Walls made of ceramic blocks with brick cladding: advantages and disadvantages of warm ceramics, features of its installation. Features of building a house from porous ceramic blocks Is it necessary to insulate a ceramic block 380

A house made of ceramic blocks can be built quite easily and quickly and, moreover, it has excellent thermal insulation qualities and is quite durable and environmentally friendly. The walls of such a house, one ceramic block thick, have thermal insulation properties that are not inferior to a brick house if it had walls - about 1 m! You can learn about the masonry features of such a house from this article.

Features, advantages and disadvantages of a house made of ceramic blocks

A house made from ceramic blocks or porous ceramics is built three times faster than from ordinary bricks. The walls of a house built from blocks of this type breathe naturally - large cracks and micropores improve the diffusion properties of ceramics.

A house made of this material, in addition, allows you to reduce the load that the walls have on the foundation of the house, since the specific gravity of ceramic block masonry is half that of brick. Due to the large format of the blocks, the consumption of mortar when building a house from it is three to four times less than with brickwork, while three to four times less time is spent on laying 1 m2 of wall.

The cost of porous ceramics is comparable to the cost of aerated concrete, while ceramic blocks have several times lower water absorption than aerated blocks, and their load-bearing capacity and frost resistance are much higher. This determines the greater durability of a house built from such blocks compared, for example, to a house made of aerated concrete.

When building a house from this material, it is possible to combine them with other building materials. For example, on the first floor the walls are built from ceramic blocks, and on the second - from gas blocks or other material. In this case, it is desirable that the strength grade of the material on the first floor be greater than or equal to the strength grade of the wall infill on the second floor.

But it is undesirable to mix ceramic blocks and other building materials in one masonry, since different types materials differ in strength, thermal insulation properties and water absorption, which can negatively affect the strength and durability of the wall itself.

Convenient material for building a house

Ceramic blocks are very comfortable material for laying walls. Ease of installation is initially inherent in the shape of the product and its production technology.

Firstly, such blocks are porous ceramics and are made on the equipment of European manufacturers, where the manufacturing process is controlled by a computer, the human factor is practically eliminated, so the finished ceramic blocks have precise geometric dimensions.

Secondly, they have a tongue-and-groove vertical joining system. On those faces of the block that are inside during laying, there are longitudinal ridges and grooves of a trapezoidal profile - their number is from two to eight, depending on the size of the block.

When building a house from such blocks, the tongues and grooves fit tightly into the wall, without the need for additional fastening with mortar. The absence of mortar in vertical joints does not in any way affect the thermal conductivity of walls made of porous ceramics, which is confirmed both during multiple tests and during the operation of already built houses.

For the convenience of plastering the walls of a house made of ceramic blocks, the edges of the blocks that form the outer surface have shallow longitudinal grooves.

Types of blocks

Ceramic blocks are used to build houses various sizes, but their height is always a multiple of the height brickwork, which allows you to adapt projects brick houses to this relatively new building material.

The width of porous ceramic blocks is usually 230-250 mm, and the length is 250-510 mm. It is the length of the blocks that determines the width of the wall, since they are laid with the long side across the wall.

For load-bearing walls, ceramic blocks with a length of 300 - 510 mm are used, and for internal load-bearing walls and partitions, blocks with a length of 250 mm are used.

Small ceramic blocks with a length of 80 - 110 mm are also produced, which are used for the device interior partitions, cladding of monolithic belts and as additional elements.
.There are also half-section and corner blocks.

Masonry solutions

When building a house, for laying blocks of porous ceramics, it is advisable to use not an ordinary cement-sand mortar, but a “warm” or light composition. The binder in it is usually cement, and the filler can be pumice, perlite or expanded clay sand. Warm masonry mortar is used for the construction of external walls, and regular mortar can be used for internal walls and partitions.

The solution is prepared directly at the construction site. When using ready-made dry mixtures, simply add water and stir.

Thermal conductivity warm solution several times less than that of a conventional mortar, so such a wall is thermally homogeneous. This makes a house built from ceramic block more energy efficient and durable.

The thermal conductivity of walls made of porous ceramics is affected not only by the composition of the solution, but also by its consistency and method of application. The solution, whether warm or ordinary, cement-sand, should not be liquid and should not fall into the pores of the block and fill them. It should be quite thick, but also, at the same time, plastic.

Laying on adhesive perlite mortar made of ready-made mixtures prevents errors in its preparation, since the instructions on the bags always indicate required amount water to obtain a high-quality solution.

The thickness of the seam should not be more than 10 mm. In this case, the thermal insulation properties of the wall increase by 15-18%.

Parameters of a single-layer wall made of porous blocks in comparison with an insulated brick wall.

Adhesive masonry

Interesting option mortar for ceramic blocks is used in Germany. Using special equipment, their specialists evenly apply a special adhesive composition, thickness 3-4 mm. The glue lies in the form of a dense tape, covering the entire upper edge, but does not fall into the voids. Such a seam on finished wall practically invisible.

Laying ceramic blocks on polyurethane foam

In Poland, polyurethane foam is often used instead of mortar. Using a dispenser, it is applied in two strips about 5-7 cm wide, retreating 40 mm from the edges of the wall.

After application polyurethane foam The ceramic block is tightly installed in the grooves of the previous ceramic block and, using a rubber “mallet,” is seated on the applied foam strips until it stops.

After setting, the polyurethane foam forms a thin, durable and warm seam.

With this method of laying, it is necessary to ensure that the mounting foam does not fall on the outer surface of the blocks. If this happens for any reason, uncured foam can be immediately removed using a solvent for nitro paints or acetone.

DIY masonry

Before starting to lay blocks on the concrete screed of the plinth, a reliable horizontal waterproofing. The solution is applied in an even layer, without voids, over the entire thickness of the wall.

Masonry begins from the corners, using whole blocks and controlling the horizontality of the masonry.

Masonry mortar is used only in horizontal joints. The vertical edges are joined “dry” using the tongue and groove system. Laying ceramic blocks is carried out using a special rubber mallet. With its help, each block fits tightly to the neighboring one.

During breaks in the wall construction process, the top rows of masonry must be covered to prevent atmospheric precipitation inside the blocks.

If the masonry is carried out using mortars or adhesive mixtures that are diluted with water, then it is advisable to build a house from a ceramic block at an air temperature of at least +5 o C. Masonry using polyurethane foam can be done at a lower temperature.

Wall design options

A house made of ceramic blocks can have a single-layer wall structure, or two- and three-layer ones.

A single-layer wall consists of only ceramic blocks with exterior decoration, for which vapor-permeable “warm” (with perlite additives) or ordinary improved plaster is used.

A two-layer wall is obtained by insulating the walls of a house with various insulation materials. In this case, the first layer is a ceramic block, the second insulation with facade plaster applied to it. Bonded thermal insulation systems can be used as insulation. In this case, the second layer is multi-component: adhesive mixture, insulation, waterproofing mixture, reinforced mesh, a layer of glue and finishing plaster.

Also, the wall turns out to be two-layer when facing ceramic, clinker or other types of bricks are used as cladding.

Three-layer walls of houses made of ceramic blocks are arranged with hard or bulk insulation, placing it between a load-bearing wall made of porous blocks and a lined outer wall(usually made of facing or clinker bricks).

Is insulation necessary for walls made of porous ceramics?

The need to insulate external walls made from these blocks depends primarily on their thickness.
Walls built from blocks 300 mm thick or less must be insulated. The thickness of the insulation is calculated when calculating the house design and depends on the temperature zone of construction.

The insulation must have a vapor permeability no less than that of ceramic blocks, otherwise moisture may accumulate in the wall.

Options for insulating walls made of ceramic blocks 250 mm thick

Regarding ceramic blocks, or as they are also called - warm ceramics, there is a lot of controversy on the sidelines of construction. Some extol its virtues to the skies, while others bring us back to earth with their pessimistic moods.

In this article we will try to impartially evaluate all the advantages and disadvantages of this material, and also, using the video in this article for clarity, we will tell you how walls are built from ceramic blocks with brick cladding.

The main goal pursued by the creators of new structural wall materials is to increase the thermal efficiency of walls. A material that allows them to be erected quickly, without increasing their thickness too much and with minimal labor intensity is simply a godsend for any developer. And if at the same time it practically does not need insulation, then it simply has no price!

This is exactly how everything will be arranged with a relatively new look wall block, made from clay, and therefore rightfully called ceramic.

What is the peculiarity of the material?

Everyone knows that ceramics are cold material. How did it happen that the thermal conductivity coefficient of a ceramic block is almost equal to that of cellular structural concrete?

The thing is that its structure is also maximally saturated with air - and not only due to the cracks in the body of the block, but also due to the large number of pores in the ceramic itself.
To achieve a porous structure, sawdust is added to the clay during the production process. When fired, they burn out, leaving air cavities in their place. That is why such ceramics are called porous.

However, not all ceramic products have such heat preservation abilities. In one of the photos presented above, you can clearly see the stages of evolution that wall ceramics have gone through from simple solid bricks to the so-called super-porous thermoblock.
In the process of improving technology, solid brick first it became slotted, then its format increased to 2.1NF, which corresponds to double size (with standard length and width, height 138 mm).
At the next stage, a large-format block appeared - including a maximum format of 14.5NF with dimensions of 510 * 253 * 219 mm, which at first was simply slotted.
Porosization with the help of sawdust began to be used only later - they created that very warm ceramics, the thermal conductivity of which was reduced first to 0.12, and then, due to superporization, to 0.107 W/m*C.

Note: The thermal conductivity of the superporous block is equal to that of expanded clay and foam glass - and they are known to be full-fledged thermal insulation materials. In terms of thermal engineering, such walls are not inferior to wood, but at the same time they are much stronger and will last longer.

As for the strength of blocks made of porous ceramics, which skeptics doubt, nodding at the relative fragility of the material, we will always have something to answer them.

Opinion: Glass too brittle material, however, not only internal partitions and stairs are made from it, but they also manage to completely glaze the facades of houses. Ceramic, like glass, does not like impact, but can be drilled perfectly - despite the thin partitions inside the blocks. And if you don’t hit the walls of the house with a sledgehammer, they certainly won’t be in any danger.

What to choose for construction

Today, all of the above types of wall ceramics are on sale, including finishing ones. Which ones to buy for building a house, you need to be guided by local climatic conditions. It is on them that the thickness of the walls depends, as well as the need for their insulation.

Manufacturers mainly offer three full-size formats and one or two additional ones. You can see the dimensions in the table above.
They are standardized, and if they vary between different manufacturers, then only slightly. For example, one brand has a block length of 375 mm, while another has 380 mm. By the way, this size (380*250*219 mm) is the only one with which walls need to be insulated.
Larger stones, 440 or 510 mm long, in additional insulation dont need. Such walls are simply covered during the laying process decorative bricks close, without ventilation gap.

... turns into two additional ones

For ease of masonry, when you need to get, for example, the distance from a corner to an opening, you often need half a block, since a whole stone does not fit. However, this is not a solid brick, and if you try to cut it, it can simply be damaged.
The additions are made like this: in appearance they appear as a solid stone of full size, but along its axis it is visually divided into two halves, which are fastened to each other by thin ceramic bridges.
It is enough for the mason to lightly hit them with a pick, and the block itself will split into two parts, side faces which are also equipped with grooves and ridges, like full-fledged blocks.
To eliminate cold bridges, masonry is carried out not with ordinary mortar, but with heat-insulating mixtures, the filler for which is not quartz, but perlite sand.
They are sold in bags of 17-25 kg and are simply diluted with water before use. The facing brick is laid on a regular cement-sand mortar.

Also, for the convenience of installing jumpers, you can purchase U-shaped blocks, which are shown in the picture above.

The main nuances of constructing walls with cladding

The thickness of the walls of the house is calculated based on what building materials are chosen for it. If this is a block measuring 380*250*219 mm, which, as already mentioned, must be insulated, then the total thickness of the pie for an area with an average winter temperature of -32 degrees will be about 640 mm.

Of them:

380 mm porous block brand M100;
100 mm insulation (2 layers of 50 mm each);
40 mm ventilated gap;
120 mm facing brick.

Note: The gap inside the wall pie is in this case necessary for ventilation of the insulation. Its presence will not only save the walls from freezing in winter, but will also prevent them from overheating in summer. That is why insulated ventilated facades are the most the best option for residential buildings.

In order for the air to internal space the multi-layer wall did not stagnate, and it could be ventilated; air was left in the brickwork. These are either quarter-brick windows at the bottom of the wall, or vertical seams unfilled with mortar (every fifth). To prevent insects or rodents from getting into the vents, they are covered with a plastic mesh.

When masonry of ceramic blocks is carried out without insulation - that is, if the brick fits tightly to the ceramic block, they are used to bind them steel mesh. To connect them at a distance (if there is insulation and a ventilation gap), use fiberglass rods with sand tips, which are embedded in the masonry joints.

By the way, in ceramic block masonry there are only horizontal seams - the vertical edges of the stones are connected through the tight interlocking of the groove and the ridge.

Since the base on which the first row of blocks is laid is never level, the first row is placed on a leveling layer.
To begin with, apply to the surface of the base, to the area of the future masonry. thin layer waterproof solution. Then the layer is rolled out roll waterproofing, observing the rule - flush with the surface of the future external wall and a 2-3 cm outlet inside, under the internal walls the outlet is arranged on both sides.
The next step is to apply a thicker layer of masonry mortar, which is leveled to ensure a uniform level. Before installing the blocks, a thin layer of pure cement should be applied to the surface of the leveling layer. This will prevent the slot block from being immersed in a relatively soft solution, which would negate preliminary work for preparing the leveling layer.
After preparatory work begin installing the corner blocks using a level and a rubber mallet. Next, the distance between the corners is measured, and the first row of blocks is laid out completely, while horizontal sliding of the blocks is not allowed; each block along the tongue-and-groove direction is pushed in from above.

After laying the entire perimeter of the wall, work is stopped for 12 hours. And it begins again with the installation of corner blocks. The position of each block is checked using a level and a cord guide; the position is corrected using rubber mallet. It is also necessary to check the verticality of the masonry with a level and plumb line.
If necessary, give blocks required size you can use a reciprocating saw or an alligator saw, more about this in the article How to cut ceramic blocks.

The connection of the outer wall with the inner walls and partitions is carried out using perforated steel anchors placed in the pastel seam of every second row.
To prevent the load from the ceiling from being transferred to the partitions in the future, it is important to follow the rule - do not load-bearing walls should be 1-2 cm below the load-bearing walls. In the future, the gap can be filled with polyurethane foam.
Every day, upon completion of work, it is necessary to cover the masonry of slotted blocks with a tarpaulin or covering films, otherwise, in case of rain, the voids of the porous blocks will be filled with water.

Technologies for constructing walls of a private house are developing in three main directions:

Relatively thin and durable walls are insulated with highly effective insulation. The wall consists of two layers- a load-bearing layer that absorbs mechanical loads, and a layer of insulation.
For the construction of single-layer walls, materials are used that combine a sufficiently high resistance to both mechanical stress and heat transfer. The construction of single-layer walls from cellular concrete(autoclaved aerated concrete, gas silicate) or porous ceramics.
A combination of these two technologies is also used when walls made of cellular and porous materials provide additional insulation layer high effective insulation. This combination allows make both wall masonry and a thin layer of insulation. This can be beneficial for structural reasons, especially when building a house in a cold climate.

Advantages of single-layer house walls made of warm ceramics

Especially in areas with mild winter more profitable and easier to build a private house with single-layer stone external walls. Modern building materials make it possible to build a single-layer wall of reasonable thickness and required strength that is sufficiently heat-saving for the specified climate.

Compared to two- or three-layer walls, single-layer outer structure stone wall has the following advantages:

The total cost of building a house with single-layer external stone walls with a masonry thickness of up to 51 cm, at least, does not exceed the cost of building a two-layer, and less than a three-layer wall. Such walls make it possible to provide high consumer properties dwellings, and at the same time reduce the cost of construction in areas with less severe winters.
The homogeneous design of a single-layer stone wall provides greater durability, environmental friendliness, and better resistance to mechanical, fire and climatic influences. In the thickness of a single-layer wall there are no less durable and impact-resistant insulation and polymer films, there are no ventilated gaps, there is no risk of moisture accumulation at the boundary of the layers, and protection from rodents is not required.
A house with external single-layer walls made of stone materials has a predicted durability of 100 years, service life up to the first overhaul- 55 years. For comparison, the duration efficient operation For buildings insulated with mineral wool or polystyrene slabs, the period before the first major repair is 25-35 years. During this period it is required complete replacement insulation.
Single layer wall least susceptible to accidental or deliberate damage.
Single layer wall is a guarantee of absence hidden defects: it is impossible to place insulation poorly in it, since the insulation is the masonry material itself; it is impossible to perform a bad vapor barrier in it, since it does not need a vapor barrier; the entire wall is in front of your eyes and you don’t have to worry about the state of the foam or mineral wool hidden in its depths - nothing is hidden in the wall.
Laying a single-layer wall is faster, since it is carried out from large-format blocks and does not require additional work for wall insulation.
For laying single-layer walls, as a rule, blocks with a tongue-and-groove side surface are used, which makes it possible not to fill the vertical joints of the masonry with mortar. As a result masonry mortar consumption is reduced by 30-40%.

For example, in Germany, approximately 50% of private houses are built with single-layer walls made of autoclaved aerated concrete (gas silicate) or porous ceramics. According to this site, 10% of readers chose single-layer walls for their home.

Porous ceramics manufactured from raw materials and in a manner that is similar to the production of conventional ceramic bricks. The difference is that components are added to the clay-based mass, which form pores when fired.

Hollow large-format blocks and bricks are made from porous ceramics. The hollowness further increases the heat-saving properties of products made from porous ceramics.

Masonry of a house wall from large-format blocks of porous ceramics with brick cladding of the facade

The compressive strength of porous bricks is higher than that of blocks. But a brick wall turns out to be more thermally conductive compared to masonry made from large-format blocks. In addition, brickwork is more labor intensive. For low-rise construction up to 3 floors it is more profitable to use large-format blocks rather than porous bricks.

On construction market There are blocks of several standard standard sizes from which single-layer masonry can be made with a thickness of 25, 38, 44 and 51 cm.

When laying the wall, large-format hollow blocks made of porous ceramics Place the long side across the wall. The thickness of the wall is equal to the length of the block.

For single-layer walls, blocks with a masonry thickness of 38, 44, or 51 cm are used. For double-layer walls with facade insulation, the masonry thickness is most often chosen 38, 44 or 25 cm.

A single-layer wall made of large-format blocks of porous ceramics 44 cm thick with masonry on a heat-saving mortar will have a heat transfer resistance of 3.33 m 2 *K/W. Such a wall complies with Russian energy saving standards for private houses located south of the St. Petersburg - Kazan - Orenburg line. North of this border, blocks with a masonry thickness of 51 cm are used, or two-layer walls are chosen from blocks of porous ceramics, with a masonry thickness of 25 - 44 cm and the facade is insulated with mineral wool or heat-insulating slabs made of low-density aerated concrete.

Except blocks standard size, produce small-format additional blocks - halves and blocks of a size convenient for dressing masonry in corners.

Porous large-format blocks, as a rule, have a compressive strength of 75 or 100 kg/m2 (M75, M100). The strength of porous bricks and small-format blocks can be M150, M175.

For construction it is advantageous to choose finished project house, which initially involves laying walls from porous large-format blocks. The horizontal dimensions and height of walls, openings, and piers in such a project will be chosen so that the need for cutting blocks is minimized. It is better to adapt the design of a house with walls made of other materials to walls made of large-format ceramics.

Mortar for laying walls made of porous ceramics

The side surface of ceramic blocks usually has a profiled tongue-and-groove surface, which allows them to be connected without masonry mortar in a vertical seam. This connection facilitates and speeds up the laying, but requires the mason to be careful - the joints of the blocks must be smooth, without gaps or distortions. When laying cut blocks, the vertical joint must be filled with mortar.

To reduce the air permeability (blowability) of the wall, The masonry must be plastered on both sides.

The blocks can be laid using ordinary cement-lime masonry mortar with a joint thickness of 8-12mm. But It is beneficial to use a heat-saving mortar for laying walls made of porous blocks. This solution has lower thermal conductivity than the traditional one.

A wall made of porous ceramic blocks 44 cm thick on a heat-saving mortar will have a heat transfer resistance of 3.33 m 2 *K/W, and when laying on ordinary mortar only 2.78 m 2 *K/W.

A wall built using a heat-saving mortar will cost more, about 10%, than masonry using a traditional composition.

It should also be taken into account that the heat-saving solution reduces the compressive strength of the masonry by approximately 20%. Therefore, the use of heat-saving mortar for masonry walls should be provided for in the project.

Masonry of porous blocks in two-layer walls with facade insulation is usually carried out using traditional cement-lime masonry mortar. A slight increase in the thermal conductivity of the wall in this case is not so critical.

Before laying on the solution The blocks must be moistened with water. This is necessary so that the water from the solution is less absorbed into the ceramics of the block. Otherwise, the solution in the joint will quickly lose water and will not gain strength.

Some manufacturers produce blocks with milled (polished) horizontal edges. This processing makes it possible to achieve minimal deviations in the size of blocks in height, no more than plus or minus 1 mm.

The laying of blocks with milled edges is carried out using an adhesive solution with a seam thickness of 2-3 mm. Installing blocks with glue increases the heat transfer resistance of the wall compared to laying with mortar.

In the European Union countries, laying milled blocks on polyurethane foam glue - foam - is gaining popularity. The composition differs from conventional polyurethane foam in its faster setting and less ability to increase in volume. Laying on adhesive foam reduces bearing capacity walls

Features of masonry walls made of large-format ceramic blocks

It should be noted that wall materials for single-layer walls have mediocre both mechanical and thermal properties. We have to improve them with various design tweaks.

Large format ceramic block pressed to already installed block and lowered vertically onto the solution so that no gap is formed in the vertical seam between the blocks.

Hollow ceramic blocks are cut using special stone-cutting saws - hand-held or on a stone-cutting machine.

To lay communications in the masonry of the wall, you have to punch holes - fines. Horizontal and vertical fines along the entire length of the wall or the height of the floor are allowed to be made with a depth of no more than 3 cm. Short vertical fines located in the lower third of the floor height are allowed to be made up to 8 cm deep.

Deeper grooves weaken the wall's masonry. Therefore, their dimensions and location must be indicated in the project and confirmed by calculations. Deep and extended fines are especially dangerous for walls less than 30 cm thick.

After laying communications, the grooves in the external walls are filled with heat-saving mortar.

Connection of external and internal walls from large-format ceramic blocks

Internal walls are bearing, taking the load from the structures lying above - floors, roofs, and self-supporting- partitions.

Internal load-bearing walls are erected simultaneously with the laying of external walls. Load-bearing walls must rest on the foundation. In turn, load-bearing walls serve as support for floors and rafter system roofs.

1 - load-bearing internal wall, 38 or 25 cm; 2 - thermal insulation, 5 cm; 3 - outer wall

Internal load-bearing walls connected to the outer wall by ligating the masonry. To do this, install an internal wall block, position 1 in the figure, in outer wall, position 3, to a depth of 10-15 cm. The blocks are placed not in each row, but every other row. In the second course of masonry, the inner wall block is simply adjacent to the outer wall masonry block.

Partitions in the house They serve only to separate rooms. They do not bear the load from the overlying structures of the house. The laying of partitions can be done simultaneously with the construction of external walls, but it is more convenient to do this after the construction of the frame of the house.

In any case, the height of the partition should be 2-3 cm below the ceiling so that the ceiling cannot put pressure on the partition. The gap between the ceiling and the masonry of the partition is sealed, for example, with a strip of mineral wool.

Non-load-bearing internal walls and partitions can be connected to external walls using galvanized steel anchors, placing at least 3 pieces in the masonry joints. along the height of the partition.

The basis for partitions made of masonry materials can be a ceiling or concrete screed floor on the ground. The ceiling or other foundation must be designed to bear the load from the weight of the partition. If necessary, provide reinforcement of the base by installing a monolithic reinforced concrete beam under the partition.

The thickness of the masonry is chosen based on need provide the necessary sound insulation between rooms. Solid, without doorways, partitions separating living rooms from other rooms in the house, it is recommended to make it from ceramic blocks with a masonry thickness of 25 cm.

Other partitions are made of ceramic blocks or bricks with a masonry thickness of 12 cm.

To improve sound insulation, vertical joints in the masonry of partitions and interior walls It is recommended to fill with solution.

Foundation and basement of a house made of ceramic blocks

If the foundation of the house is made of prefabricated concrete blocks, then a monolithic reinforced concrete belt must be installed on top of the blocks. The masonry of walls made of large-format ceramic blocks should be supported by a continuous strip of reinforced concrete.

The thickness of single-layer walls of a house made of large-format blocks is quite large: 38 - 51 cm. To reduce construction costs, the width of the foundation (basement) walls is made smaller than the load-bearing walls of the house. The wide wall of the house hangs on one or both sides over more narrow wall base Vertically, the wall of the plinth falls behind the surface of the masonry walls of the house.

Without performing calculations, the width of the plinth wall can be made 20% narrower than the thickness of the masonry made of porous blocks. For example, with a block masonry thickness of 44 cm, the width of the plinth wall can be reduced to 35 cm. Reducing the width of the plinth wall by 30% is allowed, but must be confirmed by the designer’s calculations. The horizontal surface of the wall overhang above the plinth is plastered from below.

To protect the ceramic walls of the house from splashing water and moisture when the snow melts, it is recommended to choose a height of at least 30 cm above the level of the blind area.

Ceiling in the wall made of large-format ceramic blocks

1 - compensation tape; 2 — seam reinforcement (if necessary); 3 - reinforced concrete belt; 4 - thermal insulation 10 cm; 5 — additional ceramic block; 6 - wall made of ceramic blocks; 7 - pillow from cement mortar not less than 2 cm. 8 - prefabricated monolithic, often ribbed ceiling; 9 - concrete screed 5 cm; 10 - thermal and sound insulation.

At the level of supporting the floors on load-bearing walls made of ceramic blocks, a continuous reinforced concrete belt is installed, pos. 3 in the picture. A continuous belt is installed on top of all load-bearing walls of the house. A monolithic reinforced concrete belt forms a rigid frame that absorbs vertical and horizontal loads of floors, as well as upper floors, and evenly transfers them to the load-bearing walls of the house.

The installation of a monolithic belt is mandatory if the floor is made of monolithic or precast reinforced concrete. Reinforced concrete belt is also required in seismic hazard areas. Minimum dimensions monolithic reinforced concrete belt in section 150x150 mm.

By the way, you can also use large-format ceramic blocks to install floors in your home.

Length of support for prefabricated reinforced concrete, precast monolithic or monolithic ceiling on a wall made of large-format porous ceramic blocks should be at least 125 mm.

Steel and wooden beams prefabricated floors are supported on a monolithic reinforced concrete belt with a width of 150 mm and a height of at least 100 mm. The belt is installed under the ceiling.

IN one-story houses beams wooden floor it is allowed to rest on a masonry of three rows of solid ceramic bricks. Monolithic belt You don’t have to do this in such houses.

Window in the wall made of porous ceramic blocks

1 - seam reinforcement (if necessary); 2 — additional ceramic block; 3 - thermal insulation 10 cm; 4 - window; 5 - masonry made of large-format ceramic blocks; 6 — reinforced concrete lintels; 7 - reinforced concrete belt; 8—frequently ribbed ceiling; 9 — heat and sound insulation slabs; 10 - concrete screed 5 cm; 11 - compensation tape.

As lintels over window and doorways, item 6 in the figure, it is recommended to use reinforced concrete products - crossbars, specially designed for walls made of large-format ceramic blocks. Such lintels have dimensions convenient for placement in the wall and do not require adjustment to adjacent wall elements.

Heat loss through windows can also be reduced by using modern designs. When making heat-saving windows, the number of chambers in a double-glazed window is increased, special glass with a selective heat-reflecting layer is used, and the thickness of the window frame is increased.

WITH outside It is recommended to install roller shutters on the windows of a private house. Closed roller shutters not only protect windows from burglary, but in severe frosts they reduce heat loss through the windows, and in summer heat reduce overheating at home sun rays. It is better to foresee the installation of roller shutters on windows in advance, at the design stage of the house.

Connecting the roof to a wall made of ceramic blocks

1 - mauerlat beam; 2 - monolithic reinforced concrete belt; 3 — additional block made of porous ceramics; 4 - masonry of the wall from large-format blocks; 5 - insulation boards

The roof of the house rests on walls made of large-format ceramic blocks through a monolithic reinforced concrete belt, position 2 in the figure. A continuous belt is installed on top of all load-bearing walls of the house. A monolithic reinforced concrete belt forms a rigid frame that absorbs the vertical and horizontal loads of the roof and evenly transfers them to the load-bearing walls of the house.

Finishing single-layer walls from large-format ceramic blocks

Warm ceramic walls, both outside and inside, can be plastered with traditional cement-lime plaster.

For interior decoration Gypsum plaster solutions are also used.

Heat-saving plaster can be applied to the facade of the house in a layer of up to 10 cm. This will significantly increase the heat-saving characteristics of the external walls.

The facade of a house made of ceramic blocks is often faced with facing or clinker bricks. There is no need to create a ventilated gap between the wall made of ceramic blocks and the cladding masonry.

Watch the video tutorial on how to properly lay walls from large-format ceramic blocks.

Porous ceramic blocks in your city

Porous ceramic block for walls.

Insulation of walls made of porous ceramics

When building a house in areas with harsh winters, walls made of warm ceramics require additional insulation.

The outside walls are covered with a layer of highly efficient insulation - slabs of mineral wool or extruded polystyrene foam.

Foam glass slabs are glued to the wall masonry. Plaster is applied on top metal grid. The mesh and insulation boards are fixed with dowels to the wall.

More expensive ones are used less often foam glass thermal insulation boards with double-sided fiberglass coating. Fiberglass provides good adhesion to cement-sand mortar and other building materials. Compared with traditional insulation, foam glass thermal insulation is more durable, has increased compressive strength, does not get wet, does not burn, is environmentally friendly, is not damaged by rodents, and is vapor-tight.

Thermal insulation slabs made of low-density aerated concrete (gas silicate)- another one, comparatively new material, is gaining popularity for insulating facades. Some manufacturers have learned to make and produce aerated concrete with a density of 200 kg/m 3 or less, with a fairly high strength index.

When insulating walls, at the boundary between masonry and insulation, there is a risk of water vapor condensation and moisture accumulation in the wall.

For walls made of warm ceramics, the following facade insulation options are most often used:

Plates are fixed to the wall for facade insulation from mineral wool with a density of at least 125 kg/m 3 or thermal insulation slabs made of low-density aerated concrete. The façade is finished with a thin-layer vapor-permeable material.
medium density 45 - 75 kg/m 3. Insulation boards are placed between the lathing of the ventilated facade.
Walls insulated with slabs of mineral wool or low-density aerated concrete can be faced with brick, but there must be a space between the cladding and the insulation. arrange a ventilated gap.
When insulating with extruded polystyrene foam or foam glass, thin-layer insulation is used to finish the façade. facade plaster on insulation or .

When insulating walls with polystyrene foam, extruded polystyrene foam or foam glass, it is important to choose the correct layer thickness. If the insulation thickness is too small, steam will condense and moisture will accumulate at the border with the masonry wall. The thickness of the insulation from these materials is selected based on the calculation of moisture accumulation in the wall. Consult local planners on this topic.

When insulating walls with mineral wool or aerated concrete, moisture accumulation in the wall does not occur regardless of the thickness of the insulation.

When choosing a façade finishing method, it should be taken into account that the service life of mineral wool and polymer insulation significantly less than brick cladding. Under brick cladding It is recommended to use more durable mineral insulation- thermal insulation boards made of low-density autoclaved aerated concrete or foam glass boards with double-sided fiberglass coating, for example, trademark FOAMGLAS® BOARDS WALL BOARD W+F.

Thermal insulation boards made of autoclaved aerated concrete have a density of 100 - 200 kg/m 3 and a dry thermal conductivity coefficient of 0.045 - 0.06 W/m o K. Mineral wool and polystyrene foam insulation have approximately the same thermal conductivity. Slabs with a thickness of 60 - 200 mm are produced. Compressive strength class B1.0 (compressive strength not less than 10 kg/m 3.) Vapor permeability coefficient 0.28 mg/(m*year*Pa).

The construction company "Authority" uses ceramic blocks in the construction of buildings. This is a material with many voids and pores, which helps accumulate and retain heat in rooms. However, walls made of warm ceramics sometimes need insulation.

When should ceramic block walls be insulated?

When building walls from ceramic blocks, the walls of a house are equipped with one, two (module + thermal insulation material) or three layers (cladding brick + insulation + ceramic module). Single-layer walls are built from hollow blocks with parameters of 50, 44 or 38 cm. Insulating the walls in this case does not make sense, because such ceramics have a heat transfer resistance coefficient at a sufficient level. It would be more appropriate to spend financial costs intended for the purchase of insulation on finishing the outside of the house or installing energy-saving double-glazed windows.

If construction is carried out from narrower ceramic blocks, the width of which reaches 30 or 25 cm, and the thermal conductivity coefficient is below the required level, insulation will have to be done. Porous ceramic blocks of this size are intended for the construction internal partitions, but are sometimes used for the construction of external main walls.

Insulating the walls in this case will not be enough; it is necessary to simultaneously insulate the roof and install double-glazed windows in the window openings with a heat transfer resistance coefficient of at least 0.5 m °C/W. This will help maintain a comfortable microclimate in a house made of warm ceramics.

Choice of insulation

Thermal insulation of walls made of ceramic porous modules is carried out using mineral wool slabs, which are characterized by good vapor permeability, which cannot be said about polystyrene foam. Layers of insulation are attached to the walls using adhesive mixtures or using dowels. This ensures a tight fit thermal insulation material to the surface. Optimal thickness mineral wool for a block whose width is 25 cm is 10 cm, and for a block whose width is 30 cm - 6 cm. Finishing work on insulated walls is carried out at the discretion of the homeowner.

Masonry mortar

When insulating a building, it is important to pay attention to what kind of masonry mortar is used. It is better if it is a warm (light) mixture rather than a sand-cement mortar. The warm mixture also contains cement, which acts as a binding component. As an alternative, use a material with thermal insulation properties - expanded clay sand or perlite.

The thermal conductivity coefficient of sand-cement mortar is 0.9 W/m°C, while for a warm mixture this figure is 3 times less and equal to 0.3 W/m°C. Due to this difference, thermal performance indicators ceramic wall, it is possible to improve by 17%, since the area of all seams, the standard thickness of which is 12 mm, is 4% of the total surface area of the wall.

Exterior wall decoration

After completing the insulation process, all that remains is to carry out Finishing work using finishing decorative materials. Most experts are inclined to use clinker bricks for these purposes, wooden elements or decorative plaster mixtures. If the choice falls on clinker brick, then according to the technology between the insulation layer and finishing material It is necessary to leave a gap of 3-4 cm.