The North Caucasus is a historical and cultural region Russian Federation and is part of it under the name of the North Caucasus Federal District. Located on the territory of the Ciscaucasia, as well as in the northern part of the slope of the Greater Caucasus Range (without the eastern part, which is under the jurisdiction of Azerbaijan) and western part to the Psou River (the border of the Russian Federation and Abkhazia runs along it). It is one of the most multinational regions of Russia, most of whose territory is occupied by agricultural land (more than 70%).
The North Caucasus includes the following subjects of the Russian Federation: 2 autonomous territories (Krasnodar and Stavropol), 7 republics (Adygea, Dagestan; Karachay-Cherkess, Kabardino-Balkarian, North Ossetian, Ingush and Chechen).
Population of the North Caucasus
The North Caucasus is one of the most densely populated regions of Russia; the population, according to the latest statistics, is 9.7 million people, which is 6.6% of the total population of the Russian Federation. Population density - 52 people per 1 km 2 (second highest density after the Central Federal District), urban population - 49.1%.
The North Caucasus Federal District is the only one in the country where it is not the Russian and Slavic population that predominates, but the titular nation, which includes a large number of nationalities, several ethno-linguistic families, which in turn are divided into groups. For example, in the Ingush Republic, the population is dominated by Ingush and Chechens, Russians are third in number, in the Dagestan Republic Russians are eighth. According to the latest census data in this region of Russia, Russian nationality made up 9.4% of the total population. In first place are the Chechens, then, in descending order, come the Avars, Dargins, Kabardians, Ossetians, Kumyks, Ingush, Lezgins, etc.
Industry of the North Caucasus
IN economically The economy of this region belongs to the North Caucasus economic region of the Russian Federation. The leading sectors of its market specialization are the mechanical engineering complex, food and light industry, coal and petrochemical production, the cement industry, developed agriculture, as well as unique recreational resources, which became the main basis for the development of the resort industry.
The electric power complex is the basis of the economy of this region. Mainly thermal and hydraulic power plants operate here, the largest thermal power plants operate in the Krasnodar Territory, Nevinnomyssk, Grozny, hydroelectric power stations - Tsimlyanskaya, Belorechenskaya, Baksanskaya, etc.
The oil refining complex is one of the oldest in the Russian Federation; traditional oil refining areas are concentrated in Grozny, Tuapse, Krasnodar, and new ones are in the Ciscaucasia. Gas production - Stavropol and Krasnodar region, Chechnya and Dagestan - production of gas condensate, a very valuable raw material for the chemical industry. Coal is mined on site Rostov region, wherever the spurs of the Donbass ridge, rich in fuel minerals, want to go.
Due to the presence of a raw material base for the development of the metallurgical complex in the region, there are such enterprises of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy as an electrozinc plant in Vladikavkaz, a mining and processing plant in the Urup region of Karachay-Cherkessia, a tungsten-molybdenum plant in Tyrnyauz, various metallurgical enterprises producing steel, pipes and steel casting.
The engineering complex is represented by the following industries: production of agricultural machinery (the largest enterprise is OJSC Rostselmash in Rostov-on-Don), technological and drilling equipment for oil and gas fields, production of electric locomotive transport (in Novocherkassk), shipbuilding engineering (river and sea directions). Sectors of precision engineering that are completely new to this region are growing and developing, such as instrument making, electrical engineering, and nuclear engineering (JSC EMK-Atommash in Volgodonsk, boiler plant in Taganrog). Production of helicopters, airplanes and seaplanes - OJSC Rostvertol, OJSC TANTK im. G. M. Beriev", automotive engineering - OJSC "TagAz" in Taganrog.
Cement production is the leader in the construction industry; the North Caucasus is the leading producer and exporter of cement in the region.
Light industry includes such industries as footwear, leather (enterprises in Rostov-on-Don, Nalchik, Shakhty, Vladikavkaz) and textile production. The production of knitted products and the clothing industry, the production of washed wool and fabrics and carpets based on it are well developed (Makhachkala, Krasnodar Territory).
Unique Natural resources region (a large number of mineral springs, deposits of healing mud, the mild climate of the foothills and beautiful landscapes) provided the basis for the development of the resort industry, which is one of the leading industries. There are two resort groups: Mineral and Black Sea. Here are the most famous Russian resorts such as Anapa, Sochi, Gelendzhik, 150 boarding houses and holiday homes. In the Stavropol Territory there is a group of resorts with medicinal sources mineral waters are Kislovodsk, Pyatigorsk, Essentuki, Zheleznovodsk. A large number of skiers and climbers annually visit the Dombay and Teberda areas in the Karachay-Cherkess Republic, as well as the Baksan Gorge in Kabardino-Balkaria.
Agriculture of the North Caucasus
Agricultural products account for about 50% of all products produced in the North Caucasus region. Its basis is sufficiently developed agriculture, which has favorable climatic conditions for this.
Grain farming is a leading branch of agriculture; winter wheat is mainly grown here (Krasnodar Territory, Rostov Region, western Stavropol Territory). Large areas of agricultural land are occupied by crops of corn and rice (Kuban plavni, irrigated lands of Rostov land and Dagestan). A large number of industrial crops are grown in the region: sunflower, sugar beets and tobacco; horticulture and viticulture are also developed here. The Black Sea coast of the Krasnodar Territory is the only region of the Russian Federation where subtropical crops such as tea, persimmon, figs, and citrus fruits are grown.
Livestock farming is dominated by cattle breeding, pig farming and poultry farming. Developed sheep breeding, especially its fine-fleece branch, is of great importance in the economy of the region. Half of all Russian fine wool is produced in the North Caucasus region.
State educational institution
higher vocational education
Samara State University
Department of International Relations
North Caucasian federal district(NCFD)
1st year students, gr. 24102
Faculty of History
Bagryantseva M.V.
Scientific adviser:
Candidate of Historical Sciences,
Associate Professor Tyurin V.A.
SAMARA 2011
Introduction……………………………………………………………..……..P.3
Chapter I. Administrative-territorial structure of the North Caucasus Federal District……..P.5
Chapter II. Population and demographic situation…………………….P.8
Chapter III. Features of the district industry………………..…..P.11
1.1. Agro-industrial complex………………………………….P.12
1.2. Extractive industry………………………………..S. 15
Chapter IV. Economic indicators………………………………….P.18
Chapter V. Culture and recreational complex………………..………P.20
Chapter VI. Problems of the North Caucasian Federal District and ways to solve them………………………..P.23
Conclusion……………………………………………………………..………………P.28
List of sources and literature…………………………………………P.29
Applications……………………………………………………………………………….P.30
INTRODUCTION
The North Caucasus Federal District is a federal district of the Russian Federation, separated from the Southern Federal District by decree of Russian President D. A. Medvedev dated January 19, 2010. Located in the south of the European part of Russia, in the central and eastern part of the North Caucasus.
The relevance of the topic is that the district is a young public education, it has not yet been fully studied. In addition, the district has a number of problems that need to be identified and noted. It is important that the North Caucasus is an economically depressed region, and therefore has a poorly developed industry. In the North Caucasian Federal District there are no such industries as mechanical engineering, metalworking, production of consumer goods, etc.
Having studied the manual for students by A. I. Chistobaev “Regional Studies,” I learned about the natural features and resources of the SFKO and was able to analyze the recreational complex of the district.
In the book “Federal districts of Russia. Regional Economics”, ed. Glushkova V.G. and Simagina Yu.A. I studied the industry of the district, its level of development and potential.
Using the website, the official website of the plenipotentiary representative of the President of the Russian Federation in the North Caucasian Federal District http://skfo.gov.ru/, I learned about the population, composition of the population and the demographic situation of the district.
The decision to separate the new district from the Southern Federal District caused a wide response in the media and in the expert community. This is not surprising, since the emergence of a new district is in itself an extraordinary event. But it was not only the change in the number of districts that attracted the attention of political scientists. It is no secret that for many years now gloomy news has been coming from the Caucasus about terrorist attacks and clashes with militants. The state of the economy of the North Caucasus also cannot be called problem-free.
Experts also pay attention to the geopolitical component of the importance of the Caucasus region, on the territory of which the interests of superpowers have clashed for centuries. In this sense, the 21st century is no exception. This means that geopolitics may also be in the field of view of the presidential envoy.
Chapter II. Population and demographic situation
The population of the federal district, according to the results of the 2010 census, according to Rosstat, was 9,496,800 people:
Russians - 2,938,070 people. (32.9%)
Chechens - 1,237,506 people. (13.9%)
Avars - 771,043 people. (8.6%)
Kabardians - 509,539 people. (5.7%)
Dargins - 467,670 people. (5.2%)
Ossetians - 467,493 people. (5.2%)
Kumyks - 394,183 people. (4.4%)
Ingush - 388,845 people. (4.4%)
Lezgins - 345,651 people. (3.9%)
Karachais - 185,764 people. (2.1%)
Armenians - 181,125 people. (2.0%)
Laktsy - 145,422 people. (1.6%)
Azerbaijanis - 132,808 people. (1.5%)
Tabasarany - 116,189 people. (1.3%)
Balkars - 106,440 people. (1.2%)
Nogais - 77,897 people. (0.87%)
Ukrainians - 65,900 people. (0.74%)
Circassians - 52,582 people. (0.59%)
Greeks - 38,280 people. (0.43%)
Abazins - 36,208 people. (0.41%)
Tatars - 26,912 people. (0.30%)
Rutulians - 25,297 people. (0.28%)
Agul - 24,904 people. (0.28%)
Gypsies - 23,956 people. (0.27%)
Georgians - 23,261 people. (0.26%)
Turks - 22,518 people. (0.25%)
Persons of other nationalities - 128,426 people. (1.4%)
The district accounts for 6.5% of the country's population. Wherein specific gravity The urban population in the total population of the North Caucasus Federal District is 48.2%, the rural population is 51.8%. The demographic situation in the district is almost one and a half times better than in the country as a whole. The number of births exceeds the number of deaths by 17 thousand people; The rate of natural population growth according to data for 5 months of 2010 was 7.4%. The migration outflow of the population amounted to 1.6 thousand people.
In the North Caucasus Federal District, the population increased by 1.68 million people from the end of 1990 to the end of 2009. At the end of 2009, the natural increase in the population of the North Caucasus Federal District amounted to 75.6 thousand people. In addition, the population structure has a high proportion of people under working age.
In terms of fertility indicators, the North Caucasus Federal District ranks 1st in the country. As for the dynamics, in recent years the trajectory of changes in the value of the birth rate indicator in the North Caucasus Federal District coincides with the trajectory of changes in the value of this indicator in the country as a whole, but at a higher level (before 2000 - a decline, after - a steady increase).
In 2009, high birth rates in the North Caucasus Federal District were formed mainly due to the indicators of the Chechen Republic (more than 29 newborns per 1,000 population), the Republic of Ingushetia and the Republic of Dagestan (more than 18 newborns per 1,000 population). In other constituent entities of the Russian Federation included in this federal district, the values of fertility indicators differ insignificantly from the average indicators for the Russian Federation.
The mortality rate in the North Caucasus Federal District is the lowest in the Russian Federation - 8.7 people per 1000 population in 2010 (the average for the Russian Federation is 14.6 people per 1000 population).
ChapterIII. Features of the district industry
The North Caucasus Federal District has a number of advantages - convenient geographical location in relation to large markets, the availability of natural resources (oil, ores, construction raw materials) and unused capacity (production sites on the basis of which it is possible to increase production), a relatively developed transport network (railroads and roads) and growing demand for industrial products such as in the regions of the Russian Federation and in neighboring countries.
The industrial sector is predominantly represented by the production of petroleum products (29% in the structure of revenue of the manufacturing and mining industries), food industry (23%), chemistry (14%), mechanical engineering (12%), metallurgy (5%) and production of building materials (6%). Mining accounts for 6% of the revenue structure of the manufacturing and mining industries. The district's agro-industrial complex makes a significant contribution to the food security of the entire country. For example, the district accounts for 45% of the country's grape harvest, more than 10% of grain, fruits, berries and vegetables, as well as more than 5% of sugar beets. The district's farms contain 11% of the cattle population and 40.8% of the sheep and goat population in Russia. The district accounts for 7% of milk and 44.2% of wool produced in the country, as well as more than 27.9% of the volume of sales of sheep and goats in live weight. The district's share in the total agricultural production of all agricultural producers in Russia was 5.4%.
The basis of the economy of the North Caucasus is the electric power industry. Thermal and hydraulic power plants have been built in many regions of the North Caucasus. The largest thermal power plants were created in Grozny, Novocherkassk, Nevinnomyssk, and among the hydroelectric power stations the following stand out: Gizeldonskaya and Baksanskaya - on the tributaries of the Terek, Belorechenskaya on the river. Belaya, Chiryurtovskaya - on the river. Sulak. A cascade of hydroelectric power stations was built on the river. Sulak, including the large Chirkey hydroelectric power station, as well as a cascade of hydroelectric power stations on the Kuban-Kalaussky canal. The Irganai hydroelectric power station was also built on the river. Avar Koisu is a tributary of the Sulak in Dagestan. The energy system of the region is connected to the Donbass and Volga region.
1.1. Agro-industrial complex
The agro-industrial complex, including agriculture and the food industry, is the most important sector of the economy of the North Caucasus Federal District. The sector's contribution to the gross regional product of the specified federal district in 2008 was 18%, of which 1% came from agriculture and 3% from the food industry. In the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic and the Karachay-Cherkess Republic, the contribution of the agro-industrial complex to the gross regional product of the federal district reaches 26%. The agro-industrial complex provides jobs for 24% of the population employed in the economy of the North Caucasus Federal District. In some constituent entities of the Russian Federation included in the specified federal district, tax deductions from the agro-industrial complex form the basis of tax revenues to budgets. According to data for the first half of 2010, the share of the agro-industrial complex in tax revenues of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic is 37.4%; in the Karachay-Cherkess Republic and the Stavropol Territory, products of the agro-industrial complex form more than one-third of revenues from foreign trade.
The agro-industrial complex of the North Caucasus Federal District provides a significant contribution to the food security of the entire country - 45% of the grape harvest harvested in the Russian Federation, more than 10% of grain, fruits, berries and vegetables, as well as more than 5% of sugar beets.
The farms of the North Caucasus Federal District contain 11% of the cattle population and 40.8% of the sheep and goats contained in the farms of the Russian Federation. The specified federal district accounts for 7% of milk and 44.2% of wool produced in the Russian Federation.
In terms of production volumes of food products, the constituent entities of the Russian Federation that are part of the North Caucasus Federal District lag significantly behind other constituent entities of the Russian Federation, which indicates an insufficient level of development of the processing industry. The food industry of the North Caucasus Federal District is represented by production alcoholic drinks and mineral water. The Republic of Dagestan takes 1st place in the production of cognac and 4th place in the production of champagne in the Russian Federation, the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic - 4th place in the production of vodka and alcoholic beverages and 3rd place in the production of wines, the Republic of North Ossetia - Alania is the 3rd place in the production of champagne, and the Stavropol Territory is the 2nd place in the production of cognac and wines.
Labor productivity in the North Caucasus Federal District in individual constituent entities of the Russian Federation is 13% of the Russian average in agriculture and 7% in the food industry.
A distinctive feature of the agricultural sector of the North Caucasus Federal District is the predominance of the share of private farms.
The balance of import-export of products is dominated by the export of low-processed agricultural products and the import of highly processed food products, which confirms the low level of development of the food processing industry.
At the same time, in the North Caucasus Federal District there are 189 breeding farms, including 62 breeding plants, 117 breeding reproducers and 10 gene pool farms. The North Caucasus Federal District is also developing pig breeding, goat breeding, fur farming, poultry farming, beekeeping, sericulture and yak breeding, represented by 9 breeding plants, 20 breeding reproducers and 2 gene pool farms.
The development potential of the agro-industrial complex in the North Caucasus Federal District is also characterized by the presence of a large interregional market. The high share of imports in the structure of consumption of meat, vegetables, milk and their processed products in the Russian Federation creates the opportunity to replace import supplies of food products in the Russian Federation through the development of production of these products in the North Caucasus Federal District.
Among the problems, it is also worth noting the weak influence of the development of the breeding base on the productivity of commercial farms.
The reclamation complex of the North Caucasus Federal District needs reconstruction. Physical area irrigation systems requiring reconstruction ranges from 31 to 83%.
The development of the agro-industrial complex is a priority for all subjects of the Russian Federation that are part of the North Caucasus Federal District. Based on the analysis results promising direction for development in the North Caucasus Federal District is the production of the following types of products:
Lamb, beef and their processed products;
Poultry and products of its processing;
Milk and fermented milk products, including cheeses, cottage cheese, yoghurts, etc.;
Vegetable and animal oils;
Grain and flour and cereal products;
Grapes, wines and cognac products;
Fruits and berries (fresh, as well as in the form of juices and purees);
Vegetables in fresh and canned forms;
Mineral water;
1.2. Mining industry
The North Caucasus Federal District has a unique combination of balneological resources - mineral drinking waters, thermal waters and healing mud. About 30% of all Russian mineral water resources are concentrated here, which is comparable in volume to the resources of the central regions of the European part of the Russian Federation. Also, more than 70% of the thermal water reserves of the Russian Federation are located on the territory.
The water resource potential of the North Caucasus Federal District fully meets the needs of the population and economic sectors for water resources. A wide variety of water resources are located here - the Caspian Sea, the Kuban Reservoir, Lake Dovsun in the Stavropol Territory, Blue Lakes and Chegem Waterfalls in the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, as well as the rivers Kuban, Terek, Baksan, Zelenchuk, Sulak, Bolshaya Laba, Ardon, Fiagdon, Sunzha et al. Availability of various different types surface waters, including mountain rivers, with large slopes makes it possible to develop not only different kinds tourism (health, recreational, sports, environmental, fishing, beach), but also hydropower.
In the North Caucasus Federal District there are more than 300 reservoirs, mainly of seasonal or daily regulation. The regulated flow is used mainly for irrigation of agricultural land and fish farming.
The regulation of flow in the territory of the Republic of Dagestan is also small - the total useful volume of 11 reservoirs is 1.44 cubic meters. meters, and a significant share of it falls on the reservoir of the Chirkey hydroelectric power station, located on the river. Sulak. The remaining reservoirs are used for energy, water supply or irrigation purposes and are mainly also located in the river basin. Sulak.
Taking into account the limited reserves of mineral resources, the constituent entities of the Russian Federation that are part of the North Caucasus Federal District do not have a high potential for increasing the contribution of the mining industry to the economy, however, the development of a number of hydrocarbon deposits, as well as ore minerals, is significant for the development of the economy of some of these subjects.
The share of the North Caucasus Federal District in the structure of proven mineral reserves of the Russian Federation is 41% for tungsten, 11% for molybdenum, up to 2% for copper, lead, zinc and titanium, and 4.8% for oil. and for gas – 2.1%.
The Karachay-Cherkess Republic and the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic are leaders in tungsten ore reserves, and the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic in molybdenum ore reserves. The largest copper deposit in the North Caucasus Federal District is Kizil-Dere in the Republic of Dagestan, its share in the reserves of the Russian Federation is 1.4%.
The largest zinc deposits are located in the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania (Dzhimidonskoye, Kadat-Khampaldonskoye, Kakadur-Kanikomskoye), in the Karachay-Cherkess Republic (Urupskoye, Bykovskoye) and in the Republic of Dagestan (Kizil-Dere). In terms of the amount of residual reserves, most deposits are classified as small, since most of them have now been developed.
All lead deposits of the North Caucasus Federal District are concentrated in the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania. Most of the resources are localized in the Dzhimidon ore field.
Despite the developed infrastructure, the North Caucasus Federal District makes an insignificant contribution to the volume of hydrocarbon production in the Russian Federation. Significant obstacles to the development of hydrocarbon production are the depletion of a significant share of deposits and the reduction of proven reserves of fuel and energy resources.
The main oil reserves of the North Caucasus Federal District are concentrated in the Chechen Republic. Significant oil fields for the district are Starogroznenskoye, Goryacheistochninskoye (Yastrebinoye), Goyt-Kortovskoye, North Bragunskoye (Chechen Republic), Velichaevsko-Koldeznoye, Zhuravskoye, Zimne-Stavkinskoye - Pravoberezhnoe (Stavropol Territory), Malgobek - Voznesenskoye - Alkhazovo (Republic of Ingushetia) .
ChapterIV. Economic indicators
Most of the subjects of the Russian Federation that are part of the North Caucasus Federal District, in socio-economic terms, since the beginning of the 1990s, due to a number of objective reasons, have been among the subjects of the Russian Federation most susceptible to the crisis. Volumes industrial production in the North Caucasus Federal District by the end of the 1990s decreased to 17–24% (compared to the 1990 level) with an all-Russian reduction in the value of this indicator to an average of 48%.
The rate of economic growth in 2005–2009 indicates that executive authorities in a number of constituent entities of the Russian Federation that are part of the North Caucasus Federal District were able to correctly determine economic priorities (among the leaders are the Republic of Dagestan, the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic and the Republic North Ossetia Alania). However, the process of positive change is extremely slow.
Currently, the real sector of the economy of the North Caucasus Federal District is poorly developed:
· the share of the agricultural sector in the gross regional product reaches 22% (in the Russian Federation - 5%);
· the share of manufacturing products does not exceed 15% (in the Russian Federation – 19%).
The main contribution to the gross regional product is made by the public administration sector and the sphere of social (including utilities) services, the share of which in the gross regional product is up to 55% (in the Russian Federation - 16%).
Unemployment in the North Caucasus Federal District remains extremely high - its official level varies from 8 to 55%, which is 1.5 to 9 times higher than the Russian average. There is hidden unemployment and a high percentage of employment in low-paid sectors of the economy.
In most sectors of the economy of the North Caucasus Federal District, the values of labor productivity indicators are below the average values of these indicators for the Russian Federation.
All subjects of the Russian Federation that are part of the North Caucasus Federal District have low indicators of the quality of life of the population. The budgets of the Republic of Dagestan, the Republic of Ingushetia, the Karachay-Cherkess Republic and the Chechen Republic are highly subsidized. Over the past 10 years, the volume of federal budget funds annually allocated by the Government of the Russian Federation to provide financial support to the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation that are part of the North Caucasus Federal District has increased significantly.
Transport is one of the leading sectors of the economy of the North Caucasus Federal District, accounting for about 10% of the gross regional product. The North Caucasus Federal District is located next to large Russian and foreign markets, as well as at the intersection of large cargo flows.
Length highways general use of the North Caucasus Federal District is 24,788 kilometers, including federal - 2,577 kilometers, regional - 22,211 kilometers. The main road junctions in the North Caucasus Federal District are Stavropol, Mineralnye Vody, Nalchik, Grozny and Makhachkala.
ChapterV. Culture and recreational complex
The traditional culture of the North Caucasus was formed and developed in the conditions of everyday life and was associated, first of all, with the creation of certain material wealth. As a result, the peoples of the North Caucasus realized their aesthetic sense and desire for a harmonious expression of their worldview not in fine arts, but in “conventional” arts. The formation of the culture and art of the peoples of the North Caucasus was carried out against the backdrop of endless wars and a constant struggle with nature for survival. As a result, the main specific qualities of traditional North Caucasian decorative and applied art were developed: it is harsh and monumental (like a local landscape), optimistic and cheerful (like the “taste” of another victory). But in any case, it does not know regularity, since it does not exist either in the local landscape or in labor activity people living in these conditions.
The uniqueness and diversity of natural and climatic resources of the territory of the North Caucasus Federal District create favorable conditions both for permanent residence and for the development of a tourist and recreational complex.
By temperature conditions The North Caucasus Federal District is one of the most attractive regions of Russia both in summer and winter. The average January temperature is 3.2°C (in the mountains – up to -10°C), July – from +20.4°C (in the mountains – up to +14°C).
About 50 percent of the territory of the North Caucasus Federal District is occupied by the Greater Caucasus mountain system. There are mountain peaks here, including those with the highest elevation of 5642 meters (Elbrus), which makes the North Caucasus Federal District a particularly promising platform for the development of high-mountain tourism.
On the territory of the North Caucasus Federal District there are 6 state reserves - Dagestan, Kabardino-Balkarian, Caucasian, North Ossetian, Teberdinsky, Erzi, 2 national parks(Alania, Elbrus region), as well as 7 state reserves - Agrakhansky, Samursky and Tlyaratinsky (Republic of Dagestan), Dautsky (Karachay-Cherkess Republic), Ingushsky (Republic of Ingushetia), Sovetsky (Chechen Republic), Tseysky (Republic of North Ossetia - Alania) , ensuring the preservation of the rich biological diversity of the regions.
On the territory of the North Caucasus Federal District in the Republic of Dagestan, the coast of the Caspian Sea stretches for 490 kilometers, which contributes to the development of beach tourism.
In the constituent entities of the Russian Federation that are part of the North Caucasus Federal District, medical and recreational, skiing, sports (extreme), business, environmental, cultural and educational, pilgrimage, rural, specialized (archaeological, equestrian, speleological, ethnographic) are currently being developed ) tourism, hunting and fishing tours are organized.
The specially protected ecological resort region of Caucasian Mineral Waters, for which medical and health tourism is a specialized area, includes the cities. Georgievsk, Mineralnye Vody, Zheleznovodsk, Pyatigorsk, Essentuki, Kislovodsk, Lermontov, as well as Mineralovodsky, Georgievsky and Predgorny districts of the Stavropol Territory, Zolsky district of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, Malokarachaevsky and Prikubansky districts of the Karachay-Cherkess Republic.
On the territory of the North Caucasus Federal District there are large ski resorts: in the Karachay-Cherkess Republic - Dombay, in the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic - Elbrus, in the Republic of North Ossetia - Alania - Tsey.
The Republic of Dagestan, which has a long coastline of the Caspian Sea, is the center of beach tourism.
Despite the presence of significant competitive advantages for the development of the tourism industry, including tourist centers, the constituent entities of the Russian Federation that are part of the North Caucasus Federal District are characterized by a weak level of development of the tourism industry. The share of the North Caucasus Federal District in the tourism industry of the Russian Federation is about 6%, and the share of tourism in the gross regional product of the North Caucasus Federal District does not exceed 2%.
The small contribution of the tourism industry to the economy of the regions of the North Caucasus Federal District is associated with the insufficient volume of tourist flows and the high share of the private (shadow) sector. The largest share of unorganized tourist flow and the minimum length of stay of tourists, and, consequently, low tourist expenses are typical for ski, sports and extreme tourism centers. The share of foreign tourists in all constituent entities of the Russian Federation that are part of the North Caucasus Federal District is below the Russian average.
At the resorts of the North Caucasus Federal District there are no modern specialized facilities for the recreation and entertainment industry (sports clubs, rental points Vehicle and sports equipment, shops, cultural and entertainment complexes, etc.).
One of the strategic objectives of tourism development is to stimulate the development of new tourist centers in the North Caucasus Federal District in addition to existing resorts. The formation of new investment sites will speed up the process of updating the industry's fixed assets, increase competition and the quality of services provided, and will also increase the diversity of the tourist offer, the density of recreational areas and the level of infrastructural development.
ChapterVI. Problems of the North Caucasian Federal District and ways to solve them
One of the important problems in the North Caucasus Federal District is migration, including forced migration. Hot spots, military conflicts in neighboring countries, complex interethnic relations, on the one hand, and favorable climatic conditions, on the other hand, have made this territory a crossroads of migration flows.
Management of migration processes in the North Caucasus Federal District requires the active participation of the federal center in terms of the development and implementation of an extensive program that provides for a set of administrative, social, economic and cultural measures for the quantitative and spatial regulation of migration flows, as well as for ensuring the process of mutual adaptation of migrants and hosts their territories. To solve the problem of excess labor resources in the North Caucasus Federal District, the annual size of labor migration should be 30–40 thousand people. Dozens of regions of the Russian Federation need to be involved in receiving migrants.
More than one third of the total population of the North Caucasus Federal District is youth (approximately 2.8 million people). Therefore, in the North Caucasus Federal District as a whole and in each constituent entity of the Russian Federation that is part of it, in particular, a competent and effective youth policy must be pursued. To implement these areas of activity, it is necessary to organize monitoring of the main aspects of the life of local youth and develop a youth policy strategy in the North Caucasus Federal District.
A serious problem in the North Caucasus Federal District is the low level of development of the healthcare system. In all subjects of the North Caucasus Federal District, there is a shortage of hospitals and clinics, as well as doctors and paramedical personnel. The most popular types medical care are oncology, cardiovascular surgery, traumatology and orthopedics, neurosurgery and ophthalmology. The need for high-tech medical care for these types is fully consistent with the structure of morbidity and the volume of medical care provided in the Russian Federation as a whole.
In 2009, the North Caucasus Multidisciplinary Medical Center of the Ministry of Health and social development Russian Federation, which is a modern well-equipped medical institution. It should be noted that the center has not yet fully reached its planned design capacity. Increasing activity in referring patients to the center in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation that are part of the North Caucasus Federal District can significantly increase the availability of multidisciplinary specialized and high-tech medical care to residents of this district.
The supply of doctors in the North Caucasus Federal District is lower than the average for the Russian Federation. In 2009, the value of this indicator was 38 people per 10 thousand population (in the Russian Federation - 44.1 people per 10 thousand population). Availability of average medical personnel in the specified federal district is also lower than the Russian average. In 2009, the value of this indicator was 81.6 people per 10 thousand population (in the Russian Federation - 94.1 people per 10 thousand population). The problem of increasing the level of professional training of teachers and teachers of preschool institutions deserves special attention. Among the most current problems Secondary schools are characterized by an acute shortage of teaching staff and an outdated material and technical base. The number of students in daytime educational institutions in the North Caucasus Federal District, as well as in the Russian Federation as a whole, is declining.
An important task is also the high-quality training of specialists necessary to ensure potential economic growth. Problems with personnel qualifications exist in almost all sectors of the economy (tourism, health resort sector, public administration, food industry, agriculture, construction, healthcare, etc.), which requires the system not only to improve training programs, but also to retrain personnel taking into account the requirements of a developing economy and modern standards.
Basic social problem, inherent in all subjects of the Russian Federation included in the North Caucasus Federal District equally, is a low level of housing provision. Despite the low values of the housing supply indicator, the share of dilapidated and dilapidated housing in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation that are part of the North Caucasus Federal District is generally lower than the average for the Russian Federation. Only in the Republic of Dagestan and the Republic of Ingushetia is the share of dilapidated and dilapidated housing extremely high - 20.6% and 20.4%, respectively. No less acute is the problem of staffing. Only 30% of specialists working in cultural institutions have higher professional education. At the same time, achieving high development indicators for the constituent entities of the Russian Federation that are part of the North Caucasus Federal District is impossible without due attention to the cultural component, both in terms of creating the appropriate infrastructure and in terms of staffing. The situation on the labor market in all constituent entities of the Russian Federation that are part of the North Caucasus Federal District is extremely unfavorable.
As of May 1, 2010, the total number of unemployed citizens in the North Caucasus Federal District is 766.6 thousand people or 18 percent of the economically active population (the average for the Russian Federation is 8.2%). The highest unemployment rate is observed in the Republic of Ingushetia – 53%, the Chechen Republic – 42% and the Republic of Dagestan – 17.2%.
Many monuments and objects of cultural and historical heritage are in need of restoration. Among them are the State Museum-Reserve of M.Yu. Lermontov and the archaeological and natural museum-reserve "Tatar Settlement" in the Stavropol Territory, the historical and architectural complex Dargavs in the Republic of North Ossetia - Alania, tower complexes of the 9th - 18th centuries in the Republic of Ingushetia, a museum -Naryn-Kala Nature Reserve in the Republic of Dagestan and many others.
Key areas of activities in the field of labor market development include:
· stimulating the creation of new jobs, including in the field of small and medium-sized businesses;
· creating conditions conducive to improving quality work force (educational programs professional training and retraining of personnel and unemployed citizens, support for employment and provision of internships for youth);
· creating conditions for the development of territorial mobility of citizens (employment of residents of the North Caucasus Federal District in other regions of the Russian Federation);
· increasing the efficiency of the functioning of special institutions in the labor market (development of employment centers and resource centers in the North Caucasus Federal District, improving coordination with employment centers in other regions of the Russian Federation).
In order to maximally meet the needs of the economy of the North Caucasus Federal District in personnel, it is necessary to develop short-term, medium-term and long-term forecasts of the labor market needs for professional personnel (jobs), and also to undertake necessary measures on using the potential and experience of specialized leading senior educational institutions and educational institutions of secondary vocational education of the Russian Federation in the priority sectors for the specified federal district - tourism and services, construction and agriculture.
CONCLUSION
In terms of social development, the North Caucasus Federal District ranks last place having only 47% of per capita GDP production from the Russian average. The standard of living of the population is low, all sectors of the social sphere are in decline. Heavy socio-economic The situation is delaying economic reform, although it should encourage acceleration.
In terms of the level of development of market infrastructure, the region is considered to be prosperous. Almost 1/8 of Russian commercial banks are located here. There are also good conditions for highly profitable state entrepreneurship.
The main directions and problems of the long-term development of the North Caucasus are:
Preferential development of sectors of the consumer market - agro-industrial and resort and recreational complexes;
Restoration, reconstruction and growth of mechanical engineering and chemical industries of chemical importance;
- rise of the oil and oil refining industry and infrastructure;
- intensive deployment of a particularly effective agro-industrial complex;
-expansion and strengthening of the infrastructure of a unique resort and recreational complex;
- reconstruction and development transport complex as Russia's “southern gateway” to the West;
- strengthening the fuel and energy sector.
LIST OF SOURCES AND REFERENCES
I. Sources
1. Strategy for the socio-economic development of the North Caucasus Federal District until 2025 (approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of September 6, 2010 N 1485-r).
2. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of January 19, 2010 No. 82 "On introducing amendments to the list of federal districts approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 13, 2000 No. 849, and to Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 12, 2008 No. 724" Issues of the system and structure of federal executive authorities"
II. Special literature
1. Glushkova V.G., Simagin Yu.A.. Federal districts of Russia. Regional economy. - M.: KNORUS, 2009. – 352 p.
2. Regional studies: Textbook. for universities / Gladkiy Yu. N., Chistobaev A. I. –
M.: Gardariki, 2002. – 385 p.
3. Regional studies: Textbook. A manual for university students studying in specialties 350300 “Regional Studies”, 350200 “ International relationships» / Dergachev V.A., Vardomsky L.B.. – M.: UNITY-DANA, 2004. – 463 p.
III. Web sites
1. http://www.perepis-2010.ru/ (Results of the All-Russian Population Census)
2. http://skfo.gov.ru/
3. http://www.adm-kmv.ru/ (Administration of the Caucasus Mineralnye Vody)
4. http://www.garant.ru (Information and business portal)
5. http://www.skfo.ru/ (Official website of the North Caucasian Federal District)
|
Resident population, thousand people |
In the total permanent population, percent |
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|
the entire population |
including |
urban population |
rural population |
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|
urban population |
rural population |
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|
The Republic of Dagestan |
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|
The Republic of Ingushetia |
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Kabardino-Balkarian Republic |
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|
Karachay-Cherkess Republic |
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Republic of North Ossetia-Alania |
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Chechen Republic |
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Stavropol region |
Annex 1
Urban and rural population in the North Caucasus Federal District e
Appendix 2
Map of North Caucasus Federal District
Regional studies: Textbook for universities / GladkyYu. N., ChistobaevaA. I.. - M.: Gardariki, 2002.S. 385.
Glushkova V.G., Simagin Yu.A.. Federal districts of Russia. Regional economy. - M.: KNORUS, 2009. P. 352.
(Information and business portal)
http://skfo.gov.ru/ (Official website of the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in the North Caucasus Federal District)
The district was formed by separating from the Southern Federal District by Decree of the President of Russia dated January 19, 2010. The district includes seven constituent entities of the Federation, including one region - Stavropol and six republics: the Republic of Dagestan, the Republic of Ingushetia, the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, the Karachay-Cherkess Republic Republic of the Republic of North Ossetia - Alania, Chechen Republic (Table 5.9).
Table 5.9
Composition of the North Caucasus Federal District
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Population thousand people |
Largest cities |
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The Republic of Dagestan |
Makhachkala, Khasavyort, Derbent, Kaspiysk |
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The Republic of Ingushetia |
Magas, Nazran, Malgobek, Kara-bulakh |
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|
Kabardino-Balkarian Republic |
Nalchik, Prokhladny, Baksan |
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|
Karachay-Cherkess Republic |
Cherkessk, Ust-Dzheguta, Kara-chaevsk |
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|
Republic of North Ossetia - Alania |
Vladikavkaz, Mozdok, Beslan |
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|
Chechen Republic |
Grozny, Urus-Martan, Shali |
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|
Stavropol |
Stavropol, Pyatigorsk, Nevin-nomyssk, Kislovodsk |
The North Caucasian Federal District is the only federal district in which there is not a single region, and the only one in which ethnic Russians do not have absolute majority population of the district. It is considered the most multinational region of the Russian Federation. The administrative center of the district - the city of Pyatigorsk -V is neither the administrative center of the subject included in the district nor the largest city of the district, but is part of the large Caucasus-Minera-Lovodsk agglomeration.
Geographical location, borders and natural resources of the North Caucasus Federal District.
The district is located in the southern part of European Russia, on the territory of the central and eastern part of the North Caucasus. From the south it is protected by the Main Caucasus Range, in the east it is washed by the Caspian Sea.
The North Caucasus Federal District borders with countries such as Abkhazia, Azerbaijan, Georgia and South Ossetia, Kazakhstan, as well as with such constituent entities of the Russian Federation as the Republic of Kalmykia, the Rostov region and the Krasnodar Territory. The administrative center of the district is the city of Pyatigorsk.
The region has large reserves of natural mineral resources - oil, gas, coal, copper, non-ferrous metals, polymetals, iron ores and building materials.
In addition, it has a unique complex of balneological resources, which includes mineral drinking waters, thermal waters and healing mud. Approximately 1/3 of all Russian mineral water resources and more than 70% of the country's thermal water reserves are concentrated here.
Economic indicators of the development of regions of the North Caucasus Federal District. Since the end of the 20th century. the bulk of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, now part of the North Caucasus Federal District, found themselves in the groups of regions most susceptible to the economic crisis. TO started XXI V. industrial production volumes in this district decreased to 17-24% (compared to 1990), while the average in Russia was 48%! . In the 2000s. There has been economic growth in some regions of the North Caucasian Federal District, but improvement in their socio-economic situation is being achieved very slowly. At the same time, the main contribution to the creation of VRI comes from such areas as wholesale and retail- 21.1%, agriculture - 13.1, construction - 12.2, public administration - 11.6%. The share of manufacturing in GRP is 9.1%.
The unemployment rate in the North Caucasus Federal District is characterized as high. In the district as a whole, its value is 13%, and in some republics it reaches 44%. There is hidden unemployment and a significant share of the population working in low-paid sectors of the economy.
In the main part of the economic sectors of the North Caucasus Federal District, labor productivity is below the national average. These circumstances are combined with the low standard of living of the population.
The budgets of the Republic of Dagestan, the Republic of Ingushetia, the Karachay-Cherkess Republic, and the Chechen Republic are characterized as highly subsidized. The share of federal budget funds transferred to provide assistance to the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the North Caucasian Federal District reaches in some regional budgets 70-80%.
North Caucasus Federal District(NCFD) – federal district in the south of the European part of Russia; one of the eight federal districts of the Russian Federation. The administrative center is Pyatigorsk.
The north of the district is located on the Stavropol Upland, which passes into the Terek-Kuma Lowland in the east. In the south are the slopes of the Greater Caucasus, which stretches from northwest to southeast for almost 1000 km. Here are the most high peaks Russia – Elbrus and Kazbek. Modern glaciation has developed in the Caucasus Mountains.
The territory of the district is 170,439 km2, the population (as of January 1, 2017) is 9,718,001 people.
The district includes 6 republics (Dagestan, Ingushetia, Kabardino-Balkaria, Karachay-Cherkessia, North Ossetia-Alania and Chechnya) and 1 region (Stavropol).
Surface water resources
The flow of rivers in the North Caucasus Federal District is regulated by numerous reservoirs and ponds in the interests of energy, water supply and watering of territories. The largest reservoirs in the district are the reservoirs of the Don River basin in the Stavropol Territory - the reservoirs of the Manych cascade (Chograyskoye and Proletarskoye) and the Yegorlyk water tract (Sengileevskoye and Novotroitskoye). Large ones also include the Dagestan Irganai and Chirkey reservoirs and the bulk Kuban reservoir in the Karachay-Cherkess Republic.
The largest lakes in the district and, in general, in the world are the Caspian Sea. Another large lake in the district is Manych-Gudilo on the border of the Rostov region and the Stavropol region.
The territory of the North Caucasus Federal District is covered with a dense network of canals of irrigation and water supply systems; the largest main canals in Russia are located here - the Bolshoi Stavropol, Alkhanchurt, Pravoegorlyk, Tersko-Kum, Canal named after the October Revolution and others.
On the territory of the federal district there is part of one of the largest
Administrative-territorial composition of the Southern Federal District: Republics of Adygea, Kalmykia. Krasnodar region. Astrakhan, Volgograd, Rostov regions. The administrative center is Rostov-on-Don.
Administrative and territorial composition of the North Caucasus Federal District: republics: Karachay-Cherkess, Kabardino-Balkarian, North Ossetia - Mania, Ingushetia, Dagestan, Chechen. Stavropol region.
Territory— 589.2 thousand km 2
Population— 22.9 million people.
Administrative center- Pyatigorsk.
The North Caucasus Federal District (NCFD) is a new district of the Russian Federation, created on January 19, 2010 by special Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 82 of January 19, 2010 “On amendments to the list of federal districts approved by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 13, 2000 No. 849, and in Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 12, 2008 No. 724 “Issues of the system and structure of federal executive bodies.”
In fact, the North Caucasus was separated from the Southern Federal District. The creation of the North Caucasus Federal District should contribute to the accelerated development of the southern territories of Russia and the solution of economic and ethnopolitical problems.
It should be noted that upon its formation, by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 849 of May 13, 2000, the district was named North Caucasian, but already on June 21 of the same year, by Decree No. 1149 it was renamed Southern. The renaming was motivated by geographical reasons: the Volgograd and Astrakhan regions and Kalmykia do not belong to the North Caucasus. The Rostov region is classified conditionally.
Currently, the Southern Federal District includes subjects of the Federation belonging to the North Caucasus economic region, as well as the territory of the Lower Volga region (Republic of Kalmykia, Astrakhan and Volgograd regions), which, according to the current zoning grid, belongs to the Volga economic region.
The territory of the North Caucasian Federal District is included according to the economic zoning grid into the North Caucasus economic region.
Let us characterize the features of the location and development of the productive forces of these districts in certain territories: the North Caucasus economic region and the Lower Volga region.
Southern Federal District
Southern Federal District (center - Rostov-on-Don) occupies the south of the East European Plain, the Ciscaucasia and the northern slopes of the Greater Caucasus, accounting for approximately 3.5% of the country's territory. The landscapes of the territory are varied - semi-desert and steppe plains, mountain ranges, stormy mountain (Terek) and calm lowland (Don, Kuban) rivers, subtropical oases, snow-capped peaks of the Caucasus Mountains.
The Southern Federal District is one of the most densely populated in Russia. It concentrates 15% of the country's population. The district is one of the most multinational. More than 40 peoples live here, belonging mainly to the Slavic, Nakh-Dagestan and Turkic groups. The clash of dissimilar cultures belonging to different civilizations, the administrative-territorial division of the republics, deportation(forced relocation) of many North Caucasian peoples, military operations in the region for two centuries - all this, of course, influenced the severity of interethnic conflicts in the region.
According to natural features, the territory of the district can be divided into four parts: flat steppe, foothill, mountain and lower Volga.
Plain steppe territory extends from the Don River to the valleys of the Kuban and Terek rivers. This is the main agricultural region, the main granary of Russia. There are virtually no natural landscapes preserved in this area. Natural and anthropogenic agricultural landscapes, in which natural vegetation has been largely replaced by crops.
The plowed area of steppe landscapes reaches 90%. Mainly grains and industrial crops are grown here.
Due to the fact that the forest cover of agricultural land is slightly more than 3% instead of 5-6% according to accepted standards, the agricultural landscapes of the steppe zone of the district have become very unstable, i.e., susceptible to active soil erosion (destruction), siltation of small rivers, and pollution of water bodies.
The agro-industrial complex of the Southern District occupies a leading role in the country’s economy, determines the specialization of mechanical engineering - the production of agricultural machinery (Rostov-on-Don, Taganrog, Millerovo, Krasnodar), technological equipment for the agro-industrial complex (Krasnodar, Stavropol), as well as the chemical industry - production of nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers and pesticides (Nevinnomyssk, Belorechensk).
Food industry has also developed everywhere and specializes in the processing of various agricultural raw materials, vegetables and fruits, the production of meat, butter, flour, cereals (Krasnodar, Rostov-on-Don, Stavropol, Novocherkassk, etc.).
Shipbuilding development in the district is associated with the implementation of the “Revival of the Russian Fleet” program, which provides for the construction of river-sea vessels, tankers, and dry cargo ships (Astrakhan, Volgograd).
Fuel and energy complex specializes in the oil (Dagestan, Grozny, Stavropol, Krasnodar fields), gas (Kubano-Priazovskoye, Stavropol fields, as well as fields in the Volgograd and Astrakhan regions) and coal industry (eastern ring of Donbass in the Rostov region) (see atlas map).
Oil refineries are located in Krasnodar, Maikop, Tuapse.
Transport engineering(Novocherkassk) specializes in the production of electric locomotives.
Despite the construction of powerful thermal power plants and the presence of hydroelectric power stations, the region experiences a constant shortage of electricity.
Recreational complex The North Caucasus uses the unique natural conditions and resources of the region.
On Black Sea coast famous resorts are located: Anapa, Gelendzhik, Tuapse, Sochi. Subtropical climate, plenty of sun, sea bathing, mud and hydrotherapy, brought here from all over the world globe vegetation attracts many tourists and vacationers.
Caucasian [Mineralnye Vody] region unites the balneological resorts of Essentuki, Kislovodsk, Pyatigorsk, Zheleznovodsk and is famous for such attractions as the “Castle of Cunning and Love”, “Temple of the Air”, “Blue Lakes”, “Dombay”, “Blue Stones”, the State Museum-Reserve M. Yu. Lermontov.
Environmental problems of the lower Volga. The Volga is the longest river in Europe. Its length from the source to the Caspian Sea is 3530 km.
The modern Volga is actually a chain of huge reservoirs, turning into one another. It is regulated by cascades of eight hydroelectric power stations. Only from Volgograd to the Caspian Sea has the Volga retained its natural flow.
The construction of hydroelectric power stations and the creation of reservoirs hampered the natural processes of self-purification of water in the river. You can find petroleum products, lead salts, and sulfur compounds in it. The way out of this situation - limiting industrial wastewater, installing filters, building treatment facilities - has not yet given the desired results. This problem is especially acute in the lower reaches of the Volga.
Ecological situation in Volga delta is assessed by experts as catastrophic. Harmful substances from the entire river catchment area accumulate in its lower reaches. 8-9 km 3 of untreated industrial and domestic wastewater is discharged into the Volga annually, which is almost equal to the volume of the Tsimlyansk reservoir.
Of all the hydroelectric power stations, only the Volgograd and Saratov hydroelectric power stations have devices for fish passage. However, they are low-power and require reconstruction. Cascades of hydroelectric power stations reduce water flow, which leads to the death of fish. In recent years, control over enterprises discharging harmful substances into the river has become stricter. However, the content of heavy metals, petroleum products, pesticides, and detergents in Volga water still exceeds the maximum permissible concentration (MPC). This is especially alarming because the waters of the lower Volga are rich in fish (sturgeon, perch, herring, smelt, carp, pike).
Caspian Sea- the largest lake in the world (368 thousand km 2). It received its modern name in honor of the ancient Caspian tribes (horse breeders) who lived in the 1st century. BC e. on its coast. The lowest level of the Caspian Sea (-29 m) was recorded by scientists in 1997. Since 1998, the water level began to rise, and has now reached -27 m.
Many scientists are studying the problem of water level fluctuations in the Caspian Sea. According to a number of experts, the main reason is climatic, and it is associated with a decrease in solar activity and, as a consequence, a decrease in the evaporation of water from the surface of the lake. The average salinity of water in the lake is 11‰, i.e., each liter of water contains 11 g of salt (in the Azov Sea - 10-12 g, in the Black Sea - from 17 to 22 g).
The flora of the lake is represented by more than 700 species of algae, including green and blue-green. The wealth of the Caspian Sea is sturgeon and salmon species of fish.
To restore stocks of especially valuable sturgeon fish in the lower reaches of the Volga, eight sturgeon hatcheries were built, where sturgeon fry are grown from eggs (Aleksandrovsky, Volgogradsky, Lebyazhiy).
North Caucasus economic region
Composition of the district(ten subjects of the federation) - republics: Adygea, Karachay-Cherkess, Kabardino-Balkarian, North Ossetia - Alania, Ingushetia, Chechen, Dagestan; Krasnodar, Stavropol territories; Rostov region.
The region stands out among others by having the maximum number of republics in its composition (seven republics).
Conditions of a developed economy. The greatest wealth area is its agroclimatic potential. Here there are optimal combinations of climatic and soil conditions for growing most cultivated plants temperate zone, as well as for the development of almost all livestock sectors.
The region provides itself with coal from the deposits of the eastern wing of Donbass. There are oil reserves good quality, gas, non-ferrous metal ores (lead, zinc, tungsten and molybdenum, copper, mercury). There are also significant resources of non-metallic raw materials (barite, rock salt, gypsum, marls, dolomites).
The combination of climatic resources with mountainous terrain and warm sea creates conditions for the development of resorts and various types of tourism.
Population. This is the only region of the country where the population tends to stabilize. In many republics of the region, a fairly high natural increase has been maintained, and the territories of the Krasnodar and Stavropol territories and the Rostov region are the main regions for receiving migrants not only from the national republics of the region, but from the entire post-Soviet space. The average population density is relatively high - 50 people/km 2 .
The national composition is very diverse; for example, it is believed that more than 130 nationalities live in Dagestan. Representatives of the North Caucasian language family are distinguished (Adygs, Circassians, Kabardians, Ingush, Chechens, Avars, Laks, Dargins, Lezgins, etc.). Representatives of the Turkic group of the Altai language family (Karachais, Balkars, Nogais, Kumyks) also live in the republics. Ossetians belong to the Iranian group of the Indo-European language family. Russians are predominant in the region as a whole (62%), but their share in the national republics decreases from the west (Adygea - 68%) to the east (Dagestan - 9%). Among the Slavic peoples there is a high percentage of Ukrainians.
The urban population is approaching 10 million people, or more than 55% of the total (the lowest in the Russian Federation). Largest cities: Rostov-on-Don (1 million people), Krasnodar (640 thousand people). Rural settlements are numerous. Lowland areas are characterized by very large villages (more than 25-30 thousand people).
The North Caucasus region as a whole is provided with labor resources.
Farming. The role of the North Caucasus region in the country's economic complex is determined by the agro-industrial complex and the recreational complex.
Agro-industrial complex. The region occupies a leading position in the country as the largest producer of rice, sunflowers, corn, grapes, tea, fruits and berries, and wool. It stands out for the production of grain crops (Krasnodar region produces more than 10% of Russian grain) and sugar beets (2nd place in the country), vegetables (4th place), milk (5th place), meat (4th place) . Almost all agricultural products are processed locally. In some cases, enterprise capacity Food Industry so large that they allow the use of not only local raw materials (for example, the sugar industry processes imported raw sugar).
Industry. During Soviet times, the district was one of the largest in the country in terms of agricultural engineering(Rostov, Taganrog, Krasnodar), but the economic crisis sharply reduced the performance of this industry. Among other areas of mechanical engineering, the production of electric locomotives (Novocherkassk), nuclear reactors (Volgodonsk), and steam boilers (Taganrog) should be highlighted. Equipment for the food and chemical industries is produced in small numbers.
Currently the leading position is occupied by chemistry(fertilizers - Nevinnomyssk, Belorechensk, organic chemistry- Kamensk-Shakhtinsky, Budennovsk, Volgodonsk).
The electric power industry is mainly represented by large thermal power plants. In connection with the commissioning of the Rostov NPP in 2001, the importance of nuclear energy has sharply increased.
Transport. The transit position of the area determines the development of almost all types of transport. The largest oil loading port in Russia, Novorossiysk, is located in the region. Roads and railways pass through the area, connecting the country with the south of Ukraine, Georgia, and via a ferry with Turkey.
Basic problems and development prospects. An analysis of the current economic situation in Russia shows a clearly expressed trend of declining production volumes in most sectors of the economy. In the North Caucasus, this trend, common to all regions, is aggravated by the difficult political situation and armed conflicts. The cessation of hostilities in the region, the establishment of peace and stability in the region is the main task of the further economic and social development of the North Caucasus economic region.
Development prospects include the most effective use of favorable natural and climatic factors of the region’s balneological resources for the development of resort areas and turning them into resorts of world importance, areas of domestic and foreign tourism.
Lower Volga region
This is the northern part of the Southern Federal District, covering the territory of the Republic of Kalmykia, Astrakhan and Volgograd regions. The region has access to the Caspian Sea. The main industries of specialization are oil production, oil refining, and gas industries. In addition, the Volga region is the main region for catching valuable sturgeon fish, one of the most important regions for growing grain crops, sunflowers, mustard, vegetables and melons, and a major supplier of wool, meat, and fish.
. Natural resource potential is diverse. A significant area is occupied by the Volga Valley, which passes into the Caspian Lowland in the south. A special place is occupied by the Volga-Akhtuba floodplain, composed of river sediments, favorable for agriculture.
The creation in the Volga basin of large industry that pollutes its waters, the intensive development of river transport, agriculture that uses large quantities of mineral fertilizers, a significant part of which is washed into the Volga, the construction of hydroelectric power stations has a negative impact on the river and creates an environmental disaster zone in this area. The region's water resources are significant, but unevenly distributed. In this regard, there is a shortage of water resources in the interior regions, especially in Kalmykia. The region has oil and gas resources in the Volgograd region - Zhirnovskoye, Korobkovskoye, the largest gas condensate field is located in the Astrakhan region, on the basis of which a gas industrial complex is being formed.
In the Caspian lowland there are resources in lakes Baskunchak and Elton table salt; These lakes are also rich in bromine, iodine, and magnesium salts.
Population. The population of the Volga region is distinguished by its diverse national composition. Kalmyks occupy a significant share in the population structure of the Republic of Kalmykia - 45.4%. In the Astrakhan and Volgograd regions, with a predominance of the Russian population, Kazakhs, Tatars, and Ukrainians live. The population of the Volga region is characterized by its high concentration in regional centers and the capital of the republic. The population of Volgograd exceeds one million inhabitants. The most low density population in Kalmykia, here is the smallest share of the urban population.
Economy of the region. Oil and gas are produced in the region. The largest is the Astrakhan gas condensate field, where natural gas is produced and processed.
Oil refineries and petrochemical plants are located in the Volgograd and Astrakhan regions. The largest enterprise is the Volgograd Oil Refinery. The Astrakhan region has significant prospects for the development of the petrochemical industry based on the use of hydrocarbon fractions from the Astrakhan field.
The region's electric power industry is represented by the Volgograd hydroelectric power station and thermal power plants.
The region has a developed engineering complex: shipbuilding centers - Astrakhan, Volgograd; agricultural engineering is represented by a large tractor plant in Volgograd; chemical and petroleum engineering is developed in the Astrakhan region.
Ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy is developed in Volgograd, the largest enterprises are OJSC Volzhsky Pipe Plant and an aluminum plant. The enormous resources of the salt lakes have led to the development of the salt industry, which supplies 25% of the country's need for food-grade salt and other valuable chemical products.
The fishing industry is developed in the Lower Volga region, the main enterprise of the industry is the fishing concern "Kaspryba", which includes a caviar and balyk association, a number of large fish processing plants, a naval base, a fishing fleet ("Kasprybkholod-fleet"), which conducts expeditionary fishing in the Caspian Sea. The concern also includes a fish hatchery for the production of juvenile sturgeon and a net knitting factory. In agricultural production, areas of specialization are the cultivation of vegetables and melons, sunflowers; in livestock farming - sheep breeding.
Transport and economic relations. The Volga region exports crude oil and oil products, gas, tractors, fish, grain, vegetables and melons, etc. Imports timber, mineral fertilizers, machinery and equipment, and light industry products. The Volga region has a developed transport network that provides high-capacity cargo flows.
The region has developed river, railway and pipeline transport.
Intradistrictdifferences. The Lower Volga region includes the Astrakhan, Volgograd regions and Kalmykia. The Lower Volga region is a subregion of developed industry - mechanical engineering, chemical, food. At the same time, it is an important agricultural region with developed grain farming, beef cattle and sheep farming, as well as the production of rice, vegetables and melons, and fishing.
The main centers of the Lower Volga region are Volgograd (developed mechanical engineering, chemical industry), Astrakhan (shipbuilding, fishing industry, container production, various food industries), Elista (industry building materials, mechanical engineering and metalworking).
The most industrialized is Volgograd region, where mechanical engineering, ferrous metallurgy, chemical and petrochemical, food and light industries have the largest share in the diversified complex.
Main problems and development prospects. Degradation of natural forage lands, especially in Kalmykia with its system of transhumance-grazing livestock farming, is one of the main environmental problems of the region. Environmental damage is caused by industrial emissions and transport to the water and fish resources of the region. The solution to the problem is possible based on the implementation of the target federal program"Caspian", the main task of which is to clean up the Volga-Caspian water basin and increase the number of livestock valuable species fish
One of the main tasks is to equalize the levels of socio-economic development of the most backward regions of the Volga region and, first of all, Kalmykia, which has been granted a number of benefits in taxation and financing. The development prospects of this republic are associated with the expansion of oil and gas production, in particular on the shelf of the Caspian Sea. The Caspian Oil Company (COC) has been created, which will engage in exploration and development of oil fields in a number of promising areas of the sea shelf.
