Do-it-yourself electrical wiring in a wooden house is installed to ensure full functionality of the system. Installation of wiring in wooden structures should ensure the safety of the structure from fire. Installing electrical wiring in a wooden house with your own hands is quite acceptable, but you should carefully familiarize yourself with the standards and norms for carrying out this process. Every owner of a wooden building wants to create and provide comfortable and favorable conditions for household accommodation.
Modern installation of electrical wiring in a wooden house can be divided into the following main stages:
- Development project documentation with an appendix on calculating the power required for electrical equipment;
- Providing the necessary materials for installation (cables, sockets, electrical appliances, sockets, lamps, distribution board, etc.);
- Inserting automatic machines, an electric meter and a distribution panel into the house;
- Laying and distributing cables and wires to electricity localization points;
- Installation of additional devices (sockets, switches, lamps, etc.);
- Providing grounding and protective shutdown;
- System connection;
- Startup and testing of wiring.
The wiring in houses of wooden construction should prevent any fire. Cable wires and other elements must have the following characteristics:
- cable wires must be treated and insulated with fire-resistant materials;
- for external installation, aluminum or thermal pipes are used;
- cables with copper conductors and the required cross-section to withstand the power load are used;
- grooves (grooves) for laying cables are treated with fire-resistant substances (fucam, frizol).
Details of the development of an electrical installation diagram in a wooden house
A detailed calculation of the power of electrical equipment is the key to a well-designed project. Such a project is based on the following points:
- drawing up a drawing of a house indicating the points of lighting devices, sockets and electrical equipment (electric stoves, ventilation systems etc.);
- location of electrical equipment locations, determined taking into account power consumption;
- creating blocks to provide lighting. In small houses, one block is enough;
- creation of a separate block to control street lighting. It is recommended to install street lighting on a separate automatic circuit breaker, as this ensures the possibility of de-energizing the house during the absence of the owners of the house;
- Appliances ( electric boilers, water heaters, electric stoves) that require high electrical power are connected through a special machine. When installing these devices, it is necessary to provide for the use of special cables that are laid separately;
- To calculate the power, you need to write down all the devices used, after which you select the machines to turn off.
Additional materials used for electrical installation work
Electrical wiring in a wooden house with your own hands should ensure a continuous process; you need to stock up on tools and equipment. For this work, pliers, screwdrivers, a hammer, a chisel, a screwdriver, and a knife for electrical work are used.
There are two types: metal and plastic. For wooden buildings, experts recommend installing metal panels inside the house. Most often, the following types of cables are placed in the shield:
- to provide current to lighting devices;
- for sockets;
- for electric stoves;
- for meters that monitor electricity consumption;
- for RCD.
Electrical supply stores sell switchboards to accommodate 12 pieces of electrical equipment. For houses of standard dimensions with the usual arrangement of electrical wiring elements, panels with 9 places are used.
In addition, to install electrical wiring you must prepare:
- electrical wires of a certain cross-section. In wooden houses, a three-core VVG cable with a cross-section of 2.5 millimeters is used;
- sockets, switches, the number of these devices is calculated according to the diagram. Basically, when choosing, they pay attention to quality and combination with the colors of the interior. Sockets and switches equipped with brass and bronze contacts are used;
- cables and skirting boards with grooves;
- distribution boxes, insulating clamps and tape;
- electric meter, today there are two types of meters: one-tariff and two-tariff. At current electricity prices, it is more rational to use a two-tariff meter, since it records the tariff depending on the time of day;
- self-tapping screws, aluminum tape, fasteners - clips, clothespins, clamps.
The above list should be collected before the initial stage of the workflow.
Specifics of selection of cables and electrical appliances
The main specificity of the choice of cables is the cross-section of the wires and their power. First you need to clearly define the groups of electrical equipment and the voltage of electricity required for full operation of the system.
To install electrics in wooden houses, marked VVG copper cables are used. Cables of this type are more affordable. NYM brand cable is more expensive, but has a number of advantages - reliable insulation, ease of use and safety. Aluminum cables can also be used, but they are not as reliable because their structure is more brittle and prone to kinking.
A three-core cable with a grounding effect is supplied to the sockets. When using electrical household appliances, grounding is mandatory.
According to the Electrical Installation Rules, during installation lighting fixtures Grounding is a mandatory attribute.
Electrical wiring in a wooden house is carried out according to two types:
- external, characterized by installation through the use of cable channels;
- hidden laying of wires is carried out in cases where plastering of the wall surface is envisaged.
Wires are laid inside walls using pipes or metal sleeves to provide insulation and protection from mechanical damage to integrity.
Electrical appliances (sockets and switches) used in wooden houses must meet the following parameters:
- must match the current voltage;
- by type of installation - internal or external.
The number of sockets and switches is determined using the drawn up project. At the discretion of the owner, it is allowed to install joint switches, for example, in the bathroom and toilet, corridor and pantry.
Installation process of the introductory machine
For the right choice input cable, it is necessary to calculate the entire power consumption in the house. During repair work, if you decide to increase the ratings of the switches, do not forget about replacing the input cable. It is necessary to select the input cable for the total power of the devices in the house, because an incorrect cross-section will not provide sufficient functionality of the electrical wiring.
When choosing a machine, you should proceed with special care: if the machine is worn out, then short circuits and overvoltages often occur. If the house uses a three-phase network, then it is necessary to ensure the use of a three-pole circuit breaker. Accordingly, with a single-phase electricity network, a single-pole or two-pole switch with a zero phase input is used.
For a single-phase network, the machines must have the following properties:
- it is necessary to calculate the optimal voltage in the circuit breaker. A single-phase electrical network requires the use of switches with a 25-amp current;
- in wooden houses, category C switches are often used, which have a certain current ratio;
- The switch at the input is mounted after installing the electric meter; it is needed to ensure correct calculation for consumed electricity;
- automatic machines, RCD, electric meter - all these devices are elements of the distribution panel. The shield consists of a housing, and installation necessary elements occurs through the use of a DIN rail.
To correctly calculate voltage network power indicators, specially developed formulas are used.
Cable wiring, installation of sockets and switches
In accordance with the diagram. To do this, routes are determined in kind, that is, on the surface of the wall of the house, after which distribution boxes are installed and installation points for sockets, lamps and switches are marked. The cables used must have the appropriate cross-section to ensure full use of the system.
When laying cable wires in metal boxes or pipes, finishing is required internal space walls For hidden wiring, the use of corrugated pipes is prohibited, as this can lead to fire.
Laying cable wires in a pipe includes the following steps:
- preparation of channels (grooves). External distribution boxes are installed at the junction points of the wires to ensure open access;
- When laying cables between rooms, holes are made in the walls using metal sleeves with plugs. Metal sleeves suppress the fire, ensuring the circuit is closed.
At external laying cable wire into pipes, the wires should not fit tightly to the surface of the pipes. They should be filled halfway. Electricians recommend using copper pipes because such products have greater flexibility, which is important during installation. Cut wires must be processed and stripped. The pipes are installed on the wall surface using clamps.
Grounding and RCD
Installation of grounding in wooden houses is mandatory in accordance with all requirements and standards for the operation of household electrical appliances.
When grounding, perform the following actions:
- Dig a hole (40 centimeters) in the shape of an equilateral triangle with sides 1 meter long;
- Metal products or corners are dug into the corners of the recess, then they are fastened to each other using a welding machine;
- A grounding conductor is passed through the pin hole, and then secured with a nut;
- All grounding elements of the cables are connected to a bus bar, which has greenish colored wires.
Installing an RCD in a private home plays the role of protection against electric shock in cases of leakage.
Starting and checking the electrical wiring
When all electrical appliances are connected and installation is completed in in full, it is necessary to measure the resistance of electrical wiring in a wooden house. This process is necessary to ensure that the insulation is not damaged.
Resistance measurements are carried out regularly, approximately once every three years. Resistance measurements will help identify deficiencies and help protect the structure from short circuits leading to fire.
After installing the electrical wiring, it is necessary to independently inspect the entire complex installation work. Electricians measure the insulation resistance and grounding conductor.
After the work, specialists issue a protocol that confirms the functionality of the entire system. This document must be presented when sealing the electric meter. Most often, for clarity and to facilitate repairs, a diagram indicating the location of the main circuit breakers is pasted onto the electrical panel.
Conclusion
Do-it-yourself electrical wiring in a wooden house must be done taking into account all the rules. Carefully executed wiring installation quality materials will provide long term services. In order to competently carry out the entire scope of electrical installation work, familiarize yourself with the diagram and correctly calculate the amount of materials and cable footage.
If you are not sure that you can handle the work yourself, invite specialists, because your safety and the safety of your property depend on proper installation and connection of the electrical network in your home.
Residential buildings made of wood are among the most ancient architectural structures. But even nowadays, when the range building materials amazes the human imagination, most happy owners suburban area They prefer to use wood with environmental qualities and natural beauty for the construction of a house, which cannot be compared with any finishing material.
Requirements for wiring in wooden buildings
To begin with, anyone who wants to independently supply electricity to a wooden house must understand that knowledge of how to distinguish a neutral wire from a phase analogue or connect a socket with a switch is far from sufficient. First of all, this is due to increased safety requirements use of electrical appliances in wooden buildings.
It is better to entrust all work to qualified electricians. But every homeowner needs to be aware of the basic rules of how to install electrical wiring in a wooden house, even for the simple reason that this will allow him to evaluate the work of specialists. So, what are the rules for electrical wiring in wooden residential buildings?
- It is important to completely eliminate or minimize the possibility of fire in electrical cables to prevent the transfer of an open source of fire to the wooden parts of the house if a short circuit occurs in the electrical circuit.
- Main indicators and characteristics of cables used in wiring must strictly comply with the rules and regulations and have sufficient power reserves to withstand peak loads. Under no circumstances should there be any manifestation of heating of the input wire or terminal connection.
- Technical condition electrical wires should not allow even the slightest risk of electric shock to the residents of the house or animals.
The question of the aesthetic component in conditions wooden houses should fade into the background. Today there are many options for solving this problem. But in no case should safety rules be neglected to improve the external characteristics of the building. Such actions can lead to irreversible consequences.
Features of electricity input in a wooden house
The most dangerous area of electrical wiring is considered to be the entry of wires through the attic wall, made of wood. There is a misconception among craftsmen that a piece of rubber hose is enough to ensure safe cable entry into the house. But the use of such material is not applicable, since the composition of the rubber product includes soot, which is carbon that conducts current well.
Therefore, as a rubber hose ages, bridges may appear that allow electricity to pass through with fairly high resistivity values. Because of this, the cable heats up in local areas, which can lead to fire in dry wood.
If the owner's main goal wooden house is a complete reconstruction of the electrical wiring and bringing it into proper condition, then the modernization must begin with the introduction of the electrical cable into the building. Wherein specialists consider two main methods on how to install a power cable into a wooden building:
- Laying an electrical power cable underground is the most reliable in terms of safety, since the wires are hidden from the influence of external factors. But in terms of cost, this option is too expensive and requires excavation work. According to the rules for laying underground electrical wiring, the depth of the trench must be at least 80 cm.
- Overhead wiring involves work on an electrical pole, which is strictly prohibited without the necessary permission. This should only be done by qualified electricians.
The section of the electrical main from the high-voltage pole to the wooden structure must be made of wires with a cross-section of more than 16 mm. The optimal ones are self-supporting aluminum wires with high-quality insulation. The service life of such a cable should be 25 years or more.
Naturally, introducing such a line indoors is unacceptable. If you follow the established rules, laying electrical wires with current-carrying parts made of aluminum over highly flammable structural elements of the house is strictly prohibited. Therefore, only copper conductors can be laid in wooden buildings.
The electrical cable connection must be carried out with outside Houses. For this purpose, special compresses are used, thanks to which quality contact is ensured, which does not subsequently oxidize and does not spark. Electrical wiring sections passing through wooden walls or ceilings between floors must be enclosed in metal sleeves. Thanks to this additional measure precautions, the following goals are achieved:
- the electrical cable will be protected from mechanical damage caused by displacement of the house structure due to shrinkage or vibration of the soil;
- metal is a fire-resistant material that will reliably protect the wooden surface from ignition in a short circuit situation, leading to heating and further fire of the electrical wiring;
- electrical wiring in hard-to-reach and inconspicuous places will be reliably protected from small pests - rats and mice.
If we consider the thickness of the pipe walls, then it is regulated by the current rules. If it is necessary to lay wires whose cross-section does not exceed 4 mm, a pipe with walls of 2.8 mm is installed, and if a more powerful cable is used, thick-walled protection up to 10 mm is used. This will not allow the metal sleeve to burn out in case of short circuit. This rule applies to all areas of electrical wiring in a wooden house.
Laying wires from the entrance to the house to the electrical panel
Another important section of the electrical wiring of wooden houses is the gap from the input to the intra-house distribution panel electrical system. A particular specificity of this section is the vulnerability of the latter from overload using automatic machines. And given the fact that it is laid in the attic or utility room, then the risk of fire in the event of a short circuit increases greatly, since it is not worth relying on the automatic protection of the substation. Therefore, two radical methods are used to solve the problem.
- The entire length of the cable is enclosed in a metal pipe, with parameters corresponding to the established rules. But this method is applicable over short periods of the electrical network up to 3 m long.
- A more acceptable method is to install the machine, placed in a sealed box right before entering the line into a wooden room. The response threshold of such a device should be a level higher than the main machine located in the switchgear.
Another solution to the problem is to place machines and an electric meter on external wall outside a wooden house in a separate protected box. Naturally, this option is the most reliable, although inconvenient for property owners.
Installation of distribution boards
The electrical cable entering a wooden house directly, without additional branches, enters the distribution panel, which consists of the following elements:
- a box made of plastic or metal with places for placing the device, monitoring electricity consumption and automatic protective devices;
- electric meter with appropriate sealing;
- two-pole or three-pole automatic device protection of the main input cable;
- circuit breakers for indoor electrical wiring in a wooden house;
- It is very convenient if garage and yard lighting, as well as power supply for utility rooms, are allocated to a separate area.
The calculation of the machine’s power for each individual zone is carried out individually. The basic rule that guides this is protection triggers when an overload occurs on a weak section of in-house wiring. At the same time, the optimally selected nominal value ensures maximum safety. You should not get carried away with savings when purchasing hardware for the distribution system, since the safety of people depends on it.
Open wiring in a wooden house
If we consider methods of wiring in a wooden house, then the safest option is the open option of laying wires. Plus, such work will cost the homeowner much less. Electrical cables are laid along the interior walls and ceiling of the room. For aesthetic camouflage of wires they can be decorated in retro style or place in a decorative plastic box.
The electrical cable is laid in a self-extinguishing channel. At the same time, in construction stores you can find a product that matches the color in accordance with the general style of the building. This type of box is popular in log houses and buildings covered with clapboard wood with smooth wall surfaces.
Using braided cables will give electrical wiring an aged, retro look. The wires resemble twisted cords attached to wooden wall through a ceramic insulator. This method is considered quite safe for the simple reason that The cable has high-quality double insulation and does not come into direct contact with wooden surfaces. Plus, this type of wire will emphasize the overall stylization of the building.
Hidden electrical wiring in a wooden house
If we consider hidden electrical wiring in a wooden house, then its installation is very labor-intensive and, if it is necessary to modernize or repair electrical cables, it makes the procedure expensive and inconvenient. But despite this, most owners of wooden country houses They prefer the hidden method of installing electrical cables.
Homeowners of wooden buildings do not want to spoil appearance finishing the house with distribution boards and wires. The installation of hidden electrical wiring begins at the design stage of the building. In this case, for safety reasons, the wires are placed in a metal or galvanized pipe, which must be painted. To lift the cable to the socket or switch, a special fire-proof hole is installed.
Installation of electrical networks in wooden buildings in a hidden way should be carried out only in accordance with the rules and regulations for electrical installation work and using special materials to ensure fire protection. Cables running in the floors of a building must be placed in a metal sleeve or pipe made of non-flammable plastic.
Also, a hidden wiring method can be placed in grounded metal pipes. Log buildings often shrink, which must be taken into account to ensure that the logs are not exposed to wires or metal sleeves. To route cables through walls, special metal sleeves are used. But due to the fact that open and closed methods of laying wires in a wooden house have their own advantages and disadvantages, they are most often combined.
Features of installation of electrical appliances
After studying the layout of electrical wires in a wooden building and marking the cable lines you can proceed to the installation of electrical distribution devices– sockets, lamps and switches. In this case, the fastening of all electrical components should be carried out only on a pre-prepared metal platform fixed to wooden surface. Only thanks metal protection it is possible to ensure the proper level of fire safety in a wooden house. This rule also applies to distribution boxes.
A problem for many fans self-repair When installing electrical wiring, failure to comply with fire safety standards and requirements in wooden buildings occurs. In no case Do not use standard wires and electrical devices, as this is contrary to safety regulations.
The installation of electrical wiring in wooden buildings should be carried out only taking into account all recommendations, which will ensure the durability and efficiency of the work performed, as well as the safety of all residents of the house.
Despite a number of advantages inherent in wooden houses, they also have very serious drawback– ability to quickly ignite and burn. Moreover, a fire can start not only due to improper operation of the stove and other heating devices, but also due to improper installation of electrical wiring, neglect when laying the rules of the Electrical Installation Code.
For the correct design, calculations and safe installation of electrical wiring, a technical document has been developed - “Rules for the construction of electrical installations” (abbreviated as PUE).
How not to install wiring
You should not rely too much on the quality of cable insulation, because many processes take place in cable channel designs that cannot be foreseen in advance:
- temperature changes;
- dust accumulation;
- humidity fluctuations;
- microdeformations of insulation.
With increased loads on the network, there is a high probability of breakdown between the wires stretched in parallel and, in the absence of their fencing from flammable bases, a fire is inevitable.
According to paragraph 7.1.38 of the PUE, hidden electrical wiring V log house should not be laid on wooden structures; laying wires in corrugated or plastic boxes is prohibited.
From elevated temperature when burning hidden wiring even corrugated sleeves are not capable of protecting, since their walls do not have the proper thickness and are not designed to withstand the impact high temperatures. Home useful characteristic, inherent in the channels, is their ability to withstand a short circuit without burning out in the period of time required for the natural attenuation of the arc.
This property is fully inherent only in pipes and ducts made of steel and recommended for installing hidden wiring in wooden buildings.
Correct wiring
There are many ways to install hidden wiring in wooden houses, but only some can be classified as correct and meeting all the requirements of the PUE. Both in the design and installation process, first of all, you need to follow fire safety requirements.
Hidden electrical wiring in a house made of rounded logs is installed in special channels made of non-flammable materials, which localize a possible fire within themselves. At the same time, the aesthetic qualities and ideas of the designer, the cost of materials and production of work must be moved to a secondary level.
The best material for laying wires hidden in the voids of wooden structures of ceilings and walls are steel boxes and metal pipes. When using non-flammable PVC materials (installation boxes or corrugated pipes), on each side it is necessary to install fireproof and non-heat-conducting gaskets from:
- concrete;
- alabaster;
- cement plaster.
The thickness of the gasket is calculated based on the required wiring characteristics.
The most reliable method for making wiring installation that complies with the recommendations of the PUE is considered to be laying it in steel or copper pipes and ducts. Copper pipes are easily bent without the use of any special devices or tools, which is important when it is necessary to install branched electrical wiring.
Using steel pipes is a little more difficult and requires highly skilled workers, especially when replacing small sections of wiring. The sharpened edges of the boxes can deform the insulation of the wires, so cutting them must be done only with a specialized tool.
Route selection
The selection and subsequent marking of the wiring line should be carried out strictly in accordance with the requirements of the PUE. The number of turns and bends must be kept to a minimum, and at points where, due to architectural features building, laying the route is difficult; installation of junction boxes is necessary.
When installing boxes, it is prohibited to cover them under any decorative elements that impede open access for maintenance during operation, inspection or measurements.
Pipes for electrical wiring are buried so as not to disrupt the strength and load-bearing properties structural elements building. The cross-section of the pipes and the thickness of their walls are selected based on the characteristics of the cable. The wire placed in the pipe should occupy less than 40% of the total internal volume and stretch without problems over the entire length of the section. When laying several cables in a pipe at once, their total volume should also be less than 40% of the internal cross-section of the pipe.
Before laying the cable, it is necessary to calculate the insulation resistance in advance. This procedure is carried out in order to determine the compliance of the wire with the requirements of the technical specifications, to identify possible insulation deformations during transportation and storage, and to perform preparatory work.
Wire selection
After developing the diagram and marking of each node, you should decide on the brand of wire used directly for installation. In wooden buildings, it is recommended to use cables with the following markings:
- VVGng (A) or VVGng-P (A);
- VVGngLS, VVGng-PLS;
Solid copper wire (containing up to five cores) marked VVGng (A) or VVGng-P (A) is covered with double insulation. The internal insulation is made of PVC, and each core, painted in a different color, is insulated separately, which greatly facilitates the installation of sockets, switches, and lighting devices. The outside of the cable is covered with insulation made of flexible composite plastic, which allows it to be used in a temperature range from +50 to -50 °C.
The characteristics of wires of the VVGng LS, VVGng-P LS brands are fully consistent with the previous brand, the difference lies in the absence of the release of harmful substances (hydrogen chloride) when heated.
The NYM cable is manufactured according to GOST 22483 and has three insulating layers. The wire strands are first insulated individually, then the bundle of strands is placed in composite material, and then assembled into a non-flammable PVC shell.
Location of sockets and switches
At the points of future installation of switches and sockets, using special equipment, you should drill out sockets where they will subsequently be mounted metal boxes. Such boxes, as well as junction boxes, are mounted using appropriate technology, which involves the production of a number of compulsory work, as a result of which a high-quality connection between the box and the pipe and reliable contacts between all elements should be ensured.
The contact is also important for providing grounding. If continuity of the circuit is ensured during the installation of electrical wiring, then grounding can only be performed in the distribution panel.
Of the several methods of attaching boxes to pipes, welding and soldering are the most reliable. These methods make it possible to ensure maximum contact reliability, complete protection against corrosion and resistance to mechanical loads.
If copper pipes are used to supply the wire to the outlet, then their open edges, brought into the box, must be flared. If steel pipes are installed, then the connection to the box is made using nuts, for which threads are cut into the pipe heads. In order to ensure maximum screwing tightness, the nuts are cleaned of traces of corrosion and securely fixed.
Technological and distribution boxes for the installation of sockets and switches must meet the requirements of class IP -54, according to which protection is guaranteed against the penetration of dust and moisture into the open box.
Wiring tests upon completion of installation
Upon completion of the installation of pipes and boxes, it is necessary to measure the grounding in order to determine the reliability of the connection of each element of the circuit.
Upon completion of the inspection and elimination of all, even minor, inconsistencies with the requirements of the PUE, the cable is laid.
The cable should be selected at such a length that a small reserve of length is created in any of the boxes, which may later be useful when changing connections.
When installing an electrical network in wooden buildings, it is necessary to use cables with three or five cores with mandatory grounding. Putting electrical wiring into operation without grounding is strictly prohibited.
A wooden house is a beautiful, cozy structure, but easily flammable, requiring increased attention to the power supply process. Doing electrical wiring yourself is not an easy task, but it can be done. You just need to approach the issue responsibly, in compliance with the norms and rules.
Requirements for wiring in a wooden house
Electrical wiring in a wooden house must meet the main requirement - to be safe. More than half of the fires in buildings of this type occur due to a short circuit in the electrical network due to mechanical damage to the insulation or increased load on the cable.
You can eliminate the risk of fire if you follow the basic requirements:
- Correct selection of materials.
- Reliable insulation.
- Possibility of automatic power interruption.
- Regular network diagnostics.
Compliance with these requirements will reduce the likelihood of fire in wooden structures and ensure the safety of property in both city and country houses.
Regulations
The provisions governing the installation of electrical power in wooden buildings are contained in "Rules for electrical installations" (PUE) and in the Code of Practice “Design and installation of electrical installations of residential and public buildings”.
They provide criteria for selecting switchgear, conductors, automation, lighting, and indicate the terms used and their meaning.
Electrical wiring is also regulated by Building Codes ( SNiP).
SNiP 3.05-06-85 describe methods for introducing a power cable into a living space, and SNiP 31-02– requirements for the installation of power supply systems in residential buildings.
Preparation of a power supply project
The first stage of electrification of the facility is project preparation. In a private house, drawing up an electrical wiring diagram can be done on your own. To do this, you need a house plan with the placement of furniture, equipment, electrical appliances, and the designation of sockets and switches. The installation location of the distribution panel and the passage of cable lines are marked.
The location of the distribution boxes is indicated, the maximum power consumption of all devices, the total number of machines and the rated load on the input machine are calculated.
Cable selection
After compiling electrical diagram you need to decide which wire to use for wiring in a wooden house: aluminum or copper. The first one is cheaper, the second one is more reliable. Having settled on aluminum, you need to remember that its cross-section should be larger than copper, and it is brittle when bent. More suitable material is copper, wires from which can withstand temperatures from -50 to +50 ° C.
Having decided on the house, you can move on to choosing its brand. For wooden structures, VVG non-flammable copper wire with solid cores and reduced smoke emission is more suitable. It has high anti-corrosion properties and does not deform due to temperature changes.
When planning how to conduct wiring in the house, you need to remember the requirements of the PUE for painting insulation: the cable cores must be different color. This will simplify the process of installation, maintenance and repair.
Selection of devices and automation for the distribution panel
The purpose of selecting automatic protection devices is the safety of the network and equipment in emergency situations. Each device has its own purpose. All devices are located in the distribution panel.
Circuit breakers protect against voltage overload and short circuit.
(RCD) – from fire and electric shock.
Voltage relay - against load drops affecting the operation of devices.
They combine the functions of a circuit breaker and an RCD and save space when installed in a panel.
The integrated use of these devices guarantees reliable operation of the devices and the safety of people in the room.
Installation of electrical wiring - step-by-step instructions
Installation of electrical wiring in a private house requires preliminary preparation and following step-by-step instructions consisting of the following steps:
- project development and determination of the total equipment capacity;
- selection of cables, automation devices and electrical appliances;
- power supply, connection of circuit breakers, electricity meter;
- installation of an electrical panel;
- internal cable routing;
- installation of sockets, switches, lighting devices;
- system testing.
This sequence will show how to properly install electrical wiring in the house and ensure its reliable operation. It is important to remember that each step must be carried out in compliance with safety rules: turn off the power to the room in which work is being done, do not use bare wires, place all connections and branches in boxes, lay the cable either vertically or horizontally, avoiding its intersection.
Following the step-by-step instructions will allow you to complete the installation efficiently.
Installation of distribution panel
The distribution board is designed to receive and distribute electricity indoors. Everything begins with its installation electrical work. It does not matter whether the wiring is carried out in country house, city cottage or village log house.
The shield must be made of fireproof material, placed in a dry place and locked with a key. There cannot be rooms above it with high humidity (shower, bath, toilet), and within a radius of half a meter - heating equipment, water and gas supply systems.
An electric meter, an input circuit breaker, an RCD, grounding bars, voltage relays and circuit breakers for different power groups are mounted in the panel.
Grounding device
Any modern home is equipped household appliances in a metal case, and possible contact of metal with electricity requires grounding - protecting people from electric shock through electrical appliances.
You can do it yourself.
A trench 30 cm deep is dug in the shape of an equilateral triangle with a side of 1 m. Pins 3 m long and 3 cm in diameter are driven into the corners, which are connected together with a corner using welding.
A hole is cut in one of the corners, a grounding wire is attached using a bolt and nut, which is connected to the busbar in the distribution panel. The grounding conductors of cables in yellow-green insulation are attached to this bus.
Inserting the power cable into the room
Electricity enters the building through a power cable that enters the distribution panel. It can be supplied in two ways: aerial and underground.
In the first case, the cable is supplied through the air from the electric pole to the house, where it is attached to porcelain fittings. This method is simple and cheap, but has a number of disadvantages: it is less durable, there is a high probability of damage to the wire by wind, snow, and branches.
The underground method is more reliable, but more labor-intensive and expensive. A trench is dug into which the armored cable is laid or metal pipes. A layer of sand 20 cm thick is poured on top, a warning tape is laid, and the trench is buried.
– main element wiring, because it bears the load from all the electrical appliances in the house.
Laying cables and connecting them
Installation of electrical wiring in a private house is carried out along the routes indicated in the project diagram. Distribution boxes are mounted along it, switches and lighting fixtures are fixed. In wooden buildings, wires are used only with special markings, the insulation of which does not ignite even at high temperatures.
“Twisting” and “temporary work” are not allowed. It is better to minimize the number of turns and bends. Where possible, run the entire wire from the machine to the end point.
When installing electrical wiring in a wooden house with your own hands, you must remember that the boxes cannot be covered with decorative panels or ceilings that impede access for maintenance.
Installation of switches and sockets
Surface-mounted sockets and switches are selected based on the calculated current value and the possibility of connection under one frame. Before installation, turn off the power and make sure there is no voltage in the cable.
The most in a safe way fastening switches and sockets in a wooden structure is their installation on metal substrates. This will protect against possible sparks when closing or an arc when removing the plug. For a wooden house, it is preferable to use carbolite rather than plastic devices that have greater heat resistance and can withstand strong heat.
Methods for open wiring
Open electrical wiring in a wooden house is laid along the inside of the room. The main requirement is that the wire does not directly touch the walls, ceiling or floor and is protected: located in the middle of a channel, pipe or has several layers of insulation. Pipes and channels must be made of materials that do not support combustion.
Installation of wiring in a wooden house can be done in several ways:
- In a corrugated pipe made of PVC;
- In a metal sleeve;
- In PVC pipes or boxes;
- On staples;
- On ceramic insulators.
The most common options are the use of corrugated pipes and cable ducts.
The use of ceramic insulators or “” is becoming popular when there is an air space between the twisted electrical wire and the wall. This option also decorates the home.
Open wiring in a wooden house can combine several options. On walls and ceilings that have a flat surface, you can use plastic boxes, and in other areas - corrugated pipes.
Hidden wiring in a wooden house
Internal electrical wiring in a wooden house has its advantages and disadvantages. The advantage is the absence of corrugated pipes and cable ducts that spoil the appearance of the room. There is no risk of mechanical damage to the cable. On the other hand, the complexity of installation, increased requirements for fire safety, additional financial costs.
Unlike the outside, spend internal wiring in a wooden house it is more difficult. To do this, you need to know more requirements and nuances related to this type of power supply arrangement.
Hidden wiring should not have many turns, because... The cable must be laid in steel or copper pipes. The use of metal hoses and PVC corrugations is allowed only if they are protected with plaster or asbestos padding.
If installing external wiring does not require a special tool, then for hidden wiring it is necessary. It is necessary to drill in horizontal and vertical directions and cut out seats for insulating boxes. You will have to pull not only wires and cables, but also a large number of steel or copper pipes. The latter are better suited because they bend well, taking the desired shape.
You can conduct wiring in the house with your own hands, open and in a closed way. This is done in places where the wires are connected to switches or sockets.
Installation errors
Typical mistakes when laying electrical networks indoors:
- the power cable is bent or weakened;
- fastening the wire to wooden structure what is prohibited by the rules;
- installation of hidden wiring using corrugated pipes, metal hoses and plastic boxes;
- installing the distribution panel too close to the power cable entry point;
- the number of machines is calculated incorrectly: either more or less than necessary.
Wiring test
After installation, the wiring must be tested: visual inspection, take measurements of the insulation resistance and grounding wire, check the operation of circuit breakers, RCDs or automatic circuit breakers. The reliability of the electrical network must be maximum, because Electrical wiring requires increased attention and regular monitoring.
In aspects of electrical installation wooden buildings- the most complex objects. We have prepared for you a set of rules for installing wiring in a wooden house, which discusses in detail issues regarding the choice of materials and cable laying systems, as well as the installation of installation products.
1. Wiring in strict accordance with regulations
The organization of an electrical network in a wooden house is second in complexity only to buildings on permanent polystyrene foam formwork. Laying on combustible substrates is only permitted open method or with 100% localization of the conductor inside the protective shell.
This requirement is not so strict for frame internal partitions with non-flammable filler. In the most correct version the passage of the cable through the frame racks is accompanied by the sheathing of the latter; in practice, most often the conductor is completely wrapped in corrugation or a metal hose, ensuring replacement.
Open laying is also a good solution. A number of fittings and installation techniques are provided that make open wiring aesthetically acceptable and even add some color to the interior. In addition to plastic cable channels, it is possible to lay PV-1 wire wound on ceramic insulators and use non-recessed housing installation fittings. In cases of hidden installation, non-flammable cable grades are used: VVGng or KGng.
Due to the complexity of installation, cable routing along the walls should be kept to a minimum. But for this you will need to thoroughly think through the layout of cable lines.
2. Wiring diagram for walls and ceiling
In the most acceptable version of the electrical network around the house, each electrical point is connected along one straight line to the frame floor, ceiling or sub-ceiling, closed by a suspended or tension covering. All the main wiring is carried out along the technological cavity, hidden from view, although more often the lines simply stretch one at a time to the panel panel. Naturally, the bulk of sockets and switches should be placed on interior walls, and on fencing - only if necessary.
A reasonable solution would be to run the lighting wiring from the switches to the ceiling, and lead the wires for connecting the sockets down to the floor. Due to their low load, lighting network lines can be organized using junction boxes that are inaccessible for maintenance. It is enough to connect the power line from the circuit breaker to such a box, and from it run a switching wire to the key and a power line to each lighting group.
Lines of sockets and groups general purpose allowed to be combined into so-called garlands. It is important that no more than two wires are fixed on each terminal clamp of the sockets. Otherwise, each outlet and group is connected in hidden junction boxes, and the lines are specially high load from household appliances and heaters follow to the group shield without breaking.
It is recommended to cover the cables that are collected on the wall near the panel panel with a decorative casing. When laying cables in groups, it is also recommended to separate the base with a non-flammable substrate, for example, a piece of drywall.
3. Localization of conductors and branches
For some reason the installation open wiring may not be acceptable. In this case, the task becomes much more complicated, despite the fact that the part of the wiring laid along the walls is only 15-20% of the total length of the lines.
The possibility of hidden installation should be included at the stage of preliminary assembly of the log house. According to the internal power supply plan in the walls, as they are laid, they are made technological channels for cable. For this purpose, use either electric chisels or core drills. The approximate channel width is 30-50 mm.
Exit holes are drilled in the cross section of the floor or ceiling frame system. Installation of electrical fittings is possible using the recessed method; for this, the channel is found with a feeler gauge and a 60-80 mm hole is drilled in the solid timber using a core drill. Installation boxes for sockets and switches should be made of steel, preferably with a fiberglass liner.
Pipe sections laid inside walls must be localized from environment. It is used for this smooth pipe: metal with a wall thickness of 2.5 mm or steel - from 1.2 mm. These values are approximate; a more accurate calculation requires taking into account the load and voltage on the line, as well as the type and number of conductors inside the shell.
For branching power lines hidden in cavities frame structures, it is recommended to use metal boxes. For indoor installation Protection against wood dust of a degree of at least 3 is desirable, moisture protection is not taken into account. The entry of cable line sheaths should be flared or equipped with a restrictive ring or nut that does not allow uncoupling.
4. Protective devices
Electrical installation in a wooden house can be complicated by the design features of group and distribution boards. The difference is observed both in the method of mounting the housings and in the selection of protective equipment.
The electrical panel housing must be installed on a non-combustible base. Therefore, under the central panels with ASU, it is recommended to cover the surface with tin, and when installing group panels, use linings made of textolite or fiberglass.
It is convenient to connect group panels with the ceiling and floor using a cable channel, in which usually 3-4 lines are laid for each room. It is not recommended to place shields close to the ceiling or floor.
Circuit breakers are selected according to the permissible continuous current for the cable on the outgoing line; the choice is always made towards a lower rating. Equipment that does not have internal short circuit protection, as well as lines with a fixed maximum load (ovens, air conditioners) are connected via circuit breaker with a nominal power consumption and a low response delay during overload (characteristics B and A).
In wooden houses, it is customary to lay wiring according to a three-wire circuit, where the protective conductor is not connected to the neutral conductor. For this reason, the installation of differential protection against electric shock may be accompanied by false alarms. But the diffavtomat fire-fighting type, which monitors insulation leaks will be very useful.
5. Installation of installation products and fittings
At the final stage, the finishing electrical installation is carried out. This is most easily done using non-recessed fittings. It is quite easy to screw it to a wooden wall with a pair of screws, after inserting it into the housing and connecting the wires.
Much more time and effort is spent on installing hidden (recessed) fittings. To tightly fit the frames, a flat surface is required, so the logs are pre-ground with a plane. Next, a hole is made connecting the surface with the hidden channel. It is used as a centering tool when drilling an installation niche with a core cutter.
It is characteristic that installation boxes can be embedded in the same way as in stone walls— by landing on alabaster. Otherwise, the area must be contained and connected to the cable duct with a non-flammable rigid sleeve.
