproductive period in intensive gardening, non-crowned planting material, as a rule, is not used due to its ineffectiveness, and crowned annuals are most common and two-year-old apple tree seedlings with an annual “knip-baum” crown, which are unknown to our gardeners, are especially valued. Knip-baum seedlings, subject to agricultural technology, ensure a yield of 150-300 kg per hundred square meters on the M9 rootstock in the second year after planting the garden, and its active increase to 400-600 kg per hundred square meters in subsequent years. Experiments have shown that planting crowned seedlings provides a 29% increase in yield in the first 8 years of fruiting compared to uncrowned ones. In our climatic conditions, when using the above rootstocks, the fruiting of trees in the first years and subsequently should naturally be lower.

It is possible to evaluate in more detail the effectiveness of using crowned planting material for planting. By planting annual oculants without a crown, the gardener will have big problems with the regulation of growth and the entry of the garden into fruiting. Without crowning, it is possible to form an axial crown and get decent results only in the 4th-5th year, although the quality of such trees in the garden will never reach the level of a similar “knip”. Crowned annuals have significantly fewer fruit buds than “knip” ones, and, as a rule, they do not exist at the ends of branches. Their lateral branches grow intensively in the second half of summer and, as a result, end with growth buds; they also have sharper angles of branching of the lateral branches. Therefore, after planting, such seedlings grow much stronger than the “knip”, and this causes the ovary to fall off, if it has formed. In addition, growth activity inhibits the formation of fruit buds.

Two-year-old seedlings with an annual crown (“knip-baum”), compared to crowned annuals, have a greater load of fruit buds, including at the ends of the branches. The branches extend from the conductor at large angles. Therefore, such a seedling experiences more stress after planting and will have virtually no growth. In general, seedlings of the “knip” type are ready for intensive fruiting immediately after planting, while crowned annuals bear fruit much weaker. Crowned annuals reach the same yield level that the “knip” gives in the second year in the fourth year after planting. So, from a “knipa” tree, from 1 to 3 kg of fruits are obtained per year of planting (thinning is no longer allowed). In the second year - 6-8 kg. In the first two years, one tree produces 9-10 kg. Crowned annuals, as a rule, do not produce fruit in the first year. In the second year it produces an average of 3 kg of fruit.

Seedlings of the “knip-baum” type are grown in a two-year cycle, mainly using the methods of winter grafting and summer budding with a dormant eye, obtaining planting material with a root system two years old, which ensures good establishment in the garden.

Winter vaccination. Rootstock material for winter grafting should be selected with a high-quality root system. A two-year-old grown, vegetatively propagated rootstock is especially suitable; grafting is performed at a distance of 40 cm from the base (heel) of the rootstock. The value of budding height deserves more detailed consideration. Numerous studies have found that high grafting or budding enhances positive influence vegetatively propagated rootstock on a fruit tree, induces rapid fruiting, reduces the vigor of tree growth, promotes obtaining more high yields high quality fruits. Before planting in the field, winter grafting is stored in a refrigerator or basement at a temperature of 0°C.

Summer budding with a sleeping eye. Rootstocks are planted at the beginning of spring work according to a 60x8-10 cm scheme with a root collar diameter of 4-6 or 6-8 mm to a depth of 20 cm. At the end of July- at the beginning of August (for us no later than July 20-25), the rootstocks are budded at a height of 20-25 cm above the soil level using the butt method, which ensures the engraftment of the eyes in most cases after three weeks. Whereas budding in the traditional way in a T-shaped incision- in 1.5 months. Rapid engraftment is determined by the better combination of the cambium of the scion and the rootstock, while the occulants grow better. In the fall, rootstocks with established eyes are dug up and stored throughout the winter in a refrigerator, basement or special trench, avoiding drying out the root system, at a temperature of 0°C.

First field.With the beginning of spring work, at the earliest possible date, rootstocks with winter grafting or summer budding are planted according to a pattern of 70-90x40 cm to a depth of 20 cm. Then the rootstocks are cut for grafting or an eye, covering the wound water-based paint When adding fungicides, the soil between the rows is loosened to a depth of 10 cm. If the cultivated shoot grows well after planting, wild shoots on the rootstock are removed several times; if growth is weak, there should be no rush to remove them. During winter grafting, when the cultivated shoots have at least 8 leaves, the best developed shoot is left and the weaker shoots are removed. After this, on the opposite side of the rootstock from the cultivated shoot (scion), a wooden support is installed, to which the scion is tied in at least two places. This prevents the annual plant from bending, damaging the root system and breaking off the above-ground part under the influence of wind. From spring and throughout the growing season, plants must be carefully protected from pests and diseases.

So, with normal care in the first field, a one-year-old grows 1.0-1.4 m high with a trunk diameter of 9-12 mm, and this is enough. You should not strive to have very developed annuals, since they can grow into too strong seedlings of the “KNIP” type, which is not always desirable for the gardener. In addition, shoots may dry out after crowning due to intense “crying” at the cutting site.

Second field.In early spring, annuals are crowned for regrowth. The crown height depends on the growth vigor of the variety: for low-growing - 60-65 cm, for medium-growing- 65-70 cm and for tall people- 80-85 cm from the soil surface. Using traditional technology, cutting off the one-year-old at a height of 75-80 cm and removing the side shoots in the trunk area when they reach 10 cm, a crowned two-year-old was obtained. In contrast, when a seedling of the “knip-baum” type is formed, only one of the strongest cultivated shoots is left below the crowning site, from which the conductor is grown, and all others are gradually removed in three steps, focusing on the growth activity of the conductor, in the direction from above down. For example, if the conductor has reached a length of 15-20 cm, all lateral branches in the upper part of the trunk are removed at the same distance, and so on. When the abandoned conductor has 7-8 leaves, it is necessary to use well-known techniques that actively influence the crown formation of the oculant, since the number of branches- one of the main factors in the value of a seedling.

The formation of shoots from lateral buds located in the axils of leaves is stimulated by cytokinins synthesized by the root system and inhibited by auxins synthesized by newly formed leaves and the growth point of the conductor- apex, and the latter, as a rule, dominate. The activity of growth processes largely determines the tendency of seedlings to form crowns, and under conditions of insufficient agricultural background and lack of moisture in the soil, they will branch poorly. Environmental temperature conditions significantly influence the branching of oculants. Research has established that the branching process occurs more intensively at a temperature of 21°C and high humidity air. This also contributes to the formation of fruit buds and the subsequent formation of full-quality inflorescences. Among the methods of actively influencing the process of crown formation abroad, the use of synthetic growth regulators, such as promalin (USA) or paturil (Hungary), has become widespread.

So, when the left conductor has 7-8 leaves, they begin pinching its top by unscrewing and simultaneously tearing off the underdeveloped leaves located around the apical bud (“tuft”) in order to promote branching during the growth process (reducing the level of plant auxins). This special pinching is performed 5-7 times at appropriate intervals, depending on the ambient temperature. If the temperature is close to the optimal temperature (2°C), it is enough to perform pinching once every 10 days. In hot weather, when the temperature is about 30°C, pinching should be done after 4-5 days. If the temperature is too low and the branching of the conductor is delayed, its upper part is additionally sprayed with the indicated or other growth substances. But this provokes the formation of lateral branches with sharper branches from the conductor.

With a good agricultural background, numerous lateral shoots with almost right angles of departure grow on the conductor, thereby promoting the differentiation of fruit buds, including at the ends of the growths. It should be emphasized that the establishment of fruit buds can be achieved only under the condition of a high agricultural background and the use of high-quality, healthy rootstock and scion material.

Research conducted in Western Europe and North America, showed that for the establishment of modern intensive apple orchards with early fruiting, a quick return on funds for their establishment, minimal costs labor for care and harvesting, the most effective were gardens on a dwarf rootstock type M9, planted with two-year-old seedlings with a one-year crown (“knip-baum”) and significantly inferior to one-year-olds with a crown.

In principle, there is no particular difficulty in growing two-year-old seedlings with a one-year crown (“knip-baum”), and we have experienced gardeners and planting a garden from these seedlings. Of course, the dwarf rootstock M9 is absolutely unsuitable for our conditions, and we will have to use rootstocks 57-146, 62-396, 134 or other more frost-resistant and winter-hardy ones. But even for these rootstocks, it will be necessary to protect (insulate) for the winter not only the root system in the absence of snow, but also the above-ground part to the grafting site, since its length is 20 cm. You can try growing seedlings of the “knip-baum” type and with using a dwarf insert from the indicated rootstocks, making it longer (more than 20 cm), to reduce the size of the future tree. True, this will lengthen the time of growing seedlings. For grafting, the most valuable local, winter-hardy, scab-resistant varieties should be used. I see the greatest difficulty in implementing the idea of ​​\u200b\u200bgrowing seedlings of the “knip-baum” type in our country in finding and acquiring virus-free dwarf uterine rootstock material.

V. N. Shalamov

Other articles by V. Shalamov in the section

Intensive garden on clonal rootstocks

Intensive gardens are the era of modern gardens, which have long become common in most European countries, the southern regions and the central zone of our country. In other words, in the agricultural sector these are high-tech apple orchards, highly productive, less expensive, with the best quality of the resulting fruits, both in industrial and home gardening.

Here (in the Urals zone) this direction in gardening has not received development. Our market still provides gardeners with apple seedlings obtained by grafting onto a seed rootstock, i.e. to the wild. An intensive garden is created by planting apple tree seedlings grafted onto special low-growing clonal rootstocks.

The advantages of such rootstocks:

1. They inhibit the growth of fruit trees, as a result: a) they are convenient to care for and harvest; b) small crowns are better illuminated, photosynthesis processes are more active, and the harvest is better formed; c) it is easier for short trees to be covered with snow, and therefore to survive the winter.

2. They force the tree to enter the fruiting phase earlier and increase the yield faster in subsequent years.

3. Improves taste, color and size of fruits.

4. Reduce the frequency of fruiting.

5. Allows trees to be grown where groundwater is close.

6. Allows you to increase the planting density and, accordingly, the number of varieties of apple trees in small garden plots.

Disadvantages of low-growing rootstocks:

1. The winter hardiness of clonal rootstocks is lower, and where there is little snow, there is a danger of freezing of the root system.

2. The absence of a central root reduces the adhesion of the root system to the soil, the stability (anchoring) of the tree, as a result of which, under high loads of crops, under the weight of fruits, the trees may deviate from the vertical position, and therefore require supports. I make a trellis on both sides, because... then I use it to tie up branches loaded with fruits.

3. The period of productive fruiting for intensive type apple trees is shorter, approximately 20-25 years.

4. Prices for seedlings on vegetative rootstocks are still higher due to the shortage of the latter.

It is known from various information sources that specialists and gardeners in our zone tested similar rootstocks, but the conclusions were not encouraging. What prompted me to start creating an intensive garden?

Harsh winter 2009-2010 remained in the memory of many gardeners. This winter took away all my fruit trees, which for the most part were located above the level of the snow cover. These are young (5-7 year old) apple trees on seed rootstocks that have begun to bear fruit. And it’s not surprising, because the temperature at the site, according to the watchmen, dropped to minus 52 degrees. The birds froze in flight. The only fruit trees left alive after that winter were low plantings of annual apple trees and columnar apple trees, most of the above-ground mass of which was under the snow. Burning with the desire to quickly revive the fruit-bearing garden, I began active work on creating an intensive type garden (before that I was keen on testing columnar apple trees). Fortunately, I have my own clonal rootstocks. The mother liquor of such rootstocks was planted for columnar apple trees.

Test location fruit plants The vicinity of Perm became an intensive type, it is north of Yekaterinburg by 1, Chelyabinsk by 2 degrees north latitude. My main plot of 12 acres is located in a lowland, on the banks of a river, in the northwest open field, not protected from cold winds. The temperature is 5-7 degrees lower than reported by Perm. Two other plots of three acres each have more favorable conditions.

The starting material for obtaining intensive apple tree seedlings are clonal rootstocks: dwarf 62-396 and P-60; medium height 57-545 and 54-118. Such rootstocks for apple trees grow well for me and are propagated using intensive technology using an organic substrate.

The year 2010 can be considered the beginning of active work on testing standard apple trees grafted onto clonal rootstocks. Many of the annuals planted in 2010 produced their first fruits within a year. These are Papiroyantarnoye, Cosmonaut, Altynay, Sinap Minusinsky, Rodnikovaya, Sokolovskoye, Tolunay, Mountain Sinap, Dachnaya. Two years after planting, the following varieties produced a harvest: VEM yellow (Danila), Pervouralskaya, Mamrovskoye, Osennye Polosatoye, Uralskoye Bolshoye, Anis Sverdlovsky, Aromat Uktusa, VEM pink, Seman, DL-34-104.

There were also those that bore fruit in the year of planting: Toropyzhka, Aksyona, Otslitnik, DL-11-12-120, DL 22-105, hybrid 25, but the next year they, as a rule, rest. Therefore, it is better to remove the first flowers so that the seedling gets stronger and forms a good root system, crown, and leaf apparatus. Every year new varieties come into fruition and delight us with their characteristic, valuable and interesting traits.

Leading varieties appear based on valuable economic traits. Trying the fruits of each new variety is an interesting event, like a small holiday. All the troubles and worries about compact trees are justified when we enjoy the winter by consuming our juicy, tasty, beautiful, healthy apples.

Currently, more than 75 varieties of standard apple trees are being tested, not counting columnar ones. I had to purchase an additional two small plots, some with better microclimatic conditions. As for the vegetative rootstocks I use, in six years they have not failed even once. There were no cases of freezing either in the queen cell or in the fruit trees. The snow cover in my areas is at least 40-50 cm, this is enough to top layer The soil temperature dropped during our frosts no lower than -7...-10°C, and the root system of my rootstocks can withstand, according to the description, down to -16°C.

Beklemyshev S. I.

Tel. 8-902-646-64-61

[email protected]

If you are looking for planting material: seedlings, cuttings, seeds and more, carefully look at all the addresses in the section

Based on research materials
Institute in St. Petersburg

The order of implementation of the main elements of intensive technology when cultivating an apple orchard (part 1)

Organization of the site and features of trellis installation

Cultivation of an intensive apple orchard using a trellis

A plot of an apple orchard consists of cells, the varieties in each cell are alternated in rows (for better pollination during the flowering period), it is more convenient to have each variety even number rows. Row length should not exceed 150 m (due to drip irrigation and harvesting restrictions). The cages are separated by roads 15 m wide. In each row, pillars are installed every 10-13 m (pillar height 3-4 m, 1 m underground, 2-3 m above ground), the pillars must be metal (for example, used drill pipe NKT60 ) or reinforced concrete (more expensive). The outer poles are fixed using galvanized steel wire (4 mm) and anchors (1 m long) screwed into the soil. 3 rows of galvanized steel wire (3 mm) are stretched between the posts (at a height of 50 cm, 1 m, 1.5 m). The drip line (after 50-150 cm in length) and the lowest branches are subsequently attached to the bottom wire. Subsequent rows of wire are tightened as the trees grow. Immediately after planting the seedlings, individual supports should be installed for each bamboo seedling (2-3 cm in diameter, 3 m in height) or any available analogue.

One of the most important measures when planting industrial apple tree plantations is the selection of modern varieties. To start an intensive fruit orchard, it is advisable to use, first of all, economically profitable varieties of winter-ripening apple trees, which are in high demand on the market, are transportable and can be stored well. In industrial plantings, up to 5 winter varieties of apple trees should be grown, which occupy 70-80% of the area. If there is a market near the farm, then for direct sale a certain share of highly commercial summer and autumn varieties should be introduced.

Intensive trellis-dwarf garden of the Gala Mast variety on M9 rootstock

With a small number of varieties in the garden, it is easier to implement a system for protecting plants from diseases and pests, varietal formation and pruning of trees. When selecting varieties, one should take into account their requirements for soil and climatic conditions, first of all temperature conditions and the length of the growing season.

Features of protection against pests and diseases

Damage to apple fruit by scab

Diseases and pests are a significant threat to fruit plants. They cause weakening of plants, reduced yield and deterioration in fruit quality. In intensive gardens, the same diseases and pests are harmful as in traditional gardens. To combat them, you can use all recommended chemicals and biological agents protection. The list of pesticides, doses and timing of their use are published in the professional literature, constantly updated with the advent of new pesticides and methods of their use.

In intensively dense plantings with smaller trees, the frequency and intensity of manifestations of individual diseases or pests may be somewhat different than in traditional gardens. The technique of spraying trees is also specific.

Pomological apple tree varieties recommended for intensive gardens, for example, Honey Crisp. Ligol, Golden Delicious, Jonagold, Champion and others are more resistant to scab than the varieties that were popular until recently (Mekintosh).

Intensive garden of Golden Delicious apple tree on M9 rootstock (photo: I.V. Muhanin and A.I. Kozhina, Association of Russian Gardeners)

Thanks to small sizes, trees in an intensive garden are better ventilated and processed more efficiently chemicals, which reduce the development of diseases and pests inside the crown, and spraying requires significantly less working fluid, manual work and energy consumption.

To spray an intensive garden with a regular garden sprayer, it is enough to use about 600 l/ha of working fluid, and with a special “column-like” sprayer 300 l/ha, reducing the dose of the drug by 20-25%.

Conventional sprayers equipped powerful fan with an air flow of over 30,000 m3/h, cause significant losses of working fluid, of which only 25-40% gets onto the foliage and fruits, polluting environment and requiring significant energy consumption.

Changes in plant spraying technology consist of the use of economical “column-like” sprayers with a horizontal air flow and a fan capacity of 20-30 thousand m3/h. And optimal size drops of working fluid (70-150 microns), which provides best coverage sheet surface and low losses from runoff. Thanks to the use of a tractor with a lower power of 30 Kn, fuel costs are reduced, up to 30% is saved on the purchase of pesticides and the environment is polluted less.

Sprayer OVS-2000

Conventional garden sprayers are also suitable for use provided the tractor engine is running at 1500-1800 rpm, operating pressure 6-10 atmospheres, and unit speed 5-6 km/h. A smaller number of nozzles are installed (7 pieces on each side) with a diameter of 0.8-1 mm, which are adjusted so that the working fluid reaches only the first rows of trees.

The plant protection program is developed taking into account the zonal characteristics of the development of pests and diseases, as well as weather conditions growing season.

From the point of view of small row spacing and a relatively short operating time, in intensive industrial plantings of apple trees under irrigation, as well as in rain-fed orchards, in regions with a sufficient number of atmospheric precipitation, it is advisable to introduce a sod-humus system for maintaining soil between rows (grassing), and keep tree trunk strips 0.7-1 m wide under black fallow.

In regions with a tense water regime or lack of irrigation in plantations, until 2-3 years of age, the row spacing is kept under black fallow, and then grassing is carried out through one row spacing, the second ones are kept under black fallow.

Intensive apple garden planted with knip-bom seedlings

With a sod-humus system, the cost of soil cultivation is reduced, plantings can be sprayed against pests and diseases in early spring and immediately after rain, and the fruits have a higher dry matter content, are brighter in color and are better stored. The soil improves physical properties and structure and is less destroyed by water erosion. It is necessary to avoid the formation of ruts from the passage of machinery.

In the sod-humus system, perennial cereal grasses with a shallow root system are grown in the rows of the garden, which are periodically mowed with rotary mowers throughout the growing season, leaving the crushed mass in the form of mulch. They use low-growing, durable, trampling- and shade-resistant grasses with a dense grass stand that grow back well after mowing and do not freeze out.

Blooming apple garden

Before sowing, the seeds are mixed with sand in a volume ratio of 1:1. Pre-sowing soil preparation includes cultivation with harrowing, then it is leveled, and after sowing it is rolled with water-filled rollers.

In regions with intense water conditions and on southern slopes, sowing is carried out through one row spacing.

During the growing season, the grass stand is periodically mowed after the plants reach a height of about 15 cm. Frequent mowing has a positive effect on strengthening the grass stand. Mowing with mandatory simultaneous chopping is carried out only with rotary mowers, making sure that the chopped mass is evenly distributed on the surface of the rows and in the standard strips. Unchopped grass cuttings are not allowed. In order to reduce damage from spring frosts, it is very important to start mowing the grass in a timely manner in the spring.

In Holland, grass mowing between rows is carried out simultaneously with chemical protection of the garden, for which rotary mowers have a power take-off shaft for connection with sprayers. This helps to better organize spraying, focusing on the mowed row spacing.

Rotary mower

Over time, mowed and chopped grass gradually creates a layer of mulch 2-5 cm thick. The formation of grass seeds, which will serve as food for mice and will contribute to their active reproduction, should not be allowed.

If the fall of the sown grass in the first or second year is 15-20%, repeat surface sowing, or, stopping mowing, allow the grass to form seeds, after which mowing is restored.

When widespread in Eastern Europe In this method, cultivated grass is not sown, and the vegetation in the inter-rows is periodically mowed, eventually achieving the formation of persistent grass grass.

Near trunks of trees up to 4 years of age, trunk strips about 0.5 m wide, and later - 0.7-1 m, must be kept free of vegetation. Weeds are periodically destroyed by mechanical cultivation or herbicides are applied.

From the second half of summer until late autumn, the development of low-growing weeds, with the exception of wheatgrass, is allowed in the trunk strips. This saves money, and also speeds up the process of ending shoot growth and reduces the occurrence of physiological diseases of the fruit during storage. Weeds are destroyed late in the fall so as not to provoke nesting mice.

Mechanical cultivation of trunk strips in gardens of traditional designs was previously carried out using a garden cutter FA-0.76 in conjunction with tractors T-40M, MTZ-80/82 to a depth of 10 cm.

Tractor MTZ-80

However, a significant disadvantage of using cutters of this type was damage to the roots, especially in trees on clonal rootstocks, significant unevenness of the soil and the risk of damage to the trunks.

In addition, when machining The structure of the surface layer of soil rises, as a result of which its heat transfer decreases and trees are more damaged by spring frosts.

Herbicides

When using herbicides, the width of the trunk strip in plantings up to 4 years of age is about 0.5 m, in older ones - 0.7-1 m, and their application is carried out in the absence of wind, making sure that the drug does not get on the trunks and foliage of the trees.

The choice of herbicide and the dose depends on the age of the plantings, types of weeds and their number, soil type and the presence of drinking water sources near them.

In Western European countries, the following herbicides are used in apple and pear plantations: soil-based - simazine and its analogues (nitrogen), kerb, devrinol kazoron; contact - basta, and combined action - roundup (fosulen, glyphosate, nitosorg) and others.

Soil herbicides are used in cloudy weather in early spring before the emergence of weeds, spraying the surface of the moist soil near the tree trunk with a working liquid to create a so-called herbicidal film that prevents the growth of weeds. Herbicides of the simazine group are also used in the fall after harvest. Before application, the surface of the standard strip is freed from plant residues so that the drug solution gets onto the cleaned soil and creates a “herbicidal film”. In dry weather, it is not practical to apply soil herbicides, or they need to be embedded into the soil to a depth of 5 cm.

Systemic herbicide Roundup

Contact and systemic herbicides should be applied to vegetating weeds in sunny and calm weather, at least 2-3 hours before rainfall. Roundup and other systemic herbicides are applied by directed spraying, preventing liquid from getting on the foliage and trunk of the trees, and the height of the weeds should not exceed 15 cm. Before this, the root and trunk shoots of the trees are (required!) removed. In Holland, it is not recommended to apply Roundup after the beginning of July, as this can cause damage to trees due to its active evaporation.

A working solution of herbicides is prepared before use. The consumption of working fluid per 1 ha of treated surface when using soil herbicides is 200-300 l, and when treating vegetative weeds with contact or systemic herbicides - up to 600 l/ha.

Spraying is carried out with reduced pressure (2 atm.) in the absence of wind with the lowest speed of movement of the unit, using T-shaped or special (eccentric) nozzles and directed spray torches, and protective shields.