The pitched roof is one of the most simple options roofing structures, the installation of which can be done with your own hands without any problems. You just need to study the main features of the technology and do everything in strict accordance with the instructions.
The design under consideration is attractive, first of all, because its construction does not require a large number of building materials. Some serious skills and great experience They are also not needed to do this kind of work. The pitched roof has an extremely simple structure and is excellent for residential and commercial buildings.
When choosing a suitable angle of inclination of the roof slope, it is necessary to take into account what material will be used in the future as the final roofing covering. So, if the owner chooses slate, it is best to build a slope at a slope of 35 degrees. In the case of a standing seam roof, the slope can be within 18-35 degrees.
It is better if a specialist develops the project for a pitched roof. This will greatly simplify your work home handyman. All he has to do is follow the instructions and be happy with the result.
The main material used for production is one pitched roof is natural wood. It is used to create sheathing, beams, rafters and other elements. As finishing coating Most often, slate and its more modern analogue called ondulin are used; tiles and other materials are often used.
Before you start installing a pitched roof on a house with your own hands, you need to calculate optimal slope roof slope.
As already noted, the main point that you need to focus on at this stage is what the finishing roofing material the owner decides to use. For example, metal tiles or the same slate retain precipitation differently than metal profiles. And all these points must be taken into account at the design and calculation stage of the roofing system.
It is recommended to choose a material that can independently clear itself of snow and rain in the shortest possible time. It is strictly not recommended to neglect such a point as the rate of sediment removal. At one point, the roof may simply break or become severely deformed under the weight of the accumulated snow, so be as careful as possible.
When using roofing felt and other rolled roofing materials, you can make a minimum slope of 5-10 degrees. When using slate, it is recommended to increase the slope to 20 degrees. If the roof is covered with tiles, the minimum acceptable angle of inclination is 20-30 degrees, but it is better to aim for at least 35 degrees.
In addition to the type of finishing roofing, it is necessary to take into account the main features of the terrain in which the house is built. For example, if the building is located so that the wind can blow on its roof from all sides, the angle of inclination of the slope can be reduced. If the house is located among dense plantings tall trees, it is strongly recommended to arrange steeper slopes, because Wind power alone is definitely not enough to remove all the snow.
Preparation of materials and equipment for roofing
The list of materials for the construction of a pitched roof includes the following items.
1. Wooden beams . Used for arrangement load-bearing structures. Most often, bars with a size of 150x150 mm are used; in some cases, the use of bars with a cross-section of 120x120 mm is allowed.
2. Boards. The floor is laid out of them attic space. They are also used for rough finishing of attic walls. Placed on a horizontal beam.
3. Slate and special nails for fastening it. If using a different finish, select the appropriate fasteners.
4. Waterproofing material. Usually this polyethylene film or roofing felt.
5. Insulation. A wide variety of materials can be used. The most commonly used are polystyrene foam and mineral wool.
7. Nails for fastening structural elements.
As for tools, you will need a regular home carpentry kit, which definitely includes an ax and a hammer. Additionally you will need hacksaw and construction stapler. Kit necessary tools may vary depending on the selected roofing covering. At this point, you will have to independently navigate the work itself.
The design of a pitched roof assumes the presence of the following elements: sheathing and counter-lattice. It is best to assemble them from bars with a section of 50x50 mm.
Guide to laying beams
The beams are fixed along the top of the wall at a distance of about 75-80 cm from each other. The role of the base for the beams is traditionally performed by the Mauerlat. In some situations, a seismic belt is used.
Reinforced concrete is used to make the seismic belt. It is made from monolithic design along the top edges of all walls of the house. The seismic belt follows the contour of the external walls. The structure must be closed. It is used to increase the resistance to incoming wind loads.
To arrange the element in question, you must first secure the formwork. Its height should be slightly higher than the height of the future seismic belt. After installing the formwork, mandatory reinforcement is performed and concrete is poured directly.
Mauerlat is made of timber. It is also fixed along the perimeter of the external wall of the house. Serves as a support under the rafters. Promotes uniform distribution of the main loads created by the roof.
After completing the fastening of all beams, it is necessary to fasten the rafters on top of them. They will serve as the base for the top point of the pitched roof. There should be exactly as many rafters as there are floor beams used. The result should be a kind of triangle with a right angle. After this, the inclined beams are fixed. To fix them to the seismic belt, anchors are used, and the beams are fastened to the mauerlat with nails.
The construction of the roof begins with the creation of a rafter base with a slope into the rear wall of the building. Finally, the finishing roofing material is laid. For maximum ease of movement, you can lay strong boards on the rafters, and then remove them immediately before laying the roofing material.
Thermal insulation work
Order independent device a pitched roof largely depends on what specific roofing covering will be used as the finishing coating. However, regardless of this moment it is necessary to pay great attention to the issue of thermal insulation, as well as moisture and vapor protection. Moisture insulation will provide protection from the harmful effects of water, which will generally increase the service life of the system.
In the past, materials such as cement-bonded slag, as well as clay concrete and other similar materials were used to insulate the roof. However, nowadays we hardly hear about them. They have many weak qualities, including low moisture resistance, poor thermal insulation qualities, etc.
Today, more advanced complex materials are used to insulate pitched roofs. They are relatively affordable, high efficiency and ease of installation.
Before proceeding with the installation of thermal insulation material, it is necessary to install waterproofing. If the thickness of the thermal insulation layer is less than the thickness of one rafter, moisture insulation must be laid over the rafters. If the thickness of the thermal insulation layer corresponds to a similar indicator for rafters, the film should be placed along the upper edges of the beams installed for the required elongation of the rafter legs.
The waterproofing is fixed across the slopes with an overlap of about 10 cm. Leave at least a 5 cm gap between the roof and the waterproofing; to create this, prepare bars with a cross-section of 5x5 cm in advance.
Unpack the insulation, wait 15-20 minutes, and then proceed to further work. You need to wait so that the thermal insulation has time to adapt to the surrounding conditions. Cut the insulation into pieces required size and lay it between the rafter legs.
The material is placed at random. When cutting, take into account the fact that the width of one slab should be approximately 2.5-3 cm greater than the distance between adjacent rafters. Be sure to maintain a small gap between the waterproofing material and the thermal insulation. To do this, use the previously mentioned blocks.
Proceed with attaching the vapor barrier material. It is placed at the bottom of the rafters and secured with galvanized flat head nails. A construction stapler and corresponding staples are also suitable for fastening. The vapor barrier material is laid with a 10-centimeter overlap. The joints must be secured with metallized adhesive tape.
Installation instructions for sheathing
The sheathing will hold the finishing roof covering in place. This structural element rests on the counter-lattice. The latter is attached to the rafters. Typically, bars with a cross-section of 5x5 cm are used to assemble the lathing. The counter-lattice is assembled from the same bars.
Experts do not recommend assembling the sheathing from knotty, low-quality boards. This is not the most reliable material. It may simply break under the pressure of snow. You should also refrain from using damp boards, because... as the amount of moisture in the composition decreases, their size will change, due to which the structure will rapidly begin to loosen and noticeably weaken, and in the end it may even collapse.
Most often, slate is used to cover a pitched roof, so further stages of the technology will be discussed using its example. When working with other materials, do not forget to make the required changes to the order of their installation.
Corrugated sheets are laid on a transverse sheathing, assembled so that each sheet rests on 4 bars. The first block should be under the bottom overlap, the next 2 bars are responsible for supporting the central part roofing sheet, And the last block supports the top of the roofing element. The bars should be installed at approximately the same distance. For example, if a slate sheet has a length of 175, place the bars in increments of about 44 cm.
If you use a different finishing coating, changes will also have to be made to the design of the sheathing. For example, it is recommended to lay ondulin on a continuous sheathing, and roll materials And soft tiles best combined with a base made of plywood sheets. Be sure to follow the sheathing installation technology designed specifically for your roofing material. Otherwise, the service life and overall reliability of the roof may be significantly reduced.
Laying the final roofing covering
The process of installing a roofing covering will be considered using the example of the already mentioned slate. You can choose any material suitable for a shed roof structure and lay it using the appropriate technology. Start installing the sheets on the leeward side. The upper elements of the flooring must overlap the lower ones. Most often, fastening begins with the fact that the starting sheet of slate is laid near the gable overhang, then 2 more sheets of the first row are laid, after which 2 sheets of the 2nd row and 1 sheet of the 1st are laid out, etc.
Make sure that the vertical overlap does not extend beyond 120-200 mm. The standard horizontal overlap is equal to one wave. The sheets should be laid so that the side parts of the slate of the top layer coincide as much as possible with the side parts of the sheets located below. The corners of the slate sheet must be cut off, otherwise distortions will form at the convergence points of the 4 sheets.
However, breaking off these corners is strictly not recommended. This can lead to a significant decrease in the strength of the material and the growth of cracks. As a result, the service life of the roof will be noticeably reduced. Corners can be cut circular saw or a hacksaw. The same tools are also used for cutting sheets. All sections must be painted over.
Thus, there is nothing overly complicated in the construction of a pitched roof. Follow the instructions, do not forget the main rules and everything will definitely work out. Good luck!
Video - Do-it-yourself installation of a pitched roof
When we talk about “types of roofing” and “types of house roofs,” we don’t always clearly understand the difference between these two concepts. Therefore, before we talk about what types of roofs there are, let’s find out the differences in the concepts of “roof” and “roofing”.
The roof (in the traditional sense) is a part of the building structure that provides its protection from all types of atmospheric precipitation, retains heat or protects against overheating. That is, this is the entire upper structure of the structure. For modern stone building With flat design- These are floor slabs, heat and waterproofing. Exit, fencing, ventilation ducts and their protection, antenna fastening elements, funnels for releasing storm drains are also roof elements. There is no consensus regarding the identity of the hatch with the lock that hangs the housing unit to prevent people from climbing onto the roof. For a house with an inclined (pitched) structure, this concept includes a load-bearing rafter system or trusses, insulation, water and wind insulation, pipes, weather vanes and roofing.
In fact, from the point of view of Soviet construction science, a roof is a pre-revolutionary and illiterate concept, and only the progressive term “covering” should be used. But in real life, even professional designers and builders rarely use it. Perhaps due to the likelihood of dual interpretation. In part, the definition of “covering” has taken root in relation to structures with a load-bearing reinforced concrete or metal base, mainly flat. And to call the upper part of St. Basil's Cathedral or the roof of a village hut a “covering” would not occur to any architect, even though they were taught “correctly.”
The roof is only a shell that protects the coating from atmospheric influences. The roof does not perform load-bearing functions. That is, floor slabs, rafter system, beams, and insulation do not belong to the roof. Often it includes load-bearing preparation of the roof: sheathing, decking, screed. The material laid on the prepared surface: Soviet roofing felt and slate, folk Russian-French ondulin, fabulous German tiles and New Russian copper is called roofing.
Flat and pitched designs
Roofs can be flat or pitched. In accordance with SNiP, roofs with a slope of up to 12° are flat, and those with a greater slope are pitched. On flat roofs and the slope is arranged to drain precipitation, 1.5-3° is enough.
The flat roof provides plenty of room for imagination in terms of design.
A pitched roof can be very original look
Attic and non-attic roofs
As the name suggests, attic roof has an attic, a non-attic one does not. Russian hut, and most types in general traditional home All countries and peoples have a ventilated attic. With the exception of mobile housing: yurts, tents, wigwams. This is difficult to do there. Also, the tribes living in the equatorial jungle do not have attics; they do not need them. Attics (technical floors) are found in modern multi-storey residential buildings. Therefore, if the roof is leaking, residents will not find out about it immediately.
Attic-free (synonym - combined) coverings can be pitched (attic) and flat. We are familiar with flat combined structures from panel “Khrushchev” buildings. The attic structure allows you to use the attic as a full-fledged living space. Attic and mansard roofs require good thermal insulation top floor. The roof of a one-story building can also be combined.
Combined gable roof in one-story house creates the impression of spaciousness
Types of flat coverings
The layout of flat roofs is quite similar; they differ mainly in design. According to the relative arrangement of layers of insulation and waterproofing, in addition to the usual type, they also distinguish inversion roofs, in this case, the hygroscopic (waterproof) insulation is located above the waterproofing layer. Prefabricated or monolithic reinforced concrete, metal profiles with metal beams, wooden beams with continuous flooring.
The roof structure of a flat roof over a reinforced concrete slab covering is multilayer
The area of flat roofs can be used by laying a covering on which you can walk: ceramic or paving slabs, boardwalk, or by arranging a lawn on the roof.
New York has adopted a roof conversion program public buildings in gardens and lawns.
In fact, installing a lawn on the roof of a house is not as difficult as you might think. Perhaps the only thing that is relatively expensive is a waterproofing polymer membrane. Everything else is quite simple, and grass care is standard: it needs to be mowed and watered during drought. A layer of earth additionally protects the premises from cold in winter and from overheating in summer.
The design of the roof lawn is quite simple. It is necessary to use reliable waterproofing - a roofing polymer membrane
Details of the pitched structure
Before talking about what types of roofs there are, let’s define the main details of pitched roofs and terms. Main elements: ridge, inclined rib, valley (groove). Overhangs are divided into eaves (lower) and pediment (end or gable). For most types of roofing, in addition to the main material, there are separate additional elements for protecting and decorating the roof parts.
The basic elements of pitched roofs are standard.
Let's look at what types of roofs there are depending on the configuration. The shapes of pitched roofs are very diverse. Most often, the simplest in design and rational single-pitch, gable and hip types and roof structures are used.
The first eight types shown in the illustration are available to a private developer of average income. The rest are quite complex and expensive to implement.
Let's consider individual types of roofs and their properties in more detail.
Single-pitch roofing
A roof with one slope is as simple as possible structurally and has a minimum number of parts. No ridge, for non-ventilated roof coverings (e.g. flexible tiles, seam roofing) there is no need for special ventilation elements. It is enough to provide a ventilation layer above the insulation, and ventilation holes can be placed in a binder. A pitched roof does not have valleys, ribs and ridges, which are most exposed to weather conditions. The maximum wear and tear on roofing in cold climates occurs in the valley, as snow and ice remain there longer. A simple-shaped roof with a slope to one side is exposed to uniform influence of precipitation, ultraviolet radiation and wind. The snow load is also distributed evenly. Other things being equal pitched roof will last a little longer. And it will cost less: a simpler rafter system, a minimum number of not always cheap additional elements.
Russian project standard house with a pitched roof. High slope with living rooms should be focused on sunny side
Shed roofs are quite popular in developed countries. More often they are used for inexpensive, or, conversely, prestigious housing. For a house with an attic, one slope allows you to rationally organize the layout, placing living spaces under the high slope, and stairs, bathrooms, and wardrobes under the low slope. In a premium home, such a roof makes it possible to create a magnificent interior.
To build this country house applied simple materials: wood, galvanized metal profile and a lot of glass. Large roof overhangs protect walls from precipitation and rooms from overheating. Athermal stained glass windows fill the house with light, open up the landscape and protect people from the cold
A roof with one barrel-shaped slope looks quite interesting
Gable design
The most common form in the world. The gable (gable) roof is traditional in almost all countries where at least some precipitation occurs. It is not much more difficult to build a supporting structure for two slopes than for one. It is very durable, especially if it is possible to build a closed rafter system using a tie.
Tightening (2) tightens rafter legs(1). From the closed triangular contour, only the vertical load is transferred to the Mauerlat (3) and the wall.
For large spans it is necessary to use additional supports
A gable roof is simple to implement, economical in materials, and not difficult to build yourself. Pediments serve as better places to place windows than slopes; it is not difficult to equip an attic.
The gable roof fits perfectly into the structure frame house, allows rational use of the space on the upper floor
The slopes do not have to have the same slope; the shape of the roof may be asymmetrical. The roof slope is determined mainly by the layout of the second floor.
The peaked roofs of half-timbered houses traditionally hid attics where residents stored some of their supplies. In this reconstructed house, the attic has been converted into living space
The Swiss chalet has a gable roof with slight slope
The minimal slope and open space of the upper floor create a wonderful, spacious interior
A gable roof can have many options. With a house plan more complex than a simple rectangle, more complex roof shapes are inevitable.
Gable roof with additional gable. With a stretch, it can be called multi-pincer
A gable roof (as well as a single-pitch roof) is perfect for landscaping.
The slope of the green roof should not exceed 25°
Hip view
A hip or hip roof is more complex than a gable roof. Both the rafter system and roofing will cost more. But you won't have to build masonry pediments. With an inexpensive roof covering (asbestos slate, ondulin), a hip roof, taking into account the absence of gables, will cost less than a gable roof. If it's more expensive, it's unlikely. From positive properties hip design can be called optimal aerodynamic drag such a design that, in general, can increase its service life (slightly). Slopes on all sides of the house allow you to make large canopies around the perimeter of the entire structure, providing walls with the best protection from precipitation. But in the organization attic space the hipped roof loses.
Simple-shaped hipped attic roof
There are varieties of hip roofs: half-hip (an intermediate type of roof between gable and hip), hip with a visor, or variations thereof.
The main part of the roof is of a rather complex shape - half-hip. To the right is a bay window with a multi-pitched roof and a pediment.
Windows in hip roof have to be built into the slopes, into the roofing. This complicates their design and operation and is often more expensive than placing a window in the pediment.
Dormer windows of this type are called “bull’s eye”
Multi-slope variety
They call it hip hipped roof. But if the house has more than four external corners, there will also be more slopes. A roof with more than four slopes is called multi-slope.
A multi-pitched roof is difficult to construct
A hipped roof is a hipped roof, all the faces (slopes) and edges of which converge at one upper point. This type of roof does not have a horizontal ridge.
Hip roof. It contains three types at once skylights
Attic construction
Roofs are called mansard various forms and types that have one common feature: the shape of the slope is made of a broken line to increase the height of the attic rooms. In this way, it is possible to avoid the installation of sloping ceilings and arrange full-fledged rooms upstairs. The broken contour of the rafters can be used for any type of roof: gable, hip, half-hip, and so on.
Collected truss structure gable mansard roof.
The design of the attic roof allows you to connect the upper and lower beams (strings), racks, and rafters into a single truss, which provides it with extreme strength and allows you to slightly reduce the cross-section of the frame elements.
The load from the attic roof truss is transmitted vertically
Installation of load-bearing structures for mansard roofs is more difficult than for prototypes with a straight slope. Some larger area roofs. Accordingly, the cost is higher. However, these costs are recouped by increasing the area of normal height by attic floor.
Mansard roof based on a gable. Additional fractures in the cornice area make it possible to create large overhangs, making the roof vaguely reminiscent of Chinese pagodas
Pleasant to the eye hip mansard roof. The slopes are divided into different volumes, the lower part has a curved shape
Roofs of complex shapes
All kinds of domed, conical and closed roofs are complex in design and were invented by architects to design important public buildings. After the period of “crimson jackets” and “castles on the ruble”, complex roofs in the architecture of individual residential buildings are rare.
Residential building with a complex domed roof
Sometimes complex roofs are composed of known elements and are “hybrids” different types.
This roof combines the features of gable, hip, half-hip, pyramidal and conical roofs
But people strive to decorate their home and make it unusual. Sometimes there are “hybrid” types of roofs, which are difficult to define unambiguously.
A natural slate roof is definitely not flat. Germany
A simple but unusual roof. To be more precise, this house has two of them, downstairs and upstairs.
The roof of this “dugout” would be intended for sledding in winter if palm trees were not reflected in the windows. And what type is it?
Choosing roofing material for a pitched roof
Types of roofing are determined by the material of the roofing covering. The roof can be tile, metal, shingle, copper, and so on. The choice of roofing is determined primarily by the financial capabilities of the developer, the aesthetic tastes of the wife and himself, and secondly by the shape of the roof and its slope. Roofs of curved shapes are covered with small-piece or flexible coverings, sheet materials more suitable for simple pitched and gable roofs. In the presence of fractures (oblique ribs, valleys), cutting sheets is less rational.
The table shows minimum slopes roofs for different types of roofing coverings
For roofs simple shapes You can use any roofing materials without restrictions. Roofs with a complex curved shape can only be decorated with small-piece (natural tiles, slate slate, shingles, shingles), flexible (bitumen shingles) coating. Roofing made of galvanized steel, copper, steel with titanium-zinc coating is also suitable, provided that the elements are individually cut and the seam is made on site.
So, we found out what types of roofs there are. What to choose for yourself? First of all, the roof must fit the budget. How more complex form, those more money will have to spend. WITH gable roof Any developer can handle it. In Germany there are 80 percent of such roofs. And why are we worse? If you have the funds, you can think of something more original, but something simple can be done beautifully.
If in the process of building a house you are thinking about how to properly and interestingly make a roof, then you have two common options - a single-pitched and gable roofing form. Although gable roof It is very popular, it is quite complex and its construction will require a lot of time. The single-pitched roofing form is becoming increasingly popular, thanks to unusual looking and ease of installation.
Therefore, in this article we will look at the construction of a pitched roof, how to choose the right materials for the roof, how to insulate this part, and how to do the work yourself. And to ensure that your own pitched roof turns out correctly, we will provide drawings and photos.
Choosing the correct roof angle
Shed roofs are quite simple, they are easy to construct, but, most importantly, think everything through in advance. The angle of the roof can be determined depending on the snow, wind load and climatic conditions of your area. In addition, it is important to consider that each material for sheathing a pitched roof has its own minimum recommended slope angle. Let's look at some of them:
- Slate and ondulin - at least 6 degrees.
- Ceramic or cement-sand tiles- minimum 10 degrees.
- Bitumen shingles - at least 12 degrees.
- Metal tiles - at least 6 degrees.
- Asbestos-cement slabs - minimum 27 degrees.
- Copper, galvanized or zinc-titanium sheets - at least 17 degrees.
- Corrugated sheeting - at least 6 degrees.
In the case where the minimum roof slope angle is greater than the recommended one, there will be no problems; if it is less, it is necessary to redo it in order to obtain the recommended values. When you do not adhere to the technology for installing the roof and roofing material, it may not only begin to leak at the joints, but also, if a large amount of snow falls, it will simply become deformed. The most optimal roof slope angle is about 20°. But before starting work, it is better to calculate the angle that will suit your area. In addition, when purchasing, check this information with consultants, since manufacturers sometimes indicate other roof slope figures. It happens that manufacturers can indicate a slope of 14°, although GOST for the minimum angle of inclination of this material equal to about 6°.
Advice! If the roof slope is less than 12°, all joints of the roofing material should be coated with a special compound that will prevent the pitched roof from leaking. For this you can use bitumen mastic or roofing sealant.
It is very important to draw up drawings, thanks to which it will be possible to choose the angle of inclination of the roof and make correct calculations. If you are building new house or an agricultural building on which you plan to install a pitched roof, then one of the walls needs to be raised higher. For correct calculation You can use the right triangle formulas. Please note that the calculation does not take into account the length of the roof overhangs. They are needed to protect the walls of the building from snow and rain. Minimum size the overhang should be at least 20 cm. In any case, it should not stand out from the general background and look harmonious with the roof.
Advice! There are many design programs with which you can view your idea in 3D dimension. These programs will help you decide what roof overhang fits better and will clearly show your home on the monitor.
DIY pitched roof step by step
Installation of the rafter system
The installation of a pitched roof begins with the assembly of the rafter system. This is the main roof frame on which the roofing material will be installed. To work you will need:
- timber 100×100 mm or 150×150 mm;
- nails;
- laying boards, at least 50 mm thick;
- thermal insulation and waterproofing materials;
- tape measure, stapler, building level;
- chisel, axe, roofing hammer;
- saw, knife, screwdriver.
The choice of roof truss system depends entirely on the size of the building and the roofing material. Also, consider what the walls are made of. The Mauerlat always serves as a support for the rafters.
Roofing Mauerlat
Mauerlat is a beam laid on top along the entire perimeter of the wall. It acts as a lower support for the rafters. If a metal rafter frame is used for your construction, then the Mauerlat is made from a channel or other metal material. This item connects the roof to the walls and distributes the load over their entire area. When installing a roofing wall plate, be sure to place a waterproof material (waterproofing) underneath. Often, roofing felt is used for this, which is laid in several layers. If this is not done, the wood will begin to rot, and the metal will eventually become covered with rust. It is important to connect each link with two neighboring ones, which, together with the rafters, will turn into a fairly reliable structure.
In order to understand how to make a pitched roof, it is important to take into account what kind of building you are covering. For example, if this is a barn, outbuilding or garage, then such a construction does not require too much large beams. If the width of the building reaches up to 6 meters, it is beneficial to use a pitched roof. The thing is that the design is quite simple and does not require the use of supports or purlins. Thanks to this, you can save your energy, time and money. If the building is up to 5.5 m, beams from 50 to 150 mm can be used. If up to 4 meters - from 50 to 100 mm. But in any case, take into account the weather conditions in your specific region. In addition, if the roof slope is small, there is no point in saving on beams. Otherwise, due to snow, the roof may simply bend and become deformed.
For the construction of a pitched roof up to 4.5 m, the frame between the walls is quite simple. It consists of two Mauerlat logs, which are fixed to the walls, and rafter beams resting on the Mauerlat.
For the construction of a pitched roof up to 6 m, between the walls you additionally need a bed and a rafter leg resting on the beam in the middle.
For a pitched roof structure of 6 m or more, it would be good if there was another load-bearing wall inside on which the racks could be supported.
For a pitched roof structure greater than 12 m, the rafter structure will be much more complex due to the presence of additional rafter legs. If you need to add beams to the sides, you need to use wood of the same section. For reliability, it is important to fasten two wooden pads on the sides, the length of which is at least 60 cm.
In order to rafter beam attach to the Mauerlat, you need to make a cutout in the rafters with which it will rest against the Mauerlat. If you don't want to bother with each rafter, create a template using which you will make the necessary cut in all the bars.
Advice! If you are making a roof frame on wooden house, then it is impossible to rigidly fasten the rafters to the Mauerlat. This is due to the fact that most of these buildings are sagging. Subsequently, the structure may become warped. Therefore, for such buildings they use fastenings, which are popularly called “slippers”. They are corners that are attached to the Mauerlat and movably connected metal strips attached to the rafters. The “slippers” are fixed two per rafter leg.
Installation of rafters
The installation of the rafters proceeds as follows: we attach the rafter beams to the mauerlat. The intermediate distance should be determined depending on the selected roofing material. Usually it is from 50 to 80 cm. For fastening you will need anchors or large nails. The rafters must be laid end up or, in other words, “on edge.”
It is important to carefully monitor the angle of inclination of each rafter board. If you ignore this, it will be difficult to provide a flat surface for laying roofing material. To make your job easier, install the first and last beam and tension the line. This will serve as a guide and will greatly simplify your work.
Advice! If all the walls of the building are level, and you do not want to build one of the walls higher, then there is a way out. Rafter trusses will save you both money and effort. Farms can be bought ready-made or made with your own hands. For a garage or shed, wood is suitable as a material. For living spaces it is better to use metal.
Selection of roofing material
When choosing a roofing material, it is important to consider the type of building. For example, if this is a barn-type structure, then you can choose a roofing material that is not too expensive. If this is a residential building, then you need to choose a durable, aesthetically beautiful roofing material that will have good sound insulation. Below are the most common roofing materials:
All you need to do is weigh the pros and cons, decide on your budget and choose suitable material for myself. After which you can begin installing a pitched roof.
Installation of sheathing
It is very important to level the base under the roofing material as best as possible. Otherwise, the roof will be uneven and even drips are possible. In addition, when installing roofing, it is important to adhere to the technology recommended by the manufacturer.
Roof insulation
For a living space, it is better to insulate the roof. The insulation process is carried out in the following order:
- We fasten the waterproofing with a stapler.
- We install insulation.
- We stuff the counter-lattice.
- We install a vapor barrier.
The most common insulation material is mineral wool or polystyrene foam. Usually a 10 cm layer is enough for a roof, but for each region the information should be clarified. Below is a diagram of proper insulation.
Conclusion
As we saw from this article, the shed roof shape is perfect for both a garage or shed, and for the roof of private houses. Do not forget to inspect the already made surface for damage. In addition, timely repairs are important and with the correct choice of material and technology, excellent result guaranteed for you!
In this article I want to tell you how a simple pitched roof is erected. Why did I call it simple? Simply because its roof truss consists only of rafters. No racks, struts, braces, etc. there is no. This type of roof is most often used in the construction of small garages, sometimes bathhouses, various extensions to the house, any outbuildings, etc.
In general, when you read in the literature or on the Internet about pitched roofs, you usually see the following statement - supposedly they are the cheapest, easiest to construct and reliable.
Regarding cheapness and simplicity, I absolutely agree, but as for reliability, I’m willing to bet.
Of course, maybe I live in the wrong climate zone, but in my practice I have never seen a private low-rise building a roof with two or more slopes collapsed (for example, hip, hip, etc.). All the collapses that have ever occurred were on pitched roofs. They are almost always caused by snow loads plus the weight of people who work on the roof (for example, throwing off the same snow).
So why is this happening. I think everything is simple here. Often developers do not take a very serious and thoughtful approach to the construction of a pitched roof. Basically, one of three mistakes is made, or several at once:
An unacceptably small angle of inclination of the slope is made;
Boards with an inappropriate cross-section are used as rafters;
There is too much space between the rafters.
We will now look at how to avoid these mistakes using the example of building a pitched roof over a garage.
Let's say we have a box made of foam concrete blocks with a wall thickness of 30 cm. Its dimensions are shown in Fig. 1.
Picture 1
Having started laying blocks, we must already decide on the angle of inclination of the roof slope. What should you be guided by here?
I think many people know that for each roofing covering there is a minimum slope angle at which it can be used. These values are presented in Table 1, compiled on the basis of SNiP II-26-76* (“Roofs” - updated version 2010):
Table 1.
I am sure that some of you who have already studied similar tables on the Internet will be a little confused when you see such numbers. I want to tell them about the slight confusion that has arisen on various construction sites due to the banal inattention of their authors. Often, when compiling such a plate, they take numbers from the above-mentioned SNiP II-26-76 *, but do not notice that in this document angles are indicated in percentages (%), and not in degrees, as we are accustomed to measuring them from school. I will not explain now how to convert percentages to degrees. This information is available on the Internet (there are formulas, there are signs). In principle, we don’t need this.
Now another note. Each manufacturer of any roofing covering (whether metal tiles, bitumen shingles, etc.) sets the minimum roof slope angle for its products. It is indicated in the installation instructions. For example, from different manufacturers of metal tiles, you will be able to see numbers of 14°, 16°, etc. Often these numbers are higher than those determined by SNiP and indicated in Table 1.
But that's not all. All the numbers given above characterize the angle of inclination of the roof at which a given roofing covering will not have water overflow between adjacent elements under certain conditions. weather conditions. And these conditions in our country are very, very diverse. So snow loads differ significantly in different climatic zones. And wind patterns can generally differ within the same settlement, depending on the location of your building relative to others.
Snow loads affect the possible deflection of the rafter system, which changes the geometry of the roofing. In addition, when there is a large amount of snow, a so-called “snow bag” often forms on the roof (see Fig. 2):
Figure 2
Strong winds can also push rainwater through the joints of roof elements.
At one time I looked through many different sources, but nowhere did I find a specific dependence of the minimum angle of inclination of the roofing on the climatic conditions in a given region. As far as I understand, no one brought her out. Everyone uses values based on previous years of experience. I can say that for pitched roofs, in middle lane In Russia, it is usually not recommended to make the slope angle less than 20°. We will also start from this value.
So, let’s say in our garage (Fig. 1) we decided to make the slope angle equal to 20°. We will cover it with corrugated sheets. Now we need to decide how high the walls need to be laid out. IN in this case We make a low wall 2.4 meters high. This value is chosen individually in each case, depending on your personal preferences and the characteristics of your building. The height of the opposite wall is determined using a simple formula:
N in = N n + B×tg α,
where H in is the height of the high wall;
H n – height of the low wall;
B – width of the building (garage);
α is the slope angle.
In our case, H in = 2.4 + 4.8 × tg 20° = 4.2 m (rounded up a little).
Now you can start laying the garage foot. Please note that near the high wall the last row is not laid. Why will become clear later.
STEP 1: We begin the construction of the roof by installing the Mauerlat. We use 100x150 mm timber as a Mauerlat (Fig. 3). It is placed flush with internal walls. Notice how the sloping wall is laid out.
Figure 3
Also, instead of timber, you can use two 50x150 mm boards sewn together with nails. I wrote about such an example in the article about installing the Mauerlat. It describes several ways to attach the Mauerlat to the wall. In addition to them, I want to show you another one, which we sometimes use when constructing a roof on gas and foam concrete walls when the customer does not want to make an armored belt (Fig. 4):
Figure 4
Here a reinforced roofing corner 90x90 is used. We attach it to the aerated concrete using two GB dowels with a diameter of 14 mm. They hold up great. We place such corners on the mauerlat approximately 80-100 cm apart.
Please note that roofing material must be placed under the Mauerlat so that there is no contact between the wood and the aerated concrete and metal. In all subsequent figures, the roofing material is simply not shown, but its presence is required.
STEP 2: We begin installing the rafters. To do this, first of all, we need to decide on their cross-section and the step between them. The program described in the article “Rafter system” will again help us with this. Calculation of rafters and floor beamsʺ ().
I want to clarify again. I am not the author of this program. But I always use it, in the absence of anything else (more or less understandable). I am completely confident in the strength of the roofs that we have already built. This confidence comes during the construction process, when you climb the rafters yourself and when you inspect the rafter system several years after the construction of the house (I have such opportunities).
The program is of course not ideal and sometimes you have to make some assumptions yourself. So don't judge harshly. The main thing is that all these assumptions work towards increasing the safety margin of rafters and beams.
Let's go back to our garage. Let’s take the Moscow region as an example. The sum of snow and wind loads will be 196 kg/m2. I described in detail where this figure comes from in the article (link above). I think there is no point in repeating myself. By the way, this is where I make one assumption in the calculation. In the program, when entering the initial data, only the value of the snow load is requested (Fig. 5). There are no columns for entering wind load at all. Therefore, I simply add it to the snow one, although I know that it acts in a different direction (the snow one is on top, the wind one is on the side).
Figure 5
We entered the pitch of the rafters at 0.5 meters. The result of the calculation (in the Strop.1 tab) is shown in Figure 6. Boards with a section of 50x200 mm were selected for the rafters. Of course, the step is too small, but where to go? If we take it equal to 0.6 meters, then this section does not pass the calculation. Of course, you can use, for example, 150x100 timber as rafters, then the minimum pitch will change. Here you can already improvise. I am used to working with boards with either a section of 50x150 or 50x200 mm.
Figure 6
By the way, in the figure, the distance between the supports (4.2 meters) is the internal width of our garage.
Having determined the cross-section, we mark the cuts of the rafters. We take a 50x200 mm board of suitable length and place it on the Mauerlat (see Fig. 7). It should hang from the walls with a margin (we got 53 cm), so that after the final trimming, the cornices will be 40-50 cm wide.
Figure 7
Now, using either a square or a tape measure with a small level, we mark the lower and upper cuts. In this case, we make the cut width equal to the width of the Mauerlat - 150 mm. The cutting depth will be 48 mm (see Fig. 8). These exact values are given to me by the program in which I draw a three-dimensional model of the roof (Google SketchUp). In real work, of course, there won’t be such precision down to the millimeter, and it’s not really needed there.
In other articles, when considering roofs with large slope angles, such cuts are made not based on the width of the Mauerlat, but based on the maximum permissible depth of the cut. It is usually 1/3 of the height of the rafter section. Now we have 1/3 of 200 mm - this is 66 mm. We fit into this meaning. But making the width of the cut wider than the width of the Mauerlat makes absolutely no sense.
Figure 8
So, we have received a template according to which we make all subsequent rafters and install them (see Fig. 9):
Figure 9
The outer rafters do not touch the inclined walls. You can see this in the picture above. The gap is about 5 cm.
STEP 3: We make and install curtain rods (see Fig. 10):
Figure 10
We make them from boards of the same section as the rafters. Before installing the fillies, we roll out roofing felt on the inclined wall. It is not shown in the figure.
The sequence here is like this. First, we put the two outer fillies and pull the lace between them (see Fig. 11):
Figure 11
Then, in increments of about 0.8-1 m, we install the rest (see Fig. 12).
Figure 12
It is enough to secure the fillies with 2 nails (120 mm) driven into the end through the rafter. The extreme fillies can be secured with roofing corners directly to the inclined wall.
STEP 4: Install the end (wind) boards (see Fig. 13):
Figure 13
We use inch boards 25x200 mm.
Also, we need to lay the Mauerlat on a high wall (see Fig. 14). This can be done either with aerated concrete or ordinary brick. Again, the wood must be separated from other material by a layer of roofing felt.
Figure 14
STEP 5: We hem the cornices from the bottom. This is done depending on the final finishing of the roof. The cornices are either completely sewn up, or, as in our case, only the belts are sewn up for subsequent finishing with siding (see Fig. 15):
Figure 15
It is enough to use 25x100 mm boards as belts.
STEP 6: Now we make the sheathing (see Fig. 16):
Figure 16
The required cross-section of the sheathing boards can be determined in the program that is used to calculate rafters and beams (see Fig. 5). In our example, boards with a cross section of 25x100 mm are taken, their pitch is 350 mm. In the figure we see the inscription - ʺ Load bearing capacity sheathing is provided.
As a base for the corrugated sheeting with which we want to cover this roof, in order to save money, we can use unedged inch boards. But you only need to take the so-called “second board” (see Fig. 17):
Figure 17
The price of such material is almost 2 times lower than edged material. There is just one very important note. Before laying the boards on the roof, be sure to remove the bark from them. Beetle larvae (bark beetles) often live under it, which first eat the bark and then proceed to the wood itself. It is quite difficult to get rid of them later. Some say it's completely impossible.
STEP 7: Well, the rafter system is ready. Now we cover the roof with corrugated sheeting and sheathe the eaves with siding (see Fig. 18):
Figure 18
Thus, we made an uninsulated pitched roof. It is clear that this design is only suitable for cold rooms. If we are going to heat the room, then the roof will need to be insulated. Let's see what additional work necessary to do this.
We do the first five steps in the same way as described above. Then we install plugs for laying insulation (see Fig. 19). We make them from inch boards (25 mm thick board).
Figure 19
Now we lay the insulation. The bottom should be hemmed to the rafters vapor barrier film. It is not shown in the figure.
Pitched roofs are divided into 8 large groups, among which a special place is occupied by the type of roof with one inclined plane.
Of course, hardly anyone can compete with, whose peak of popularity fell in the second half of the last century.
However, nowadays specialists and construction workers Customers are increasingly paying attention to .
The essence and peculiarity of such a shelter is extremely simple. The load-bearing structure rests on multi-level external walls.
This phenomenon has a very attractive appearance, but due to its structural features it is not advisable to use it to create the “top” of a house, cottage or any other important building or premises.
One inclined surface is ideal for verandas, terraces, as well as storage and utility rooms.
One of the main advantages of this eaves is wind resistance.. A certain option is due to the design, since in this case there is no we're talking about about serious slopes of the covered surface.
ATTENTION!
To reduce dependence on precipitation in the form of snow, it is necessary to take a more careful approach to calculating the cross-sections of the structural components during the design period. Regarding insulation - this aspect Particularly important at minimal angles of inclination.
Thus, the area of influence of the wind force is significantly reduced, which leads to stable resistance to air gusts. If the room is located in an area prone to frequent winds, experts recommend installing curbs.
Consequently, these measures will reduce the likelihood of the roof being picked up to a minimum. It is advisable to use galvanized iron or tiles as upper layer border to avoid dampness of fences.
Very often, when it comes to construction or renovation, a person tries to buy necessary materials the most profitable and at budget prices. A canopy with one slope fits perfectly into the “economy” category, and besides, cheap prices are not reflected in its appearance.
Eg, costs are half as much as compared to a gable surface.
Construction maintenance of the roofing process of a pitched roof does not require special knowledge and many years of experience in the architectural field. Everything is extremely simple, so you can tackle this matter with your own hands. Quite uncomplicated and...
In addition to the above advantages, we note the following:
- Rational use of available space in the attic. As an option - creating an attic floor;
- Relatively a light weight an inclined plane, which excludes the connection to the installation process of lifting equipment;
- No restrictions regarding the area of the house;
- High level of maintainability;
- Possibility of choice (the only nuance is taking into account the angle of inclination);
- Preconditions for establishing solar panels.
Installation of solar panels
The list of shortcomings is several times shorter:
- For the sake of looks appearance you have to try. Focus on the quality of materials and facade work;
- Increased sensitivity to snow loads;
- The need to strengthen the hydraulic and inclined plane;
- Complicated organization due to fluid flow on one side.
Increased sensitivity to snow loads
Is it worth making a private house with a pitched roof?
Despite the fact that in most cases similar ideas do not receive approval from professionals, there are situations when a house with this type of roof is a reasonable and safe solution.
CAREFULLY!
A roof with one slope is difficult to withstand precipitation.
Therefore, no precipitation - no problem, therefore being in an area with a dry climate, this idea can be safely implemented.
The slope in such a situation should be set within 5%. In its turn, regions with cold or temperate climates, which is spent more or less under snowfall, not very suitable for almost flat roof.
But if 10-20 years ago a geographical “diagnosis” was perceived as a death sentence, now they will simply take up the task of increasing the strength of the future roof. If you also achieve a slope in the range of 90-100%, then the idea is really feasible. There are many opportunities in the construction industry these days, but... be prepared for additional costs.
Designing a pitched roof - what do you need to know?
Inclined planes are classified according to different criteria. In particular, this concerns the emphasis. There are two varieties - with emphasis on load-bearing walls of different or equal heights .
The first option is used more often, but a stumbling block may be the lack of a high external wall, which will preclude the establishment of a high slope. Second concept does not imply this, but this is probably where the advantages end - he much more expensive.
The issue of tilt is one of the main ones. The optimal range ranges from 10-30 degrees, the extreme range is 5-60 degrees.
The figure depends on the following factors:
- Volume of precipitation;
- Wind flow indicators;
- Selected roofing material.
The more precipitation there is in an area, the greater the slope. For example, in regions with heavy snowfall, the slope should be at least 40 degrees. Otherwise, there is a risk of damage to supporting structures due to accumulated precipitation.
Below are the degree correspondences to the types of shelter:
- 5-7 degrees for roofing felt;
- 3 degrees higher range y;
- 25-35 - for;
- Slightly lower requirements are put forward for slate (20-30 degrees), practically the same for seam roofing (18-28).
It is advisable to increase the degree marks by several units in areas where a lot of snow falls. Such non-compliance does not apply to metal tiles, because this threatens water ingress due to the low density of the seams.
An equally pressing issue is determining the type of roof in the context of ventilated/non-ventilated. In the first case, we are talking about a reliable and durable home surface, while the second option is suitable for “light” rooms like a terrace and, through a minimal slope (4-6 degrees), can bring a lot of trouble in the winter.
As a material for a single-pitched roof, the undisputed leader in demand is wood from the coniferous “family.” This is due to its resistance to rot, mold and other evil spirits. Pay attention to the humidity percentage - the indicator should not exceed 20-22.
As a preventive pest control We recommend treating the wood with a fire retardant and antiseptic.
Houses with a pitched roof: photos of projects below.
House project
Two-story house project
One-story frame house project
Finnish house
Varieties of design and engineering
The top with one slope is not a limiter in the imagination of shaping the appearance of the roof.
A lot has been implemented successful projects , within which a “broken” roof or through facades were created.
It is not necessary to copy an idea seen live or on the Internet - this type of house top is favorable to various architectural collages.
Projects of houses with a pitched roof:
Project example No. 1. Private house with an area of 240 sq.m. Additional premises and ground floor are not provided. Used as wall material cellular concrete, A reinforced concrete slabs are the basis of the foundation. Facing - plaster or wooden slats to choose from.
Project example No. 2. Two-storey house 225 sq.m. with attic, garage, balcony on the 2nd floor. The foundation is the same as in the first example, the walls are made of aerated concrete with brick cladding. It is possible to use decorative tiles. Roof type - to choose from, taking into account climatic conditions.
The main task is to harmoniously reunite those examples that are collected into one project. You should pay attention to the possibility of installing solar panels, which were already mentioned above - this will make the roof even more functional. And a competent one will keep your home safe and sound for a long time.
Shed roofs: projects and drawings
Drawing of a house with a pitched roof
Frame house project
House diagram
Useful video
In this video you will see an example of a house project with a pitched roof:
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