When building a house with at least 2 floors, you definitely need to think about the stairs in it. And if the house is built with your own hands, it is logical to build the stairs as well.
Various photos of stairs help you make a preliminary choice and clearly understand what type of lift you need. But before you take on the work, carefully calculate the future structure for strength and dimensions, this will save time and money, because incorrect calculations (or lack thereof) will lead to numerous alterations of the original project.
Types of stairs
There is a large number different options flights of stairs. They differ in the material of manufacture (wood, concrete or metal), the type of rise (sloping staircase, spiral staircase, with a turn at a certain degree).
The most common is a wooden staircase. Staircases are also often constructed with a 90-degree turn. It is not uncommon for these two types of lifting devices to be combined into one.
When limited space, make a spiral staircase out of metal. The screw type of lift allows you to save space, and making it from metal increases the strength of the structure. Concrete is used for stairs in massive buildings (for example, mansions).
What to pay attention to
IN low-rise building, without having construction experience, it is better to order modular staircase, a kind of construction set where all the parts are cut out and numbered, and all you have to do is assemble them using the instructions. This is how wooden stairs are usually made.
When building a concrete staircase, in addition to pouring the frame, you will need to external finishing(a beautiful stone or wood materials). It turns out to be a double waste of time and money. However, for cottages with 3 or more floors, they are mandatory according to fire safety requirements.
When making a ladder for the first time, you don’t need to swing at it right away. complex design. The simpler the model, the more likely it is that you will be able to successfully build this lifting device on the first try.
Pay attention to the angle of inclination of the stairs: if it is more than 45 degrees, the ladder will be considered an extension, and you can only go down it backwards. Optimal angle the rise is considered to be 37 degrees.
Wood is preferable as a material for construction, since, thanks to its properties, it allows you to correct minor construction flaws that arose due to inaccurate calculations and inexperience of the work performer.
Also, after construction, the building may settle due to loose soil, as a result the staircase can become several centimeters higher or lower than the floor, and it is easier to correct this in a wooden structure.
When constructing a lift with a turn towards, the distance between spans must be at least 100 mm.
Construction stages
Answering the question of how to make a staircase to the second floor with your own hands, there are several stages of construction.
The first stage of any structure, be it a staircase into a house or an interfloor staircase, is the creation of a project. Special attention it is necessary to pay attention to the safety of the building and its ease of use.
The structure must withstand average weight ordinary person with a fair amount of reserve. Be sure to use railings!
If they are not there, another fence must be designed to ensure the safety of descent and ascent.
Consider creating a wooden staircase with stringers
After you have designed your building, you need to prepare the materials. In our case, choose boards of suitable thickness and length, prepare balusters with railings and prepare stringers. This will be the second stage of construction.
A 4 cm thick pine board is suitable as a material for stringers. On it, mark the steps according to the pattern and cut them out with a jigsaw.
Note!
We use the resulting product as a sample for the second (and if the width of the staircase is more than a meter, then the third) stringer. Let's cut the required number of steps to size.
The third stage will be assembling all the parts together. First of all, the stringers are installed in their permanent locations. Then, using self-tapping screws, the steps are attached to the stringers.
Then, using pins, balusters are placed on the steps, and handrails are attached to them. The staircase is ready!
DIY photo of the stairs
Note!
Most private houses nowadays have several floors. It is cheaper to build such a house, since you can get more living space with a smaller foundation. After all, it is the foundation that accounts for the main expenses during construction. Yes and organize convenient layout two-story house easier.
But availability more floors requires the construction of stairs, which often frightens those who are building their house or cottage. To them, such work seems complicated, but in reality, everything is quite simple. Nice ladder easy to build with your own hands, just knowing some features.
What does the staircase consist of?
Stair elements First you need, of course, to understand what it is, what its main elements are. The basic design here is so simple that the differences between different types minimal.
Firstly, everyone knows that it consists of steps. They bear the main burden. The steps do not hang in the air, they rest on one of two types supporting structures- bowstrings or stringers.
- Bowstrings are two thick boards in which special grooves are cut for steps and risers. Such grooves are made according to a template. The bowstrings are tightened with cords made of both metal and wood;
- Unlike bowstrings, stringers are not straight boards, but have a sawtooth shape. Horizontal cuts are used as support for steps, and vertical cuts are used to attach risers. Another difference between a stringer and bowstrings is that during construction you can use not two boards, but one. In the latter version, the steps rest on the walls.
Stringer marking scheme An optional, but present almost everywhere, element is risers. Their main function- decorative. Risers make it possible to hide inner space stairs.
Also optional, but highly desirable, are handrails that increase the level of safety of use. Sometimes stairs have elements such as a supporting step or special platforms.
What are the types of stairs?
In the majority modern houses They make one of their three main types - marching, rail-mounted, screw. At the same time, they choose based on aesthetic preferences, availability free space in the house, budget and other parameters.
Marching stairs
Most common marching stairs
The simplest and most common design is a flight of stairs. Although, having such an important advantage - ease of construction, it also has one important drawback - it takes up quite a lot of space. As a result, its construction may not be justified in a small house.
Depending on the number of storeys of the building, its size, staircases of this type are built with one flight, two flights, three flights, etc. Marches are individual segments that can consist of a different number of steps, but usually no more than fifteen.
The optimal number is ten steps.
In addition, they are divided into open and closed. In most cases, owners make a choice based on aesthetic preferences, because the only difference between them is the presence or absence of risers. Open staircases are chosen by those who want a feeling of lightness in the interior.
Their device is similar. They also differ simply in the type of support they use. They can rely on bowstrings, or they can rely on stringers. At the same time, there is no total preference for one type of support. It all depends on the wishes of the owner or location. For example, for a staircase against a wall, it is quite logical to use a stringer as a load-bearing beam. To save space, they are often made with a turn. In this case, trapezoidal rotary steps, called winders, are used.
The most common angles of rotation of flight stairs are 90 degrees (quarter-turn staircase) and 180 degrees (half-turn staircase). They also come with a 360-degree rotation, but then they can also be classified as screw-type.
Stairs on rails Staircases on the rails have a modern, technological and
“bolts”, meaning “bolt” in translation, is the name of their main structural element - large hanging balusters.
A special feature of the design here is the absence of a frame, which creates the feeling that it is floating in the air. Its role is played by the steps themselves and the bolts mounted to the handrails. There are several types of staircase designs on rails. You can choose one that only involves the use of balusters, or one with one side supported on a wall, bowstring or stringer. Quite common
combined options
. The choice depends only on the taste and planning features of the house.
In addition to aesthetics, they have one undoubted practical advantage - high maintainability. Any element, from steps to railings, can be very easily dismantled. popular in both modern and classic interiors Spiral staircases are popular in both modern and classic interiors. They are valued primarily for the fact that they take up very little space (example in the photo). If you have small house, then this is the choice for you. Their compact, small-sized proportions allow efficient use of space. On the other hand, there are some drawbacks - they are not wide and steep, and self-assembly, although not very difficult, requires more work than in the case of marching ones.
Today, two main designs are used:
- The first of them involves the use of bent-glued handrails, onto which the steps are attached. This design is quite complex, but also particularly beautiful;
- The second, the most common and classic, involves the use of a central support and curved handrails. The steps are attached both to the support and to the handrails. This design simpler and does not have such strict requirements for the strength of materials as the first.
The design of a spiral staircase can also include supporting the steps on the wall. In this case, special recesses are made in the wall, to which they are attached. It will not necessarily have the shape of a circle; it may well be polygonal.
Make a staircase: Requirements
You need to design a staircase at the design stage of the entire house. At the same time, several need to be taken into account simple conditions and requirements:
- It is necessary to take into account where it will be installed;
- How many residents will use it and how often, and what age these people will be;
- Will there be a need to carry something very heavy along it;
- It is required that the slope angle not only does not exceed 42 degrees, but is also constant along its entire length;
- The minimum width should be 80 cm and no less;
- Steps must be installed based on a minimum design load of 200 kilograms per meter. cubic;
- The minimum design load for railings is 100 kg per meter. cubic;
- Stair railings should not be too low. Their smallest height can be no less than 80 cm;
- Balusters should not be too sparse, the clear distance between them should not exceed 15 cm.
Making a staircase: Calculations
Before making a staircase, it is necessary to make correct calculations Taking into account all the above requirements and choosing suitable look stairs, you can safely start building it with your own hands according to the drawing.
Success self-construction depends on correct calculations. By calculating the design parameters of the staircase, you determine those dimensions that best contribute to ensuring comfortable and safe movement. Moreover, convenience is supported by a certain relationship between lifting and moving forward.
When designing, you need to remember that all steps of one flight must have same sizes. At the same time, the sum of the double height of the riser and step should not be less than the length of the average human step, which is 60–66 cm.
To achieve the greatest convenience, it is worth maintaining the difference between the width of the step and the height of the riser at 12 cm, but the greatest safety is achieved when the sum of these parameters is at least 46 cm.
When calculating the angle of inclination, it is taken into account that the distance from the plane of each step to the ceiling should not be less than two meters.
The optimal tilt angle is considered to be in the range from 23 to 37 degrees.
Naturally, the larger it is, the less space the structure will occupy, but at an angle of more than 45 degrees it will simply be inconvenient to climb.
In order to determine the total length of a simple flight of stairs, you can use the formula H2 + D2 = L2, where H is the sum of the distance from the ground floor floor to the ceiling and the thickness interfloor covering, and D is the size of the projection onto the floor.
In order to determine the size of the projection, you must first find out the number of steps required. To do this, you need to divide H by the selected step height. After which the resulting number of steps is multiplied by their selected width.
Make a ladder according to the instructions: ladder on bowstrings
There are many types of ladders, now we will talk about the ladder on bowstrings. Staircase to the second floor on bowstrings
How to make a bowstring You need to start building a staircase on bowstrings by making them. Why choose either a durable solid and fairly thick board or a durable laminated veneer lumber . The length of the boards is selected based on the length of the stairs or flight. You also need to prepare ties with which you will fasten the beams so that they do not move apart different sides
during operation.
The markings are done before the strings are installed. This stage plays an important role, since its incorrect implementation often leads to a banal distortion of the steps. In order for the groove cutouts to be completely identical and located equidistant from each other, a homemade template is used when marking. A thin sheet of plywood is used as a template. You need to draw a boundary line on the board, 5 cm away from the edge, otherwise the bowstring has a chance to turn into a stringer.
It is these lines that will act as the boundaries of the steps. Then they take the template, apply it and outline the places for future grooves, moving it to the end. The location of the grooves on the beams of the bowstrings should be mirrored.
Bowstring installation
Mounting bowstrings does not require any special skills or a lot of time. The whole procedure consists in attaching the string with self-tapping screws to the floor and floor coverings. Sometimes, if a very large load is expected, support beams are used. But such a design is rarely found in interiors, due to its bulkiness and lack of practical necessity.
Cutting out elements
A conventional milling machine is used to cut the grooves. This requires two or three approaches, no more. They almost always start with side cuts, after which they make additional ones that make the work easier using a chisel. The optimal depth is 1.5–2 cm. At the end, the grooves are cleaned and the edges are lubricated with glue before installing the steps.
How to make steps and install them
Making steps is one of the simplest procedures among all installation works. Take a dry board. Its thickness should be at least 3.5 cm. The width should correspond to the one that was chosen for the steps during the calculations. The board is cut based on the width of the stairs, including the railings. After cutting it is polished. The procedure for making risers looks almost the same. Unless you can use a thinner board - up to 2 cm.
During assembly flight of stairs First of all, the steps are attached, for which self-tapping screws are used. The best option are 6x90 self-tapping screws, of which there should be six pieces.
It is also possible to mount without using additional accessories, but only for glue. But its strength depends on how tightly the step fits into the groove.
Sometimes steps are attached to strings without using grooves. Then, hammers or bars are attached to the inside of the boards using metal holders, on which the steps are placed. The risers can be attached to the bowstrings either with or without screws.
How to make railings and install them
You can either make the railings yourself or buy them ready-made. Although they may differ from each other in appearance, their design is the same - the railings consist of handrails and balusters. Handrails are usually made from boards, and balusters are made from bars square section. Moreover, the latter can be either very simple or carved.
The number of balusters should usually correspond to the number of steps. Two of them, installed at the beginning of the staircase and at its end, play the role of support. All the rest are decorative.
They also help safe use design. The fasteners are self-tapping screws, which can be hidden using a decorative plug. After securing the balusters, handrails are attached to them. For this you also need self-tapping screws.
Staircase on stringers
Staircase to the second floor on stringers Making a stringer is in many ways similar to making bowstrings, although the two types of support structures use several different principle holding steps.
Using this technology, temporary, outdoor (street) homemade stairs in houses.
Need to choose whole board from hard durable wood. The board must be dry.
After this, a marking template is made, similar to the one used to make the bowstring. The template simulating protrusions must correspond to the calculated dimensions of the steps. This time there is no need to draw an indentation line, since it will not be the grooves that need to be cut out.
It is most convenient to use a jigsaw to cut out protrusions. After they are cut, they need to be sanded.
At first glance, making a staircase yourself may seem like a rather complicated task that requires calculations, the right choice material and certain skills. But this is only at first glance. It is enough to familiarize yourself with how everything is done to understand that there is nothing complicated here.
Making your home comfortable does not require too much time, too much effort, or significant financial expenditure.
There are also types of stairs for limited space - folding, retractable, wardrobe stairs. They are temporary and made mainly of iron.
Video
Watch a video from YouTube on how to make a ladder with your own hands.
How to make a ladder with your own hands? This is the question asked by those who want to build a house or cottage on their own, or equip a two-level apartment. Nothing special about by and large There are no stairs in the arrangement, because Newest technologies significantly simplify this process. Therefore, if you are a skilled person, then make metal staircase or a wooden staircase with your own hands will not be difficult. In this article you will learn what types of interfloor stairs there are, what material they are made of and how to calculate the main parameters of the stairs. Follow the instructions carefully and you will succeed!
Staircase as an interior attribute
The staircase is one of central elements interior of the room, and when designing it, great attention should be paid appearance, without forgetting functionality and reliability. Before directly creating a staircase, it is recommended to take into account some factors on which its size and design will depend.
Such factors include the available area and height of the room, the ease of use of the stairs for people living in the house, and the maximum load for which the product is designed.
Architects argue that, as the focal point of the interior, the staircase carries the most important stylistic and structural load. Harmony between aesthetics and functionality can be achieved through careful planning during the development stage project documentation. The geometric construction of the staircase depends on the design, material and operating conditions, so it must be determined before the start of construction work.
Thanks to modern technologies the staircase can be impressive, equipped with french style from the time of Louis XII, lightweight in the ultra-modern high-tech style or massively rough in the country style.
Marching stairs
Before deciding which staircase to choose, it is worth considering the main types - marching and spiral staircases. The design of a flight of stairs is quite simple and will suit you if you plan to make it yourself (flights are continuous rows of steps). But in this case, to ensure an acceptable slope and height of the steps, a considerable area is needed. Such staircase models are very easy to use and can withstand heavy loads. Using the flight of stairs you can easily lift furniture and large objects to the second floor.
Such stairs are safe in all aspects, and therefore they are best choice if elderly people or children live in the house.
Marching stairs are straight and rotary. The first ones are the simplest. They are durable in design, easy to manufacture and convenient to use. If there are more than ten steps in the staircase, the flight is divided into two parts by an intermediate platform. This is how a turning staircase turns out. The advantage of a rotary model over a straight one is that steps at the same height occupy less area. Such stairs are usually installed along two walls, creating a storage room underneath them.
Spiral staircases
Spiral staircases have a more complex staircase frame: they consist of winder steps that are placed along the correct radius. They are used in cases of limited space, when it is not possible to create a safe slope of a conventional staircase due to lack of space. A spiral staircase is usually installed between two walls in the corner. The main disadvantages include the not very convenient design, which makes lifting difficult and does not allow moving large objects. However, a skillfully made spiral staircase is sufficiently durable and can act as the main connecting link of the interior; then it is installed in the center of the hall.
Spiral staircases can be purchased in a ready-to-install version. But depending on the wishes of the client, many architects deviate from the usual canons and go for some kind of experiment. As a result of such creativity, unexpected avant-garde designs are born. For example, curved stairs with steps located along an uneven radius (S-shaped, triangle, oval), broken (curvilinear, Z-shaped), petal (asymmetric steps, duck step) and attached models on casters.
Material for making stairs
Whatever staircase option you choose, ultimately, its durability and quality will depend on the materials used to construct the staircase. The material for making steps is stone (brick, shell rock, expanded clay concrete) or hard wood (ash, oak, maple, spruce, pine). Best for stair railings suitable metals and their various alloys - aluminum or stainless steel. In the interiors of modern houses, staircases of a combined type, made of plastic, wood and metal, also look good.
When choosing materials for making stairs with your own hands, you must remember that stone steps are made only from blocks that have been prepared industrial method and not otherwise. With artisanal methods of making steps from stone, it is unlikely that it will be possible to avoid cracks on them.
Wood can be easily processed at home and additionally gives decorative effect at correct use paints and varnishes. In order to prevent deformation, wooden steps must be assembled from separate lamellas, which are glued together using special technologies. Wooden stairs made from oak planks are especially strong and durable.
Ready-made staircase sets
A large number of manufacturers offer private developers ready-made kits of various kinds of prefabricated staircases, which are manufactured in compliance with all necessary technical standards standard sizes from various materials.
This option will be acceptable for you if you want to save a significant amount of money on installation and want to be sure of the quality finished stairs. Before ordering a kit, it is recommended to calculate the stairs by measuring the height from the flight of stairs to the floor, the width and length of the flight of stairs.
Then you should select the appropriate size, type of ladder and material, and then you can order the model from the warehouse. Ready-made sets of stairs for installation in your home are so diverse that a private developer is not limited in realizing his design imagination. All production ladders are divided into several classes: economy, elite and business.
How to make your own stairs
To make a wooden staircase with your own hands, you first need to determine the geometry of the staircase opening. A spiral staircase looks best in the opening as a circle, while a rectangle or square will harmoniously fit a regular staircase. Designed for beginners in the construction business simple designs, for example, stairs with winder steps, attached to the stringer.
Components of the staircase
Those developers who are encountering the manufacture of stairs for the first time should become familiar with the basic structural elements of the staircase in order to understand what will be discussed in the future.
- Marching flight - steps running in a straight line;
- Turning area - the area that separates the march flights;
- Riser - vertical parts of steps;
- Stringer - monolithic wooden or metal beam for securing steps;
- Steps - horizontal parts of steps;
- Balusters - supports for railings;
- Bowstring - a side beam that connects the steps;
- Winder steps are steps that structurally allow the staircase to turn;
- Frieze steps are the bottom and top steps of each floor.
Building codes
Any staircase must comply with the established building regulations, guarantee the safety of those living in the house and ensure a comfortable climb to the second floor. Too high steps of the staircase make it difficult to climb, and small steps are dangerous and inconvenient - if you step too quickly and too often, you can trip. When building interfloor stairs, developers very often make mistakes. Therefore, it is necessary to design the project in detail and competently and make accurate calculations of the structure.
The first condition for the successful manufacture of interfloor stairs with your own hands is the correct calculation of the structure. Decide for yourself whether the staircase will be double-flight or single-flight, how wide you will make the staircase, what the height of the risers will be, and how wide the steps will be.
Width, height and angle of inclination of the stairs
When determining the width of the stairs, it should be remembered that the wider the structure, the better. Such stairs are safer and more comfortable for walking. To find out what height to make a wooden staircase, it is worth fixing a straight board on the top of the terrace in such a way that it overlaps with a margin the place from which the stairs are supposed to rise. Using a level, it is recommended to check the horizontal position of the board and adjust if necessary.
Next you need to calculate the angle of inclination of the future staircase, because correct angle Tilt is a basic requirement for safe and comfortable movement. After all, going down or going up too steep stairs is difficult. The most convenient angle for moving up the stairs will be between 30 and 45 degrees. In addition, a design with a smaller angle takes up more space.
Riser height and step width
Having received the width and height of the stairs, you can begin to calculate the height of the riser. For climbing in practice, the most convenient are stairs with a riser height of 140 - 170 millimeters and a step width of 340 - 370 millimeters.
The height of the riser should be no more than 200 millimeters and no less than 120 millimeters.
The protrusion of the step should be about 20-40 millimeters. The higher you make the riser, the narrower the step should be, and vice versa. The width of the steps should at least be equal to its height. It is advisable that the step of your stairs corresponds to shoe size 42 or reaches 28-30 centimeters.
Marking stringers and cutting steps
Before placing the steps, you should decide how the stringer will join the terrace. It is directly attached to the terrace beam or under the platform to the structure in such a way that the last step is considered to be the surface of the terrace.
Next, take a metal marking square and a pattern, on which you should mark the calculated height of the riser, for example, 17 centimeters, and the width of the step, for example, 29 centimeters. And use a pattern to mark the stringer.
Next, use a circular saw to cut out the steps. Be careful, it is highly inadvisable to go beyond the lines. Finish the segments better hand saw. Then, using the finished stringer, mark the remaining stringers. It is not recommended to skimp on them because they provide rigidity to your stairs. But when deflections occur in the steps, the entire structure begins to loosen.
After this, cut the risers and steps. Please note that steps should be cut taking into account the thickness of the risers. And do not forget to take into account the protrusion of the step above the riser by 20-40 millimeters
Material selection
Any developer, after calculating the staircase and its main parameters, must choose a material, because the final cost, aesthetic appearance and operational properties of the finished staircase depend on it. Nowadays, oak, linden, pine, metal and glass are more popular. The material used to make the steps should ideally match the overall style of the home’s interior.
If the floors in the room are finished with wood, then it is better to make the steps from raushpunt. To create balusters you need bars 50 by 50 centimeters; a blockhouse can make beautiful railings. Buy decorative elements can be found in any store building materials. Make regular and winder steps in the quantity needed to make your own stairs. To make the edges look neater, they should be processed with a round cutter.
Installation of staircase structure
Installation staircase design on stringers you should start with installation support pillar and installation of risers. You can secure the structure using self-tapping screws, but it is better to also use liquid nails so that the stairs do not creak. Then you need to adjust the turning steps. Now the base of the structure is ready.
It is necessary to mark the placement of the stringers on the wall; if the need arises, adjustments should be made to the calculated dimensions of the steps. Then the drawing is transferred from the wall to tracing paper, and after that - to the preparation of stringers. Using a simple hacksaw and circular saw, recesses are made for the steps.
The finished stringer is attached to the wall with self-tapping screws. The steps and riser are connected to the stringer and to each other in the same way; the heads of the screws go deep into the wood. The open part of the steps of your staircase is closed with a bowstring. Finally, railings for the stairs are made, balusters and decorative elements are attached. Under the stairs for rational use You can equip lockers for various small items, a mezzanine and a dressing room.
In this article, you learned about the basic terms that are used in the manufacture of stairs, learned to calculate such parameters as the height and angle of inclination of the stairs, the width of steps and the height of risers, and also became familiar with the main materials that are used to make stairs. In any case, the ability to design a practical, reliable and comfortable staircase You will definitely need it for your home.
Some people don't want to build cottage and they are building a multi-story building, and it will be impossible to move around the house without stairs. There are stairs different forms and made from different materials. The stairs that are located between floors are made of metal and.
The design and calculations for stairs located between floors made of any materials are no different.
They have the usual requirements:
- In a private house, the smallest staircase width is 900 centimeters.
- The normal height of steps is 160 - 180 millimeters.
- The minimum permissible depth of steps is 270 millimeters.
- The railings on the stairs must withstand about one hundred kilograms of lateral pressure.
- The distance between the railing posts should be 150 millimeters and, if there are children in the family, this distance should be 120 millimeters.
- Stairs are made forged and welded.
There are the following types:
There are stairs:
If you do not have special skills in building stairs, then start with simple option, that is, with a single-flight design.
Necessary calculations
Organizations that develop projects use special ones to design 3D models of structures using these programs. In the model, it is very easy to change the parameters of different parts.
After approval of the final version, the computer program prepares specifications and drawings of the metal staircase.
But in our case, the calculations will have to be done without help computer program. We will consider a simple version of a direct single-flight design.
The basic requirements for the depth and height of steps are already known. It is necessary to take measurements between points, that is, from the beginning to the end of the stairs from the floor of the first floor and the height between the floors of the first and second floors. Now we determine the length of the stairs; we must remember that the average angle of inclination is from thirty to forty-five degrees.
We calculate the available parameters and extract Square root and get the length of the stairs.
Materials and tools required for work
To build an interfloor metal staircase, we will need the following tools and materials.
Tools:
Materials:
Carrying out work
Stages of work:
First of all, angles for attaching steps, that is, fillets, are made from corners.
You cannot make a mistake so that there are no various distortions and flaws that will spoil the stairs.
Also, the fillies must be identical and must be exactly opposite each other. The fillies are made from a corner by cutting out a sample and joining the corners together.
The result is L-shaped nodes with the shelves down and inward. For our design, fourteen pairs of these nodes are needed, and in each pair, one support will be left and the second will be right. Then we weld the brackets to connect the steps and the horizontal crossbar between each pair of corners.
We also make the horizontal crossbar from a corner. The structure is strengthened with the help of gussets; we weld them from the bottom of the step towards each of the stringers.
Along the edge square pipe We make markings from the profile and, according to the markings, weld the fillets to the edge of the stringer, attach the second stringer to the first stringer with fillets and transfer the markings.
We make and then weld the stringers with the lower end to the support platform. If the houses have a concrete foundation, then the support platform is installed in concrete. We attach the upper end to the support post, support post secured to the ceiling between floors with steel anchors. Then the fillies need to be checked for level again.
If the staircase is made near a wall, then to add rigidity to the structure, one stringer is welded to brackets that are fixed to the wall.
They involve welding the steps to the fillets, you can also secure them with bolts, but in this case you need to cover the steps with wood. The steps can also be installed on wooden steps using screw connections.
Like building a structure interfloor stairs not so much difficult task, but this work requires precision, accuracy and care.
In the article we told you how to make a metal staircase to the second floor.
Single-story buildings in the private sector are erected only to provide economic activity, and are used as auxiliary buildings. A full-fledged residential building with at least 2 floors. Therefore, one cannot do without such a functional element as a staircase to the second floor.
The problem of moving from one level to another can be solved simply - buy a ready-made kit and install it yourself.
Its cost starts from approximately 33,000 rubles (pine, 14 steps, turning staircase with two flights). Do-it-yourself installation is easy. The problem is different - how will it fit into the interior, will it be necessary to make adjustments? individual elements or partial reconstruction of the 1st floor?
Many companies provide services for the production of sets according to customer drawings, but as practice shows, such stairs are 1.5 times more expensive. That is why, most often, the most acceptable option is to make a wooden staircase with your own hands, from scratch.
How to do this, what to pay attention to - this is what this article is devoted to.
Terminology
Before we look at design features, it is necessary to “decipher” some specific definitions. The main elements are shown in the diagrams.
- Step. Its horizontal part is called the tread, the vertical part (it may not exist) is called the riser.
- Support beams. If the steps are adjacent to them with the end parts, then this is a bowstring. If they “overlap” the beam and their edges protrude beyond it, then it is called a stringer.
- Railing supports. They are more often called balusters or pillars. For a screw structure, the term rack is used.
- Fasteners. In some types of stairs, the steps are fixed directly to the adjacent wall using special bolts - bolts.
Types of staircase designs
For self-made the simplest ones are marching ones. For a private house they are installed in one or two bays. Spiral staircases for self-assembly much more complicated (discussed here). In addition, the production of the necessary calculations for them has its own specifics.
Features of calculating staircase parameters
The following are given general recommendations, which it is only advisable to focus on when designing an internal staircase. Since all houses (and premises) differ in architecture, dimensions, and layout, there cannot be any single template in principle.
Steepness
The optimal slope of the flights is in the range from 35 to 450. Steeper stairs are much more difficult to climb (especially for people with disabilities, the elderly or small children). And carrying large, heavy items from floor to floor will also become more difficult.
A flatter design is inconvenient because it will require more space for its installation, since the length of each span will increase. And what specific angle to choose is at the discretion of the owner.
Width
It is unlikely that anyone in a private house will move from floor to floor as part of a “group of comrades”, so when drawing up a diagram it is advisable to focus on the dimensions of one person. A staircase with a width of about 1.2 - 1.5 m for a private house is a completely acceptable option. And walking on it, and even carrying pieces of furniture will be quite convenient.
Step parameters
- Tread. It should completely fit a person’s foot (based on size 45), so optimal width steps - within 250 - 300 mm.
- Riser. In order to make it convenient for people of any height and age to move, its height is taken within the range of 150 - 200 mm. Quite sufficient, regardless of design.
On a note! All specified dimensions are absolutely the same for each step of one staircase. Otherwise, there is no need to talk about ease of movement.
Stair height
It is defined as the distance from the floor covering of the lower floor to the ceiling + the thickness of the ceiling. For example, 270 + 40 - 310 (cm).
Number of steps
The height of the structure (310) is divided into the sum of the size of the riser and the thickness of the tread board, and then rounded up to a whole value (up). For example, if a “magpie” is used, then 20 + 4 = 24 cm.
Total - 310: 24 = 13 (steps).
Recommendation - for stairs with more than 18 steps and a steepness of 450, special platforms should be installed. Depending on their purpose, they are called differently - rotary, viewing, intermediate. Consequently, the staircase itself will already consist of separate flights (flights). They can be of the same type, or made according to different patterns, since the site is not necessarily located exactly in the center of the structure.
Stair length
It is not difficult to determine, knowing the number of steps and the size of each tread. These values are multiplied. If the steps have protrusions, they are not taken into account.
Sometimes calculations show that such a design “does not fit” in a particular room. In such cases, either the number of marches is increased, or so-called winder (turning) steps are installed.
Winder steps - top view
Span height relative to floor
It is necessary to focus on human height + a small margin. The optimal design is considered to be one in which the distance between the outer steps and the ceiling is at least 2 m. Otherwise, a tall person will have to bow his head at the end of the flight.
Materials
In most cases, the type of wood chosen is pine. It is inexpensive, but it is not characterized by durability. Larch is in many ways preferable. The presence of a special resin in its structure makes the material even stronger when absorbing moisture. And this is important for a home staircase, given the specifics of its operation. All other options, for example, oak, cedar, maple and a number of others cannot be called budget.
Before you start working with wood, it must be thoroughly dried. Further shrinkage of the material (including twisting) will lead to the ladder literally falling apart.
Work procedure for installing stairs
Let's take a closer look simple example- single-flight stairs. This option can be considered basic, since the algorithm of actions is the same, regardless of the number of spans.
Preparation of structural elements
- Stringers. The main requirement is that they must be absolutely identical. The board is only solid, without defects, no less than “forty”. Accordingly, cuts are made in advance for the steps.
- Steps. The edges must be rounded, as sharp edges increase the risk of injury. The board chosen is absolutely flat, carefully processed (polished). The length is calculated so that their edges protrude beyond the stringers by no more than 2 - 4 cm. Thickness - within 300 - 400 mm.
- Risers. They do not experience significant load, since it falls mainly on the support beams. In order not to increase the total weight of the span, a board of 15 is enough for them.
Advice - for a private house it is better not to install risers, since cleaning a staircase of this (closed) type is much more difficult.
- Handrails, balusters. It is unlikely to be possible to make them yourself so that the staircase becomes not only a means of transportation, but also a decoration of the house. Therefore, these structural elements should either be purchased in a store or ordered from a workshop.
Assembling the stairs
Wall marking
In accordance with the installation diagram and drawing.
Fastening support beams (stringers)
The upper part of the march is fixed in different ways (whatever is more convenient). Option No. 1 - cuts are made in the floor beam. Option No. 2 - metal stops are used, which are secured to the beam with anchors. In any case, the connection point structural elements should be as reliable as possible.
To secure the bottom of the stringers, a support beam is mounted on the floor. To the wall - fixation with anchor bolts.
Installation of risers
If they are mounted, they are screwed to the stringers.
Laying steps
They are fixed both on the support beams and on the risers (at least at one point, in the center).
For ease of operation, the installation of steps begins from the bottom. The options are shown in the diagram.
Installation of balusters
First of all, the extreme ones are fixed - at the top and bottom of the march. A “string” is stretched between them, focusing on which, you can mount the remaining racks.
Installation of handrails
They are fixed on each of the racks, which are located on the march. They can be made from almost any material - metal, plastic, not just wood.
Treatment
The article outlines only the general procedure and provides basic recommendations. Having decided on a specific staircase design, you should study all available material on this topic, since for different models there are some nuances of both installation and calculations of individual components. For example, rotary steps, which can be either rectangular or segmental.
You can watch the video instructions for making a wooden staircase:
But the general operating regulations are described in detail, and the author hopes that this article will help the reader in the matter of independent construction. Good luck!
- Samples of finished stairs
