In addition to written and oral forms, literary language in the act of communication is presented in the form of book and colloquial speech.
When implementing each of the forms, the writer or speaker selects words, combinations of words, and composes sentences to express his thoughts. Depending on what material the speech is constructed from, it takes on a bookish or colloquial character. Let us compare, for example, the proverbs: Desire is stronger than compulsion and Hunting is stronger than bondage. The idea is the same, but framed differently. In the first case, verbal nouns na -nie (desire, compulsion) are used, giving the speech a bookish character. In the second - the words hunting, forest, giving a touch of colloquialism. It is not difficult to assume that the first proverb will be used in a scientific article or diplomatic dialogue, and the second in a casual conversation. Consequently, the sphere of communication determines the selection of linguistic material, and it, in turn, forms and determines the type of speech. Book speech serves political, legislative, scientific sphere communication (congresses, symposiums, conferences, sessions, meetings), and Speaking used at semi-official anniversaries, celebrations, at friendly feasts, meetings, confidential conversations between bosses and subordinates, in everyday life and family settings.
Book speech is built according to the norms literary language, their violation is unacceptable; sentences must be complete and logically connected to each other. In book speech, sharp transitions from one thought, which has not been brought to its logical conclusion, to another are not allowed. Among the words there are abstract ones, book words, including scientific terminology, official business vocabulary.
Colloquial speech is not so strict in observing the norms of the literary language. It allows the use of forms that are classified in dictionaries as colloquial. The text of such a speech is dominated by commonly used, colloquial vocabulary; preference is given simple sentences, participial and participial phrases are avoided.
Book and colloquial speech have written and oral forms.
The terms book and colloquial vocabulary are conditional, since they are not necessarily associated with the idea of only one form of speech. Book words typical for writing, can also be used in oral speech (scientific reports, public performance etc.), and colloquial - in writing (in diaries, everyday correspondence, etc.).
However, not all words are distributed between different styles speech. In the Russian language there is a large group of words used in all styles without exception and characteristic of both oral and written speech. Such words form a background against which stylistically colored vocabulary stands out. They are called stylistically neutral.
If speakers find it difficult to determine whether it is possible given word use in a particular style of speech, then they should turn to dictionaries and reference books. In explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language, marks are given that indicate the stylistic characteristics of the word: “book.” —bookish, “colloquial.” - colloquial, “official.” —official, “special.” - special, “simple.” - colloquial, etc.
For example, in " Explanatory dictionary Russian language at the end of the 20th century." (St. Petersburg, 1998) with such marks the words are given:
Meditation (book) - in some Eastern religions: a state of deep self-denial, accompanied by physical relaxation, reaching complete prostration; detachment from the outside world.
Mental (book) - related to consciousness, thinking.
The poor (official) are a social stratum of society consisting of people who do not have a living wage and are at the poverty line.
Low income (official) - noun. to the low-income.
Marathon (translated, published) - about smb. condition; about a long and intense struggle for leadership in smth.
Pendulum (publ.) - about sharp fluctuations something in an unstable position.
Kserit (colloquial) - make a photocopy, make a photocopy.
Doll (colloquial) - a bundle, a pack, a package of cut paper, given by a scammer instead of money,
Shopkeeper (colloquial) - the owner of the store.
It should be borne in mind that the functional and stylistic boundaries of the modern literary language are very flexible. Therefore, it is important to know and subtly feel the specific features of each functional style, to skillfully use the linguistic means of different styles, depending on the communication situation and the purpose of the statement.
Vvedenskaya L.A. Culture of speech - Rostov n/d., 2001.
Vocabulary of book styles (also called “vocabulary of written speech”*) are words that are typical for book presentation, are used primarily in written speech and are not typical for ordinary, casual conversation.
* See, for example: Modern Russian language / Ed. D.E. Rosenthal. 4th ed. M., 1984. P. 82, etc.
As can be seen from the definition, for a correct understanding of what kind of vocabulary we are talking about, we must remember two parts of this definition: the one where the characteristic characteristic of this vocabulary is stated ("... such words and phrases that are characteristic of book presentation are used mainly in written speech...") and those where another sign is denied ("...uncharacteristic of ordinary casual conversation").
If we forget about the second part of the definition, then we can, firstly, mistakenly classify all words that are found in books and in written language as the vocabulary of book styles, and secondly, we may not consider bookish words that are sometimes used in casual conversation to be bookish ( although they are uncharacteristic for him).
From the above it is clear that the term “vocabulary of book styles” is to some extent arbitrary: after all, we're talking about not only about words that are typical specifically for books, but also about words that are typical for newspapers, and for the speech of a speaker, and for business papers*.
* The term “vocabulary of written speech” is also conventional to a certain extent. It also cannot be taken literally, since many words in the speech of the speaker or speaker are also not characteristic of ordinary, relaxed conversation. They resemble the language of books and therefore also belong to the vocabulary of written (book) styles.
So, words used in written speech, in books, uncharacteristic for the conversation of people connected by informal relationships, casual conversation, belong to those that make up the vocabulary of book styles.
In the vocabulary of book styles, several categories of words are distinguished: scientific vocabulary (medical, biological, chemical, etc.), production and technical *, official business, social journalistic, poetic and, finally, words that are difficult to assign to any or a certain style of written speech (they could be called “general book”). In the future, they will be called “book words”** (for more information about them, see the section “Book words”).
* Words scientific and industrial-technical, which belong to non-national vocabulary, are not discussed in detail in this section for the following reasons. When using them directly, i.e. when used in specialized literature, in the trade press, they appear as devoid of any expressive properties, since they are the officially accepted names of the corresponding special objects and phenomena.
In the same case, when they are used outside of special contexts, their properties coincide with the properties of “book” or neutral words. The question that arises with such use about functions and methods of entering them into non-specialized text is of independent interest for the problem of using non-popular words, which is not directly related to the problem of using stylistically colored vocabulary.
** From the above it is clear that the term “bookish” is used (as part of the term “Vocabulary of Book Styles”) both in relation to all words that are not typical for casual conversation, and in relation to a certain part of these words.
Official business vocabulary is given in dictionaries with the mark “official.” - official.
Newspaper and journalistic vocabulary does not have a single mark in dictionaries. In Ushakov's Dictionary, the words of this group are labeled "newspapers." - newspaper, "public." – journalistic or “rhetoric.” – rhetorical (sometimes “bookish.” and less often “poet.”). In the "Dictionary of the Russian Language" S.I. Ozhegov and in the 4-volume “Dictionary of the Russian Language” of the USSR Academy of Sciences, the words of newspaper and journalistic vocabulary are marked “high.” – high (or are given without any markings). The 17-volume Dictionary of the USSR Academy of Sciences does not distinguish this vocabulary in any way.
Poetic vocabulary is usually given with the mark “poet.”, and sometimes with the mark “high.”.
Finally, the last category of words in the vocabulary of book styles, which we agreed to call “bookish,” is usually accompanied by the label “bookish.” (and sometimes with the mark “high,” i.e., the same as the words of newspaper, journalistic and poetic vocabulary).
And now in more detail about the named groups of vocabulary of book styles.
Book words
Book words (vocabulary of book styles) are words that are found in scientific literature (in articles, monographs, textbooks), and in journalism (including in a newspaper), and in business documents, and in fiction*, why They are difficult to assign to any particular style. These include: aboriginal, hypothesis, hyperbolize, view, disharmonize, given ("this"), disorient, declarative, slapstick, introduction, emergence, innate, pompous, hegemony, illusion, illusory, intuition, eradication, dry up, for, origins , count, indifferent, proper, transformation, touch, lighting (“image, display”), colleague, motive (“reason”), punctual, original, unreal, find, sudden, prevail, due to, due to the fact that, loss, etc. .
* So, for example, the word transformation can be found in the author’s language of the fiction writer, in journalistic and scientific works (below it is in italics): “At that time I was very busy transforming the Konstantinovsky Land Survey School into the Konstantinovsky Land Survey Institute” (S. Aksakov); "Techniques have been demonstrated for converting a telephone into a microphone that transmits received speech over hundreds of kilometers" ( New world. 1971. No. 11. P. 176), etc.
In addition, words that can hardly be said to be used in literature are bookish. different styles written speech, but which are clearly uncharacteristic of casual conversation. These are, for example, memorable, excess, overthrow, gain, etc.
Some book words stand out for their “scientific” character, gravitate (but do not belong!) to scientific terminology (impulsive, intense, hypothesis, hyperbolize, prevail, illusory, etc.), which gives grounds for some linguists to call them “general scientific words” . Others make up a category that can conventionally be called bookish-literary (overthrow, loss, mortal, hope, thirst, lofty, sweet-tongued, memorable, scourge, trend, great, unattainable, visit, pet, gain, etc.). At the same time (this is worth emphasizing again) neither one nor the other belongs to any one style. Thus, hypothesis, intensive, identical, isolate, interpretation, ignore, transformation, characterize, etc. are used not only in scientific works, but also in journalism (and some of them, such as intensive transformation, are characterized in official business documents); the words implementation, assign, implementation, etc. are characteristic not only of the language of journalism, but also of the language of official business documents; bookish and literary overthrow, crave, memorable, scourge, fermentation, unattainable, etc. are inherent not only in language fiction, but also the language of journalism, etc.
The “bookishness” of book vocabulary can be different. In some cases it is not very noticeable, not very distinct; words with such a faint bookishness are called moderately bookish*. These include many verbal nouns na -nie, -enie, -tie, formed from stylistically neutral and moderately literary verbs: emergence, taking, touching, weighing, receiving, touching, considering, walking, etc., as well as such nouns such as significance, exile, incident, origins, measure, enemy, innovation, appearance, inhabitant, object (in the meaning of “a phenomenon, object, person to which someone’s activity, someone’s attention is directed”), massacre, etc. The words innate, pompous (and pompous), significant (and significantly, significance), visible (visibly), perverted (perverted, perversion), sophisticated (sophisticated, sophistication), sudden (suddenly, suddenness), unattainable are also moderately bookish. (unattainable), immemorial; inexhaustible, repeated (repeatedly, repeatedly), charming (charming, charming), seductive (seductively), erect, lay, arise, renew, instill (hope, faith), choose, get rid of ("eradicate"), isolate, dry up, indignant , behead, implement, characterize; very, from the outside, must; something, somewhat (in the meaning of “to some extent”: “somewhat tired”), some, as a result, since, etc.**
* The authors of the 4-volume Dictionary of the Russian Language, in which bookish vocabulary is in principle distinguished (by the mark “bookish.”), do not give marks to moderately bookish words, considering them stylistically neutral. More or less consistently, this vocabulary is qualified as book vocabulary in the Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language, ed. D.N. Ushakova.
** You can indicate that some, i.e. moderate, bookishness distinguishes gerunds and participles formed not only from moderately bookish, but also from stylistically neutral verbs.
In other words, “bookishness” is felt much more clearly. That is why they are called purely bookish. These are: altruism, hypothesis, doctrinaire, hypothetical, hyperbole, hyperbolize, hypertrophied, for, illusory, indifferent, colleague, lapidary, nuance, unshakable, neophyte, bearer, nostalgia, promised, clothe, foreseeable, find, odious, burden, prerogative, pet, piety, precedent, zealous, truism, etc.
A significant part of bookish words (moderately and strictly bookish) do not express any emotional assessment, but only name some phenomena, objects, properties, actions (usually of an abstract nature). In many cases, they have an interstyle synonym that completely coincides with them in meaning: given - this; hyperbolize - exaggerate; someone - someone; significant - large; a few - a little; for, since – because; lapidary – short; once - once upon a time, etc.
But among the book vocabulary there are also words that, in addition to denoting the corresponding phenomena, properties, actions, also contain their assessment - positive or negative, disapproving. This evaluation of words is usually indicated in explanatory dictionaries by the corresponding mark (“iron.” - ironic, “joking.” - humorous, “with a tinge of disapproval,” “with a tinge of disdain,” etc.) or by the interpretation of the meaning itself. Litter "shutl." It stands, for example, with the words great, green, dwelling, clothed (and vestments) and some. etc.; marked "iron." we find in the words mortal, pompous, all-low, panacea, notorious, persona (in the meaning of “person”, “personality”), etc. And the evaluative value of such words as doctrinaire, vandalism, insinuation, obscurantist, projector, etc. shown in dictionaries with a corresponding explanation of the meaning of the word. For example:
Vandalism is the merciless destruction and destruction of cultural and artistic monuments*.
A doctrinaire is a person who blindly and pedantically follows a particular doctrine; scholastic, reciter.
* In this and other interpretations given below, words expressing an assessment of the phenomenon or person they call are highlighted.
Official words
Official words are words characteristic of the language of business papers, official documents - orders, decrees, instructions, certificates, reports, resolutions, official letters, etc.: incoming (outgoing) (about documents), collection, above-mentioned, above-mentioned, above-mentioned, capable, premarital, homeownership, subsidy, testator, tenant, memorandum, residence, lessor, presence, due, tenant, failure to leave, non-identification, failure to provide, non-payment, failure to appear, following, capable, transmitting, reside, complicity, party (about a person or institution entering into business contact), notify, notice, loss, theft; prepositions at the expense of, along the line, in business, henceforth to, in part, for the purpose, in fulfillment, etc. All this vocabulary is non-evaluative, which is predetermined by the scope of its application, which excludes the possibility of expressing emotions and subjective assessments.
Newspaper and journalistic words
Newspaper and journalistic vocabulary is vocabulary typical for articles on political topics, works of a socio-economic and political nature, for oratory, newspapers.
A significant layer of it consists of words that give the statement a solemn, pathetic character, which is why they are usually called “lofty”. These include: selfless, proclaim, crucible, herald, banner, messenger, listen (“to closely follow something”), inscribe, daughter, son (“about people as bearers of the best traits of their people, their country”), irresistible (irreducible, invincible), indissoluble (indissoluble, indissoluble), step, create (creation), toast, champion, life-giving, bold (audacious, boldness), selfless (selfless), accomplish, accomplishment, now, commandment, chosen one, leadership, herald, godina, yes (in the function of a particle: “Long live the First of May!”), etc.
Among the high newspaper and journalistic vocabulary there are words that express a positive assessment of the phenomenon, object, person, etc. called with their help. In explanatory dictionaries, the value of these words is reflected in the interpretation. For example:
Daughter is about a woman who is closely, blood-connected with her people and country.
A citizen is a conscious member of society.
The chosen one is the one who is chosen to perform some high duties.
Such lofty words as coming, now, leadership, toast, accomplish, crucible, army, etc. do not contain evaluations. Indicative in this regard in dictionaries are those interpretations of the above words in which only interstyle synonyms are used. For example:
Complete - complete.
Now - now.
Leadership - leadership, leadership.
Some of the words of newspaper and journalistic vocabulary (they are not high) express irony or contempt: clique, greyhound writer, pygmy, foam remover, puppet, puppet, mercenary, etc.
Newspaper and journalistic vocabulary also includes words that are not emotionally charged, characteristic specifically of the language of modern newspaper, radio and television practice (they are also not among the high ones). Distinctive feature Such words are in most cases the figurative nature of their “newspaper” use. These are: service (“household service”, “customer service”, etc.), kaleidoscope (“news kaleidoscope”), formula (“success formula”, “speed formula”), orbit (“in the football orbit”), news, pulse (“pulse of the planet”), country (“country of philately”, “journey to the land of health”), mosaic (“foreign mosaic”), trip (“get a start in life”, “trip to great art”), contact, dialogue ("dialogue of filmmakers different countries") etc.
Some of the figuratively used words in the newspaper, typical for the newspaper, radio (as well as phrases) are used to express a positive attitude towards the named object, phenomenon: dynasty (“sports dynasty”, “miner’s dynasty”), green outfit, labor landing, etc.
Poetic words
In the vocabulary of book styles there are words that are called poetic. At first glance, the recognition of some words as specifically poetic may seem strange: after all, modern poets actively use a variety of categories of vocabulary - bookish, and (very widely) colloquial, and colloquial (for the content of these terms, see pp. 126 and 128) and even special. Nevertheless, in modern poetic texts there are words that are characteristic specifically of the language of poetry. It is significant that the authors of the modern "Dictionary of Synonyms of the Russian Language" ed. A.P. Evgenieva labels poetic words with the mark “trad.-poet.” (traditional poetic), thereby emphasizing that the tradition of using special words in poetry, unique to it (or most characteristic of it) words is alive. Poetic words include: lot (“fate, fate”), muse, sovereign, fatherly, oak grove (“forest in general”), eyes, azure, azure, unspeakable, darling, scarlet, crimson, sweet, crown (“decorate with a wreath” ), sing, pearl, blush, red, click, prophetic, coming*, non-silent, send, after, boat, bosom, crystal (“clear, pure, transparent”), luminary, down, shelter (“protection, cover”) , stain, oh!, flame, etc. Some of them have an archaic connotation (in explanatory dictionaries they are labeled “obsolete.”, in addition to the label “poet.”). These are words such as down, lot, muse, after, womb, send down, boat, flame, brow and some. etc.**
* Also used in newspaper language.
** Here are a few examples from modern poetic texts that contain archaic poetisms:
In the village I am grateful to the house
And grateful to the roof, grateful to the stove,
Especially when the trees bend down
And the wind extinguishes the stars like candles.
(D.Sam.)
Not a house on a high rampart,
I am the memory of your home.
Not your friend, a friend sent down by fate,
I am the sound of a distant shot.
(A. Tark.)
Thanks to these powerful monuments,
Theater lights, purple banners
And thanks to the midnight gatherings,
Where everyone is called and everyone is replaced
With the mighty crest of the new surf, -
The wave washes away the wave, and again
The blue bosom sparkles with life.
(P.Ant.)
It is these words that for the most part are used mainly in poetry, while others are azure, unspeakable, coming, sweet, crimson, blush, etc. - can be found both in fiction and journalism. Strictly speaking, these latter lose their predominant assignment to poetry and lyrical prose and merge with other solemn, lofty words (therefore, in the section devoted to the use of vocabulary of book styles, they are considered without special indication that they are also poeticisms).
Neutral vocabulary- the most stable part of the vocabulary of a language, constituting its basis; can be used in any communicative situation, since it is devoid of any expressive-emotional coloring and in fact is a kind of standard in relation to which all others are determined
functional layers of vocabulary. So, for example, the verb die is neutral in comparison with such options as die (book style), die (colloquial style) and bend (jargon); the noun face is neutral in comparison with the words face (high style), physiognomy (colloquial version) and mug (a simple river word).
Neutral vocabulary includes the names of many objects and phenomena (house, book, wind, snow, etc.), actions and states (read, lie down, walk, etc.), signs (tall, sad, green, etc.). Almost all pronouns, numerals and function words are stylistically neutral.
In some linguistic works neutral vocabulary is called interstyle.
Book vocabulary— vocabulary presented in scientific and fiction literature, journalism, official business documents. This category of words is usually used in written speech and is inappropriate in spoken language.
In this group, words that do not express any emotional assessment predominate numerically; quite often they denote concepts that are not found in everyday communication, but at the same time they may not relate to scientific terminology (hypothesis, prevail, pompous). The degree of bookishness of such words can be different - both not very distinct, moderate (argumentation, heavy, immemorial, very), and pronounced (hypertrophied, for, lapidary, prerogative).
Within the book vocabulary there are also emotionally charged words. Some of them give a positive assessment of certain processes, actions, properties and phenomena (persona, pre-draw, panacea), others give a negative or disapproving assessment (vandalism, insinuation, obscurantism).
Inside a bookstore, lofty and poetic vocabulary can stand out. High vocabulary is characterized by special solemnity and elation. It is often used in oratory, especially in cases where some significant events in the history of the country, the life of the people, etc. are touched upon. (accomplishment, sovereign, erect, from now on). Poetic vocabulary is also adjacent to the solemn one, but it is more characteristic of fiction, sometimes journalism (azure, boundless, more beautiful, dreams, muse, blush).
Conversational vocabulary- vocabulary presented primarily in colloquial (oral) speech, focused on informal, relaxed communication. Compared to neutral vocabulary, colloquial vocabulary is more expressive, sometimes familiar, and somewhat less stylistic.
Colloquial vocabulary is not homogeneous; several different layers can be distinguished in its composition: Material from the site
- literary and colloquial words (intellectual, slowly, on the sly, hack),
- conversational and professional (back room, steering wheel, planning meeting),
- colloquial terminological (troikatka, ascorbic acid, diabetic),
- everyday life (joker, joker, chatter, canteen).
Within the colloquial vocabulary there are both words devoid of any expressive connotations (four, dad, celebrate [birthday], rush, get sick) and expressively colored ones (mug, devilry, deceive).
Colloquial vocabulary is part of the literary language; it is joined by colloquial vocabulary, which is outside the literary norm - even more expressive and stylistically reduced (surely, bro, mug, tudy, sleep). The boundary between colloquial and vernacular words is quite vague and fluid, as evidenced by the marks in various dictionaries.
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On this page there is material on the following topics:
- neutral and reduced vocabulary
- the word belongs to book vocabulary
- colloquial book vocabulary
- colloquial bookish and neutral vocabulary
- stiknizhny colloquial neutral neutral
Vocabulary from a stylistic point of view. The concept of functional style and stylistic stratification of vocabulary. Interstyle (neutral) and stylistically colored vocabulary. Vocabulary of book styles (bookish). Official business vocabulary (clerical expressions). High, poetic and folk-poetic vocabulary.
Speaking about the varieties of the Russian language: the literary language and dialects, we noted that the literary language also exists in several varieties that have lexical, orthoepic, word-formative and grammatical features. These features are determined by the specifics and conditions of communication: for example, a letter to a friend will differ from scientific article just like the casual conversation of friends from the speech of the prosecutor at trial (although both are brought together by the form of speech: oral or written). Such varieties of literary language are called functional styles. He also wrote about the specifics of functional styles of literary language L.V. Shcherba (see* Appendix 1. Reader. Text No. 6).
Traditionally distinguished book styles(scientific, journalistic, official business) and colloquial speech(or conversational style). Occupies a separate place art style, language of fiction. There is no consensus regarding the identification of the latter: some generally take it beyond the limits of functional styles, because it often goes beyond the literary language; others attribute it to book styles. You will learn more about functional styles in the special course “Fundamentals of Speech Culture and Functional Stylistics.” Now we are only interested in the fact that the stylistic stratification of vocabulary is closely related to the understanding of functional styles.
Due to the specific functioning of vocabulary in a particular style (i.e., projecting the vocabulary of the Russian language onto its use in a certain functional style), the following lexical layers are distinguished in the vocabulary of the Russian literary language: vocabulary is stylistically colored And neutral, or cross-style vocabulary(i.e. not stylistically colored). When we talked about synonyms, we noted that words in a synonymous series can differ in stylistic coloring: cf. - head, head, head or sleep, rest, slumber. Here the words of two different lexical layers are presented: neutral, interstyle ( head; sleep) and stylistically colored synonyms ( head, head; rest, sleep), the meaning of which is revealed through a neutral, not stylistically colored synonym. In dictionaries, such synonyms are marked with appropriate marks. For example: HOUSE, HOUSING, HOUSING (colloquial), ROOF (high), ROOF (colloquial), HABITAT (obsolete), ABODY (outdated and high), DEN (colloquial and playful), KENNEL (colloquial) .), Angle (unfolded).
Thus, stylistic coloring is belonging to a certain style, a sign that a given word can only be used in certain (specified) styles. Stylistically colored words seem to gravitate towards their neutral synonym, denoting the same thing, but differ from it in other conditions of use - in high, poetic speech ( Would you like to rest?) or, on the contrary, in reduced, colloquial speech or vernacular ( Stop sleeping!). Interstyle vocabulary can be used in any style, this is its peculiarity ( It's time to sleep. Would you like to sleep? Stop sleeping!).
What is neutral (interstyle) vocabulary? These are words that form the basis of the literary language, its vocabulary - they are used in speech regardless of the conditions of communication in all functional styles, book and conversational. Yes, word head we can use it in a scientific style, and in colloquial speech, and in literary text. The word is head you can’t use it in book styles, just as you don’t use the word in colloquial speech chapter: you can’t tell my head hurts, and here my head is splitting- quite appropriate. Those. Neutral vocabulary is words without any special stylistic features or attachments to a particular style. Against their background, other words are perceived as stylistically fixed. Thus, interstyle vocabulary is the background against which stylistically colored vocabulary is revealed. In dictionaries, such vocabulary is not accompanied by any stylistic marks. The very absence of a mark on a word is significant: it, as it were, marks neutral, interstyle, not stylistically colored vocabulary.
To denote vocabulary that “rises” above neutral, the term “ book", or the vocabulary of book styles (such as the term " colloquial" denote all reduced vocabulary). It turns out that these lexical layers can be schematically represented as being one above the other:
Book vocabulary
Cross-style vocabulary
Conversational vocabulary
In explanatory dictionaries, the stylistic mark “ book." (book), which is placed before or after the dictionary definition. For example:
Replenish (book.) Add what was missing, replenish;
Dithyramb. 2. Exaggerated enthusiastic praise ( book.).
Significance (book.) Same as meaning.
Canonical (book.) 1. Corresponding to the canon. 2. Taken as a sample.
Favor (book.) Contribute by helping with smth.
This mark indicates that the word (or meaning) is characteristic primarily of written, especially scientific or journalistic speech.
Words common to book styles gravitate towards scientific terminology, but do not treat it as highly specialized, which is marked with the mark “special.”, but is, as it were, general scientific vocabulary, i.e. sciences studied by everyone, for example at school ( hypothesis, impulse, theorem, hegemony). These are words used in scientific reports and articles, regardless of the field of knowledge ( prevail, interpretation), or in journalism - social and journalistic vocabulary (milestone, report, puppet, mercenary, hard worker and so on.).
However, in dictionaries other marks are used to highlight “sublime” (bookish) vocabulary: “ high." (high). " poet." (poetic), " official." (official), etc. Consequently, book vocabulary is heterogeneous. This is explained both by the variety of book styles (scientific and popular science, journalistic, official business, fiction and even epistolary), and by the diversity of their functioning.
Therefore the litter " book." (with stylistic differentiation of “sublime” vocabulary) is placed with words and meanings that are used primarily in scientific and journalistic styles:
Autocrat. Book. A person with unlimited supreme power, an autocrat.
Adept. Book. A zealous adherent, a follower of someone. teachings.
Adequate. Book. Quite appropriate, matching.
Litter " official." (official) or " official affairs."(official business) indicates that these words are typical for official texts and documents, for example:
Outgoing. 2. Official affairs. Document, paper sent from the institution..
Notify. Official. Same as notifying.
Litter " high." (high) indicates that words are used primarily in solemnly elevated speech: oratorical, journalistic, artistic, and give it a touch of solemnity, sublimity, and importance. For example:
Retribution. High. Retribution, punishment for the evil done, committed.
Explore. High. Learn by experience.
The future. High. Future. The coming years are hidden in darkness, but I see your lot on your bright brow.
For words used exclusively in poetic speech or folklore, the marks “ poet.», « traditional-poet."(traditional poetic), " people's poet."(folk poetic):
Wedges. Poet. Eyelids. All night sleep did not touch his weary eyelids.
White stone. People's poet Made of white stone. Moscow is white stone.
crown. Trad.-poet. Decorate your head with a wreath or something. like a wreath. And I came, crowned with ivy.
In some dictionaries these marks are even more fragmented: for example, in the “Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language” by D.N. Ushakov, along with the mark “ book." clarifying stylistic marks are also used " public.», « newspaper.», « scientific.», « tech.», « rhetorician.», « poet.”, and along with the mark “ official." - litter " office." (stationery, bureaucracy). Only it differentiates between poetic and folk poetic usage. Here are examples from the specified dictionary:
Armature. 2. Minor appliances and accessories some kind of apparatus or cars ( tech.).
Armada. Bookish, poetic, outdated. Large navy.
Appropriate. Include in estimate ( official, fin.).
Abyss. 1. // Infinite depth ( poet.)
Wake up. 2. Excite ( book., poet.)
In vain. Book, outdated In vain, in vain.
Thus, elevated vocabulary is words of book styles: book vocabulary - general scientific, journalistic, official business, etc. ( notify, anticipate, minor, procession, meal, giant, gain, renounce, doom, suffering, anxiety etc.), as well as high, poetic, including folk poetic and traditional poetic ( cheeks, radiant, azure, lot, right hand, hand, star, maiden, golden-headed, sweet-voiced, pluck out, descend, kiss and so on.). High, poetic words are called poeticisms: they are limited to use primarily in poetic genres of fiction of the 18th-19th centuries. ( cheeks, eyes, percy, lyre, crown, palace, inspired, daring, silent, fragrant, golden-haired, drag, blush, imagine and many more etc.). Many words of this type have long since passed into the category of archaisms, but to this day they retain the flavor of poetry and are not used in any other style. For example, about housing: abode (outdated.), monastery (old and tall), shelter (high.).
The vocabulary of book styles (“sublime”) is contrasted with vocabulary with the opposite stylistic coloring - reduced (colloquial and colloquial), which will be discussed below.
Vocabulary that has a bookish flavor. It is used primarily in scientific, business, and journalistic styles. K.s. stand out against the background of neutrals: There is(neutral) - eat(book); want(neutral) - want(book); creator(neutral) - creator(book). Book vocabulary also includes words with suffixes of book origin and corresponding functional-style coloring: -stv-, -ost, -ism, ur-, -ani(e), -eni(e), -tel, -ist, -tor , -out- ( dignity, authorship, universality, essence, Marxism, optimism, altruism, sculpture, proofreading, graduate school, exclamation, wandering, sculptor, colonizer, homeland and etc.). With the help of suffixes of book origin, new scientific terms are constantly formed: -ost: - fusibility, malleability; -stv: - Hegelianism; -ism: - idealism, feudalism; -atsi(i) curing; professionalism: -k- - insert, winding; - as much as - footage, etc. Prefixes of book origin, characteristic of scientific and scientific-technical, official business terms and journalistic vocabulary, are functionally colored: claim, play, prohibit, abnormal, anti-artistic, ultraviolet, extraordinary. Excessive saturation of the text K. s. destroys the stylistic structure characteristic of a certain type of text, and also violates one of the communicative qualities of speech - its relevance.
"book words" in books
Book publications
From the author's bookBook publications Agibalova E., Donskoy G. History of the Middle Ages. – M.: Enlightenment, 1980. Bard A., Soderquist J. NETOCracy. The new ruling elite and life after capitalism. – St. Petersburg: Stockholm School of Economics in St. Petersburg, 2004. Balzac O. Lost Illusions: A Novel // Collection.
Bookshelves
From the book Golden Rules of Feng Shui. 10 simple steps to success, prosperity and longevity author Ogudin Valentin LeonidovichBookshelves Densely packed shelves with books or shelves with books and papers scattered about in disarray create stagnant qi that will not benefit people. We need to find ways to protect people from the aggressive effects of corners and long ends of books.
Book riches
From the book Ivan III author Skrynnikov Ruslan GrigorievichBook treasures In a letter, Gennady asked Joasaph a question: “Do you have books in Kirillov, or Farofontovo, or on Kamenny: Sylvester, Pope of Rome...” and others? Joasaph, in the world Prince of Obolensky, was the abbot of the Ferapontov Monastery before receiving the episcopal rank and returned to
Book publications
From the book Sinister Secrets of Antarctica. Swastika in the ice author Osovin Igor AlekseevichBook publications Biryuk A.V. UFO: secret strike. – M.: Gamma Press, 2000 (in RuNet this book is posted under the title “The Great Secret of Ufology”: http://macbion.narod.ru/ufb/ufb0.htm). Vasilchenko A.V. Mysterious expedition. What were the Germans looking for in Antarctica? – M.: Veche, 2011. Gershtein M.B. UFO in
BOOKSHELVES
From the book Your Home author Gurova Alexandra SergeevnaBOOKSHELVES We offer three samples bookshelves. Perhaps someone will find them suitable in idea and appearance and available in design. The first two samples are suspended. In one case, the entire structure is attached to the ceiling, and in the other, to the top of the wall.
