Have you ever thought about why people should build themselves Vacation home, especially those who have comfortable and cozy apartments? The answer is simple: to live as close to calm nature and away from noisy areas of our country. But sometimes you may encounter the problem of small plot sizes, which makes you think about reducing the volume of the house itself.
Project small house with veranda
A person, having lived in the city for some time and seen enough of the noisy streets and cars, wants to live on his own private plot outside the city in . But it is not always at our disposal large plot land. With the tips below, you can plan and arrange cozy home in a small space.
The project we propose has a two-level plan and structure.
Layouts of two floors of a cottage 11x13 with a balcony But the interesting thing is that the entrance to the house is not from the usual first floor, but from the second (in our case, the “console”). A special feature of this building is that the owner, entering his house, does not experience difficulty in getting up, and at the same time, a beautiful landscape opens up in front of him. The first and main floor of our compact house is located below. Thus, the visitor gets the impression that the house has a small area. But despite this, everything can be placed on the ground floor necessary premises, even a billiard room and a cinema.
Today, due to the large-scale rise in prices for materials and work, the problem of building a compact house on a small plot is especially acute. That is why such a project will be of interest to you.
Compact project two-story house with garage The main criteria that guided us when planning such a house were the simplicity of the object and its logical installation, as well as the possibility of unity between man and nature. These nuances are important, since people who build a house outside the city, in our opinion, do this precisely because of the desire to be closer to nature.
This project is especially suitable for those areas of the landscape where there is a slight difference.
It is this feature of the area that is taken into account and then used in our project. To save space, the main part of the building goes underground, and the second half remains at the top, which occupies a small part of the space from the total area. This is exactly what you see during the initial inspection of the building, thanks to which the building looks neat.
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House design sketch
Save space by taking advantage of the terrain
The structure of this house is unique as it was custom made. The main idea of such a project is very simple and clear - it is the use of the terrain. The unique design of this building is distinguished by the roof, which, in addition, serves as an extension of your site. Having entered the territory, we do not notice the transition from the site of your building to the covering of the ground floor of the house itself. The roof of the main underground building is flat with slight slope. This was done to facilitate to an ordinary person assessment of the simplicity of the layout and volume understandable to the inexperienced eye.
Now we need to draw your attention to exactly what materials are needed to build a house according to such a project. This object may pleasantly surprise you with the fact that everything is done according to modern technologies construction.
Original project compact house embedded in the ground As noted earlier, the entire structure occupies two levels, the upper of which has a much smaller area and protrudes several meters from the main building, which significantly increases the load on the load-bearing elements. Because of this, when planning work, you should think about a solid foundation for such housing.
The best option would be to use a material such as reinforced concrete, which provides high level strength. In such conditions, the only possible layout for the implementation of this house is a reinforced concrete shell.
In addition, this design requires the use of reinforcement as a fastening element. If, knowing these characteristics, you think that it will be cold to spend the winter in such a house, then you are mistaken. The walls of the building are well insulated with polystyrene, not in one, but in two or three layers. 
Partitions between rooms and walls that do not require increased strength are made of specialized blocks, the material of which is aerated concrete. This option is lightweight and great for multi-level buildings. In addition, it is made of foam material, which allows it to be used for various purposes.
In order for the house to take up a minimum of space and at the same time turn out to be spacious and comfortable, it must be two-story, with a full, rather than attic, second floor. This construction option is ideal for building a private house within the city, since in cities small and narrow plots are usually allocated for private construction.
Rationality and style
Modern two-story cottages are designed with an attractive facade, energy-efficient building shape, and simple interior design. And these are just some of the advantages of house designs for a small plot. However, not so long ago they were considered less attractive than one-story houses or cottages with an attic second level. The situation has changed due to the fact that cubic architectural forms and cottages with flat roofs have recently become popular.
The form of a two-story building, whether it has a fashionable flat roof or a classic pitched roof, fits better with the surrounding urban buildings, which often have a strict and restrained architecture. In addition, facades designed in modern style using wide glazing, concrete and metal elements, fully correspond to the urban atmosphere.
The square shape of the building allows for the most rational distribution inner space, get comfortable layout using each square meter home with maximum benefit. In addition, square buildings are the most energy efficient, since on their facades there are no so many “cold bridges” that arise during the construction of complex buildings with protrusions, arches, bay windows, etc. The thing is that “cold bridges” are formed in places of joints and bends, and what simpler design external walls, the better they retain heat. It would not be amiss to note the financial efficiency of constructing square houses.
A characteristic feature of the new generation cottages is flat roof. However, for one reason or another, it is not always possible to build private houses with roofs without slopes. Therefore, if the house has a classic pitched roof, then it is better to design the slopes with completely sloping slopes, with an inclination angle of 30-40 degrees. In this case, the building will have a modern silhouette. The roof can be four or two slopes. The second option is more economical in construction and provides higher heat savings.
On the ground floor there is most often a day area with a living room, kitchen and storage facilities. The second floor is the night area with bedrooms, bathroom, dressing room. If people will live in the house different generations, then exactly two-story option will allow you to divide the residential area in the most optimal way so that no one disturbs anyone.
In the layout of a two-story house, zoning is carried out by levels. At the same time, one-story buildings are zoned using complex circuit communications, including additional halls and corridors, which, in fact, usable area are not. This means that a one-level dwelling must initially be designed larger area, otherwise, due to the corridors, the square footage of the residential premises will be reduced.
Economical
IN two-story house there are no rooms with sloping walls, as in attic houses. This is a serious advantage, because inclined walls require a special approach in arranging rooms, as well as the use of expensive skylights.
Despite the fact that a one-story cottage requires the construction of a foundation with less bearing capacity, and does not require the installation of internal stairs, arranging the foundation for a two-story house is still cheaper. It's all about the footprint of the building. For two-level houses with a full second floor, a stronger foundation is needed, but its area is half as large, hence the savings.
When building two-story cottages, it is also more economical to install communication systems. So, in a one-story house you need to provide at least two bathrooms, and they should be located in different parts buildings, and therefore it is necessary to stretch water and sewer pipes. It is especially difficult to ensure supply hot water. In a two-story house, the bathrooms are simply placed one above the other, and on the ground floor the kitchen and bathroom are planned side by side, and thus save on the installation and operation of communications.
Another important advantage two-story buildings - they can be built in stages, and over time they can be modernized and completed. For example, you can first build only the lower floor of the house and cover it with a roof. Later, as the family grows, you can build a second floor. Even later, if necessary, you can convert the under-roof space into an attic.
Modern energy saving two-story cottage not only economical to operate. It also compares favorably with other types of private houses with a guaranteed high market value. Energy-efficient housing, built taking into account the latest architectural trends, can be sold quickly and expensively if necessary.
In order to build a spacious, functional and practical house, not necessarily the presence of a huge territory. If you inherited a small plot or your budget does not allow you to purchase a large one, there is always the opportunity to arrange your own cozy nest, even on a small plot.
Design of a future building
To build a truly comfortable and comfortable home on a small or narrow plot of land, without taking up space with unnecessary or little-used rooms, partitions, premises and others construction solutions, it is necessary to prepare a carefully thought-out project, including well-organized internal and external zoning.
If you have no experience in this matter, it is better to seek help from qualified specialists who will offer either ready-made standard solution or design individual project, taking into account your wishes.
Sometimes, all ideas and wishes for construction can be limited by the composition of the soil or the terrain. It is important to pay attention to these issues and, when designing, use regulatory documents to avoid further destruction of the foundation or walls of the building.
Advantages of small plots
A small plot has a number of advantages:
- It does not require large capital investments. The more compact the site, the lower the costs not only for its arrangement, but also for subsequent maintenance;
- In addition, due to the limited territory, outbuildings, if planned, will be located nearby, everything will be at hand, which will create comfort in maintaining the territory;
- Within small space it is easier to create coziness and decoration;
- Care local area will not require much time and effort. You won't have to spend hours getting rid of weeds or mowing vast lawns. Creating and maintaining order will be a feasible task for people of all ages.
If you want to build a spacious house on a small plot, it is important to rationally use the available space. If there are many residents and you need many rooms and free space, you will have to build a cottage of two or three floors. This option is optimal for small areas, although it will cost significantly more than the construction of a one-story building.
Additional rooms in the cottage can be located not only in the attic, but also underground. That is, to provide ground floor. This solution is ideal if you also need storage rooms, a cellar, a billiard room, Gym, sauna... What can I say, you can also place a garage in the basement, thereby saving space for it on the site.
The size of the house must be proportional to the size of the plot, otherwise there may be a violation of SNiP standards, which is fraught with inspections and fines. Ideal ratio- 1 in 8 or 1 in 10, although if you do not need additional buildings, seedlings, landscape design, you can build a house with a larger area - the main thing is not to violate the norms of distances from the boundaries of neighboring plots.
It is better not to place the house in the middle of the existing territory, but to move it slightly to the side or to the far borders. This will allow you to locate all the necessary auxiliary buildings, lay out a garden, organize a vegetable garden or a gazebo for relaxation.
A non-standard solution is to build a house on stilts, where on the first level there will be parking for cars or summer cuisine. It is also appropriate to place open veranda or a canopy near the building - this will create a spacious and at the same time functional room.
As a rule, small houses and cottages are built on two floors with a flat or gable roof. Solutions with attic or complex sloping roofs are less popular, as they “eat up” space. In addition to installing expensive skylights, you will significantly reduce the area of the premises under the roof.
If you build a cottage according to one-story project, then this will not require additional space costs for arranging stairs, but it is not profitable if it is necessary to place a large number of rooms in the house. In addition, laying out the foundation for a 2-story building is cheaper. Despite the need for increased strength, its area is required in half - hence the savings.
To save space, the kitchen, dining room and living room can be combined, thereby making the room more spacious. It is also easy to place a mezzanine here, which does not take up much space, but is an excellent place to store all kinds of home accessories.
Availability large windows and good bright lighting will visually expand the wall and raise the ceilings. For this purpose, it is better to place rooms on the south side. In this case, it is recommended to maintain a floor-to-window ratio of 8:1, otherwise winter period there will be more high costs for heating.
To make the house spacious, rational placement and selection of furniture is important. Folding tables, built-in storage, cabinets, and Appliances, well-combined kitchens will help significantly save space.
It makes no sense to overload cottages small area excessive decor, smeared facing materials, massive heavy curtains - all this will visually reduce the space and interfere with comfortable living. Place only the most necessary furniture, plumbing fixtures and appliances. Decorate the windows with compact blinds or translucent curtains, decorate the walls in light shades - all this will help make the rooms as spacious and practical as possible.
A good solution would be to raise the ceilings as much as possible (make them high) - this will not only make each room more spacious, but will also allow you to create multi-tiered interior solutions.
How to make a house economical?
The square shape of the house is the most energy efficient, since there are no so-called “cold bridges” on the facades, which are formed during the construction of complex elements: arches, bay windows, protrusions, etc. The simpler the design, the more efficiently it retains heat, and in addition also provides financial efficiency.
Special expenses are required for the installation of communications and pipelines for hot and cold water supply. IN one-story houses It is better to provide several bathrooms located in different parts of the building. In order not to stretch the pipes along the entire length, clearly marked water inlets and outlets are made. For the same reason, the kitchen and bathrooms are usually located nearby. When planning two or more storey buildings, bathrooms are located one above the other, thereby reducing the length of water and sewer pipes.
Usage plastic windows allow you to glaze significant parts of the walls and at the same time retain precious heat during the cold season.
It is not necessary to build a house from brick or reinforced concrete monolithic blocks. Pay attention to the tree. For example, rounded logs or beams. Heating small houses made of wood is not expensive at all. They hold heat well.
In addition, wood has minimal weight compared to other building materials, which, even when building a three-story house, will help reduce the load on the ground and eliminate expensive monolithic foundation. Suitable for such cases strip foundation or a pile foundation, the construction of which is several times cheaper.
On flat roof often equip winter gardens, swimming pools, recreation areas, sports areas. Except original design, this allows you to save space inside the house itself.
- If, when designing, we exclude corridors and halls from the plan, which are essentially non-residential space, it will be possible to reduce the total area of the house and make a larger kitchen and bedrooms;
- When constructing ground floors and basements, first study the height groundwater and, if necessary, additionally organize drainage pipes, clay cushions or other waterproofing structures to prevent flooding;
- If possible, the house should be built close to water sources in order to efficiently lay communications. You need to think in advance about organizing a sewer or cesspool;
- One wall in the house can be designed without windows - this will help place it close to the fence and save space;
- Take advice from architects and builders - they will help you make future home as constructive and multifunctional as possible, as well as the services of experienced builders who will save you from carrying out independent installation work and attracting heavy equipment;
- It is advisable to place a garage for a car separately from the cottage, preferably with a gate facing directly onto the road, which is permissible according to the standards. This will help you avoid making additional entrances to it and use the free area for something else;
- Provide a route - this optimal solution to form extra space without compromising the overall area.
Conclusion
In order to build a spacious house on small area land, in harmony with the surrounding area and not violating the norms, it is not necessary to build it up and down. It is enough to plan the future premises well and rationally arrange their decoration, lighting and place all the necessary furniture and accessories. Such a house will not only be spacious and cozy, but thanks to its small area, it will be easy to maintain, economical to maintain and easy to plan.
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Since you are reading this article, holidays outside the city on your own site are attractive to you. A country house is, of course, necessary for this. It is highly desirable to build it simple, cheap and. Not only for the sake of saving Money and their labor, but also the land area. In this publication you will find information on how to build country house with your own hands it is possible simpler, faster, easier and cheaper. It is also desirable that the ergonomics of the house allow you to wait out long periods of bad weather in it without experiencing discomfort, and that the design of the building makes it possible to use various design solutions for its external and internal design.
Where to start
The first question that needs to be resolved when planning to build a country house is what to build it from? Where is already known, the site cannot be transported anywhere. According to the material, soil at the construction site and weather conditions the design of the house is selected, developed or selected for it finished project, and then - estimates, purchases, and off to work. We will start with the choice of material.
What to build from?
Since we are interested in options that are easy to implement, log houses are also excluded from consideration: building them yourself is very difficult. In addition, such houses are sensitive to seasonal soil movements and therefore require a foundation no less reliable than a strip foundation full penetration(from 0.6 m below the standard freezing depth of the oil and gas pipeline, counting along the base of the tape). The foundation must be fully buried in order to allow its own shrinkage, at least from the end of summer until the full spring warmth in next year. Insulated slab foundations require the same endurance, for example. Swedish stove. There is, however, a type of foundation for wooden houses, which does not require a technological break (see below), but also the most timber or log building must be allowed to shrink for a year before it is ready for finishing. That's why a log or log house will be disproportionately expensive (from approx. 12,000 rubles/sq. m) and difficult to build independently.
The same situation occurs with brick houses And . Ultimately, the construction of a small country house made of brick, foam block or timber turns out to be advisable only on very small areas, when an extremely compact structure is required. In this case, the house is built with 2 floors; brick and timber technology allow an untrained, but attentive and careful builder to build a two-story house. Examples of layout of compact 2-story brick and timber house are given in the figure:
Note: It is easier for a novice builder to build a foam block house than a brick, timber or log house. Building a country house from foam/gas blocks makes sense if the country house is visited all year round- no need additional insulation and there will be less heating costs.
The simplest and quick ways building a small house - assembly from a ready-made panel house kit or structural insulated panels (SIP). A prefabricated panel house of 20x20 feet (6x6 m) is erected in a week by a pair of medium-sized chimpanzees trained according to the instructions for the kit. mental abilities. It’s no joke, there were such experiences. But, alas, the cost of construction. At current prices, somewhere from 18,000 rubles/sq. m. Without foundation.
A house made of SIP will cost less, approx. from 15,000 rub./sq. m with a foundation on geoscrews (see below). However, SIP structures are held together with locks between the panels. For a SIP house to be completely reliable, it must have quite a lot internal partitions from the same SIP with locks. Since there are few or no partitions in a compact house, we also do not touch SIP as a material for it.
So, we come to the conclusion: to build a country house quickly, simply and inexpensively from wood. With one small but very significant exception, see below.
Project
It is better to build an inexpensive garden and/or compact country house according to a standard design; For significant construction details, see below. A ready-made free project for a country house is quite easy to find using any search engine. Or for a fee - detailed standard project garden house for 300 rub. can actually be found on the relevant sites.
How to choose easier and cheaper
However, when going through projects, you need to take into account some significant circumstances, namely cost, duration and complexity zero cycle, i.e. earthworks and laying the foundation. The problem is frost heaving of the soil. During seasonal movements, the ground under the house does not shake and does not roll in waves. Summer cottages cut on diverse soils, but with one common property - sufficient intrinsic cohesion, otherwise no one needs such a dacha. Therefore, within a certain space on the surface, frost heaving of the soil is reduced mainly to the raising/reverse subsidence of its surface with a slight tilt.On the other hand, a small country house has excessive rigidity and elasticity. The square-cube law, well known in technology (and stubbornly unnoticed by amateurs), applies here. It’s easy to test it experimentally: glue together cubes with sides of 2 and 10 cm from ordinary writing paper and try to crumple both. The third factor is the soil’s own cohesion is inextricably linked with its mechanical properties.
Without going into further details, we will immediately state the conclusion: if a small wooden country house fits into a circle of a certain diameter in the plan, then on ordinary garden soils it can be built on a shallow foundation, which is much faster, simpler and cheaper. Which circle should the project fit into? wooden house in plan, so that it can be built on a shallow foundation on soils up to and including medium heaving, shown in Fig. Here everything depends, as we see, on the proportions of the structure: the more “square” the house is, the better it copes with seasonal ground movements. Therefore, it is better to build “tram” houses for narrow areas, without looking closely, on a foundation of normal depth. But if the ratio of the “sticks” of a T-shaped house lies within 1 Note: the veranda/terrace is included in the projection of the house if it is rigidly connected to its structure. Verandas that do not have a mechanical connection with the house or an articulated connection with it are excluded from the house plan projection. We will assume that we have decided on the foundation. Let us only remind you that under a brick, timber or log house on all soils except non-heaving soils, you need to lay a normally buried TISE strip or foundation. A slab foundation with insulation “settles” on the ground for 2-3 years; this is enough for a timber or log house to begin to crack. Under a house made of timber or foam blocks on slightly heaving soil, you can lay a foundation using geoscrews (see below) with a steel grillage. The easiest and cheapest way to assemble a non-buried foundation for a compact country house is a columnar one from ready-made concrete blocks 200x200x400. The blocks are laid out on cement-sand mortar from M150, two in a row; the top ones cross the bottom ones. Thus, the column is 400x400 mm in plan. The pits for the posts are dug to a depth of 0.5 m; of which 15+15 cm is made up of an anti-heavy sand and crushed stone cushion. There is no point in deepening the pillars of blocks by more than 20 cm: the ligation of the seams is weak, and the horizontal components of the forces of frost heaving will tear the pillars. The number of rows of blocks in a column is made more than 2, if the house needs to be raised above the ground by more than 20 cm. The maintenance break after installing a columnar foundation made of blocks is required to be minimal, for hardening of the masonry mortar, this is approx. a week. The buried foundation of a compact house is often made, following the example of large buildings, on bored piles in soft roofing felt formwork. If the house is on a slope, asbestos-cement pipes are placed on the shell of the piles, which makes it possible to compensate for the difference in height along the slope of up to 1.7 m or more. With regard to fast, small-scale construction, the disadvantage of these foundations is the same as that of the tape - they must stand and settle at least from autumn to spring. Note: There is no point in laying a TISE foundation for a light compact house - the “caps” of TISE piles work normally in the ground only under sufficient weight load from the building. Of small-sized houses, only a 2-story brick or concrete one can create one. The best option for a buried foundation for a compact house is with geoscrews. Geoscrews are a type of shortened screw piles specifically for light buildings. Unlike conventional ones, geoscrews are not designed for muddy, loose and floating soils. A foundation with geoscrews for a large house will cost significantly more than a homemade strip foundation, because... Geoscrews themselves are not cheap, but for a small house this is not so bad, since few screws are required. A geoscrew for low- and medium-density soils, by the principle of holding it in the ground, is somewhat similar to a confirmed furniture screw and also looks like it in appearance, see fig.: The smooth head of geoscrews for dense soils is uniformly cylindrical. Both geoscrews can be used on soils up to excessive heaving. You can either lay the wooden bottom frame of a building on the heads of geoscrews or mount a steel grillage. For information on how to build a wooden house on screw piles, see, for example. track. video: The advantages of geoscrews for quick construction on a small site in cramped conditions are enormous: Note: If you are building according to a ready-made project, which indicates the type and characteristics of the foundation, then you need to follow the recommendations of the designers, or consult with them on whether such and such a foundation is suitable on such and such soil. Let's get to the point: what kind of simple country house will be cheaper and more likely to be built? In order of increasing cost, complexity and construction time, as well as potential aesthetic qualities (suitability for design and decoration), the options are arranged as follows. way: KUNG is an abbreviation for Unified Body of Normal (Zero) Dimensions. In the USSR, unified closed bodies for cars appeared after the Second World War, and thanks to their convenience, the name kung soon became a household name. A country house made of kung, most importantly, is very cheap: a decommissioned kung cabin from ZIL-131 can be found for 30,000 rubles. And the construction comes down to bringing it and placing it on posts, concrete supports for grape trellises, etc., laid on a crushed stone bed (so that weeds do not sprout and annoying living creatures do not appear). A foundation for a kung is not needed on any ground in any climate - the kung is designed for off-road driving and overturning of the carrier vehicle. The kung as a country house has only one drawback: its utilitarian appearance, which any design efforts only stick out. But there are a lot of advantages: It is better to look for a kung for a country house from a ZIL-131 or GAZ-66 car (see figure): they have a flat floor and it is easier to place them on posts due to the small or absence of recesses for the wheel arches. You need 6 pillars (you can use dry stacked brick ones): in the corners in the middle of the long sides. Among other things, kungs from ZIL-131 and GAZ-66 are cheaper and can be converted into housing easier than Ural and KAMAZ ones. Note: Don’t take non-standardized “booths” from ancient ZiSs and GAZ-51-53, their frames are highly susceptible to corrosion and the insulation is no good. The width of the kung is standard according to zero vehicle dimensions (2.4 m), and the length can be in the range of 3.5-8.5 m. If your site is long and narrow, then a “tram” house made from a kung on it is practically the only way to do without laying a buried foundation. For a country house, it is preferable to look for a two-compartment kung (double-compartment), on the left in Fig. But any other empty one turns out to be surprisingly spacious, in the center. The kung cabin (top left and right in the figure) already provides normal habitability for 3-4 people, but it would be even better to look for a kung cabin from old communication hardware. There are also sleeping places for a crew of 3-4 people, and after some effort, such a kung turns out to be not a house, but a piece of candy, below right in the figure. It is better to remove the right (looking from the entrance) compartment for the autonomous power supply unit (BEA): in its place is a mini-toilet with a shower. By removing half of the shelves above the left compartment of the BEA, we get space for a gas stove with 1-2 burners and a small cutting table. The BEA compartment itself is purposely designed for gardening tools, planting material, etc., with access also from the outside, through a wide hatch. In addition, communication equipment shelters have side windows, which cannot be said about all military shelters. Chalet means hut, but what changes the meaning of this word has undergone with the development of architecture is another matter. The country hut house is almost as durable as a kung, because... its load-bearing trusses are triangular. A small hut house (up to approximately 4x6 m) can be placed on a shallow foundation on any soil except excessively heaving soil. A hut house requires 1.5-2 times less materials than a bungalow or frame house, and it is easier to build it without experience and with a minimal set of tools. The hut house has one more advantage, inherited from its ancestors: it fits perfectly with almost any decoration into any landscape, see fig.: There are few disadvantages to the chalet house. The hut house retains all its advantages up to a size of approx. 6x9 m, then it becomes more complex and material-intensive than traditional ones. Even in a small hut house, one of the sleeping places has to be equipped in the attic, where you have to climb a vertical ladder, that’s all. In America and Canada, single-occupancy hut houses are quite widespread - shelters for hunters, fishermen, beekeepers, seasonal tenants and sharecroppers (this is the same as the Soviet hectare owner, who remembers), left and center in the figure: Construction of a single house hut - shelter and a 3-bed country house But the hut house, only 3x3 m in plan, can also be a country house for 2-3 people, on the right. Heating costs in both cases are small, because the relative heat loss area of the hut house is smaller and it warms up faster due to more active air circulation. If your summer cottage is habitable from the first warmth of spring until the winter cold, then a hut house is optimal for you. After the kung, if you manage to buy it, who knows, they know the real price of the kung. The construction of a hut house measuring up to 6x4 m in plan is carried out step by step. way (this is the so-called airship technology developed by the Germans to build their zeppelins): The hut house will be strong enough and durable only if the work on its construction is carried out in the specified sequence. This is probably the reason that few people build hut houses - it’s easier to work on the principle of “take more, throw further.” Drawings of a hut house 3x3 m for two or three are given in the figure: The inset at the top left shows the design of facade frames for a house up to 4x6 m. The material, like the intermediate frames, is 150x75 timber. Firstly, on facade frames, 2 ties are added to the tie (intermediate frames without them). Secondly, instead of a ridge girder, a ridge beam of the same cross-section is used. Thirdly, the frames, except at the corners, are fastened with middle and top strapping (longitudinal stiffening links) made of the same timber. Longitudinal and transverse connections are connected by a half-tree insert. Those. Using the example of a 4x6 m house, you can already see how the complexity of construction and the material consumption of a hut house increase with its size. Note: On the bottom screed, 2 more ends of the 100x75 timber are visible on the sides of the window. The internal partitions rest on them. The door frame on the other façade extends up to the tightening and is made of 75x150 timber; The lower screed of this facade is split. If the house does not have a basement, the window frame is made in a similar way. In the general concept, a bungalow is an unheated one-room country house with an extensive covered veranda, which is structurally integral to it. For a weekend summer cottage in fairly warm regions, the “generally accepted” bungalow house is optimal, because... spacious, well ventilated, not overheated by the Sun, and the construction is no more complicated than a frame house, but less material-intensive. However, little is known to construction specialists outside the tropics these days that bungalows are also a type of construction technology. The hut-bungalows built on it (another name is hakale) can still be found in the forest wilds of Russia, the northern United States and all of Canada. Some of them are over 200 years old, but most of them are still suitable for habitation. The house, built using bungalow technology, is easily recognizable by its 2-layer cladding made of vertical boards; the outer row is intermittent, see fig. on right. The bungalow as a wooden construction technology combines elements of half-timbered and frame structures with working cladding. Compared to both, bungalow technology has a trace. advantages: The disadvantages of construction using bungalow technology are, firstly, increased requirements for the experience and accuracy of the worker (see below). Secondly, there is some complexity in the design of the openings: the outer cladding boards need to be cut in place to fit the platbands, otherwise pockets will form - moisture traps. Bungalows as shelter houses are generally more popular than hut houses due to their better habitability. In a bungalow, you don’t have to climb up to sleep and stick out to eat lunch. The structure of a bungalow-type shelter house is shown in the figure: Drawings of a mini bungalow house - shelter The foundation, of course, is not necessarily a strip foundation (in this case, a non-buried strip foundation, NZLF), but any one suitable for local conditions. If it is columnar or pile, then you need 12 supports: 3 on the sides along the veranda and 4 (under each vertical post) on the others. This house can be extended up to 3-3.5 m in length. Then, if you do not extend it accordingly. veranda, you can fence off the toilet, and the attic in any case remains free for property and supplies. A “real” bungalow for outdoor recreation measuring 4x5.875 m in plan is, of course, more complex (see next figure), just like a frame house (see below). There is no attic (this is a characteristic feature of “real” recreational bungalows). The requirements for the foundation are the same, but for soils up to and including medium heaving; prev This option also works well on heavily heaving soils. The main features of the bungalow as a construction technology are indicated above. In addition: the power frame is assembled from timber from 150x150 without jibs. Yes Yes! The rigidity of the structure is provided by cladding made of vertical boards. Plywood and OSB are of little use because... Under each joint of the sheets, backing posts and lengths are needed. Bungalow construction diagrams are shown in the figure: The rafter floor structures are not shown, they are ordinary. Please note, on the left in the figure: the triple corners of the frame are assembled by cutting into half a tree and into a tenon, and the tenons of the racks are located on the inside of the corners. This is an indispensable condition for the strength of the structure: the elements of the load-bearing frame must cling to each other at the corners without steel fasteners. Although it is necessary, see the corner reinforcement diagram in the center of Fig. The use of steel corners, overlays and other innovations in this case is unacceptable! You have to pay for the Old Testament “stupidity” with labor. The sheathing boards need to be oriented with “humps” (convexities of the annual layers) as shown on the right in the figure: internal inward, external outward. The outer boards should be slightly narrower than the inner ones, then in the process of warping the wood the sheathing will compact and compress the frame. With any other arrangement of the “humps” it will split and the whole house will weaken. All boards are attached to the frame along the short (end) edges with triplets (not pairs!) of nails or self-tapping screws. The edge boards are also attached along the long edges to the corner posts with the same fasteners in a row or in a snake (zigzag) with a pitch of 100-120 mm. The outer boards are attached to the inner boards along the short edges with pairs of fasteners; along the long ones - in a row with the same step. Assembling the bungalow's load-bearing frame is a very important stage of work. And labor-intensive, because You can’t hammer in staples with a carpenter’s hammer, and you can’t tighten 12x300 self-tapping screws with a screwdriver. In old designs, instead of self-tapping screws, oak dowels were installed using wedging. The frame of the house is assembled using bungalow technology. order: A frame mini-house does not have any special features compared to a large residential one; a diagram of its device is shown in Fig.: The construction procedure is described in detail and with illustrations in many sources. You can also watch a video about the construction of a “classic” frame house 6x4 m:
The complexity and cost of building a frame house is higher than all those described above. The attention, knowledge and accuracy required to build a hut and bungalow do not count: they do not require costs and do not take up time. But the frame mini-house also has an undeniable advantage: its simple shape with vertical walls and smooth cladding make it suitable for a wide variety of design delights, see fig. Also, the design of a frame house is very flexible. On the one hand, it forgives the rather serious mistakes of novice builders. On the other hand, it gives creative amateurs some scope for experimentation. See, for example, a video about building a small frame shelter house:
To this story we only need to add that the viewers’ comments about insulation are fair. Since it is impossible to “drive” the dew point out once and for all, and there are no massive walls where it could “walk”, insulating materials in such structures must be used that do not allow condensation to form in the insulation layer and further inside: EPS or cellulose insulation (ecowool) . The roof beam (all as it is, its supporting structure) of a small house also has a peculiarity. It is determined by its small size, and, as a consequence, by the excessive rigidity of the structure, as well as the lack of a load-bearing partition (internal capital wall) in it (excuse the bureaucracy). To support the latter, a fully connected foundation is required; at a minimum - a tape of normal depth. Rafter structures (in this case, this is the same roof crossbar) are, as you know, hanging (pos. 1a in the figure) and layered (pos. 1b): In the first, the truss rack rests on a transverse beam-screed, and in the layered version on a load-bearing partition; split screed. It is technically possible to make a load-bearing partition in a small house, but it is not justified in any sense, including ergonomic - habitability. Therefore, the trusses of small houses are made only hanging. As for the methods of assembling the truss structure of a small house, they can be any of the known poses. 3 and 4. Choose whatever you like based on your skill, availability of materials and desire. The minimum standard size of boards for a house up to 6x6 m is 40x130, ridge beams - 100x75 and mauerlat - from 150x75. In a bungalow house and a frame mauerlat, the timber of the top frame can serve directly. If it is possible to erect a wide building on a small plot, while observing all the necessary standards, then it will be possible to easily select a suitable project. The situation is more complicated with the choice of designs for small houses, whose dimensions are 6x6 or 7x7 meters. There are few such architectural projects being developed, and those that exist cannot always please you with the presence of a bathroom on the plan. What to do if you couldn’t find a suitable project for a small house? Should we really abandon construction? Of course not! You can design everything yourself! This is exactly what the owners of a small plot of land near Moscow did. Below is their house design and a step-by-step construction plan. When choosing an architectural project, the following requirements were put forward: 1. On the site there is an old dilapidated strip foundation 7.3x7.3 meters, which is unsuitable for use for a new house. Removing such a foundation is expensive, but this place is ideal for constructing a new building. If you pour a new foundation inside the old one, then the size of the future house will be 6x6 m, if outside it will be approximately 9x9. A large house is not suitable due to the fact that it would be necessary to violate the site development norms, and such construction would be more expensive. Accordingly, it was decided to build a house 6x6 m and without bay windows. In addition, the length of wooden materials is usually 6 m, which allows saving on building materials. 2. Profiled timber was chosen as the main building material due to its environmental friendliness and low financial costs during finishing. 3. The house is intended for residence by three adults from April to October, with possible visits in the winter. 4. The house must have two full floors with a ceiling height of 2.6 m. 5. A simple gable roof without attic windows, which saves material and construction costs. 6. Based on the calculation that each resident should have a separate room, the house should have the following premises: 3 bedrooms, a kitchen (on the plan it is indicated as a 9.4 m2 room on the first floor), a bathroom, a storage room and dressing room. 7. The staircase to the second floor must have a turning platform for safety reasons. On the plan, a staircase with winder steps was drawn by mistake. Under the stairs there is a wardrobe for outerwear. 8. The bathroom must have a sink, toilet, and a bathtub 150 cm long. The bathroom can be combined, since there is another toilet on the site. 9. Possibility of adding a terrace across the entire width of the house instead of a porch. No ready-made project that meets these requirements was found. As a rule, small house projects do not provide a bathroom or a second full floor (all projects have an attic roof), but there are steep stairs that contradict safety requirements. It is for this reason that the house design had to be done by the owners of the site themselves. The main feature of the project should have been the extreme simplicity and reliability of the design, but at the same time, it should have been comfortable to live in. Construction works 1. Construction work began on June 1, 2007. A trench was dug under the house strip foundation, after which reinforcement and formwork were carried out. The depth of the foundation was 0.7 m, width - 0.4 m. The base was reinforced, 0.6 m high, and the diameter of the reinforcement used was 10-12 mm. The connection was made with plastic clamps. The work was carried out on weekends by the owners themselves. 3. For 1-2 weeks, the foundation was watered, and after 14 days the formwork was removed, while the foundation itself stood for 28 days (as they read in the book). 4. We waterproofed the base: 2 layers of Penetron on all sides, on top - Gudron from Knauf, and another layer of glass insulation. The owners did it all on their own within 2 days. 5. On August 17, construction timber was delivered. The construction team is scheduled to hand over the house on September 2, 2007. The external and internal walls are made of profiled timber (145x130 mm), and the roof is covered with metal tiles. They decided to make the window openings 1200x1200 in size, and the window sill was raised by about 90-95 cm, almost like in a city apartment. 6. The final finishing of the house is planned for the 2008 construction season: windows, doors, floors, ceilings, insulation, painting, communications, etc. 7. The exterior decoration is planned in a half-timbered style, that is, the house made of beams will be painted with light paint, and boards and slats will be nailed on top to match the color of the metal tiles. (see photo) The owners themselves say that if they were building a brick house rather than a wooden one, they would not have poured the foundation themselves, because brick walls crack when they shrink. Such troubles will not happen with a wooden house. In addition, some believe that the step taken for the vertical working reinforcement was too large, it was necessary to distribute it more often, and that it was in vain to put horizontal working reinforcement not only in the upper, but also in the middle belt. However, it should be noted that the step width of the vertical working reinforcement is 30-35 cm and this will be enough, because the new foundation is located inside the old one, and the loads will not be distributed as usual. The horizontal reinforcement in the middle zone serves not only to create a spatial frame, but to hold the vertical reinforcement in the design position during concrete pouring, so this is more of a “plus” than a “minus”. The use of plastic clamps instead of binding wire for tying made it possible to significantly reduce the work time. Someone might consider another “disadvantage” of such a house to be that it is impossible to live in it in winter. And this is a common misconception! In fact, the word “impossible” only means that, from an engineering point of view, it will take more money to heat than to maintain the temperature in a well-insulated house with thicker walls. So you can live in any house in winter! The owners plan to store all sorts of different things in the attic. Perhaps they will even make special lockers there from leftover building material. The height of the attic under the “ridge” is 2 meters, so if necessary, you can even organize a living space there. The staircase to the attic is still being planned. There was a proposal to install a retractable metal ladder. However, for financial reasons they decided to postpone solving this problem for now. They are also thinking about creating an extension on the side of the porch or on the corner Financial side The cost of building such a house without finishing was about 700,000 rubles, of which about 80,000 rubles went to the foundation, and 250,000 to pay for construction work. It would be possible to save on materials by purchasing them yourself, as well as on paying for the construction team by inviting “familiar” workers, but in the summer all good builders are already busy with other jobs. Recently, the owner saw in the program “Unusual Houses of the World” a three-level house measuring 3.5x3.5 m (although on the third level there is only a bed) and now she happily tells everyone that her house is not the smallest!
Foundation
Non-buried
Recessed
Geoscrews
Video: installing a frame house
What kind of house should I build?
When there is no time for excesses
Chalet
How to build a chalet
Bungalows and... bungalows
Bungalow like a bungalow
Bungalow as technology
Frames
Video: 4x6 country house using frame technology
Video: DIY mini frame house
In conclusion about the roof
