The design of the huts is similar, but the images are very different. There is a bogatyr hut - a wide, powerful house, and another high hut, the slopes of its roof resemble a forest spruce in shape. Or you can come across a granny hut with one window, nestled comfortably among tall trees etc.
In a low light with a sash window, a lamp glows in the darkness of the night: The weak light either completely freezes, or showers the walls with trembling light. The new light is neatly tidied up: The window curtain is white in the darkness; The floor is planed smooth; the ceiling is level; The stove collapsed into a corner. Along the walls there are installations with ancient goods, a narrow bench covered with a carpet, a painted hoop with an extendable chair, and a carved bed with a colored canopy. L. May L. May
The corner opposite the stove, to the left or right of the door, was the workplace of the owner of the house. Here the peasant was engaged in crafts and minor repairs. The walls had not previously been papered, curtains had not been hung, and the floor was covered with homemade rugs. The hut was kept exceptionally clean. Twice a year (usually at Easter and baptism) there was a big cleaning. Every Saturday they washed the floors (not painted), tables, benches, wiped down the walls, “Voronets”, and shelves. They washed the threshold to the hut especially carefully. By its cleanliness, the matchmakers judged the cleanliness of the future mistress.
There was little furniture in the hut, and there was not much variety - a table, benches, chests and dish shelves. The dishes were stored in wall cabinets - “observers”; special boxes were made from splinters for spoons; wooden and copper utensils were kept on "voronets". There was a tub next to the entrance, with a washstand hanging above it. Sometimes they put it in the hut wooden bed, on which the adults slept.
Spinning wheels were an obligatory attribute in the decoration of a peasant house. Their paddle-shaped blades were decorated with carvings and floral patterns in brown and gold tones. A spinning wheel was required as part of the bride's dowry and was considered an expensive gift from father to daughter and brother to sister.
Back in the 18th century characteristic feature the peasants' dwellings were "black-fired", i.e. the furnaces did not have outlet pipes. To remove smoke, a ceiling smoke pipe and a round chimney were made from hollow wood or planks. The Russian stove is a relatively late phenomenon. OVEN is the basis of life, the main amulet of the family, the family hearth. OVEN - the home of a brownie. OVEN - the soul of a peasant house The very word “hut” comes from the ancient “istba”, “heater”. Initially, the hut was the heated part of the house.
“The stove fed, gave water, treated and consoled, sometimes babies were born on it, and when a person became decrepit, it helped to withstand the brief death throes with dignity and calm down forever. A stove was needed at any age, in any condition, position. It cooled down along with the death of the entire family or home... The warmth that the stove breathed was akin to spiritual warmth.”
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The interior of the hut was distinguished by its simplicity and expedient placement of the objects included in it. The main space of the hut was occupied by the oven, which in most of Russia was located at the entrance, to the right or left of the door.
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There are many ideas, beliefs, rituals, and magical techniques associated with the stove. In the traditional mind, the stove was an integral part of the home; if a house did not have a stove, it was considered uninhabited. According to popular beliefs, a brownie lives under or behind the stove, the patron of the hearth, kind and helpful in some situations, capricious and even dangerous in others. In a system of behavior where such opposition as “friend” - “stranger” is essential, the attitude of the hosts towards the guest or to a stranger changed if he happened to sit on their stove; both the person who dined with the owner’s family at the same table and the one who sat on the stove was already perceived as “one of our own.” Turning to the stove occurred during all rituals, the main idea of which was the transition to a new state, quality, status.
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As for the stove... let us think seriously whether the “kind” and “honest” Empress Stove, in whose presence they did not dare to say a swear word, under which, according to the concepts of the ancients, lived the soul of the hut - the Brownie - could she personify " darkness"? No way. It is much more likely to assume that the stove was placed in the northern corner as an insurmountable barrier to the forces of death and evil seeking to break into the home. Relatively small space the hut, about 20-25 sq.m., was organized in such a way that quite big family seven to eight people. This was achieved due to the fact that each family member knew his place in the common space. Men usually worked and rested during the day in the men's half of the hut, which included a front corner with icons and a bench near the entrance. Women and children were in the women's quarters near the stove during the day. Places for sleeping at night were also allocated. Old people slept on the floor near the doors, the stove or on the stove, on a cabbage, children and single youth slept under the sheets or on the sheets. In warm weather, adult married couples spent the night in cages and vestibules; in cold weather, on a bench under the curtains or on a platform near the stove.
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The stove was the second most important “center of holiness” in the house - after the red, God's corner - and maybe even the first. Part of the hut from the mouth to the opposite wall, the space in which all work was carried out women's work, associated with cooking, was called the stove angle. Here, near the window, opposite the mouth of the stove, in every house there were hand millstones, which is why the corner is also called a millstone. In the corner of the stove there was a bench or counter with shelves inside, which was used as kitchen table. On the walls there were observers - shelves for tableware, cabinets. Above, at the level of the shelf holders, there was a stove beam, on which kitchen utensils were placed and a variety of household utensils were stacked. On a holiday, the hut was transformed: the table was moved to the middle, covered with a tablecloth, and festive utensils, previously stored in cages, were displayed on the shelves.
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The stove corner was considered a dirty place, in contrast to the rest of the clean space of the hut. Therefore, the peasants always sought to separate it from the rest of the room with a curtain made of variegated chintz, colored homespun, or a wooden partition. The corner of the stove, covered by a board partition, formed a small room called a “closet” or “prilub.” It was an exclusively female space in the hut: here women prepared food and rested after work. During holidays, when many guests came to the house, a second table was placed near the stove for women, where they feasted separately from the men who sat at the table in the red corner. Men, even their own families, could not enter the women’s quarters unless absolutely necessary. The appearance of a stranger there was considered completely unacceptable. The traditional stationary furnishings of the home lasted the longest around the stove in the women's corner.
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The table always stood in the corner, diagonally from the stove. Above it was a shrine with icons. There were fixed benches along the walls, and above them were shelves cut into the walls. In the back of the hut from the stove to the side wall under the ceiling there was a wood flooring- pay. In the southern Russian regions, behind the side wall of the stove there could be a wooden flooring for sleeping - a floor, a platform. This whole immovable environment of the hut was built together with the house and was called a mansion outfit. The stove was playing main role in the internal space of the Russian home throughout all stages of its existence. It’s not for nothing that the room where the Russian stove stood was called “a hut, a stove.” The Russian stove is a type of oven in which the fire is lit inside the stove, and not on an open area at the top. The smoke exits through the mouth - the hole into which the fuel is placed, or through a specially designed chimney. The Russian stove in a peasant hut had the shape of a cube: its usual length is 1.8-2 m, width 1.6-1.8 m, height 1.7 m. The upper part of the stove is flat, convenient for lying on. Furnace combustion chamber comparatively large sizes: 1.2-1.4 m high, up to 1.5 m wide, with a vaulted ceiling and flat bottom- house.
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All significant events family life marked in the red corner. Here, both everyday meals and festive feasts took place at the table, and many calendar rituals took place. In the wedding ceremony, the matchmaking of the bride, her ransom from her girlfriends and brother took place in the red corner; from the red corner of her father's house they took her to the church for the wedding, brought her to the groom's house and took her to the red corner too. During harvesting, the first and last ones were installed in the red corner. Preservation of the first and last ears of the harvest, endowed, according to folk legends, magical power, promised well-being for the family, home, and entire household. In the red corner, daily prayers were performed, from which any important undertaking began. It is the most honorable place in the house. According to traditional etiquette, a person who came to a hut could only go there at the special invitation of the owners. They tried to keep the red corner clean and elegantly decorated. The name “red” itself means “beautiful”, “good”, “light”. It was decorated with embroidered towels, popular prints, and postcards. The most beautiful household utensils were placed on the shelves near the red corner, the most valuable papers and objects were stored. Everywhere among Russians there was a widespread custom, when laying a house, to put money under lower crown in all corners, and a larger coin was placed under the red corner.
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The red corner, like the stove, was an important landmark internal space huts In most of European Russia, in the Urals, in Siberia, the red corner represented the space between the side and façade wall in the depths of the hut, limited by a corner that is located diagonally from the stove.
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the red corner was well lit, since both of its constituent walls had windows. The main decoration of the red corner is a shrine with icons and a lamp, which is why it is also called “holy”. As a rule, everywhere in Russia, in addition to the shrine, there is a table in the red corner, only in a number of places in the Pskov and Velikoluksk provinces. it is placed in the wall between the windows - opposite the corner of the stove. In the red corner, next to the table, two benches meet, and on top, above the shrine, there are two shelves; hence the Western-South Russian name for the corner of the day (the place where the elements of home decoration meet and connect).
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Each family member knew his place at the table. The owner of the house sat under the icons during a family meal. His eldest son was located at right hand from the father, the second son is on the left, the third is next to his older brother. Children under marriageable age were seated on a bench running from the front corner along the facade. Women ate while sitting on side benches or stools. It was not supposed to violate the established order in the house unless absolutely necessary. The person who violated them could be severely punished. On weekdays the hut looked quite modest. There was nothing superfluous in it: the table stood without a tablecloth, the walls without decorations. Everyday utensils were placed in the stove corner and on the shelves.
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On a semi-dark interior background peasant hut a peasant woman sits on a bench at the table with a crying child in his arms and swings a spoon at the boy
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A short bench is a bench that runs along the front wall of a house facing the street. During family meals, men sat on it. The shop located near the stove was called kutnaya. Buckets of water, pots, cast iron pots were placed on it, and freshly baked bread was placed on it. The threshold bench ran along the wall where the door was located. It was used by women instead of a kitchen table and differed from other benches in the house in the absence of an edge along the edge. A bench is a bench that runs from the stove along the wall or door partition to the front wall of the house. The surface level of this bench is higher than other benches in the house. The bench at the front has folding or sliding doors or can be closed with a curtain. Inside there are shelves for dishes, buckets, cast iron pots, and pots.
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The vast majority of buildings in the Russian village were made of wood; pine, spruce, birch, and oak were used. The most durable buildings were made of pine and oak, as they lasted up to 200 years. Not only houses were built from such durable material, but also barns in which grain was stored.
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The perimeter of the future house was marked directly on the ground using a rope. For the foundation, a hole 20-25 cm deep was dug around the perimeter of the house, filled with sand, and covered with stone blocks or tarred logs. Later they began to use brick foundation. Birch bark layers were laid on top in a dense layer; they did not allow water to pass through and protected the house from dampness. Sometimes a quadrangular log crown was used as a foundation, installed around the perimeter of the house, and log walls were laid on top of it. According to old pagan customs, which even today Russian people coexist with the true Christian faith, a piece of wool (for warmth), coins (for wealth and prosperity), and incense (for holiness) were placed under each corner of the crown.
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The sloping roof was lined with wood chips, straw, and aspen planks. No matter how strange it may be, the most durable was thatched roof, because it was filled with liquid clay, dried in the sun and became strong. A log was laid along the roof, decorated with skillful carvings on the facade, most often it was a horse or a rooster. It was a kind of amulet that protected the house from harm.
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Household use different parts living space depended on the material condition of the owner, on his taste, as well as on internal layout dwellings. But what was common to all types of houses was the presence of a Russian stove.
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A Russian hut usually had one room. The main place in it was occupied by the stove. The larger the oven, the more heat it provided, in addition, food was cooked in the oven, old people and children slept on it. Many rituals and beliefs were associated with the stove. It was believed that a brownie lived behind the stove. It was impossible to wash dirty linen in public, and it was burned in the oven. When matchmakers came to the house, the girl climbed onto the stove and from there watched the conversation between her parents and the guests. When they called her, she got off the stove, and this meant that she agreed to get married, and the wedding invariably ended with an empty pot being thrown into the stove: the number of shards that broke, the number of children the young people would have.
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They cooked food in cast iron, using grips, pokers, and chapels. Every house always had a samovar, around which the whole family would gather for tea.
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It was also located here dinner table with benches. Wide shelves were nailed along the walls under the ceiling; on them were festive dishes and boxes that served as decoration for the house, or to store things needed in the household. In the corner between the stove and the door under the ceiling there was a wide shelf - a shelf.
INNER WORLD
RUSSIAN IZBA
1 . What material were huts built from in Rus'?
1 . What material were houses built from in Rus'?
2. What was the name of the part of the peasant house,
made from treated logs?
3. With what symbolic concepts
Did the peasants connect different parts of the house?
IZBA - a room heated by a stove
“The peasant was clever and put a hut on the stove.”
GODDESS
The main decoration of the house was the icon.
The icons were placed on a shelf-shrine.
In addition to the icons, the shrine also contained objects consecrated in the church: holy water, willow, and Easter egg.
OVEN is the soul of the house,
the main amulet of the family,
family hearth.
OVEN - home
brownie.
SIX - a wide thick board on which
pots, cast iron pots, and household utensils were placed
Where to start drawing a Russian hut?
- Determine what you will depict: the female half, the red corner, the male half, the stove...
- Think about the layout of the drawing.
- Determine where in the drawing there will be an image of the floor, ceiling, walls.
Let's start the practical part of the lesson, read the assignment carefully.
The sequence of constructing a perspective image of a hut
Carrying out practical work refer to the test on the slide. In the first lesson on this topic, you must complete a linear construction of a drawing of a hut and begin arranging household items in the graphic.
Red corner
table
bench
The hut is not red in its corners,
and red with pies!
The presentation was prepared according to the program of B.M. Nemensky for an art lesson in the 5th grade on the topic “The inner world of a Russian hut.”
Purpose of the lesson: Purpose of the lesson: To form in students imaginative ideas about the organization, wisdom of a person’s arrangement of the internal space of a hut. Introduce the concept of interior, its features in a peasant home; form the concept of spiritual and material. Updating basic knowledge - What principles were used to decorate appearance peasant hut. - Why did people decorate their homes?
In a low light with a sash window, a lamp glows in the darkness of the night: The weak light either completely freezes, or showers the walls with trembling light. The new light is neatly tidied up: The window curtain is white in the darkness; The floor is planed smooth; the ceiling is level; The stove collapsed into a corner. Along the walls there are installations with ancient goods, a narrow bench covered with a carpet, a painted hoop with an extendable chair, and a carved bed with a colored canopy. L. May L. May
“The stove fed, gave water, treated and consoled, sometimes babies were born on it, and when a person became decrepit, it helped to withstand the brief death throes with dignity and calm down forever. A stove was needed at any age, in any condition, position. It cooled down along with the death of the entire family or home... The warmth that the stove breathed was akin to spiritual warmth.” “The stove fed, watered, treated and consoled, babies were sometimes born on it, and when a person became decrepit, it helped to withstand the short agony of death with dignity.” and calm down forever. A stove was needed at any age, in any condition, position. It cooled down along with the death of the entire family or home... The warmth that the stove breathed was akin to spiritual warmth.”
