The ninth chemical element in the periodic table. General characteristics of chemical elements

Knowing the formulation of the periodic law and using D.I. Mendeleev’s periodic system of elements, one can characterize any chemical element and its compounds. It is convenient to put together such a characteristic of a chemical element according to plan.

I. Symbol of a chemical element and its name.

II. The position of a chemical element in the periodic table of elements D.I. Mendeleev:

1. serial number;
2. period number;
3. group number;
4. subgroup (main or secondary).

III. Structure of an atom of a chemical element:

1. charge of the nucleus of an atom;
2. relative atomic mass of a chemical element;
3. number of protons;
4. number of electrons;
5. number of neutrons;
6. number of electronic levels in an atom.

IV. Electronic and electron-graphic formulas of an atom, its valence electrons.

V. Type of chemical element (metal or non-metal, s-, p-, d- or f-element).

VI. Formulas of the highest oxide and hydroxide of a chemical element, characteristics of their properties (basic, acidic or amphoteric).

VII. Comparison of the metallic or non-metallic properties of a chemical element with the properties of neighboring elements by period and subgroup.

VIII. The maximum and minimum oxidation state of an atom.

For example, we will provide a description of a chemical element with serial number 15 and its compounds according to their position in D.I. Mendeleev’s periodic table of elements and the structure of the atom.

I. We find in D.I. Mendeleev’s table a cell with the number of a chemical element, write down its symbol and name.

Chemical element number 15 is Phosphorus. Its symbol is R.

II. Let us characterize the position of the element in D.I. Mendeleev’s table (period number, group, subgroup type).

Phosphorus is in the main subgroup of group V, in the 3rd period.

III. We will provide a general description of the composition of an atom of a chemical element (nuclear charge, atomic mass, number of protons, neutrons, electrons and electronic levels).

The nuclear charge of the phosphorus atom is +15. The relative atomic mass of phosphorus is 31. The nucleus of an atom contains 15 protons and 16 neutrons (31 - 15 = 16). The phosphorus atom has three energy levels containing 15 electrons.

IV. We compose the electronic and electron-graphic formulas of the atom, marking its valence electrons.

The electronic formula of the phosphorus atom is: 15 P 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 3.

Electron-graphic formula for the external level of a phosphorus atom: on the third energy level, on the 3s sublevel, there are two electrons (two arrows in the opposite direction are written in one cell), on three p-sublevels there are three electrons (one is written in each of the three cells arrows having the same direction).

Valence electrons are electrons of the outer level, i.e. 3s2 3p3 electrons.

V. Determine the type of chemical element (metal or non-metal, s-, p-, d-or f-element).

Phosphorus is a non-metal. Since the latter sublevel in the phosphorus atom, which is filled with electrons, is the p-sublevel, Phosphorus belongs to the family of p-elements.

VI. We compose formulas of higher oxide and hydroxide of phosphorus and characterize their properties (basic, acidic or amphoteric).

Higher phosphorus oxide P 2 O 5 exhibits the properties of an acidic oxide. The hydroxide corresponding to the higher oxide, H 3 PO 4, exhibits the properties of an acid. Let us confirm these properties with equations of the form chemical reactions:

P 2 O 5 + 3 Na 2 O = 2Na 3 PO 4

H 3 PO 4 + 3NaOH = Na 3 PO 4 + 3H 2 O

VII. Let's compare the non-metallic properties of phosphorus with the properties of neighboring elements by period and subgroup.

Phosphorus' subgroup neighbor is nitrogen. Phosphorus' period neighbors are silicon and sulfur. The nonmetallic properties of atoms of chemical elements of the main subgroups with increasing atomic number increase in periods and decrease in groups. Therefore, the non-metallic properties of phosphorus are more pronounced than those of silicon and less pronounced than those of nitrogen and sulfur.

VIII. We determine the maximum and minimum oxidation state of the phosphorus atom.

The maximum positive oxidation state for chemical elements of the main subgroups is equal to the group number. Phosphorus is in the main subgroup of the fifth group, so the maximum oxidation state of phosphorus is +5.

The minimum oxidation state for nonmetals in most cases is the difference between the group number and the number eight. Thus, the minimum oxidation state of phosphorus is -3.

How to use the periodic table? For an uninitiated person, reading the periodic table is the same as for a gnome looking at the ancient runes of the elves. And the periodic table, by the way, if used correctly, can tell a lot about the world. In addition to serving you well in the exam, it is also simply irreplaceable in solving a huge number of chemical and physical problems. But how to read it? Fortunately, today everyone can learn this art. In this article we will tell you how to understand the periodic table.

Periodic table chemical elements (periodic table) is a classification of chemical elements that establishes the dependence of various properties of elements on the charge of the atomic nucleus.

History of the creation of the Table

Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev was not a simple chemist, if anyone thinks so. He was a chemist, physicist, geologist, metrologist, ecologist, economist, oil worker, aeronaut, instrument maker and teacher. During his life, the scientist managed to conduct a lot of fundamental research in various fields of knowledge. For example, it is widely believed that it was Mendeleev who calculated the ideal strength of vodka - 40 degrees. We don’t know how Mendeleev felt about vodka, but we know for sure that his dissertation on the topic “Discourse on the combination of alcohol with water” had nothing to do with vodka and considered alcohol concentrations from 70 degrees. With all the merits of the scientist, the discovery of the periodic law of chemical elements - one of the fundamental laws of nature, brought him the widest fame.

There is a legend according to which a scientist dreamed of the periodic table, after which all he had to do was refine the idea that had appeared. But, if everything were so simple.. This version of the creation of the periodic table, apparently, is nothing more than a legend. When asked how the table was opened, Dmitry Ivanovich himself answered: “ I’ve been thinking about it for maybe twenty years, but you think: I was sitting there and suddenly... it’s done.”

In the mid-nineteenth century, attempts to arrange the known chemical elements (63 elements were known) were undertaken in parallel by several scientists. For example, in 1862, Alexandre Emile Chancourtois placed elements along a helix and noted the cyclic repetition of chemical properties. Chemist and musician John Alexander Newlands offered his own version periodic table in 1866. An interesting fact is that the scientist tried to discover some kind of mystical musical harmony in the arrangement of the elements. Among other attempts, there was also Mendeleev’s attempt, which was crowned with success.

In 1869, the first table diagram was published, and March 1, 1869 is considered the day the periodic law was opened. The essence of Mendeleev's discovery was that the properties of elements with increasing atomic mass do not change monotonically, but periodically. The first version of the table contained only 63 elements, but Mendeleev undertook a number of very non-standard solutions. So, he guessed to leave space in the table for still undiscovered elements, and also changed the atomic masses of some elements. The fundamental correctness of the law derived by Mendeleev was confirmed very soon, after the discovery of gallium, scandium and germanium, the existence of which was predicted by the scientist.

Modern view of the periodic table

Below is the table itself

Today, instead of atomic weight (atomic mass), the concept of atomic number (the number of protons in the nucleus) is used to order elements. The table contains 120 elements, which are arranged from left to right in order of increasing atomic number (number of protons)

The table columns represent so-called groups, and the rows represent periods. The table has 18 groups and 8 periods.

• The metallic properties of elements decrease when moving along a period from left to right, and increase in the opposite direction.
• The sizes of atoms decrease when moving from left to right along periods.
• As you move from top to bottom through the group, the reducing metal properties increase.
• Oxidizing and non-metallic properties increase when moving along a period from left to right I.

What do we learn about an element from the table? For example, let's take the third element in the table - lithium, and consider it in detail.

First of all, we see the element symbol itself and its name below it. In the upper left corner is the atomic number of the element, in which order the element is arranged in the table. The atomic number, as already mentioned, is equal to the number of protons in the nucleus. The number of positive protons is usually equal to the number of negative electrons in an atom (except in isotopes).

Atomic mass is indicated below the atomic number (in this option tables). If we round the atomic mass to the nearest integer, we get what is called the mass number. The difference between the mass number and the atomic number gives the number of neutrons in the nucleus. Thus, the number of neutrons in a helium nucleus is two, and in lithium it is four.

Our course “Periodical Table for Dummies” has ended. In conclusion, we invite you to watch the thematic video, and we hope that the question of how to use the periodic table of Mendeleev has become more clear to you. We remind you that it is always more effective to study a new subject not alone, but with the help of an experienced mentor. That is why you should never forget about them, who will gladly share their knowledge and experience with you.

There are many repeating sequences in nature:

• Seasons;
• Times of Day;
• days of the week…

In the mid-19th century, D.I. Mendeleev noticed that the chemical properties of elements also have a certain sequence (they say that this idea came to him in a dream). The result of the scientist’s wonderful dreams was the Periodic Table of Chemical Elements, in which D.I. Mendeleev arranged chemical elements in order of increasing atomic mass. In the modern table, chemical elements are arranged in ascending order of the element's atomic number (the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom).

The atomic number is shown above the symbol of a chemical element, below the symbol is its atomic mass (the sum of protons and neutrons). Please note that the atomic mass of some elements is not a whole number! Remember isotopes! Atomic mass is the weighted average of all isotopes of an element found in nature under natural conditions.

Below the table are lanthanides and actinides.

Metals, non-metals, metalloids

Located in the Periodic Table to the left of a stepped diagonal line that begins with Boron (B) and ends with polonium (Po) (the exceptions are germanium (Ge) and antimony (Sb). It is easy to see that metals occupy most of the Periodic Table. Basic properties of metals : hard (except mercury); shiny; good electrical and thermal conductors; plastic; malleable; easily give up electrons.

The elements located to the right of the B-Po stepped diagonal are called non-metals. The properties of non-metals are exactly the opposite of those of metals: poor conductors of heat and electricity; fragile; non-malleable; non-plastic; usually accept electrons.

Metalloids

Between metals and non-metals there are semimetals(metalloids). They are characterized by the properties of both metals and non-metals. Semimetals have found their main application in industry in the production of semiconductors, without which not a single modern microcircuit or microprocessor is conceivable.

Periods and groups

As mentioned above, the periodic table consists of seven periods. In each period, the atomic numbers of elements increase from left to right.

The properties of elements change sequentially in periods: thus sodium (Na) and magnesium (Mg), located at the beginning of the third period, give up electrons (Na gives up one electron: 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 1 ; Mg gives up two electrons: 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2). But chlorine (Cl), located at the end of the period, takes one element: 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 5.

In groups, on the contrary, all elements have the same properties. For example, in group IA(1), all elements from lithium (Li) to francium (Fr) donate one electron. And all elements of group VIIA(17) take one element.

Some groups are so important that they have received special names. These groups are discussed below.

Group IA(1). Atoms of elements of this group have only one electron in their outer electron layer, so they easily give up one electron.

The most important alkali metals are sodium (Na) and potassium (K), since they play an important role in human life and are part of salts.

Electronic configurations:

• Li- 1s 2 2s 1 ;
• Na- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 1 ;
• K- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 1

Group IIA(2). Atoms of elements of this group have two electrons in their outer electron layer, which they also give up during chemical reactions. Most important element- calcium (Ca) is the basis of bones and teeth.

Electronic configurations:

• Be- 1s 2 2s 2 ;
• Mg- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 ;
• Ca- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2

Group VIIA(17). Atoms of elements of this group usually receive one electron each, because There are five elements on the outer electronic layer and one electron is just missing from the “complete set”.

The most well-known elements of this group: chlorine (Cl) - is part of salt and bleach; Iodine (I) is an element that plays an important role in the activity of the human thyroid gland.

Electronic Configuration:

• F- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 5 ;
• Cl- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 5 ;
• Br- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 5

Group VIII(18). Atoms of elements of this group have a fully “complete” outer electron layer. Therefore, they “don’t” need to accept electrons. And they “don’t want” to give them away. Hence, the elements of this group are very “reluctant” to enter into chemical reactions. For a long time it was believed that they did not react at all (hence the name “inert”, i.e. “inactive”). But chemist Neil Bartlett discovered that some of these gases can still react with other elements under certain conditions.

Electronic configurations:

• Ne- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 ;
• Ar- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 ;
• Kr- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 6

Valence elements in groups

It is easy to notice that within each group the elements are similar to each other in their valence electrons (electrons of s and p orbitals located on the outer energy level).

Alkali metals have 1 valence electron:

• Li- 1s 2 2s 1 ;
• Na- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 1 ;
• K- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 1

Alkaline earth metals have 2 valence electrons:

• Be- 1s 2 2s 2 ;
• Mg- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 ;
• Ca- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2

Halogens have 7 valence electrons:

• F- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 5 ;
• Cl- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 5 ;
• Br- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 5

Inert gases have 8 valence electrons:

• Ne- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 ;
• Ar- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 ;
• Kr- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 6

For more information, see the article Valency and the Table of Electronic Configurations of Atoms of Chemical Elements by Period.

Let us now turn our attention to the elements located in groups with symbols IN. They are located in the center of the periodic table and are called transition metals.

A distinctive feature of these elements is the presence in the atoms of electrons that fill d-orbitals:

1. Sc- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 1 ;
2. Ti- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 2

Separately from the main table are located lanthanides And actinides- these are the so-called internal transition metals. In the atoms of these elements, electrons fill f-orbitals:

1. Ce- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 6 4d 10 5s 2 5p 6 4f 1 5d 1 6s 2 ;
2. Th- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 6 4d 10 5s 2 5p 6 4f 14 5d 10 6s 2 6p 6 6d 2 7s 2

Ether in the periodic table

The periodic table of chemical elements officially taught in schools and universities is a falsification. Mendeleev himself, in his work entitled “An Attempt at a Chemical Understanding of the World Ether,” gave a slightly different table (Polytechnic Museum, Moscow):

Last time in its undistorted form, the real Periodic Table was published in 1906 in St. Petersburg (textbook “Fundamentals of Chemistry”, VIII edition). The differences are visible: the zero group has been moved to the 8th, and the element lighter than hydrogen, with which the table should begin and which is conventionally called Newtonium (ether), is completely excluded.

The same table was immortalized by the “bloody tyrant” Comrade. Stalin in St. Petersburg, Moskovsky Avenue. 19. VNIIM im. D. I. Mendeleeva (All-Russian Research Institute of Metrology)

Monument-table Periodic table of chemical elements D.I. Mendeleev made mosaics under the guidance of Professor of the Academy of Arts V.A. Frolov (architectural design by Krichevsky). The monument is based on a table from the last lifetime 8th edition (1906) of Fundamentals of Chemistry by D.I. Mendeleev. Elements discovered during the life of D.I. Mendeleev are indicated in red. Elements discovered from 1907 to 1934 , indicated in blue. The height of the monument-table is 9 m. The total area is 69 sq. m. m

Why and how did it happen that they lie to us so openly?

The place and role of the world ether in the true table of D.I. Mendeleev

1. Suprema lex – salus populi

Many have heard about Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev and about the “Periodic Law of Changes in the Properties of Chemical Elements in Groups and Series” that he discovered in the 19th century (1869) (the author’s name for the table is “Periodic System of Elements in Groups and Series”).

Many have also heard that D.I. Mendeleev was the organizer and permanent leader (1869-1905) of the Russian public scientific association under the name “Russian Chemical Society” (since 1872 - “Russian Physico-Chemical Society”), which published the world-famous journal ZhRFKhO throughout its existence, until the liquidation of both the Society and its journal by the USSR Academy of Sciences in 1930.

But few people know that D.I. Mendeleev was one of the last world-famous Russian scientists of the late 19th century who defended in world science the idea of ​​ether as a universal substantial entity, who gave it fundamental scientific and applied significance in revealing the secrets of Being and for improving the economic life of people.

There are even fewer who know that after the sudden (!!?) death of D.I. Mendeleev (01/27/1907), then recognized as an outstanding scientist by all scientific communities around the world except for the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, his main discovery - the “Periodic Law” - was deliberately and widely falsified by world academic science.

And there are very few who know that all of the above is connected together by the thread of sacrificial service of the best representatives and bearers of the immortal Russian Physical Thought for the good of the people, the public benefit, despite the growing wave of irresponsibility in the highest strata of society of that time.

In essence, the present dissertation is devoted to the comprehensive development of the last thesis, because in true science, any neglect of essential factors always leads to false results. So, the question is: why do scientists lie?

2. Psy-faktor: ni foi, ni loi

It is only now, since the end of the 20th century, that society is beginning to understand (and even then timidly) the practical examples that an outstanding and highly qualified, but irresponsible, cynical, immoral scientist with a “world name” is no less dangerous for people than an outstanding, but immoral politician, military man, lawyer or best case scenario- an “outstanding” highway bandit.

Society was instilled with the idea that the world's academic scientific community is a caste of celestial beings, monks, holy fathers who care day and night about the welfare of peoples. And mere mortals must simply look their benefactors in the mouth, meekly financing and implementing all their “scientific” projects, forecasts and instructions for reorganizing their public and private lives.

In fact, the criminal element in the world scientific community is no less than among the same politicians. In addition, criminal, anti-social acts of politicians are most often visible immediately, but the criminal and harmful, but “scientifically based” activities of “prominent” and “authoritative” scientists are not recognized by society immediately, but after years, or even decades , in his own “public skin”.

Let us continue our study of this extremely interesting (and secret!) psychophysiological factor scientific activity(let’s call it the psi factor), which results in an unexpected (?!) negative result a posteriori: “we wanted what was best for people, but it turned out as always, i.e. to the detriment." Indeed, in science, a negative result is also a result that certainly requires comprehensive scientific understanding.

Considering the correlation between the psi factor and the main objective function (BTF) of the state funding body, we come to an interesting conclusion: the so-called pure, big science of past centuries has by now degenerated into a caste of untouchables, i.e. into a closed box of court healers who have brilliantly mastered the science of deception, brilliantly mastered the science of persecuting dissidents and the science of subservience to their powerful financiers.

It is necessary to keep in mind that, firstly, in all so-called “civilized countries” their so-called. “national academies of sciences” formally have the status of state organizations with the rights of the leading scientific expert body of the relevant government. Secondly, all these national academies of sciences are united among themselves into a single rigid hierarchical structure (the real name of which the world does not know), which develops a single strategy for behavior in the world for all national academies of sciences and a single so-called a scientific paradigm, the core of which is not the revelation of the laws of existence, but the psi factor: by carrying out the so-called “scientific” cover (for the sake of credibility) as “court healers” of all the unseemly acts of those in power in the eyes of society, to gain the glory of priests and prophets, influencing, like a demiurge, the very course of human history.

Everything stated above in this section, including the term “psi factor” that we introduced, was predicted with great accuracy and justification by D.I. Mendeleev more than 100 years ago (see, for example, his analytical article of 1882 “What kind of Academy is needed in Russia?”, in which Dmitry Ivanovich actually gives a detailed description of the psi factor and in which they proposed a program for the radical reorganization of a closed scientific corporation of members Russian Academy Sciences who viewed the Academy solely as a feeding trough to satisfy their selfish interests.

In one of his letters 100 years ago to Kyiv University professor P.P. Alekseev D.I. Mendeleev openly admitted that he was “ready to incense himself to smoke the devil out, in other words, to transform the foundations of the academy into something new, Russian, his own, suitable for everyone in general and, in particular, for the scientific movement in Russia.”

As we see, a truly great scientist, citizen and patriot of his homeland is capable of even the most complex long-term scientific forecasts. Let us now consider the historical aspect of the change in this psi factor discovered by D.I. Mendeleev at the end of the 19th century.

3. Fin de siècle

Since the second half of the 19th century in Europe, on the wave of “liberalism,” there has been a rapid numerical growth of the intelligentsia, scientific and technical personnel and a quantitative increase in the theories, ideas and scientific and technical projects offered by these personnel to society.

By the end of the 19th century, competition for “a place in the sun” sharply intensified among them, i.e. for titles, honors and awards, and as a consequence of this competition, the polarization of scientific personnel according to moral criteria has increased. This contributed to the explosive activation of the psi factor.

The revolutionary enthusiasm of young, ambitious and unprincipled scientists and intelligentsia, intoxicated by their quick learning and the impatient desire to become famous at any cost in the scientific world, paralyzed not only representatives of a more responsible and more honest circle of scientists, but also the entire scientific community as a whole, with its infrastructure and established traditions that previously counteracted the unbridled growth of the psi factor.

Revolutionary intellectuals of the 19th century, overthrowers of thrones and government systems in European countries, extended the gangster methods of their ideological and political struggle against the “old order” with the help of bombs, revolvers, poisons and conspiracies) also into the field of scientific and technical activity. In student classrooms, laboratories and scientific symposiums, they ridiculed the supposedly outdated common sense, the supposedly outdated concepts of formal logic - the consistency of judgments, their validity. Thus, at the beginning of the 20th century, instead of the method of persuasion, the method of total suppression of one’s opponents, through mental, physical and moral violence against them, entered the fashion of scientific debates (or rather, burst in with a squeal and roar). At the same time, naturally, the value of the psi factor reached extremely high level, having experienced its extreme in the 30s.

As a result, at the beginning of the 20th century, the “enlightened” intelligentsia, in fact, violently, i.e. revolutionary, in a way that replaced the truly scientific paradigm of humanism, enlightenment and social benefit in natural science with its own paradigm of permanent relativism, giving it the pseudoscientific form of the theory of universal relativity (cynicism!).

The first paradigm relied on experience and its comprehensive assessment for the search for truth, the search for and understanding of the objective laws of nature. The second paradigm emphasized hypocrisy and unscrupulousness; and not to search for objective laws of nature, but for the sake of their own selfish group interests to the detriment of society. The first paradigm worked for the public benefit, while the second did not imply this.

From the 1930s to the present, the psi factor has stabilized, remaining an order of magnitude higher than its value in the early and mid-19th century.

For a more objective and clear assessment of the real, and not mythical, contribution of the activities of the world scientific community (represented by all national academies of sciences) to the public and private lives of people, we introduce the concept of a normalized psi factor.

The normalized value of the psi factor equal to one corresponds to a one hundred percent probability of obtaining such a negative result (i.e. such social harm) from the introduction into practice of scientific developments that declared a priori a positive result (i.e. a certain social benefit) for a single historical period of time (change of one generation of people, about 25 years), in which all of humanity completely dies or degenerates in no more than 25 years from the moment of the introduction of a certain block of scientific programs.

4. Kill with kindness

The cruel and dirty victory of relativism and militant atheism in the mentality of the world scientific community at the beginning of the 20th century is the main cause of all human ills in this “atomic”, “cosmic” age of the so-called “ scientific and technological progress" Let's look back - what more evidence do we need today to understand the obvious: in the 20th century there was not a single socially beneficial act of the worldwide brotherhood of scientists in the field of natural and social sciences that would strengthen the population of Homo sapiens, phylogenetically and morally. But there is just the opposite: merciless mutilation, destruction and destruction of the psycho-somatic nature of man, healthy image his life and his habitat under various plausible pretexts.

At the very beginning of the 20th century, all key academic positions in managing the progress of research, topics, financing of scientific and technical activities, etc. were occupied by a “brotherhood of like-minded people” professing a dual religion of cynicism and selfishness. This is the drama of our time.

It was militant atheism and cynical relativism, through the efforts of its adherents, that entangled the consciousness of all, without exception, the highest statesmen on our planet. It was this two-headed fetish of anthropocentrism that gave birth to and introduced into the consciousness of millions the so-called scientific concept of the “universal principle of degradation of matter-energy,” i.e. the universal disintegration of previously emerged - no one knows how - objects in nature. In place of the absolute fundamental essence (the universal substantial environment), a pseudoscientific chimera of the universal principle of energy degradation, with its mythical attribute - “entropy”, was put.

5. Littera contra littere

According to the ideas of such luminaries of the past as Leibniz, Newton, Torricelli, Lavoisier, Lomonosov, Ostrogradsky, Faraday, Maxwell, Mendeleev, Umov, J. Thomson, Kelvin, G. Hertz, Pirogov, Timiryazev, Pavlov, Bekhterev and many, many others - World environment is an absolute fundamental essence (= substance of the world = world ether = all matter of the Universe = “quintessence” of Aristotle), which fills isotropically and without remainder the entire infinite world space and is the Source and Carrier of all types of energy in nature - indestructible “forces of motion” , "forces of action".

In contrast to this, according to the currently dominant view in world science, the mathematical fiction “entropy” has been proclaimed as an absolute fundamental essence, and also some “information”, which the world’s academic luminaries, in all seriousness, recently proclaimed so-called. “Universal fundamental essence”, without bothering to give this new term a detailed definition.

According to the scientific paradigm of the former, harmony and order of the eternal life of the Universe reigns in the world, through constant local updates (a series of deaths and births) of individual material formations of different scales.

According to the pseudoscientific paradigm of the latter, the world, once created in an incomprehensible way, is moving into the abyss of general degradation, equalization of temperatures towards general, universal death under the vigilant control of a certain World supercomputer, which owns and disposes of some “information”.

Some see around them the triumph of eternal life, while others see around them decay and death, controlled by a certain World Information Bank.

The struggle of these two diametrically opposed worldview concepts for dominance in the minds of millions of people is the central point of the biography of humanity. And the stakes in this struggle are of the highest degree.

And it is absolutely no coincidence that the entire 20th century the world scientific establishment is busy introducing (supposedly as the only possible and promising) fuel energy theory explosives, synthetic poisons and drugs, toxic substances, genetic engineering with the cloning of biorobots, with the degeneration of the human race to the level of primitive oligophrenics, downs and psychopaths. And these programs and plans are now not even hidden from the public.

The truth of life is this: the most prosperous and powerful spheres on a global scale human activity created in the 20th century according to the latest scientific thought, were: porn, drug, pharmaceutical business, arms trade, including global information and psychotronic technologies. Their share in the global volume of all financial flows significantly exceeds 50%.

Further. Having disfigured nature on Earth for 1.5 centuries, the world academic fraternity is now in a hurry to “colonize” and “conquer” the near-Earth space, having intentions and scientific projects of turning this space into a garbage dump for their “high” technologies. These gentlemen academicians are literally bursting with the coveted satanic idea of ​​managing the circumsolar space, and not just on Earth.

Thus, the foundation of the paradigm of the world academic brotherhood of free masons is laid on the stone of extremely subjective idealism (anthropocentrism), and the very building of their so-called scientific paradigm is based on permanent and cynical relativism and militant atheism.

But the pace of true progress is inexorable. And, just as all life on Earth reaches out to the Sun, so the mind of a certain part of modern scientists and natural scientists, not burdened by the clan interests of the universal brotherhood, reaches out to the sun of eternal Life, eternal movement in the Universe, through knowledge of the fundamental truths of Existence and the search for the main goal function existence and evolution of the species xomo sapiens. Now, having considered the nature of the psi factor, let’s take a look at Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev’s Table.

6. Argumentum ad rem

What is now presented in schools and universities under the title “Periodic Table of Chemical Elements D.I. Mendeleev” is an outright fake.

The last time the real Periodic Table was published in an undistorted form was in 1906 in St. Petersburg (textbook “Fundamentals of Chemistry”, VIII edition).

And only after 96 years of oblivion, the original Periodic Table rises for the first time from the ashes thanks to the publication of this dissertation in the journal ZhRFM of the Russian Physical Society. Genuine, unfalsified Table D.I. Mendeleev “Periodic table of elements by groups and series” (D. I. Mendeleev. Fundamentals of Chemistry. VIII edition, St. Petersburg, 1906)

After the sudden death of D.I. Mendeleev and the passing of his faithful scientific colleagues in the Russian Physico-Chemical Society, for the first time he raised his hand to Mendeleev’s immortal creation - the son of his friend and colleague D.I. Mendeleev in the Society - Boris Nikolaevich Menshutkin. Of course, that Boris Nikolaevich also did not act alone - he only carried out the order. After all, the new paradigm of relativism required the rejection of the idea of ​​a world ether; and therefore this requirement was elevated to the rank of dogma, and the work of D.I. Mendeleev was falsified.

The main distortion of the Table is the transfer of the “zero group”. The tables are at the end, to the right, and the introduction of the so-called. "periods". We emphasize that such (only at first glance, harmless) manipulation is logically explainable only as a conscious elimination of the main methodological link in Mendeleev’s discovery: the periodic system of elements at its beginning, source, i.e. in the upper left corner of the Table, must have a zero group and a zero row, where the element “X” is located (according to Mendeleev - “Newtonium”), i.e. world broadcast.

Moreover, being the only system-forming element of the entire Table of Derived Elements, this element “X” is the argument of the entire Periodic Table. The transfer of the zero group of the Table to its end destroys the very idea of ​​this fundamental principle of the entire system of elements according to Mendeleev.

To confirm the above, we will give the floor to D.I. Mendeleev himself.

“...If analogues of argon do not give compounds at all, then it is obvious that it is impossible to include any of the groups of previously known elements, and for them it should be opened special group zero... This position of argon analogues in the zero group is a strictly logical consequence of the understanding of the periodic law, and therefore (the placement in group VIII is clearly incorrect) was accepted not only by me, but also by Braizner, Piccini and others...

Now, when it has become beyond the slightest doubt that before that group I, in which hydrogen must be placed, there exists a zero group, the representatives of which have atomic weights less than those of the elements of group I, it seems to me impossible to deny the existence of elements lighter than hydrogen.

Of these, let us first pay attention to the element of the first row of the 1st group. We denote it by “y”. It will obviously have the fundamental properties of argon gases... “Coronium”, with a density of about 0.2 relative to hydrogen; and it cannot in any way be the world ether. This element “y”, however, is necessary in order to mentally get close to that most important, and therefore most rapidly moving element “x”, which, in my understanding, can be considered ether. I would like to tentatively call it “Newtonium” - in honor of the immortal Newton... The problem of gravitation and the problem of all energy (!!!) cannot be imagined to be really solved without a real understanding of the ether as a world medium that transmits energy over distances. A real understanding of the ether cannot be achieved by ignoring its chemistry and not considering it elemental matter” (“An attempt at a chemical understanding of the world ether.” 1905, p. 27).

“These elements, according to the magnitude of their atomic weights, took a precise place between the halides and the alkali metals, as Ramsay showed in 1900. From these elements it is necessary to form a special zero group, which was first recognized by Errere in Belgium in 1900. I consider it useful to add here that, directly judging by the inability to combine elements of group zero, analogues of argon should be placed earlier (!!!) than elements of group 1 and, in the spirit of the periodic system, expect a lower atomic weight for them than for alkali metals.

This is exactly what it turned out to be. And if so, then this circumstance, on the one hand, serves as confirmation of the correctness of the periodic principles, and on the other hand, clearly shows the relationship of argon analogs to other previously known elements. As a result, it is possible to apply the analyzed principles even more widely than before, and expect elements of the zero series with atomic weights much lower than those of hydrogen.

Thus, it can be shown that in the first row, first before hydrogen, there is an element of the zero group with an atomic weight of 0.4 (perhaps this is Yong’s coronium), and in the zero row, in the zero group, there is a limiting element with an negligibly small atomic weight, not capable of chemical interactions and, as a result, possessing extremely fast partial (gas) movement of its own.

These properties, perhaps, should be attributed to the atoms of the all-pervading (!!!) world ether. I indicated this idea in the preface to this publication and in a Russian journal article of 1902...” (“Fundamentals of Chemistry.” VIII ed., 1906, p. 613 et seq.).

7. Punctum soliens

The following clearly follows from these quotes.

1. Elements of the zero group begin each row of other elements, located on the left side of the Table, “... which is a strictly logical consequence of understanding the periodic law” - Mendeleev.
2. A particularly important and even exclusive place in the sense of the periodic law belongs to the element “x” - “Newtonium” - the world ether. And this special element should be located at the very beginning of the entire Table, in the so-called “zero group of the zero row”. Moreover, being a system-forming element (more precisely, a system-forming essence) of all elements of the Periodic Table, the world ether is a substantial argument for the entire diversity of elements of the Periodic Table. The Table itself, in this regard, acts as a closed functional of this very argument.

Now let's turn to the works of the first falsifiers of the Periodic Table.

8. Corpus delicti

In order to erase from the consciousness of all subsequent generations of scientists the idea of ​​​​the exclusive role of the world ether (and this was precisely what the new paradigm of relativism required), the elements of the zero group were specially transferred from the left side of the Periodic Table to the right side, shifting the corresponding elements a row lower and combining the zero group with the so-called "eighth". Of course, there was no place left for either element “y” or element “x” in the falsified table.

But even this was not enough for the relativist brotherhood. Exactly the opposite, the fundamental thought of D.I. is distorted. Mendeleev about the particularly important role of the world ether. In particular, in the preface to the first falsified version of the Periodic Law by D.I. Mendeleev, without any embarrassment, B.M. Menshutkin states that Mendeleev allegedly always opposed the special role of the world ether in natural processes. Here is an excerpt from an article by B.N., unparalleled in its cynicism. Menshutkina:

“Thus (?!) we return again to that view, against which (?!) always (?!!!) D. I. Mendeleev opposed, which from the most ancient times existed among philosophers who considered all visible and known substances and bodies composed of the same primary substance of the Greek philosophers (“proteule” of the Greek philosophers, prima materia of the Romans). This hypothesis has always found adherents due to its simplicity and in the teachings of philosophers it was called the hypothesis of the unity of matter or the hypothesis of unitary matter" (B.N. Menshutkin. “D.I. Mendeleev. Periodic Law.” Edited and with an article on the current situation of the periodic law by B.N. Menshutkin. State Publishing House, M-L., 1926).

9. In rerum nature

Assessing the views of D.I. Mendeleev and his unscrupulous opponents, it is necessary to note the following.

Most likely, Mendeleev unwittingly made a mistake in the fact that the “world ether” is an “elementary substance” (i.e., a “chemical element” - in the modern sense of the term). Most likely, the “world ether” is a true substance; and as such, in the strict sense, is not a “substance”; and it does not possess “elementary chemistry” i.e. does not have “extremely low atomic weight” with “extremely fast intrinsic partial motion.”

Let D.I. Mendeleev was mistaken about the “materiality” and “chemistry” of the ether. In the end, this is a terminological miscalculation of a great scientist; and in his time this is excusable, because at that time these terms were still quite vague, just entering scientific circulation. But something else is completely clear: Dmitry Ivanovich was absolutely right in that the “world ether” is an all-forming essence - the quintessence, the substance from which the entire world of things (the material world) consists and in which all material formations reside. Dmitry Ivanovich is also right that this substance transmits energy over distances and does not have any chemical activity. The latter circumstance only confirms our idea that D.I. Mendeleev deliberately singled out the element “x” as an exceptional entity.

So, “world ether”, i.e. the substance of the Universe is isotropic, has no partial structure, but is the absolute (i.e., the ultimate, fundamental, fundamental universal) essence of the Universe, the Universe. And precisely because, as D.I. correctly noted. Mendeleev, - the world ether is “not capable of chemical interactions”, and therefore is not a “chemical element”, i.e. “elementary substance” - in the modern sense of these terms.

Dmitry Ivanovich was also right that the world ether is a carrier of energy over distances. Let's say more: the world ether, as the substance of the World, is not only a carrier, but also a “guardian” and “carrier” of all types of energy (“forces of action”) in nature.

From time immemorial D.I. Mendeleev is echoed by another outstanding scientist, Torricelli (1608 - 1647): “Energy is the quintessence of such a subtle nature that it cannot be contained in any other vessel except in the innermost substance of material things.”

So, according to Mendeleev and Torricelli world broadcast is the innermost substance of material things. That is why Mendeleev’s “Newtonium” is not just in the zero row of the zero group of his periodic system, but this is a kind of “crown” of his entire table of chemical elements. The crown, which forms all the chemical elements in the world, i.e. all matter. This Crown (“Mother”, “Matter-Substance” of every substance) is Natural environment, set in motion and encouraged to change - according to our calculations - by another (second) absolute entity, which we called the “Substantial flow of primary fundamental information about the forms and methods of movement of Matter in the Universe.” More details about this can be found in the journal “Russian Thought”, 1-8, 1997, pp. 28-31.

We chose “O”, zero, as the mathematical symbol of the world ether, and “womb” as the semantic symbol. In turn, we chose “1”, one, as the mathematical symbol of the Substance Flow, and “one” as the semantic symbol. Thus, based on the above symbolism, it becomes possible to succinctly express in one mathematical expression the totality of all possible forms and methods of movement of matter in nature:

This expression mathematically defines the so-called. an open interval of intersection of two sets - set “O” and set “1”, while the semantic definition of this expression is “one in the bosom” or otherwise: The substantial flow of primary fundamental information about the forms and methods of movement of Matter-substance completely permeates this Matter-substance, i.e. world broadcast.

In religious doctrines, this “open interval” is clothed in the figurative form of the Universal act of God’s creation of all matter in the World from Matter-Substance, with Which He continuously remains in a state of fruitful copulation.

The author of this article is aware that this mathematical construction was once inspired by him, again, strange as it may seem, by the ideas of the unforgettable D.I. Mendeleev, expressed by him in his works (see, for example, the article “An attempt at a chemical understanding of the world ether”). Now it is time to summarize our research outlined in this dissertation.

10. Errata: ferro et igni

The categorical and cynical disregard by world science of the place and role of the world ether in natural processes (and in the Periodic Table!) has precisely given rise to the whole gamut of problems for humanity in our technocratic age.

The main one of these problems is fuel and energy.

It is precisely ignoring the role of the world ether that allows scientists to make a false (and at the same time crafty) conclusion that a person can only produce useful energy for his daily needs by burning, i.e. irreversibly destroying the substance (fuel). Hence the false thesis that the current fuel energy industry has no real alternative. And if so, then, supposedly, there is only one thing left: to produce nuclear (ecologically the dirtiest!) energy and gas-oil-coal production, littering and poisoning immeasurably our own habitat.

It is precisely ignoring the role of the world ether that pushes all modern nuclear scientists to a crafty search for “salvation” in the splitting of atoms and elementary particles on special expensive synchrotron accelerators. In the course of these monstrous and extremely dangerous experiments, they want to discover and subsequently use the so-called supposedly “for the good”. “quark-gluon plasma”, according to their false ideas - as if “pre-matter” (the term of the nuclear scientists themselves), according to their false cosmological theory of the so-called. "Big Bang of the Universe."

It is worthy of note, according to our calculations, that if this so-called. “the most secret dream of all modern nuclear physicists” is inadvertently achieved, then this will most likely be a man-made end of all life on earth and the end of planet earth itself - truly a “Big Bang” on a global scale, but not just for fun, but for real.

Therefore, it is necessary to stop as quickly as possible this crazy experimentation of world academic science, which is struck from head to toe by the poison of the psi factor and which, it seems, does not even imagine the possible catastrophic consequences of these crazy parascientific undertakings.

D.I. Mendeleev turned out to be right: “The problem of gravity and the problems of all energy cannot be imagined to be really solved without a real understanding of the ether as a world medium that transmits energy over distances.”

D.I. Mendeleev was also right in that “someday they will realize that entrusting the affairs of a given industry to the people who live in it does not lead to the best results, although it is useful to listen to such persons.”

“The main meaning of what has been said is that general, eternal and lasting interests often do not coincide with personal and temporary ones, they even often contradict one another, and, in my opinion, one should prefer - if it is no longer possible to reconcile - the first rather than the second. This is the drama of our time.” D. I. Mendeleev. “Thoughts for the knowledge of Russia.” 1906

So, the world ether is the substance of every chemical element and, therefore, of every substance, it is the Absolute true matter as the Universal element-forming Essence.

The world ether is the source and crown of the entire genuine Periodic Table, its beginning and end - alpha and omega of the Periodic Table of Elements of Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev.

Anyone who went to school remembers that one of the compulsory subjects to study was chemistry. You might like her, or you might not like her - it doesn't matter. And it is likely that much knowledge in this discipline has already been forgotten and is not used in life. However, everyone probably remembers D.I. Mendeleev’s table of chemical elements. For many, it has remained a multi-colored table, where certain letters are written in each square, indicating the names of chemical elements. But here we will not talk about chemistry as such, and describe hundreds of chemical reactions and processes, but we will tell you how the periodic table appeared in the first place - this story will be interesting to any person, and indeed to all those who are hungry for interesting and useful information .

A little background

Back in 1668, the outstanding Irish chemist, physicist and theologian Robert Boyle published a book in which many myths about alchemy were debunked, and in which he discussed the need to search for indecomposable chemical elements. The scientist also gave a list of them, consisting of only 15 elements, but admitted the idea that there may be more elements. This became the starting point not only in the search for new elements, but also in their systematization.

A hundred years later, the French chemist Antoine Lavoisier compiled a new list, which already included 35 elements. 23 of them were later found to be indecomposable. But the search for new elements continued by scientists around the world. And the main role in this process was played by the famous Russian chemist Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev - he was the first to put forward the hypothesis that there could be a relationship between the atomic mass of elements and their location in the system.

Thanks to painstaking work and comparison of chemical elements, Mendeleev was able to discover the connection between the elements, in which they can be one, and their properties are not something taken for granted, but represent a periodically repeating phenomenon. As a result, in February 1869, Mendeleev formulated the first periodic law, and already in March his report “Relationship of properties with the atomic weight of elements” was presented to the Russian Chemical Society by the historian of chemistry N. A. Menshutkin. Then, in the same year, Mendeleev’s publication was published in the journal “Zeitschrift fur Chemie” in Germany, and in 1871, another German journal “Annalen der Chemie” published a new extensive publication by the scientist dedicated to his discovery.

Creating the periodic table

By 1869, the main idea had already been formed by Mendeleev, and in a fairly short time, but for a long time he could not formalize it into any orderly system that would clearly display what was what. In one of the conversations with his colleague A.A. Inostrantsev, he even said that he had everything already worked out in his head, but he couldn’t put everything into a table. After this, according to Mendeleev’s biographers, he began painstaking work over his table, which lasted three days without breaks for sleep. They tried all sorts of ways to organize elements into a table, and the work was also complicated by the fact that at that time science did not yet know about all the chemical elements. But, despite this, the table was still created, and the elements were systematized.

The legend of Mendeleev's dream

Many have heard the story that D.I. Mendeleev dreamed about his table. This version was actively disseminated by the aforementioned Mendeleev’s associate A. A. Inostrantsev as funny story with which he entertained his students. He said that Dmitry Ivanovich went to bed and in a dream clearly saw his table, in which all the chemical elements were arranged in the right order. After this, the students even joked that 40° vodka was discovered in the same way. But there were still real prerequisites for the story with sleep: as already mentioned, Mendeleev worked on the table without sleep or rest, and Inostrantsev once found him tired and exhausted. During the day, Mendeleev decided to take a short rest, and some time later, he woke up abruptly, immediately took a piece of paper and drew a ready-made table on it. But the scientist himself refuted this whole story with the dream, saying: “I’ve been thinking about it, maybe for twenty years, and you think: I was sitting and suddenly... it’s ready.” So the legend of the dream may be very attractive, but the creation of the table was only possible through hard work.

Further work

Between 1869 and 1871, Mendeleev developed the ideas of periodicity toward which the scientific community was inclined. And one of the important stages of this process was the understanding that any element in the system should have, based on the totality of its properties in comparison with the properties of other elements. Based on this, and also relying on the results of research into changes in glass-forming oxides, the chemist was able to make corrections to the values ​​of the atomic masses of some elements, including uranium, indium, beryllium and others.

Mendeleev, of course, wanted to quickly fill the empty cells that remained in the table, and in 1870 he predicted that chemical elements unknown to science would soon be discovered, the atomic masses and properties of which he was able to calculate. The first of these were gallium (discovered in 1875), scandium (discovered in 1879) and germanium (discovered in 1885). Then the predictions continued to be realized, and eight more new elements were discovered, including: polonium (1898), rhenium (1925), technetium (1937), francium (1939) and astatine (1942-1943). By the way, in 1900, D.I. Mendeleev and the Scottish chemist William Ramsay came to the conclusion that the table should also include elements of group zero - until 1962 they were called inert gases, and after that - noble gases.

Organization of the periodic table

Chemical elements in D.I. Mendeleev’s table are arranged in rows, in accordance with the increase in their mass, and the length of the rows is selected so that the elements in them have similar properties. For example, noble gases such as radon, xenon, krypton, argon, neon and helium are difficult to react with other elements and also have low chemical reactivity, which is why they are located in the far right column. And the elements in the left column (potassium, sodium, lithium, etc.) react well with other elements, and the reactions themselves are explosive. Simply put, within each column, elements have similar properties that vary from one column to the next. All elements up to No. 92 are found in nature, and from No. 93 artificial elements begin, which can only be created in laboratory conditions.

In its original version, the periodic system was understood only as a reflection of the order existing in nature, and there were no explanations as to why everything should be this way. And only when she appeared quantum mechanics, the true meaning of the order of elements in the table became clear.

Lessons in the creative process

Speaking about what lessons of the creative process can be drawn from the entire history of the creation of the periodic table by D. I. Mendeleev, we can cite as an example the ideas of an English researcher in the field creative thinking Graham Wallace and the French scientist Henri Poincaré. Let's give them briefly.

According to the studies of Poincaré (1908) and Graham Wallace (1926), there are four main stages of creative thinking:

• Preparation– the stage of formulating the main problem and the first attempts to solve it;
• Incubation– a stage during which there is a temporary distraction from the process, but work on finding a solution to the problem is carried out on a subconscious level;
• Insight– the stage at which the intuitive solution is located. Moreover, this solution can be found in a situation that is completely unrelated to the problem;
• Examination– the stage of testing and implementation of a solution, at which this solution is tested and its possible further development.

As we can see, in the process of creating his table, Mendeleev intuitively followed precisely these four stages. How effective this is can be judged by the results, i.e. by the fact that the table was created. And given that its creation was a huge step forward not only for chemical science, but also for all of humanity, the above four stages can be applied to both the implementation small projects, and to the implementation of global plans. The main thing to remember is that not a single discovery, not a single solution to a problem can be found on its own, no matter how much we want to see them in a dream and no matter how much we sleep. In order for something to work out, it doesn’t matter whether it’s creating a table of chemical elements or developing a new marketing plan, you need to have certain knowledge and skills, as well as skillfully use your potential and work hard.

We wish you success in your endeavors and successful implementation of your plans!