Having ascended the throne in 1894, Tsar Nicholas II chose the reactionary course of his father in conducting domestic policy, Alexandra III. However, the growing socio-economic crises and the intensification of national liberation movements during this period, did not allow the king to use the methods that were effective during the reign of Alexander III.
Moreover, the new king did not have the rigidity and willpower that was inherent in his father, which also made it impossible to continue following the old course. The result was a dual domestic policy; very often Nicholas II was forced to make significant liberal concessions, as required by new times.
Defense of autocratic foundations
Nicholas II was able to implement the desire to rule the state, according to the behests of his father, in the first period of his reign, directing a reactionary course towards strengthening the autocracy. Already in 1895, the tsar declared that the adoption of a new constitution was a waste of time, since the previous law had not yet lost its effectiveness.
It was this year that the period of tough struggle with opponents of the monarchy began. In addition to the revolutionary-minded masses and peasants who expressed their dissatisfaction with the imperial policies, the king saw subjects of persecution and liberals as hidden admirers of opposition forces.
The emperor considered the noble class to be the main support of the autocracy. So in 1897, Nicholas II issued a decree according to which representatives of noble families had the right to receive a loan from the Noble Bank without interest charges. During the year, the amount that was paid to the St. Petersburg aristocracy reached 1 billion rubles.
Autocracy and bourgeoisie
With the development of industry, a new bourgeois class emerged in the Russian Empire. By the time Nicholas II ascended the throne, the bourgeois class had strengthened significantly and for the first time began to put forward claims to participate in public administration.
Fearing a seizure of power by wealthy entrepreneurs, the tsar severely limited the political opportunities of this class. At the same time, the government found a common language with the bourgeoisie on issues related to economic development.
Large entrepreneurs were provided with government benefits, new sources of raw materials, and interest-free lending. The interests of the Russian bourgeois were also defended by the famous statesman S. Witte, who took many measures to strengthen capitalist relations in the state.
On the initiative of S. Witte, a monetary reform was carried out in the state in 1897, thanks to which the ruble exchange rate stabilized. Also during this period, as part of the economic reform, the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway began. railway, which allowed Russian entrepreneurs to enter the Chinese market.
Peasant question
Since 1894, serious changes in policy regarding the peasantry began. Witte actively advocated equalizing peasant rights with representatives of other classes, introducing permission to freely leave the community and providing the opportunity for private land ownership.
However, such views did not find support in ruling circles. The most vehement opponent of such transformations was the Minister of Internal Affairs V. Plehve. Tsar Nicholas II also did not seek to change the historically established ways of peasant life. Despite Witte's efforts, by 1903 the peasant question was removed from the agenda without changes.
The cartoon “Division of China by European powers and Japan is shown. French caricature of the 1890s"
The pie represents China (“Chine” - French China), which is divided among themselves by the English Queen Victoria, William II, the German Emperor (arguing with Victoria about a piece of the pie, while plunging a dagger into the pie as a sign of his aggressive intentions), Nicholas II, the Emperor of the Russian Empire eyeing a special piece, the French Marianne (represented as not taking part in the division of the pie, and close to Nicholas II as a sign of the Franco-Russian Union) and the Japanese Emperor Meiji, deep in thought about which pieces to take. Behind them, a representative of the Qing court raised his hands to stop them, but to no avail. The cartoon represents the attitude of the heads of the listed empires towards China in that decade.
Lesson topic: Nicholas' foreign policyII. Russo-Japanese War 1904 - 1905
Let's go back to comparative table opinions of S.Yu. Witte and V.K. Plehve. How do you think the Minister of Finance felt about the need for war with Japan?
Watching the video “The course of the Russian-Japanese War of 1904-1905.”
Today we have to figure out: what were the reasons for the Russian-Turkish war, Russia’s defeat in it, the terms of the Portsmouth Peace Treaty. Today we will work in groups. Display the result of your work on a cluster.
1 group. Directions of Russian foreign policy at the turn of the centuryXIX- XXcenturies The Hague Conference. Far Eastern politics.
The foreign policy of Nicholas II in the first period of his reign was characterized by a combination of two tasks:
Maintaining the current situation and preventing new military conflicts in Europe.
Expanding Russia's sphere of influence in the Far East.
The Hague Conference was convened in June 1899 in the Dutch capital of The Hague. 26 states participated in it. The conference participants made a number of commitments:
Do not use asphyxiating gases
Do not use projectiles filled with gas
Do not use explosive bullets
The result of the conference was the creation of the Hague International Court to deal with conflicts between states. The results of the conference did not correspond to the plans of Nicholas II.
Working with the historical source “Wilhelm’s Letter”IINicholasII. January 1904"
Causes of the Russo-Japanese War:
The clash of Russian and Japanese interests over economic space in the Far East.
Russian expansion to the east.
Wish Russian government distract people from revolutionary uprisings.
Expansion - territorial, geographic or other expansion of the habitat area, or zone of influence of a particular state, people, culture.
Heroes of the Russian-Japanese War:
1. The commandant of the Port Arthur fortress, Grigory Khodosevich, was on board the Russian destroyer Strashny when, on March 30, 1904, the ship entered into an unequal battle with four Japanese warships. 49 sailors were killed in the battle, only five people survived, including Khodosevich. He found himself in icy water with a severe back injury. He had secret documents hidden under his life jacket. Seeing a Japanese boat approaching him, Khodasevich, with fingers stiff from the cold, began to tear the bag and eat the paper along with the seaweed. When the Japanese approached and lifted him on board, there was practically nothing left of the package. The interrogation also yielded nothing - Grigory Khodosevich did not say a word about the contents secret documents. The hero was sent to a prisoner of war camp and returned to his homeland only after the war.
2. March 27, 1904 at 2:15 a.m. At night, the Japanese made a second attempt to block the entrance to the inner roadstead, sending 4 large commercial ships, accompanied by 6 destroyers; The destroyer "Strong" rushed to the attack, dealt with the steamers and entered into battle with six Japanese destroyers. Having received a hole in the steam pipeline, the Strong turned into a stationary target for enemy fire. Then Zverev closed the hole with his body and returned the ship to motion, sacrificing his life. Enveloped in clouds of steam, the Strong was able to return to Port Arthur at low speed.
3. A scout of the Russian army, private Vasily Ryabov, repeatedly went to the rear of the Japanese in the clothes and wig of a Chinese peasant. And one day Ryabov’s group ran into a Japanese patrol. Vasily Ryabov was captured, but during interrogation he steadfastly kept the military secret and, being sentenced to death, behaved with dignity. They shot from rifles from fifteen paces. Vasily Ryabov accepted death with open eyes. The Japanese were delighted with the Russian's courageous behavior and considered it their duty to bring this to the attention of his superiors. The note from the Japanese officer sounds like a presentation for an award: “Our army cannot fail to express our sincere wishes to the respected army, so that the latter would educate more such truly wonderful warriors, worthy of full respect.”
2. Progress of hostilities.
| The beginning of the war. Attack of the Port Arthur squadron by Japanese destroyers. |
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| The death of the cruiser "Varyag" and the gunboat "Koreets" |
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| The battleship Petropavlovsk, on board of which were Vice Admiral S.O. Makarov and artist V.V. Vereshchagin, was blown up by a mine. |
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| Beginning of the siege of Port Arthur |
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| The battle of Liaoyang under the command of A.N. Kuropatkin, who gave the order to retreat, fearing encirclement. |
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| The Second Pacific Squadron under the command of Admiral Z.P. left the Baltic Sea. Rozhdestvensky, heading to the Far East, rounding Africa and Asia. |
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| Surrender of Port Arthur |
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| The battle of Mukden, the defeat of the Russian troops, the initiative passed to the Japanese side. |
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| Battle of Tsushima, death of the squadron of General Z.P. Rozhestvensky |
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| June 1905 | Capture by Japan of. Sakhalin |
| Signing of the Portsmouth Peace Treaty |
In 1903, Roman Isidorovich Kondratenko was appointed commander of the 7th East Siberian Rifle Brigade in Port Arthur. With the outbreak of the war in Japan, he became the head of the fortress's ground defense. Kondratenko managed to improve the defense capability of the fortress. A contemporary noted: “What was not done in seven years. Kondratenko created in a few months.” A distinctive quality of Major General Kondratenko was the ability to influence the spirit of the Russian troops, to support soldiers in the most difficult moments, which was reflected in repelling four assaults, when no one hoped for success. The general united the ground and naval forces into one whole and skillfully directed the Russian troops to friendly, joint work. On December 2, Kondratenko went to fort No. 2, which was subject to another enemy attack. He had barely completed his inspection of the fort and entered the officer's casemate when 11-inch Japanese howitzers began shelling. They fired ten shells, and the last one, piercing the ceiling of the casemate, exploded inside. He killed Kondratenko and eight officers.
Many historians believe that Port Arthur could still hold out, since its garrison, numbering 24 thousand combat-ready soldiers and sailors, showed unprecedented resilience and determination to defend itself. The fortress still had a sufficient amount of weapons and ammunition (610 serviceable guns and more than 200 thousand shells for them), and food supplies remained for a month. According to this act of surrender, the entire garrison of the fortress was captured. Forts, fortifications, ships, weapons and ammunition were to remain intact and were subject to surrender to the Japanese. When Captain Tsunoda visited Stoessel in Port Arthur, the general said that the number of prisoners after the surrender would be approximately 8 thousand, at most 10 thousand. On the fourth day (January 8, 1905), the actual number of prisoners of war was five times higher than the number named by the Russian general. Hearing that it exceeded 43,000 people (excluding those who took an oath not to fight anymore and were released), he was amazed. Upon surrender of the fortress, Anatoly Mikhailovich Stessel was released by the Japanese side and returned to Russia. On February 7, 1908, he was sentenced to death, commuted to 10 years' imprisonment in a fortress. Having served a little more than a year imprisoned, released on May 6, 1909 by order of Nicholas II.
3rd group. End of the war. Reasons for Russia's defeat in the war.
Opinion of historian B.L. Romanov and L.I. Denikin (Appendix 2).
The country entered the war ill-prepared:
The fleet consisted of various types ships;
The fleet's forces were dispersed between Port Arthur and Vladivostok;
Scattered ground forces in the Far East;
Poor weapons (only 1/3 of the forces have the latest developments);
Port Arthur is not completely fortified;
Bad roads and supply;
There were no clear plans for military operations, and the enemy's forces were underestimated.
The need to conclude peace arose due to the fact that:
1. A revolution broke out in Russia;
2. Japan was on the verge of economic exhaustion;
3. European powers and the United States were concerned about the rise of Japan.
Reasons for the defeat of the Russian army:
Russia's unpreparedness for war;
Difficulties in transporting troops and equipment to the Far East;
Underestimating enemy forces;
Command errors;
Help for Japan from England and the USA.
4th group. Treaty of Portsmouth.
On August 23, 1905, in the maritime town of Portsmouth (USA), an agreement was signed (Appendix 3), according to which:
1. Russia recognized Korea as a sphere of Japanese interests;
2. Withdrawal of Russian and Japanese troops from Manchuria;
3. Russia ceded the rights to lease Port Arthur to Japan;
4. Transfer to Japan of the railway between Chang-chun and Port Arthur;
5. Transition to Japan in the southern part of Sakhalin Island;
6. Granting Japan fishing rights along the shores of Russian possessions in the Seas of Japan, Okhotsk and Bering.
Russian history. XX – beginning of XXI century. 9th grade Kiselev Alexander Fedotovich
§ 1. INTERNAL POLICY OF THE Autocracy
Emperor Nicholas II. On October 20, 1894, Emperor Alexander III died in Livadia. His son, 26-year-old Nicholas II, ascended the throne. The heir received a good education; knew foreign languages, studied legal and military sciences. Famous scientists studied with him: economist N. H. Bunge, historian V. O. Klyuchevsky, lawyer K. P. Pobedonostsev, military theorist General M. I. Dragomirov. People who knew the emperor closely spoke of him as a reserved and well-mannered man, who had a good memory for faces and names, and an excellent family man who sincerely loved his wife and children. Alexander III involved his son in state affairs: the heir headed the Committee for the Construction of the Great Siberian Railway and the Committee to Combat Famine of 1891–1892, and sat on the State Council.
Like his father, Nicholas II believed in the divine nature of royal power and believed that he was responsible for his actions and the fate of Russia only before his own conscience and the Almighty.
All-Russian Emperor Nicholas II
Hopes were pinned on the new emperor for a change in political course. However, at the reception of deputies from zemstvos On January 17, 1895, he announced: “Let everyone know that, devoting all my strength to the good of the people, I will protect the principles of autocracy as firmly and steadily as my late, unforgettable parent guarded it.” The sovereign called hopes of involving elected representatives in discussing government affairs “meaningless dreams.” Expectations of constitutional reforms from above did not materialize.
The beginning of his reign was marred by tragedy. During the coronation celebrations in Moscow on May 18, 1896, over half a million people gathered on Khodynskoye Field. They were waiting for royal gifts. During their distribution, a stampede began in which more than a thousand people died.
In the first years of the reign of Nicholas II, conservatives and supporters of an unlimited monarchy retained influence at the court: Chief Prosecutor of the Holy Synod K. P. Pobedonostsev, publisher of the magazine “Citizen” Prince V. P. Meshchersky, Minister of War P. S. Vannovsky and others. Emperor shared the views of K.P. Pobedonostsev, who considered parliamentary government “the great lie of our time.” In the questionnaire for the All-Russian Population Census of 1897, when asked about his occupation, Nicholas II wrote: “Master of the Russian Land.”
Reforms of S. Yu. Witte. The development of the economy during this period was associated with the reforms of the Minister of Finance Sergei Yulievich Witte. Natural intelligence, administrative talent, and the ability to understand various government issues and find reasonable solutions distinguished the minister. He was convinced that governmental support private entrepreneurship and the attraction of foreign capital will accelerate the industrial development of Russia and will allow it to catch up with advanced industrial countries in two five years. Contemporaries called S. Yu. Witte “the creator of the state in Russia capitalism».
S. Yu. Witte
Railway bridge across the Volga near Syzran. Beginning of the 20th century
On his initiative in 1893 - 1894. A wine monopoly was introduced - the right to sell alcohol, wine and vodka products belonged exclusively to the state. The wine monopoly brought the treasury about 28% of all budget revenues. In 1897, S. Yu. Witte carried out a monetary reform, which stabilized the exchange rate of the paper ruble and made the Russian currency one of the most reliable in the world. Credit notes were freely exchanged for gold. Foreign capital flowed into the country.
The minister's activities have borne fruit. For 1895 – 1899 In Russia, an average of 3 thousand km of railway tracks were built annually. In terms of the pace and size of railway construction, Russia was ahead of all other countries at that time. Steady growth in income allowed the state to implement a grandiose project - the construction of the Great Siberian Railway. It cost the treasury almost 1 billion rubles. (a gigantic sum for those times).
Along with the positive aspects, contemporaries noted the contradictory nature of S. Yu. Witte’s reforms. State intervention in the economy increased. In particular, in the military industry, where most factories were state-owned, prices for their products were not determined by the market, but were set by the military and naval ministries. “State-owned factories have one advantage over private ones: they cannot go bankrupt,” noted Minister of Trade and Industry V. I. Timashev.
Industrial development. At the end of 1899 in Western Europe a financial crisis erupted, which next year affected the economies of all states. In Russia, the crisis lasted from 1900 to 1903. Many financial institutions went bankrupt, the flow of capital into industry sharply decreased, 3 thousand enterprises closed, and unemployment grew.
Bank "Lyonsky Credit" in St. Petersburg on Nevsky Prospekt, 48
Against this background, the process of concentration of industry and the formation of monopolies in the form of syndicates And trusts These associations acted in alliance with the largest banks. The ferrous metallurgy was dominated by the Prodamet syndicate (a company for the sale of products of Russian metal factories, formed in 1902), in mechanical engineering - Prodparovoz (1901) and Prodvagon (1904). Coal mining was controlled by Produgol (1906), the oil industry by the Nobel Brothers Partnership and the Parisian Rothschild Bank.
Among the owners of domestic banking houses, the Gunzburgs, Polyakovs, and Kokarevs previously stood out, having increased their capital through trade, wine farming, and railway construction. At the end of the 19th century. they ceded leadership to joint-stock commercial banks: Russian - for foreign trade, St. Petersburg International, Russian-Asian, Azov-Don. The Moscow Ryabushinsky Bank enjoyed enormous influence. Russian banks had close ties with foreign ones: French, German, English.
A big bourgeoisie was formed in the country. Its prominent representatives were N. A. Vtorov, L. B. Nemirovsky, I. I. Stakheev, D. L. Rubinshtein, K. I. Yaroshinsky, A. I. and N. I. Guchkov, N. I. Prokhorov , P. G. Solodovnikov, Yu. P. Guzhon and others. The total number of the bourgeois elite in Russia by 1913 was approximately 35 - 40 thousand people. People from the merchant class and peasants also joined it. They had large personal capital and kept the traditions of family entrepreneurship. An influential part of the bourgeoisie consisted of large landowners and hereditary nobles.
In 1909 – 1910 An industrial boom began that lasted until the First World War. High yields ensured the development of the all-Russian market, the sale of grain abroad - export revenue for the country's budget.
Russia has reached fifth place in the world in terms of industrial production (after the USA, Germany, England, France). Despite the economic crises, the average annual growth national income Russia for 1897 – 1913. amounted to 4%. Industrial production grew at an even faster pace: from 6.2% in 1900 to 11.7% in 1907.
The situation of the village. With the development of capitalism in Russia, the social stratification of the peasantry into kulaks, middle peasants and poor people intensified. The agricultural sector of the country's economy was negatively affected by the growth of land-poor and landless peasants who adhered to archaic methods of farming. Agricultural yields fell.
The extensive method of farming (due to expansion of the area under crops) has exhausted itself; there is almost no free land left in European Russia. Here, with the exception of the western provinces and the Baltic states, communal land ownership reigned. In 1905, in 50 provinces of European Russia, there were 12.5 million peasant households, united in 170 thousand communities, which owned 122 million acres of land. To ensure a living wage and pay taxes, a peasant household with five people had to have 8–9 acres of land. In fact, about 2.2 million peasants were landless, and the plots of 1/4 of all community members were less than 6 acres per yard. A significant part of the peasants lived from hand to mouth.
It became obvious that the rural community was constraining the initiative of enterprising peasants. At the same time, many wealthy peasants expanded their land holdings. For 1896 – 1905 With loans from the Peasant Bank, they acquired 5.9 million acres of land.
At the other extreme of village life were the landowners who owned 53.2 million acres of land.
At the beginning of the 20th century. Russia still ranked first in the world in terms of total agricultural production and, along with the United States, was largest producer and exporter of bread.
Standard of living of the empire's population. According to the first All-Russian census of 1897, 128.9 million people lived in the empire. Absolute majority were rural residents and only 13.4% were urban residents. It is worth noting the growth of the country's population - by the beginning of the First World War it increased by almost 50 million people.
The financial situation of the main population groups differed significantly. Peasant families with minimal land plots barely made ends meet and worked as laborers for wealthy fellow villagers. Households with average income spent half of their income on household needs, the rest went on clothing and food.
The average annual earnings of a factory worker in 1896 was 188 rubles, in 1900 - 194, in 1908 - 245, in 1913 - 263 rubles. However, in different industries, labor was paid differently. The annual salary of a worker at the Putilov plant in 1913 was 610 rubles, at the Kolomenskoye machine-building plant - 390 rubles, in the periphery, for example in the Vladimir province - 190 rubles. Women usually received half of men's earnings, teenagers only a third. The legislation provided for days off from work - 52 Sundays and 17 holidays. The average working day was 10 hours, and vacations were rare.
Glass factory I. Ritinga
The intelligentsia and bureaucrats lived differently. The professor received 2 - 3 thousand rubles. per year, engineer - 2 - 4 thousand, colonel - 4.5 thousand, official high rank– up to 8 thousand rubles. in year.
According to statistics, in Moscow in 1913, black bread cost 5 kopecks. for 1 kg, beef – 50 kopecks, boiled sausage – 35 kopecks, milk – 8 kopecks. for 1 liter, boots - 7 rubles, a visit to the doctor - 20 rubles, monthly tuition for a child at school - 2 rubles. In general, prices for basic necessities were affordable for a wide range of citizens.
At breakfast. Artist Z. E. Serebryakova. 1914
Zemstvos are elected bodies of local self-government in the Russian Empire.
Capitalism ( market economy) is a social production system based on private ownership of the means of production (land, banks, enterprises, etc.), division of labor, free enterprise and monetary accounting.
Syndicate (from the Greek “acting together”) is an association of entrepreneurs for the sale of products with industrial and legal independence of enterprises.
A trust (from English “trust”) is an association of entrepreneurs whose enterprises are subject to a single management on all issues of production and sales of products.
National income is the sum of the net (newly produced) products of all sectors of material production.
1894 – 1917 - reign of Emperor Nicholas II.
1897 – monetary reform by S. Yu. Witte.
Questions and tasks
1. What contributed to the industrial development of the country in the 1890s. and 1903 – 1913?
2. Using the text of the paragraph and additional literature, give an assessment of the activities of S. Yu. Witte. What, in your opinion, were the advantages and disadvantages of his reform course?
3. Name the main problems of the Russian village at the beginning of the 20th century.
4. Look at the illustrations of the paragraph. Which of them, in your opinion, most fully reflects the essence of the processes that took place in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century? Give reasons for your answer.
5. Compose a crossword puzzle based on the material in the paragraph. Swap crossword puzzles with your deskmate and test your knowledge.
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From the book Islam in Abkhazia (A Look Through History) author Tatyrba Adamin the 80s - early 90s. XIX century
Political situation at the turn of the 70-80s. XIX century The crisis of autocratic power and attempts at political maneuvering. The Supreme Administrative Commission chaired by M.T. Loris-Melikova. Abolition III department and its replacement by the Ministry of Police.
Alexander III and his entourage. Turn to reaction. K.P. Pobedonostsev and M.N. Katkov are ideologists and inspirers of political reaction. "Sacred Squad"
Counter-reforms of the 80s - early 90s. XIX century Legislative acts in the field of public education and the press. The peasant question: the transfer of peasants to compulsory redemption, laws on the regulation of peasant family divisions and on strengthening the community. Measures to support the landed estates, the establishment of the Noble Land Bank and the “Regulations on hiring for agricultural work.” Introduction of the institution of zemstvo chiefs and abolition of the magistrate court.
Zemstvo and city counter-reforms. Measures to prepare for judicial counter-reform. National policy of autocracy.
Financial and economic policy. Measures of Finance Ministers A.A. Abaza, N.Kh. Bunge and I.A. Vyshnegradsky to strengthen finances and boost the economy.
Results of the internal policy of the autocracy in 1881-1894.
Russia at the end of the 19th – beginning of the 20th century.
Russian society at the turn of the 19th–20th centuries. Territory of the Russian Empire. Administrative division and management. Population size, ethnic and religious composition. Urban and rural population. Changes in social structure society. Cultural and educational level population. Change of life. Features of the modernization process in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century.
Socio-economic development of Russia. Level of socio-economic development. Multistructure of the Russian economy. The role of the state in the economic life of the country. The importance of foreign capital in economic development. Monopoly capitalism in Russia and its features. The emergence of new industries and technologies (oil refining, electrical industry, chemical industry, etc.). Russian merchants and industrialists. The growth of the working class. Agriculture. The predominance of backward management methods. Agrarian overpopulation. The main problems of socio-economic modernization of Russia. The impact of the global economic crisis at the beginning of the 20th century. on the economic life of Russia.
Domestic policy of Nicholas II in 1894–1904. Personality of Nicholas II. Continuity of political course. The struggle between conservative and liberal forces in the highest echelons of power: S.Yu. Witte and V.K. Plehve. Growing influence of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Exacerbation political situation in the country at the beginning of the 20th century. Zubatovsky socialism. Liberal projects P.D. Svyatopolk-Mirsky.
National policy. Continuation of the process of Russification of national borderlands. Exacerbation Jewish question, anti-Semitism. National movements.
Russian foreign policy in 1894–1914. The main directions of Russian foreign policy at the turn of the 19th–20th centuries. Peace initiatives of Russia. The Hague Conference (1899). Far Eastern policy of Nicholas II. Relations with China and Japan. The Russo-Japanese War: causes, course, significance. Reasons for Russia's defeat. Portsmouth World. Russia and the Entente.
Socio-political movements at the beginning of the 20th century. Increasing confrontation between government and society. Radicalization of a social movement.
Organizational development of political movements, the beginning of the formation of a Russian multi-party system. Formation of the Socialist Revolutionary Party (AKP). V.M. Chernov. Formation of the Bolshevik and Menshevik wings in the RSDLP. IN AND. Lenin and Yu.O. Martov.
The impact of the Russo-Japanese War on the domestic political situation.
The beginning of the first Russian revolution. 1905 Causes of the revolution. Bloody Sunday. Revolutionary actions of workers, peasants and intelligentsia. "Union of Unions". The role of trade unions in revolutionary events. Mutiny on the battleship Potemkin. All-Russian Peasant Union. Bulyginskaya Duma. Activities of the Soviets.
All-Russian October political strike. Manifesto of October 17 and the attitude of various political forces towards it. Formation of conservative and liberal political parties.
December armed uprising.
Political reforms 1906–1907“Basic Laws” of 1906. Elections to the 1st and 2nd State Duma. Parties and Duma factions. Activities of the I and II State Duma. Relations between the Duma and the government. Activities of factions, legislative projects. Features of Russian parliamentarism. National movements. Workers' and Peasants' Movement 1906–1907 and its meaning. Peasant orders. Unrest in the army. Appointment of P.A. Stolypin for the post of Prime Minister. The dissolution of the Second State Duma is the end of the revolution. Results of the first Russian revolution.
Socio-economic development of Russia in 1907–1914. Reforms P.A. Stolypin. Creation of privately owned peasant farms. School reform. Peasants leaving the community. Resettlement policy. Destruction of the community. Changes in the lives of peasants and noble life. The first results of the reforms and their inconsistency.
Growth of the domestic market. Development of cooperation. Industrial rise. The emergence of new industries (aircraft manufacturing, automobile manufacturing, etc.). Transport development. Growth in exports of raw materials and agricultural products.
Strengthening the urbanization process and the development of urban planning. Changes in the appearance of cities, in the composition and size of their population. The lifestyle and morals of various segments of the urban population (employees, liberal professions, industrialists, merchants, workers).
Political life of Russia in 1907–1914. The influence of changes in socio-economic life on public consciousness. New electoral law. III and IV The State Duma. Strengthening the role of liberal factions. Octobrists as a government party.
Murder of P.A. Stolypin. Change in government policy. Recession political activity masses in the first post-revolutionary years. Ideological searches among socialists and liberals. "Milestones". Political provocateur: E.F. Azef and R.V. Malinovsky.
The growth of revolutionary sentiments in 1912–1914. Lena execution. Tightening of the government's national policy. Elimination of Finnish autonomy. Contradictions of political modernization.
Crisis of industrial production.
The industrial boom of the 1890s, which caused such a noticeable revival of production, somewhat weakened the intensity of the labor movement. In conditions when every day brought huge profits, it was often more profitable for entrepreneurs to “pay off” the workers, partially satisfying their demands, than to drag out this or that strike. It is at this time that workers achieve the greatest success in their economic struggle: for shorter working hours, increase wages and so on.
However, having entered the stage of imperialism, Russian industry inevitably found itself subject to global fluctuations - ups, downs, depressions. In 1900-1903 Russia, along with other developed countries, is experiencing a severe crisis caused by overproduction. It began with a sharp drop in prices for basic types of products and led to an equally sharp reduction in production. In total, during the years of the crisis, about three thousand large and medium-sized enterprises were closed. The same industrialists who won this brutal struggle for survival begin a decisive attack on workers' rights, significantly increasing the level of exploitation. It is during the years of crisis, having lost many of its recent gains, that the proletariat revolutionizes; in his midst the influence of the Socialist Revolutionaries and Social Democrats is noticeably increasing; strikes are increasingly becoming political in nature.
Nicholas II, who ascended the throne in 1894, tried to follow the reactionary course of his father. However, not to mention the fact that he did not inherit Alexander III’s strong will and strong character, the socio-economic and political crisis that struck Russia at the beginning of the 20th century significantly complicated the problems facing the tsarist government. They could no longer be resolved through purely reactionary measures. As a result, new the tsar inevitably pursued a dual policy: in a number of cases Nicholas II had to maneuver, make concessions to the "spirit of the times".
Protection of "foundations".
The desire to rule the country according to his father's behests was most clearly manifested in the defense of the autocratic system. Having declared at the very beginning of his reign that any hopes for the introduction of a constitution in Russia are “meaningless dreams,” Nicholas II led a decisive struggle against the opponents of the autocracy. At the same time, while fighting against professional revolutionaries and suppressing mass uprisings of workers and peasants, the tsarist government also persecuted liberals who were trying to form a strong legal opposition to the ruling regime. Nicholas II supported the local nobility with all his might, in which he saw the only reliable support for the autocracy. This support was most clearly manifested in the ever-expanding activities of the Noble Bank: by the beginning of the 20th century. the amount of loans he issued to landowners on preferential terms exceeded 1 billion rubles. The same goal was pursued by other financial measures: a significant reduction in interest rates on loans to debtor landowners, the establishment of mutual aid funds for the nobility.
