Few people in modern political history received such lifetime fame and at the same time was subjected to such sharp attacks and ridicule as a man with the simple Russian surname Gorbachev - “Gorbi”, as he was somewhat familiarly, but with obvious sympathy, nicknamed in the West.
This man has enough titles and awards, his biography is on different languages occupy an entire shelf, and over time, undoubtedly, more than one feature film will be made about him - his zigzags are too contradictory political career. Not a single decision made by him during his years in power was unambiguous, be it an anti-alcohol legislative decision or He held a wide variety of positions, but if you choose the most “exclusive” of them, it sounds like this: First President of the USSR. The uniqueness of this position is that it existed for a very short time, less than two years, and then disappeared into history along with the state itself, the Soviet Union.
The first President of the USSR was elected in March 1990 at the third (I note, extraordinary!) Congress people's deputies, which at that time performed the functions of the highest government body. In the USSR, there had never before been a political post called "president of the country." In this regard, it is interesting to remember that the hierarchy of the Soviet state was strikingly different from the generally accepted system in the world; this created a lot of sensitive problems in diplomatic communication. To whom, for example, should congratulations be addressed on the occasion of the main national holiday?
All over the world, the president of a state writes to the president of another country, the prime minister - to his colleague, but what to do in the case of It is clear that the most influential person in the USSR is not the chairman of the Council of Ministers, but the General Secretary, but this is a party member, not a state one fast...
With some stretch, the President of the country could be called the Chairman, that is, the head of the highest legislative body of the Soviet state. The first President of the USSR, Mikhail Sergeevich Gorbachev, held this position until his election to the post, which now allowed him to consider even the most implacable anti-communist, for example, the President of the United States of America Ronald Reagan, as his colleague.
It is M. Gorbachev and R. Reagan who are considered the creators of the new world order, ending the era forever. The name of the last President of the USSR did not leave the pages of the most respectable newspapers and magazines, glorifying him as a politician who managed to make our planet safer for living. Nobel Prize peace - the most significant evidence of recognition of M. Gorbachev’s merits in this field.
However, the first, and also the last, President of the USSR in his country was often awarded completely different epithets - such as destroyer, traitor, desecrator and others. Some of these accusations may be true, but for the most part they are not. In any case, the last word will remain with History, but for now the name of Mikhail Sergeevich Gorbachev alone still acts as a strong irritant on some not very smart people.
But he has long been accustomed to this and does not pay attention to the streams of accusations and outright slander - that’s why he and Mikhail Gorbachev, the one-of-a-kind first President of the USSR!
Twenty-one years ago, on March 15, 1990, at the Third Extraordinary Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR, Chairman of the Supreme Council Mikhail Sergeevich Gorbachev was elected the first and only president in the history of the Soviet Union.
He remained in this post for about two years, until Judas Yeltsin, through deception and thieves’ manipulations, sent his old political opponent to the dustbin of history. It is still not known for certain whether the resignation of the current President of the USSR was accepted in the prescribed manner State Council.
However, neither then nor now, no one was interested in this anymore. Scavengers and marauders from all over the world flocked to the numbing corpse of the Soviet Union. A camarilla of swindlers and thieves came to power in Russia, “free” of 1/3 of its territory.
But let’s leave the bandit junta of the EBN, which shot at parliament from tanks, in the best traditions of Pinochet, and brought a once mighty power to its knees. Let's return to Mikhail Sergeevich, a restless talker who still firmly believes that he speaks the truth. Probably, like any Soviet citizen, my attitude towards Gorbachev changed from enthusiastic to contemptuous. This figure is controversial, as has been written about more than once; there is no point in repeating his mistakes and miscalculations. I want to say only two things for which, to this day, I can thank him.
The first is something that many people have forgotten about. It was Gorbachev who gave us freedom to think, read and speak. And all the myths that the alcoholic Boris Yeltsin did this are simply a consequence of unscrupulous propaganda organized by his former accomplice Boris Berezovsky.
In 1987-1988, we stood in lines for new issues of newspapers, we thirsted for spiritual food, and absorbed thousands of pages of books, newspapers and magazines like a sponge. Every day we became different. The air of freedom was intoxicating and expanded our shoulders. We were waiting for change. The atmosphere in society was filled with energy hitherto unknown to us. We were waiting for real work and new worthy tasks. And on this wave, we could catch up and overtake both Europe and America. But this did not happen. Gorbachev revealed his greatest achievement.
And second. Gorbachev, undoubtedly, was not a sufficiently sober and pragmatic leader, yes, such a person could not appear in the Soviet system of promotion through the party ladder. Mikhail Sergeich was a vain romantic talker who, for a friendly pat on the shoulder from the US President, could surrender the GDR, and our troops are there, with all their giblets. Who believed the “word” of Western politicians who quietly laughed at his naivety. But...Mikhail Sergeevich always tried to avoid violence. He is, perhaps, one of the few leaders of our country whose hands are not up to the elbows in blood. He did not frantically cling to the presidential chair, as EBN and his successors did. He did not create a “family” that mercilessly robbed everything that could be robbed in Russia. He did not bring into power a gang of swindlers and thieves from St. Petersburg who call themselves “statists.” Statists who saw off state property.
Gorbachev himself once said about three mistakes he made: He did not reform the party on time, was late in reforming the Soviet Union as a multinational community, and did not exile Yeltsin to some distant country to harvest bananas...
Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev was elected President of the USSR on March 15, 1990 at the III Extraordinary Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR.
December 25, 1991, in connection with the cessation of the existence of the USSR as public education, M.S. Gorbachev announced his resignation from the post of President and signed a Decree on the transfer of control to strategic nuclear weapons Russian President Yeltsin.
On December 25, after Gorbachev’s announcement of resignation, the red state flag of the USSR was lowered in the Kremlin and the flag of the RSFSR was raised. The first and last President of the USSR left the Kremlin forever.
The first president of Russia, then still the RSFSR, Boris Nikolaevich Yeltsin was elected on June 12, 1991 by popular vote. B.N. Yeltsin won in the first round (57.3% of the votes).
In connection with the expiration of the term of office of the President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin and in accordance with the transitional provisions of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, elections for the President of Russia were scheduled for June 16, 1996. This was the only presidential election in Russia where two rounds were required to determine the winner. The elections took place from June 16 to July 3 and were distinguished by intense competition between candidates. The main competitors were considered the current President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin and the leader Communist Party Russian Federation G. A. Zyuganov. According to the election results, B.N. Yeltsin received 40.2 million votes (53.82 percent), significantly ahead of G.A. Zyuganov, who received 30.1 million votes (40.31 percent). 3.6 million Russians (4.82%) voted against both candidates .
December 31, 1999 at 12:00 pm Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin voluntarily ceased to exercise the powers of the President of the Russian Federation and transferred the powers of the President to the Chairman of the Government Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin. On April 5, 2000, the first President of Russia, Boris Yeltsin, was awarded pensioner and labor veteran certificates.
December 31, 1999 Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin became acting president of the Russian Federation.
In accordance with the Constitution, the Federation Council of the Russian Federation set the date for holding extraordinary presidential elections March 26, 2000.
On March 26, 2000, 68.74 percent of voters included in the voting lists, or 75,181,071 people, took part in the elections. Vladimir Putin received 39,740,434 votes, which amounted to 52.94 percent, that is, more than half of the votes. On April 5, 2000, the Central Election Commission of the Russian Federation decided to recognize the presidential elections of the Russian Federation as valid and valid, and to consider Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin elected to the post of President of Russia.
There has never been and cannot be any first or last President of the USSR, therefore, to assume
Within the legal framework of the USSR, no one has the right to remove the powers of this position.
On March 14, 1990, at the Extraordinary Congress of Deputies of the USSR, USSR Law N 1360-I “On the establishment of a post” was adopted
President of the USSR and introducing amendments and additions to the Constitution (Basic Law) of the USSR"
The law states that the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR decides to establish the post of President of the USSR and introduces a number of various changes and additions to the Constitution of the USSR. But according to the Constitution of the USSR of 1977, Article 174. The Constitution of the USSR is amended decision Supreme Soviet of the USSR(but not by a decision of the Congress of Deputies of the USSR), adopted by a majority of at least two-thirds of the total
number of deputies in each of its chambers."
Therefore, all changes and additions made to the 1977 Constitution of the USSR by deputies of the USSR Congress, through Law No. 1360-1, are illegal, therefore the position of the President of the USSR established by them is also illegal. All documents signed by Gorbachev on behalf of the President of the USSR are void!
THE QUESTION IS WHAT POWERS DID GORBACHEV REMOVE HIMSELF IN 1991?
According to the Constitution of the USSR, there were not and cannot be any presidents of the USSR, including their substitutes in the form of Acting Actors of the USSR.
P.S. As it turned out later, Gorbachev was an agent of the West, for which he received the medal “For the collapse of the USSR”
In December 1985, M.S. Gorbachev, after consulting with his closest associate, Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee E.K. Ligachev, contrary to the advice of Prime Minister N.I. Ryzhkov, decided to appoint B.N. Yeltsin as the first secretary of the Moscow City Committee of the CPSU. One agent of the West, appointed another agent. The truth from Yevgeny Fedorov about Gorbachev https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5gPsqpkGNuc
Right educational program about the USSR, RSFSR and the Russian Federation
Period from 1985 to 1991 went down in history as a time of great changes, which ultimately led to the collapse of a large and powerful state. The highest post of General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee in 1985 was taken by Mikhail Sergeevich Gorbachev, who in 1990 was elected to the post of President of the USSR. After he came to power, a number of reforms were adopted aimed at changing the economic situation in the country and rapprochement with many world countries, including the United States. This whole process was called "perestroika". We will try to consider the essence of these reforms and the results to which they led in the article.
Socio-economic and political situation in the USSR in the mid-80s of the XX century
As part of the emerging process of democratization, laws were passed aimed at expanding freedom of speech. At this time, newspapers began to appear, on the pages of which one could find criticism of the current government. Citizens were given the right to engage in entrepreneurial activity. For the first time in the entire history of the country, a reform was carried out, as a result of which the CPSU lost its status as the leading party of the USSR. This made it possible to create a multi-party system of power with equal chances of victory for any of the political organizations. The Secretary General initiated a large-scale program for the rehabilitation of political prisoners, as a result of which many repressed citizens were acquitted, including academician Andrei Sakharov.
One of Gorbachev’s most radical decisions, aimed at changing the established foundations of socialist society, was the establishment of the post of President of the USSR instead of the General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee. A corresponding law was adopted and amendments were made to the constitution, according to which citizens of the country aged 35-65 years could be elected to this position for a period of 5 years. The same person could not hold this post more than 2 times. All citizens of the Soviet Union who had reached the age of majority could take part in the elections of the head of state. But the first president of the USSR was elected not by popular vote, but by the decision of politicians at the Third Extraordinary Congress of People's Deputies, which took place in March 1990.
It was unanimously decided to confirm Mikhail Gorbachev to the highest position of the country. But he could not hold out for long in his new position, and on December 25, 1991, he had to resign. And the next day, the decision was approved to terminate the existence of the largest state on the planet. In light of those events, Gorbachev went down in history as the last president of the USSR.
Foreign policy
In the process of general democratization, serious steps were taken in the foreign policy arena aimed at rapprochement and cooperation with countries Western Europe and the USA. A whole program was formed, called “New Thinking”. It stated that the world should not be divided into two warring camps, where conflicts are resolved through military force.
The new conditions recognized the freedom of choice of all citizens. For this purpose, the influence of the Communist Party on state governments was reduced of Eastern Europe. This led to uprisings that brought down the socialist leadership in many countries of Central and Eastern Europe. During negotiations between Gorbachev and Reagan, a decision was made to reduce the nuclear potential of both countries, including medium- and short-range missiles. This marked the beginning of the end cold war. The issue remained unresolved Russian troops in Afghanistan. But during negotiations with the United States, an agreement was reached under which the Americans stopped providing military assistance to the Mujahideen, subject to the withdrawal of the Russian contingent from the country.
Results of the board
The political activities of Mikhail Gorbachev cannot be assessed unambiguously. On the one hand, he is a reformer who tried his best to pull the country out of stagnation and establish a dialogue with the West. On the other hand, all the decisions he made were ineffective and, as a result, accelerated the collapse of the USSR. President Gorbachev was never able to gain a foothold in his position, and among the masses he earned the reputation of a pro-American politician who destroyed Soviet Union. Be that as it may, Gorbachev went down in history as the first and last president of the USSR who was able to end the Cold War.
