Heating and ventilation systems must ensure acceptable microclimate and indoor air conditions. To do this, it is necessary to maintain a balance between the building’s heat losses and heat gain. The condition for thermal equilibrium of a building can be expressed as the equality
$$Q=Q_t+Q_i=Q_0+Q_(tv),$$
where $Q$ is the total heat loss of the building; $Q_т$ – heat loss by heat transfer through external fences; $Q_and$ – heat loss by infiltration due to cold air entering the room through leaks in the external enclosures; $Q_0$ – heat supply to the building through the heating system; $Q_(tv)$ – internal heat generation.
The heat loss of a building mainly depends on the first term $Q_т$. Therefore, for ease of calculation, the heat losses of the building can be represented as follows:
$$Q=Q_t·(1+μ),$$
where $μ$ is the infiltration coefficient, which is the ratio of heat loss by infiltration to heat loss by heat transfer through external fences.
The source of internal heat generation $Q_(tv)$ in residential buildings is usually people, cooking appliances (gas, electric and other stoves), lighting. These heat releases are largely random in nature and cannot be controlled in any way over time.
In addition, heat emissions are not distributed evenly throughout the building. In rooms with high population density, internal heat generation is relatively large, and in rooms with low density it is insignificant.
To ensure normal temperature conditions in residential areas, hydraulic and temperature regime heating network under the most unfavorable conditions, i.e. according to the heating mode of rooms with zero heat release.
The given heat transfer resistance of translucent structures (windows, stained-glass windows of balcony doors, lanterns) is accepted based on test results in an accredited laboratory; in the absence of such data, it is assessed using the methodology from Appendix K in.
The reduced heat transfer resistance of enclosing structures with ventilated air spaces should be calculated in accordance with Appendix K in SP 50.13330.2012 Thermal protection of buildings (SNiP 02.23.2003).
The calculation of the specific heat-protective characteristics of a building is drawn up in the form of a table, which should contain the following information:
- The name of each fragment that makes up the building shell;
- The area of each fragment;
- The reduced heat transfer resistance of each fragment with reference to the calculation (according to Appendix E in SP 50.13330.2012 Thermal protection of buildings (SNiP 02.23.2003));
- A coefficient that takes into account the difference between the internal or external temperature of a structural fragment from those adopted in the GSOP calculation.
The following table shows the form of the table for calculating the specific thermal insulation characteristics of a building
The specific ventilation characteristic of a building, W / (m 3 ∙°C), should be determined by the formula
$$k_(vent)=0.28·c·n_v·β_v·ρ_в^(vent)·(1-k_(eff)),$$
where $c$ is the specific heat capacity of air, equal to 1 kJ/(kg °C); $β_v$ is the coefficient of air volume reduction in the building, taking into account the presence of internal enclosing structures. If there is no data, take $β_v=0.85$; $ρ_в^(vent)$ – average density supply air for the heating period, calculated by the formula, kg/m3:
$$ρ_в^(vent)=\frac(353)(273+t_(from));$$
$n_в$ – average air exchange rate of the building during the heating period, h –1; $k_(eff)$ – recuperator efficiency coefficient.
The efficiency coefficient of the recuperator is different from zero if the average air permeability of residential apartments and premises public buildings(with closed supply and exhaust ventilation openings) provides air exchange during the test period with a multiplicity of $n_(50)$, h –1, at a pressure difference of 50 Pa of external and internal air for mechanical ventilation $n_(50) ≤ 2$ h –1 .
The air exchange rate of buildings and premises at a pressure difference of 50 Pa and their average air permeability are determined according to GOST 31167.
The average rate of air exchange of a building during the heating period is calculated from the total air exchange due to ventilation and infiltration according to the formula, h –1:
$$n_v=\frac(\frac(L_(vent) n_(vent))(168) + \frac(G_(inf) n_(inf))(168 ρ_v^(vent)))(β_v V_(from)),$$
where $L_(vent)$ is the amount of supply air into the building with unorganized inflow or the standardized value with mechanical ventilation, m 3 / h, equal to: a) residential buildings with an estimated occupancy of apartments less than 20 m 2 of total area per person $3 A_f$, b) other residential buildings $0.35 h_(floor)(A_f)$, but not less than $30 m$; where $m$ is the estimated number of residents in the building, c) public and administrative buildings are accepted conditionally: for administrative buildings, offices, warehouses and supermarkets $4·A_р$, for convenience stores, healthcare institutions, consumer service plants, sports arenas, museums and exhibitions $5·A_р$, for preschool institutions, schools, secondary technical and higher educational institutions $7·A_р$, for sports and recreational and cultural and leisure complexes, restaurants, cafes, train stations $10·A_р$; $A_ж$, $A_р$ – for residential buildings – the area of residential premises, which include bedrooms, children’s rooms, living rooms, offices, libraries, dining rooms, kitchen-dining rooms; for public and administrative buildings - the estimated area determined in accordance with SP 118.13330 as the sum of the areas of all premises, with the exception of corridors, vestibules, passages, staircases, elevator shafts, internal open stairs and ramps, as well as premises intended to accommodate engineering equipment and networks, m 2; $h_(floor)$ – floor height from floor to ceiling, m; $n_(vent)$ – number of operating hours of mechanical ventilation during the week; 168 – number of hours in a week; $G_(inf)$ - the amount of air infiltrated into the building through the enclosing structures, kg/h: for residential buildings - air entering staircases during the heating period, for public buildings - air entering through leaks in translucent structures and doors, allowed to be accepted for public buildings during non-working hours depending on the number of storeys of the building: up to three floors – equal to $0.1·β_v·V_(total)$, from four to nine floors $0.15·β_v·V_(total)$, above nine floors $0.2·β_v ·V_(total)$, where $V_(total)$ is the heated volume of the public part of the building; $n_(inf)$ – number of hours of infiltration accounting during the week, h, equal to 168 for buildings with balanced supply and exhaust ventilation and (168 – $n_(vent)$) for buildings in the premises of which air pressure is maintained during operation supply mechanical ventilation; $V_(from)$ – heated volume of the building, equal to the volume limited by the internal surfaces of the external fences of the buildings, m 3 ;
In cases where a building consists of several zones with different air exchange rates, the average air exchange rates are found for each zone separately (the zones into which the building is divided must constitute the entire heated volume). All obtained average air exchange rates are summed up and the total coefficient is substituted into the formula for calculating the specific ventilation characteristics of the building.
The amount of infiltrated air entering the stairwell of a residential building or into the premises of a public building through leaks in the filling of openings, assuming that they are all located on the windward side, should be determined by the formula:
$$G_(inf)=\left(\frac(A_(ok))(R_(i,ok)^(tr))\right)·\left(\frac(Δp_(ok))(10)\right )^(\frac(2)(3))+\left(\frac(A_(dv))(R_(i,dv)^(tr))\right)·\left(\frac(Δp_(dv) )(10)\right)^(\frac(1)(2))$$
where $A_(ok)$ and $A_(dv)$ are, respectively, the total area of windows, balcony doors and external entrance doors, m 2 ; $R_(i,ok)^(tr)$ and $R_(i,dv)^(tr)$ – respectively, the required air permeability resistance of windows and balcony doors and external entrance doors, (m 2 h)/kg; $Δp_(ok)$ and $Δp_(dv)$ – respectively, the calculated difference in pressure of external and internal air, Pa, for windows and balcony doors and external entrance doors, is determined by the formula:
$$Δp=0.55·H·(γ_н-γ_в)+0.03·γ_н·v^2,$$
for windows and balcony doors by replacing the value 0.55 with 0.28 and calculating the specific gravity using the formula:
$$γ=\frac(3463)(273+t),$$
where $γ_н$, $γ_в$ are the specific gravity of external and internal air, respectively, N/m3; t – air temperature: internal (to determine $γ_в$) – taken according to optimal parameters according to GOST 12.1.005, GOST 30494 and SanPiN 2.1.2.2645; external (to determine $γ_н$) – is taken to be equal to the average temperature of the coldest five-day period with a probability of 0.92 according to SP 131.13330; $v$ is the maximum of the average wind speeds by direction for January, the frequency of which is 16% or more, adopted according to SP 131.13330.
The specific characteristics of the domestic heat release of a building, W/(m 3 °C), should be determined by the formula:
$$k_(life)=\frac(q_(life)·A_w)(V_(life)·(t_in-t_(from))),$$
where $q_(household)$ is the amount of household heat generation per 1 m2 of residential area or the estimated area of a public building, W/m2, accepted for:
- residential buildings with an estimated occupancy of apartments of less than 20 m 2 of total area per person $q_(household)=17$ W/m2;
- residential buildings with an estimated occupancy of apartments of 45 m 2 of total area or more per person $q_(household)=10$ W/m2;
- other residential buildings - depending on the estimated occupancy of apartments by interpolation of the value $q_(household)$ between 17 and 10 W/m2;
- for public and administrative buildings, household heat emissions are taken into account according to the estimated number of people (90 W/person) in the building, lighting (based on installed power) and office equipment (10 W/m2) taking into account working hours per week.
The specific characteristics of heat input into a building from solar radiation, W/(m °C), should be determined using the formula:
$$k_(rad)=(11.6·Q_(rad)^(year))(V_(from)·GSOP),$$
where $Q_(rad)^(year)$ is heat input through windows and skylights from solar radiation during the heating season, MJ/year, for four building facades oriented in four directions, determined by the formula:
$$Q_(rad)^(year)=τ_(1ok)·τ_(2ok)·(A_(ok1)·I_1+A_(ok2)·I_2+A_(ok3)·I_3+A_(ok4)·I_4) +τ_(1background)·τ_(2background)·A_(background)·I_(horizon),$$
where $τ_(1ok)$, $τ_(1back)$ are the coefficients of relative penetration of solar radiation for light-transmitting fillings of windows and skylights, respectively, taken according to the passport data of the corresponding light-transmitting products; in the absence of data, it should be accepted according to a set of rules; dormer windows with an angle of inclination of the fillings to the horizon of 45° or more should be considered as vertical windows, with an inclination angle of less than 45° - as skylights; $τ_(2ok)$, $τ_(2background)$ – coefficients taking into account the shading of the light opening of windows and skylights, respectively, by opaque filling elements, adopted according to design data; in the absence of data, it should be accepted according to a set of rules; $A_(ok1)$, $A_(ok2)$, $A_(ok3)$, $A_(ok4)$ – area of light openings of the building facades (the blind part of the balcony doors is excluded), respectively oriented in four directions, m 2 ; $A_(background)$ - area of light openings of the building's skylights, m 2 ; $I_1$, $I_2$, $I_3$, $I_4$ – average value of solar radiation on vertical surfaces during the heating period under actual cloudy conditions, respectively oriented along the four facades of the building, MJ/(m 2 year), determined by the method set of rules TSN 23-304-99 and SP 23-101-2004; $I_(hor)$ – average value of solar radiation on a horizontal surface during the heating period under actual cloudy conditions, MJ/(m 2 year), determined according to the set of rules TSN 23-304-99 and SP 23-101-2004.
The specific consumption of thermal energy for heating and ventilation of the building during the heating period, kWh/(m 3 year) should be determined by the formula:
$$q=0.024·GSOP·q_(from)^r.$$
Thermal energy consumption for heating and ventilation of the building during the heating period, kWh/year, should be determined by the formula:
$$Q_(from)^(year)=0.024·GSOP·V_(from)·q_(from)^r.$$
Based on these indicators, an energy passport is developed for each building. Energy passport of a building project: a document containing the energy, thermal and geometric characteristics of both existing buildings and building designs and their enclosing structures, and establishing their compliance with regulatory requirements and energy efficiency class.
The energy passport of the building project is developed in order to provide a system for monitoring the consumption of thermal energy for heating and ventilation of the building, which implies establishing compliance of the thermal protection and energy characteristics of the building with the standardized indicators defined in these standards and (or) the energy efficiency requirements of capital construction projects determined by federal legislation.
The energy passport of the building is drawn up in accordance with Appendix D. The form for filling out the energy passport of the building project in SP 50.13330.2012 Thermal protection of buildings (SNiP 02.23.2003).
Heating systems must ensure uniform heating of the air in the premises throughout the entire heating period, do not create odors, do not pollute the air in the premises with harmful substances released during operation, do not create additional noise, and must be accessible to current repairs and service.
Heating devices should be easily accessible for cleaning. For water heating, surface temperature heating devices should not exceed 90°C. For devices with a heating surface temperature of more than 75°C, it is necessary to provide protective barriers.
Natural ventilation residential premises should be carried out by air flow through vents, transoms, or through special openings in window sashes and ventilation ducts. Duct exhaust openings should be provided in kitchens, bathrooms, toilets and drying cabinets.
The heating load is usually around the clock. With constant outside temperature, wind speed and cloud cover, the heating load of residential buildings is almost constant. Heating load of public buildings and industrial enterprises has an inconsistent daily, and often inconsistent weekly schedule, when, in order to save heat, the supply of heat for heating is artificially reduced during non-working hours (at night and on weekends).
The ventilation load changes much more sharply both during the day and by day of the week, since ventilation, as a rule, does not work during non-working hours of industrial enterprises and institutions.
THERMAL PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF THE BUILDINGS
Date of introduction 2003-10-01
PREFACE
1 DEVELOPED by the Research Institute of Building Physics of the Russian Academy of Architecture and Construction Sciences, TsNIIEPZhilishcha, the Association of Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning, Heat Supply and Building Thermal Physics Engineers, Moscow State Expertise and a group of specialists
INTRODUCED by the Department of Technical Standardization, Standardization and Certification in Construction and Housing and Communal Services of the Gosstroy of Russia
2 ADOPTED AND ENTERED INTO EFFECT on October 1, 2003 by Resolution of the State Construction Committee of Russia dated June 26, 2003 N 113
3 INSTEAD SNiP II-3-79*
INTRODUCTION
These building codes and regulations establish requirements for thermal protection of buildings in order to save energy while ensuring sanitary and hygienic and optimal parameters of the microclimate of premises and the durability of the enclosing structures of buildings and structures.
Requirements for increasing the thermal protection of buildings and structures, the main consumers of energy, are an important object of government regulation in most countries of the world. These requirements are also considered from the point of view of environmental protection, rational use of non-renewable natural resources and reducing the impact of the greenhouse effect and reducing the emissions of carbon dioxide and other harmful substances into the atmosphere.
These standards address part of the overall goal of energy conservation in buildings. Simultaneously with the creation of effective thermal protection, in accordance with other regulatory documents, measures are being taken to increase the efficiency of the engineering equipment of buildings, reduce energy losses during its generation and transportation, as well as to reduce the consumption of thermal and electrical energy by automatically controlling and regulating equipment and engineering systems in in general.
The standards for thermal protection of buildings are harmonized with similar foreign standards in developed countries. These standards, like the standards for engineering equipment, contain minimum requirements, and the construction of many buildings can be carried out on an economic basis with significantly higher thermal protection indicators provided for by the classification of buildings by energy efficiency.
These standards provide for the introduction of new indicators of the energy efficiency of buildings - the specific consumption of thermal energy for heating during the heating period, taking into account air exchange, heat input and orientation of buildings, establish their classification and evaluation rules according to energy efficiency indicators both during design and construction, and in the future during operation . The standards provide the same level of thermal energy demand, which is achieved by complying with the second stage of increasing thermal protection according to SNiP II-3 with amendments No. 3 and 4, but provide greater opportunities in choosing technical solutions and methods of complying with standardized parameters.
The requirements of these norms and rules have been tested in most regions of the Russian Federation in the form of territorial building codes (TCN) for the energy efficiency of residential and public buildings.
Recommended methods for calculating the thermal properties of enclosing structures to comply with the standards adopted in this document, reference materials and design recommendations are set out in the set of rules “Design of thermal protection of buildings”.
The following people took part in the development of this document: Yu.A. Matrosov and I.N. Butovsky (NIISF RAASN); Yu.A. Tabunshchikov (NP "ABOK"); V.S. Belyaev (JSC TsNIIEPzhilishcha); V.I.Livchak (Mosgosexpertiza); V.A. Glukharev (Gosstroy of Russia); L.S. Vasilyeva (FSUE CNS).
1 AREA OF USE
These norms and rules apply to thermal protection of residential, public, industrial, agricultural and warehouse buildings and structures (hereinafter referred to as buildings), in which it is necessary to maintain a certain temperature and humidity of the internal air.
The standards do not apply to thermal protection:
residential and public buildings heated periodically (less than 5 days a week) or seasonally (continuously less than three months a year);
temporary buildings in operation for no more than two heating seasons;
greenhouses, hotbeds and cold storage buildings.
The level of thermal protection of these buildings is established by the relevant standards, and in their absence - by decision of the owner (customer) subject to compliance with sanitary and hygienic standards.
These standards for the construction and reconstruction of existing buildings of architectural and historical significance are applied in each specific case, taking into account their historical value on the basis of decisions of authorities and coordination with state control bodies in the field of protection of historical and cultural monuments.
2 REGULATORY REFERENCES
These rules and regulations use references to regulatory documents, a list of which is given in Appendix A.
3 TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
This document uses the terms and definitions given in Appendix B.
4 GENERAL PROVISIONS, CLASSIFICATION
4.1 The construction of buildings must be carried out in accordance with the requirements for thermal protection of buildings to ensure the microclimate established for people to live and work in the building, the necessary reliability and durability of structures, and climatic working conditions technical equipment with a minimum consumption of thermal energy for heating and ventilation of buildings during the heating period (hereinafter referred to as heating).
The durability of enclosing structures should be ensured by the use of materials with proper resistance (frost resistance, moisture resistance, biostability, resistance to corrosion, high temperature, cyclical temperature fluctuations and other destructive environmental influences), providing, if necessary, special protection for structural elements made from insufficiently resistant materials .
4.2 The standards establish requirements for:
reduced resistance to heat transfer of building envelopes;
limiting temperature and preventing moisture condensation on the inner surface of the enclosing structure, with the exception of windows with vertical glazing;
specific indicator of thermal energy consumption for heating the building;
heat resistance of enclosing structures in the warm season and of building premises in the cold season;
air permeability of building envelopes and premises;
protection against waterlogging of enclosing structures;
heat absorption of floor surfaces;
classification, determination and improvement of energy efficiency of designed and existing buildings;
control of standardized indicators, including the energy passport of the building.
4.3
The humidity regime of building premises during the cold season, depending on the relative humidity and temperature of the internal air, should be set according to Table 1.
Table 1 - Humidity conditions in building premises
4.4 The operating conditions of enclosing structures A or B, depending on the humidity conditions of the premises and the humidity zones of the construction area, for the selection of thermal technical indicators of external fencing materials should be established according to Table 2. The humidity zones of the territory of Russia should be taken according to Appendix B.
Table 2 - Operating conditions of enclosing structures
4.5 The energy efficiency of residential and public buildings should be established in accordance with the classification according to Table 3. Assignment of classes D, E at the design stage is not allowed. Classes A and B are established for newly constructed and reconstructed buildings at the project development stage and are subsequently refined based on the results of operation. To achieve classes A, B, administrative bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation are recommended to take measures to economically stimulate participants in design and construction. Class C is established during the operation of newly erected and reconstructed buildings in accordance with Section 11. Classes D, E are established during the operation of buildings erected before 2000 in order to develop the priority and measures for the reconstruction of these buildings by the administrative bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Classes for buildings in use should be established based on energy consumption measurements for the heating period in accordance with
Table 3 - Energy efficiency classes of buildings
| Class designation | Name of energy efficiency class | Deviation of the calculated (actual) value of the specific heat energy consumption for heating the building from the standard value, % | Recommended activities by the administration bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation |
| For new and renovated buildings | |||
| A | Very tall | Less than minus 51 | Economic incentives |
| IN | High | From minus 10 to minus 50 | Same |
| WITH | Normal | From plus 5 to minus 9 | - |
| For existing buildings | |||
| D | Short | From plus 6 to plus 75 | Reconstruction of the building is desirable |
| E | Very low | More than 76 | It is necessary to insulate the building in the near future |
5 THERMAL PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
5.1 The standards establish three indicators of thermal protection of a building:
a) reduced heat transfer resistance of individual elements of the building envelope;
b) sanitary and hygienic, including the temperature difference between the temperatures of the internal air and on the surface of the enclosing structures and the temperature on the internal surface above the dew point temperature;
c) specific consumption of thermal energy for heating a building, which makes it possible to vary the values of the heat-protective properties of various types of building envelopes, taking into account the space-planning solutions of the building and the choice of microclimate maintenance systems to achieve the standardized value of this indicator.
The requirements for thermal protection of a building will be met if the requirements of indicators “a” and “b” or “b” and “c” are met in residential and public buildings. In industrial buildings, it is necessary to comply with the requirements of indicators “a” and “b”.
5.2 In order to monitor compliance with the indicators standardized by these standards at different stages of the creation and operation of the building, the energy passport of the building should be filled out in accordance with the instructions in Section 12. In this case, it is allowed to exceed the standardized specific energy consumption for heating, subject to the requirements of 5.3.
Heat transfer resistance of building envelope elements
5.3 The reduced heat transfer resistance, m °C/W, of enclosing structures, as well as windows and lanterns (with vertical glazing or with an inclination angle of more than 45°) should be taken not less than the standardized values, m °C/W, determined according to Table 4 in depending on the degree-day of the construction area, °C day.
Table 4 - Standardized values of heat transfer resistance of enclosing structures
| Standardized values of heat transfer resistance, m °C/W, of enclosing structures | ||||||
| Buildings and premises, coefficients and. | Degree-days of the heating season , °С day |
Stan | Coverings and ceilings over driveways | Attic floors, over unheated crawl spaces and basements | Windows and balcony doors, shop windows and stained glass | Lanterns with vertical glazing |
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
| 1 Residential, medical and children's institutions, schools, boarding schools, hotels and hostels | 2000 | 2,1 | 3,2 | 2,8 | 0,3 | 0,3 |
| 4000 | 2,8 | 4,2 | 3,7 | 0,45 | 0,35 | |
| 6000 | 3,5 | 5,2 | 4,6 | 0,6 | 0,4 | |
| 8000 | 4,2 | 6,2 | 5,5 | 0,7 | 0,45 | |
| 10000 | 4,9 | 7,2 | 6,4 | 0,75 | 0,5 | |
| 12000 | 5,6 | 8,2 | 7,3 | 0,8 | 0,55 | |
| - | 0,00035 | 0,0005 | 0,00045 | - | 0,000025 | |
| - | 1,4 | 2,2 | 1,9 | - | 0,25 | |
| 2 Public, except for those mentioned above, administrative and domestic, industrial and other buildings and premises with damp or wet conditions | 2000 | 1,8 | 2,4 | 2,0 | 0,3 | 0,3 |
| 4000 | 2,4 | 3,2 | 2,7 | 0,4 | 0,35 | |
| 6000 | 3,0 | 4,0 | 3,4 | 0,5 | 0,4 | |
| 8000 | 3,6 | 4,8 | 4,1 | 0,6 | 0,45 | |
| 10000 | 4,2 | 5,6 | 4,8 | 0,7 | 0,5 | |
| 12000 | 4,8 | 6,4 | 5,5 | 0,8 | 0,55 | |
| - | 0,0003 | 0,0004 | 0,00035 | 0,00005 | 0,000025 | |
| - | 1,2 | 1,6 | 1,3 | 0,2 | 0,25 | |
| 3 Production with dry and normal modes | 2000 | 1,4 | 2,0 | 1,4 | 0,25 | 0,2 |
| 4000 | 1,8 | 2,5 | 1,8 | 0,3 | 0,25 | |
| 6000 | 2,2 | 3,0 | 2,2 | 0,35 | 0,3 | |
| 8000 | 2,6 | 3,5 | 2,6 | 0,4 | 0,35 | |
| 10000 | 3,0 | 4,0 | 3,0 | 0,45 | 0,4 | |
| 12000 | 3,4 | 4,5 | 3,4 | 0,5 | 0,45 | |
| - | 0,0002 | 0,00025 | 0,0002 | 0,000025 | 0,000025 | |
| - | 1,0 | 1,5 | 1,0 | 0,2 | 0,15 | |
| Notes 1 Values for values different from the tabulated ones should be determined using the formula
where is the degree-day of the heating period, °C day, for a specific location; Coefficients whose values should be taken according to the table data for the corresponding groups of buildings, with the exception of column 6 for the group of buildings in position 1, where for the interval up to 6000 °C day: , ; for the interval 6000-8000 °C day: , ; for the interval of 8000 °C day and more: , . 2 The normalized reduced heat transfer resistance of the blind part of balcony doors must be at least 1.5 times higher than the normalized heat transfer resistance of the translucent part of these structures. 3 The normalized values of heat transfer resistance of attic and basement floors separating the premises of the building from unheated spaces with temperature () should be reduced by multiplying the values indicated in column 5 by the coefficient determined according to the note to table 6. In this case, the calculated air temperature in the warm attic, warm basement and glazed loggia and balcony should be determined based on the calculation of the heat balance. 4 It is allowed, in some cases related to specific design solutions for filling window and other openings, to use designs of windows, balcony doors and lanterns with a reduced heat transfer resistance 5% lower than that established in the table. 5 For a group of buildings in position 1, the standardized values of the heat transfer resistance of floors above the staircase and warm attic, as well as above passages, if the floors are the floor of a technical floor, should be taken as for the group of buildings in position 2. |
||||||
, (1)The degree-day of the heating period, °C day, is determined by the formula
, (2)
where is the estimated average temperature of the internal air of the building, °C, accepted for the calculation of the enclosing structures of a group of buildings according to item 1 of Table 4 according to the minimum values of the optimal temperature of the corresponding buildings according to GOST 30494 (in the range of 20-22 °C), for a group of buildings according to item .2 of table 4 - according to the classification of premises and minimum values of optimal temperature according to GOST 30494 (in the range of 16-21 °C), buildings according to item 3 of table 4 - according to the design standards of the corresponding buildings;
Average outside air temperature, °C, and duration, days, of the heating period, adopted according to SNiP 23-01 for a period with an average daily outside air temperature of no more than 10 °C - when designing medical and preventive care, children's institutions and boarding homes for the elderly , and no more than 8 °C - in other cases.
5.4 For industrial buildings with excess sensible heat of more than 23 W/m and buildings intended for seasonal use (autumn or spring), as well as buildings with a design internal air temperature of 12 °C and below, the reduced heat transfer resistance of enclosing structures (except for translucent ones), m °C/W, should be taken no less than the values determined by the formula
, (3)
where is a coefficient that takes into account the dependence of the position of the outer surface of the enclosing structures in relation to the outside air and is given in Table 6;
Standardized temperature difference between the temperature of the internal air and the temperature of the internal surface of the enclosing structure, °C, taken according to Table 5;
Heat transfer coefficient of the internal surface of enclosing structures, W/(m °C), taken according to Table 7;
Design temperature of outside air during the cold period of the year, °C, for all buildings, except industrial buildings intended for seasonal operation, taken to be equal to the average temperature of the coldest five-day period with a probability of 0.92 according to SNiP 23-01.
In industrial buildings intended for seasonal operation, the minimum temperature of the coldest month, defined as the average monthly temperature of January according to Table 3* SNiP 23-01, should be taken as the design temperature of the outside air during the cold period of the year, °C
Reduced by the average daily amplitude of air temperature of the coldest month (Table 1* SNiP 23-01).
The standard value of heat transfer resistance of floors above ventilated undergrounds should be taken according to SNiP 2.11.02.
5.5 To determine the normalized resistance to heat transfer of internal enclosing structures when the difference in design air temperatures between rooms is 6 °C and higher, in formula (3) the calculated air temperature of a colder room should be taken instead.
For warm attics and technical subfloors, as well as in unheated stairwells of residential buildings using an apartment heating system, the calculated air temperature in these rooms should be taken based on heat balance calculations, but not less than 2 °C for technical subfloors and 5 °C for unheated staircases.
5.6 The reduced heat transfer resistance, m·°C/W, for external walls should be calculated for the facade of the building or for one intermediate floor, taking into account the slopes of the openings without taking into account their fillings.
The reduced heat transfer resistance of enclosing structures in contact with the ground should be determined according to SNiP 41-01.
The given heat transfer resistance of translucent structures (windows, balcony doors, lanterns) is accepted on the basis of certification tests; in the absence of certification test results, values according to the set of rules should be taken.
5.7 The reduced heat transfer resistance, m·°C/W, of entrance doors and doors (without a vestibule) of apartments on the first floors and gates, as well as doors of apartments with unheated staircases, must be no less than the product (the product for entrance doors to single-apartment buildings), where - reduced resistance to heat transfer of walls, determined by formula (3); for doors to apartments above the first floor of buildings with heated staircases - at least 0.55 m °C/W.
Limiting temperature and moisture condensation on the inner surface of the building envelope
5.8 The calculated temperature difference, °C, between the temperature of the internal air and the temperature of the internal surface of the enclosing structure should not exceed the standardized values, °C, established in Table 5, and is determined by the formula
, (4)
where is the same as in formula (3);
The same as in formula (2);
The same as in formula (3).
Reduced heat transfer resistance of enclosing structures, m·°C/W;
Heat transfer coefficient of the internal surface of enclosing structures, W/(m °C), taken according to Table 7.
Table 5 - Standardized temperature difference between the internal air temperature and the temperature of the internal surface of the enclosing structure
| Buildings and premises | Standardized temperature difference, °C, for | |||
| external walls | coverings and attic floors | ceilings over driveways, basements and crawl spaces | skylights | |
| 1. Residential, medical and preventive care and children's institutions, schools, boarding schools | 4,0 | 3,0 | 2,0 | |
| 2. Public, except for those specified in item 1, administrative and domestic, with the exception of rooms with damp or wet conditions | 4,5 | 4,0 | 2,5 | |
| 3. Production with dry and normal modes | , but not more than 7 |
, but no more than 6 | 2,5 | |
| 4. Industrial and other premises with damp or wet conditions | 2,5 | - | ||
| 5. Industrial buildings with significant excess sensible heat (more than 23 W/m) and an estimated relative humidity of indoor air more than 50% | 12 | 12 | 2,5 | |
| Designations: - the same as in formula (2); Dew point temperature, °C, at the design temperature and relative humidity of the internal air, taken in accordance with 5.9 and 5.10, SanPiN 2.1.2.1002, GOST 12.1.005 and SanPiN 2.2.4.548, SNiP 41-01 and design standards for relevant buildings. Note - For potato and vegetable storage buildings, the normalized temperature difference for external walls, coverings and attic floors should be taken according to SNiP 2.11.02. |
||||
Table 6 - Coefficient taking into account the dependence of the position of the enclosing structure in relation to the outside air
| Walling | Coefficient |
| 1. External walls and coverings (including those ventilated by outside air), skylights, attic floors (with roofing made of piece materials) and over driveways; ceilings over cold (without enclosing walls) undergrounds in the Northern construction-climatic zone | 1 |
| 2. Ceilings over cold basements communicating with outside air; attic floors (with a roof made of roll materials); ceilings above cold (with enclosing walls) undergrounds and cold floors in the Northern construction-climatic zone | 0,9 |
| 3. Ceilings over unheated basements with light openings in the walls | 0,75 |
| 4. Ceilings over unheated basements without light openings in the walls, located above ground level | 0,6 |
| 5. Ceilings over unheated technical undergrounds located below ground level | 0,4 |
| Note - For attic floors of warm attics and basement floors above basements with an air temperature in them higher but lower, the coefficient should be determined by the formula |
|
Table 7 - Heat transfer coefficient of the internal surface of the enclosing structure
| Inner surface of the fence | Heat transfer coefficient, W/(m °C) |
| 1. Walls, floors, smooth ceilings, ceilings with protruding ribs with the ratio of the height of the ribs to the distance between the edges of adjacent ribs | 8,7 |
| 2. Ceilings with protruding ribs at a ratio | 7,6 |
| 3. Windows | 8,0 |
| 4. Rooflights | 9,9 |
| Note - The heat transfer coefficient of the internal surface of the enclosing structures of livestock and poultry buildings should be taken in accordance with SNiP 2.10.03. | |
5.9 Temperature of the inner surface of the enclosing structure (with the exception of vertical translucent structures) in the area of heat-conducting inclusions (diaphragms, through mortar joints, panel joints, ribs, dowels and flexible connections in multilayer panels, rigid connections of lightweight masonry, etc.), in corners and windows slopes, as well as skylights, should not be lower than the dew point temperature of the internal air at the design temperature of the external air during the cold period of the year.
Note - The relative humidity of internal air to determine the dew point temperature in places of heat-conducting inclusions of enclosing structures, in corners and window slopes, as well as skylights should be taken:
for premises of residential buildings, hospitals, dispensaries, outpatient clinics, maternity hospitals, boarding homes for the elderly and disabled, comprehensive children's schools, kindergartens, nurseries, kindergartens (plants) and orphanages - 55%, for premises kitchens - 60%, for bathrooms - 65%, for warm basements and underground areas with communications - 75%;
for warm attics of residential buildings - 55%;
for premises of public buildings (except for the above) - 50%.
5.10 Inner surface temperature structural elements glazing of windows of buildings (except for industrial ones) should not be lower than plus 3 °C, and opaque elements of windows - not lower than the dew point temperature at the design temperature of the outside air in the cold season, for industrial buildings - not lower than 0 °C.
5.11 In residential buildings, the façade glazing coefficient should be no more than 18% (for public buildings - no more than 25%), if the reduced heat transfer resistance of windows (except for attic windows) is less than: 0.51 m °C/W at a degree day of 3500 and below; 0.56 m·°C/W at degree days above 3500 to 5200; 0.65 m °C/W for degree days above 5200 to 7000 and 0.81 m °C/W for degree days above 7000. When determining the glazing coefficient of the façade, the total area of the enclosing structures should include all longitudinal and end walls. The area of light openings of skylights should not exceed 15% of the floor area of the illuminated premises, skylights - 10%.
Specific consumption of thermal energy for heating a building
5.12 Specific (per 1 m of heated floor area of apartments or usable area of premises [or per 1 m of heated volume]) consumption of thermal energy for heating a building, kJ/(m °C day) or [kJ/(m °C day )], determined according to Appendix D, must be less than or equal to the standardized value, kJ/(m °C day) or [kJ/(m °C day)], and is determined by selecting the heat-insulating properties of the building envelope, space-planning decisions, building orientation and type, efficiency and method of regulation of the heating system used until the conditions are met
where is the standardized specific heat energy consumption for heating the building, kJ/(m °C day) or [kJ/(m °C day)], determined for various types of residential and public buildings:
a) when connecting them to centralized heat supply systems according to Table 8 or 9;
b) when installing apartment-by-apartment and autonomous (rooftop, built-in or attached boiler rooms) heat supply systems or stationary electric heating systems in a building - the value taken according to Table 8 or 9, multiplied by the coefficient calculated by the formula
Calculated energy efficiency coefficients of apartment-by-apartment and autonomous heat supply systems or stationary electric heating and centralized system heat supply, respectively, taken according to design data averaged over the heating period. The calculation of these coefficients is given in the set of rules.
Table 8 - Standardized specific heat energy consumption for heating residential buildings single-apartment detached and blocked, kJ/(m°C day)
| Heated area of houses, m | With number of floors | |||
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
| 60 or less | 140 | - | - | |
| 100 | 125 | 135 | - | - |
| 150 | 110 | 120 | 130 | - |
| 250 | 100 | 105 | 110 | 115 |
| 400 | - | 90 | 95 | 100 |
| 600 | - | 80 | 85 | 90 |
| 1000 or more | - | 70 | 75 | 80 |
| Note - For intermediate values of the heated area of the house in the range of 60-1000 m, the values should be determined by linear interpolation. | ||||
Table 9 - Standardized specific heat energy consumption for heating buildings, kJ/(m°C day) or [kJ/(m°С day)]
| Building types | Number of floors of buildings | |||||
| 1-3 | 4, 5 | 6, 7 | 8, 9 | 10, 11 | 12 and above | |
| 1 Residential, hotels, hostels | According to table 8 | 85 for 4-storey single-apartment and semi-detached houses - according to Table 8 |
80 | 76 | 72 | 70 |
| 2 Public, except those listed in items 3, 4 and 5 of the table | - | |||||
| 3 Clinics and medical institutions, boarding houses | ; ; according to the increase in number of storeys | - | ||||
| 4 Preschools | - | - | - | - | - | |
| 5 Service | ; ; according to the increase in number of storeys | - | - | - | ||
| 6 Administrative purposes (offices) | ; ; according to the increase in number of storeys | |||||
| Note - For regions with a value of °C day or more, the normalized values should be reduced by 5%. | ||||||
5.13 When calculating a building according to the specific thermal energy consumption indicator, the initial values of the heat-protective properties of the enclosing structures should be set to the normalized values of heat transfer resistance, m ° C/W, of individual elements of external fences according to Table 4. Then, the compliance of the specific thermal energy consumption for heating is checked, calculated according to the method of Appendix D, the normalized value . If, as a result of the calculation, the specific consumption of thermal energy for heating the building turns out to be less than the standardized value, then it is allowed to reduce the heat transfer resistance of individual elements of the building envelope (translucent according to Note 4 to Table 4) in comparison with the normalized value according to Table 4, but not lower than the minimum values determined according to formula (8) for the walls of groups of buildings indicated in positions 1 and 2 of Table 4, and according to formula (9) for the remaining enclosing structures:
; (8)
. (9)
5.14 The calculated indicator of compactness of residential buildings, as a rule, should not exceed the following standardized values:
0.25 - for 16-story buildings and above;
0.29 - for buildings from 10 to 15 floors inclusive;
0.32 - for buildings from 6 to 9 floors inclusive;
0.36 - for 5-story buildings;
0.43 - for 4-story buildings;
0.54 - for 3-story buildings;
0.61; 0.54; 0.46 - for two-, three- and four-story blocked and sectional houses, respectively;
0.9 - for two- and one-story houses with an attic;
1.1 - for one-story houses.
5.15 The calculated indicator of building compactness should be determined by the formula
, (10)
where is the total area of the internal surfaces of external enclosing structures, including the covering (overlapping) of the upper floor and the covering of the floor of the lower heated room, m;
Heated volume of the building, equal to the volume limited by the internal surfaces of the external fences of the building, m.
6 INCREASING THE ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF EXISTING BUILDINGS
6.1 Increasing the energy efficiency of existing buildings should be carried out during reconstruction, modernization and major renovation these buildings. In case of partial reconstruction of a building (including when changing the dimensions of the building due to attached and superstructured volumes), it is allowed to apply the requirements of these standards to the modified part of the building.
6.2 When replacing translucent structures with more energy-efficient ones, additional measures should be taken to ensure the required air permeability of these structures in accordance with Section 8.
7 HEAT RESISTANCE OF ENCLOSING STRUCTURES
During the warm season
7.1 In areas with an average monthly July temperature of 21 °C and above, the estimated amplitude of temperature fluctuations of the internal surface of enclosing structures (external walls and ceilings/coverings), °C, residential buildings, hospital institutions (hospitals, clinics, hospitals and clinics), dispensaries, outpatient polyclinics, maternity hospitals, children's homes, boarding homes for the elderly and disabled, kindergartens, nurseries, kindergartens (plants) and children's homes, as well as industrial buildings in which it is necessary to maintain optimal parameters of temperature and relative air humidity in work area during the warm period of the year or, according to technology conditions, to maintain constant temperature or temperature and relative humidity of the air, there should not be more than the normalized amplitude of fluctuations in the temperature of the internal surface of the enclosing structure, °C, determined by the formula
, (11)
where is the average monthly outdoor temperature for July, °C, taken according to table 3* of SNiP 23-01.
The calculated amplitude of temperature fluctuations of the inner surface of the enclosing structure should be determined according to a set of rules.
7.2 Sun protection devices should be provided for windows and skylights in areas and buildings specified in 7.1. The thermal transmittance coefficient of a sun protection device must be no more than the standardized value established by Table 10. Thermal transmittance coefficients of sun protection devices should be determined according to a set of rules.
Table 10 - Standardized values of the thermal transmittance coefficient of a sun protection device
| Building | Thermal transmittance coefficient of the solar shading device |
| 1 Residential buildings, hospital buildings (hospitals, clinics, hospitals and hospitals), dispensaries, outpatient clinics, maternity hospitals, children's homes, boarding homes for the elderly and disabled, kindergartens, nurseries, kindergartens (plants) and children's houses | 0,2 |
| 2 Industrial buildings in which optimal standards of temperature and relative air humidity in the working area must be observed or, according to technology conditions, the temperature or temperature and relative air humidity must be maintained constant | 0,4 |
During the cold season
7.4 The calculated amplitude of fluctuations in the resulting temperature of the room, °C, residential, as well as public buildings (hospitals, clinics, kindergartens and schools) during the cold period of the year should not exceed its normalized value during the day: if available central heating and furnaces with continuous combustion - 1.5 °C; with stationary electric-heat-accumulation heating - 2.5 °C, at stove heating with periodic firing - 3 °C.
If the building has heating with automatic control of the internal air temperature, the thermal stability of the premises during the cold season is not standardized.
7.5 The calculated amplitude of fluctuations in the resulting room temperature during the cold season, °C, should be determined according to a set of rules.
8 AIR PERMEABILITY OF ENCLOSING STRUCTURES AND PREMISES
8.1 The air permeability resistance of enclosing structures, with the exception of filling light openings (windows, balcony doors and lanterns), buildings and structures must be no less than the standardized air permeation resistance, m h Pa/kg, determined by the formula
where is the difference in air pressure on the outer and inner surfaces of enclosing structures, Pa, determined in accordance with 8.2;
Standardized air permeability of enclosing structures, kg/(m h), adopted in accordance with 8.3.
8.2 The difference in air pressure on the outer and inner surfaces of enclosing structures, Pa, should be determined by the formula
where is the height of the building (from the floor level of the first floor to the top of the exhaust shaft), m;
Specific gravity of external and internal air, respectively, N/m, determined by the formula
, (14)
Air temperature: internal (to determine ) - taken according to optimal parameters according to GOST 12.1.005, GOST 30494
and SanPiN 2.1.2.1002; external (to determine ) - is taken to be equal to the average temperature of the coldest five-day period with a security of 0.92 according to SNiP 23-01;
The maximum of the average wind speeds by direction for January, the frequency of which is 16% or more, taken according to table 1* SNiP 23-01; for buildings with a height of over 60 m should be taken taking into account the coefficient of change in wind speed with height (according to the set of rules).
8.3 The normalized air permeability, kg/(m h), of the building envelope should be taken according to Table 11.
Table 11 - Standardized air permeability of enclosing structures
| Walling | Air permeability, kg/(m h), no more |
| 1 External walls, ceilings and coverings of residential, public, administrative and domestic buildings and premises | 0,5 |
| 2 External walls, ceilings and coverings of industrial buildings and premises | 1,0 |
| 3 Joints between panels of external walls: | |
| a) residential buildings | 0,5* |
| b) industrial buildings | 1,0* |
| 4 Entrance doors to apartments | 1,5 |
| 5 Entrance doors to residential, public and domestic buildings | 7,0 |
| 6 Windows and balcony doors of residential, public and domestic buildings and premises in wooden frames; windows and skylights of air-conditioned industrial buildings | 6,0 |
| 7 Windows and balcony doors of residential, public and domestic buildings and premises in plastic or aluminum frames | 5,0 |
| 8 Windows, doors and gates of industrial buildings | 8,0 |
| 9 Lanterns of industrial buildings | 10,0 |
| * In kg/(m h). | |
8.4 The air permeability resistance of windows and balcony doors of residential and public buildings, as well as windows and skylights of industrial buildings must be no less than the standardized air permeability resistance, m h/kg, determined by the formula
, (15)
where is the same as in formula (12);
The same as in formula (13);
Pa is the difference in air pressure on the outer and inner surfaces of light-transparent enclosing structures, at which the resistance to air permeation is determined.
8.5 The resistance to air permeation of multi-layer enclosing structures should be taken according to a set of rules.
8.6 Window blocks and balcony doors in residential and public buildings should be selected according to the classification of air permeability of vestibules according to GOST 26602.2: 3-storey and above - not lower than class B; 2-storey and below - within classes V-D.
8.7 The average air permeability of residential apartments and premises of public buildings (with closed supply and exhaust ventilation openings) should ensure during the test period an air exchange rate of , h, at a pressure difference of 50 Pa of external and internal air during ventilation:
with natural urge h;
with mechanical urge h.
The air exchange rate of buildings and premises at a pressure difference of 50 Pa and their average air permeability are determined according to GOST 31167.
9 PROTECTION AGAINST OVERHUMIDIFICATION OF ENCLOSING STRUCTURES
9.1 The vapor permeation resistance, m h Pa/mg, of the enclosing structure (ranging from the internal surface to the plane of possible condensation) must be no less than the greatest of the following standardized vapor permeation resistance:
a) normalized resistance to vapor permeation, m h Pa/mg (based on the condition of inadmissibility of moisture accumulation in the enclosing structure over the annual period of operation), determined by the formula
b) rated vapor permeability resistance, m h Pa/mg (based on the condition of limiting moisture in the building envelope for a period with negative average monthly outdoor temperatures), determined by the formula
, (17)
where is the partial pressure of water vapor of internal air, Pa, at the design temperature and relative humidity of this air, determined by the formula
, (18)
where is the partial pressure of saturated water vapor, Pa, at temperature, is accepted according to a set of rules;
Relative humidity of indoor air, %, accepted for various buildings in accordance with the note to 5.9;
Resistance to vapor permeation, m·h·Pa/mg, of the part of the enclosing structure located between the outer surface of the enclosing structure and the plane of possible condensation, determined according to a set of rules;
Average partial pressure of water vapor of external air, Pa, for an annual period, determined according to table 5a* SNiP 23-01;
Duration, days, of the period of moisture accumulation, taken equal to the period with negative average monthly outdoor temperatures according to SNiP 23-01;
Partial pressure of water vapor, Pa, in the plane of possible condensation, determined at the average outside air temperature of the period of months with negative average monthly temperatures according to the instructions in the notes to this paragraph;
Density of the material of the wetted layer, kg/m, taken equal according to the set of rules;
The thickness of the wetted layer of the enclosing structure, m, is taken to be equal to 2/3 of the thickness of a homogeneous (single-layer) wall or the thickness of the heat-insulating layer (insulation) of a multi-layer enclosing structure;
Maximum permissible increment in the calculated mass ratio of moisture in the material of the moistened layer, %, over the period of moisture accumulation, taken according to table 12;
Table 12 - Maximum permissible coefficient values
| Enclosing material | Maximum permissible increment in the calculated mass ratio of moisture in the material , % |
| 1 Clay brick and ceramic block masonry | 1,5 |
| 2 Masonry from sand-lime brick | 2,0 |
| 3 Lightweight concrete with porous aggregates (expanded clay concrete, sugar clay concrete, perlite concrete, slag pumice concrete) | 5 |
| 4 Cellular concrete (aerated concrete, foam concrete, gas silicate, etc.) | 6 |
| 5 Foam gas glass | 1,5 |
| 6 Fiberboard and cement arbolite | 7,5 |
| 7 Mineral wool boards and mats | 3 |
| 8 Expanded polystyrene and polyurethane foam | 25 |
| 9 Phenolic-resol foam | 50 |
| 10 Thermal insulation backfills made of expanded clay, shungizite, slag | 3 |
| 11 Heavy concrete, cement-sand mortar | 2 |
Partial pressure of water vapor, Pa, in the plane of possible condensation over the annual period of operation, determined by the formula
where , , is the partial pressure of water vapor, Pa, taken from the temperature in the plane of possible condensation, set at the average outside air temperature for the winter, spring-autumn and summer periods, respectively, determined according to the instructions in the notes to this paragraph;
Duration, months, of winter, spring-autumn and summer periods of the year, determined according to table 3* of SNiP 23-01, taking into account the following conditions:
a) the winter period includes months with average outdoor temperatures below minus 5 °C;
b) to spring-autumn period These include months with average outdoor temperatures from minus 5 to plus 5 °C;
c) the summer period includes months with average air temperatures above plus 5 °C;
The coefficient determined by the formula
where is the average partial pressure of water vapor of the outside air, Pa, for the period of months with negative average monthly temperatures, determined according to a set of rules.
Notes:
1 Partial pressure of water vapor , , and for enclosing structures of rooms with an aggressive environment should be taken taking into account the aggressive environment.
2 When determining the partial pressure for the summer period, the temperature in the plane of possible condensation in all cases should be taken not lower than the average temperature of the external air in the summer, the partial pressure of water vapor of the internal air - not lower than the average partial pressure of water vapor of the external air for this period.
3 The plane of possible condensation in a homogeneous (single-layer) enclosing structure is located at a distance equal to 2/3 of the thickness of the structure from its inner surface, and in a multilayer structure it coincides with the outer surface of the insulation.
9.2 Vapor permeation resistance, m h Pa/mg, attic floor or part of the ventilated covering structure located between the inner surface of the covering and the air gap, in buildings with roof slopes up to 24 m wide, there must be no less than the standardized vapor permeability resistance, m h Pa/mg, determined by the formula
, (21)
where , is the same as in formulas (16) and (20).
9.3 It is not necessary to check the following building envelopes for compliance with these vapor permeability standards:
a) homogeneous (single-layer) external walls of rooms with dry and normal conditions;
b) two-layer external walls of rooms with dry and normal conditions, if the inner layer of the wall has a vapor permeation resistance of more than 1.6 m h Pa/mg.
9.4 To protect the thermal insulation layer (insulation) from moisture in the coatings of buildings with humid or wet conditions, a vapor barrier should be provided below the thermal insulation layer, which should be taken into account when determining the vapor permeability resistance of the coating in accordance with the set of rules.
10 HEAT ASSUMATION OF FLOOR SURFACES
10.1 The floor surface of residential and public buildings, auxiliary buildings and premises of industrial enterprises and heated premises of industrial buildings (in areas with permanent workplaces) must have a calculated heat absorption rate, W/(m °C), no more than the standardized value established in Table 13 .
Table 13 - Standardized indicator values
| Buildings, premises and individual areas | Indicator of heat absorption of the floor surface, W/(m °C) |
| 1 Residential buildings, hospital buildings (hospitals, clinics, hospitals and clinics), dispensaries, outpatient clinics, maternity hospitals, children's homes, boarding homes for the elderly and disabled, comprehensive children's schools, kindergartens, nurseries, nurseries ( factories), orphanages and children's reception centers | 12 |
| 2 Public buildings (except those indicated in item 1); auxiliary buildings and premises of industrial enterprises; areas with permanent workplaces in heated rooms of industrial buildings where light physical work is performed (category I) | 14 |
| 3 Areas with permanent workplaces in heated rooms of industrial buildings where moderate physical work is performed (category II) | 17 |
| 4 Areas of livestock buildings in animal resting areas with no bedding: | |
| a) cows and heifers 2-3 months before calving, stud bulls, calves up to 6 months, replacement young cattle, uterine pigs, boars, weaned piglets | 11 |
| b) pregnant and fresh cows, young pigs, fattening pigs | 13 |
| c) fattening cattle | 14 |
10.2 The calculated value of the heat absorption index of the floor surface should be determined according to a set of rules.
10.3 The heat absorption rate of the floor surface is not standardized:
a) having a surface temperature above 23 °C;
b) in heated rooms of industrial buildings where heavy physical work is performed (category III);
c) in industrial buildings, provided that wooden panels or heat-insulating mats are laid on the site of permanent workplaces;
d) premises of public buildings, the operation of which is not associated with the constant presence of people in them (halls of museums and exhibitions, in the foyers of theaters, cinemas, etc.).
10.4 Thermal engineering calculations of the floors of livestock, poultry and fur farming buildings should be carried out taking into account the requirements of SNiP 2.10.03.
11 CONTROL OF NORMALIZED INDICATORS
11.1 Monitoring of standardized indicators during the design and examination of thermal protection projects for buildings and their energy efficiency indicators for compliance with these standards should be carried out in the “Energy Efficiency” section of the project, including the energy passport in accordance with Section 12 and Appendix D.
11.2 Monitoring the standardized indicators of thermal protection and its individual elements of buildings in use and assessing their energy efficiency should be carried out through full-scale tests, and the results obtained should be recorded in an energy passport. Thermal and energy indicators of a building are determined according to GOST 31166, GOST 31167 and GOST 31168.
11.3 The operating conditions of enclosing structures, depending on the humidity conditions of the premises and the humidity zones of the construction area, when monitoring the thermal technical indicators of external enclosure materials, should be established according to Table 2.
The calculated thermophysical parameters of the materials of enclosing structures are determined according to a set of rules.
11.4 When accepting buildings for operation, the following should be carried out:
selective control of the air exchange rate in 2-3 rooms (apartments) or in a building at a pressure difference of 50 Pa in accordance with Section 8 and GOST 31167 and, in case of non-compliance with these standards, take measures to reduce the air permeability of enclosing structures throughout the building;
according to GOST 26629 thermal imaging quality control of thermal protection of a building in order to detect hidden defects and eliminate them.
12 ENERGY PASSPORT OF THE BUILDING
12.1 The energy passport of residential and public buildings is intended to confirm the compliance of the energy efficiency and thermal performance indicators of the building with the indicators established in these standards.
12.2 The energy passport should be filled out when developing projects for new, reconstructed, and overhauled residential and public buildings, when accepting buildings for operation, as well as during the operation of constructed buildings.
Energy passports for apartments intended for separate use in semi-detached buildings can be obtained based on the general energy passport of the building as a whole for semi-detached buildings with a common heating system.
12.3 The energy passport of a building is not intended for payments for utility services provided to tenants and apartment owners, as well as building owners.
12.4 The energy passport of the building should be completed:
a) at the stage of project development and at the stage of linking to the conditions of a specific site - by the design organization;
b) at the stage of putting the construction project into operation - by the design organization based on an analysis of deviations from the original project made during the construction of the building. This takes into account:
technical documentation data (as-built drawings, acts for hidden work, passports, certificates provided to acceptance committees, etc.);
changes made to the project and authorized (agreed) deviations from the project during the construction period;
results of current and targeted inspections of compliance with the thermal characteristics of the facility and engineering systems by technical and architectural supervision.
If necessary (uncoordinated deviation from the project, lack of necessary technical documentation, defects), the customer and the GASN inspection have the right to demand testing of enclosing structures;
c) at the stage of operation of the construction site - selectively and after a year of operation of the building. The inclusion of an operating building in the list for filling out an energy passport, analysis of the completed passport and making a decision on the necessary measures are carried out in the manner determined by decisions of the administrations of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
12.5 The building's energy passport must contain:
general information about the project;
design conditions;
information about functional purpose and type of building;
volumetric planning and layout indicators of the building;
calculated energy indicators of the building, including: energy efficiency indicators, thermal indicators;
information on comparison with standardized indicators;
results of measuring the energy efficiency and level of thermal protection of a building after a one-year period of its operation;
energy efficiency class of the building.
12.6 Control of operated buildings for compliance with these standards in accordance with 11.2 is carried out by experimentally determining the main indicators of energy efficiency and thermal performance in accordance with the requirements state standards and other standards approved in accordance with the established procedure for test methods building materials, structures and objects in general.
At the same time, for buildings for which the as-built documentation for construction has not been preserved, the building’s energy passports are compiled on the basis of materials from the technical inventory bureau, full-scale technical surveys and measurements performed by qualified specialists licensed to perform the relevant work.
12.7 Responsibility for the accuracy of the building’s energy passport data lies with the organization that fills it out.
12.8 The form for filling out the energy passport of a building is given in Appendix D.
The methodology for calculating energy efficiency and thermal parameters and an example of filling out an energy passport are given in the set of rules.
APPENDIX A
(required)
LIST OF REGULATIVE DOCUMENTS,
WHICH ARE REFERENCED IN THE TEXT
SNiP 2.09.04-87* Administrative and domestic buildings
SNiP 2.10.03-84 Livestock, poultry and fur farming buildings and premises
SNiP 2.11.02-87 Refrigerators
SNiP 23-01-99* Construction climatology
SNiP 05/31/2003 Public buildings for administrative purposes
SNiP 41-01-2003 Heating, ventilation and air conditioning
SanPiN 2.1.2.1002-00 Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for residential buildings and premises
SanPiN 2.2.4.548-96 Hygienic requirements to the microclimate of production premises
GOST 12.1.005-88 SSBT. General sanitary and hygienic requirements for the air in the working area
GOST 26602.2-99 Window and door blocks. Methods for determining air and water permeability
GOST 26629-85 Buildings and structures. Method of thermal imaging quality control of thermal insulation of enclosing structures
GOST 30494-96 Residential and public buildings. Indoor microclimate parameters
GOST 31166-2003 Enclosing structures for buildings and structures. Method for calorimetric determination of heat transfer coefficient
GOST 31167-2003 Buildings and structures. Methods for determining the air permeability of enclosing structures under natural conditions
GOST 31168-2003 Residential buildings. Method for determining specific heat energy consumption for heating
APPENDIX B
(required)
TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
| 1 Thermalprotectionbuilding Thermal performance of a building |
Thermal insulation properties of the totality of external and internal enclosing structures of a building, ensuring a given level of thermal energy consumption (heat input) of the building, taking into account the air exchange of the premises not exceeding permissible limits, as well as their air permeability and protection from waterlogging with optimal parameters of the microclimate of its premises |
| 2 Specific consumption of thermal energy for heating the building during the heating period Specific energy demand for heating of a building of a heating season |
The amount of thermal energy during the heating period required to compensate for the heat loss of the building, taking into account air exchange and additional heat release under normalized parameters of the thermal and air conditions of the premises in it, related to a unit of apartment area or usable area of the building premises (or to their heated volume) and degree-days heating season |
| 3rd Classenergyefficiency Category of the energy efficiency rating |
Designation of the level of energy efficiency of a building, characterized by the range of values of the specific consumption of thermal energy for heating the building during the heating period |
| 4 Microclimatepremises Indoor climate of a premium |
The state of the internal environment of a room, affecting a person, characterized by the temperature of the air and enclosing structures, humidity and air mobility (according to GOST 30494) |
| 5 Optimaloptionsmicroclimatepremises Optimum parameters of indoor climate of the premises |
A combination of values of microclimate indicators that, with prolonged and systematic exposure to a person, ensure the thermal state of the body with minimal stress on the thermoregulation mechanisms and a feeling of comfort for at least 80% of people in the room (according to GOST 30494) |
| 6 Additional heat generation in the building Internal heat gain to a building |
Heat entering the building from people, switched on energy-consuming devices, equipment, electric motors, artificial lighting, etc., as well as from penetrating solar radiation |
| 7 Indicatorcompactnessbuilding Index of the shape of a building |
The ratio of the total area of the internal surface of the external enclosing structures of a building to the heated volume enclosed in them |
| 8 Façade glazing coefficient building Glazing-to-wall ratio |
The ratio of the areas of light openings to the total area of the external enclosing structures of the building facade, including light openings |
| 9 Heatedvolumebuilding Heating volume of a building |
The volume limited by the internal surfaces of the external enclosures of the building - walls, coverings (attic floors), ceilings of the first floor floor or basement floor in a heated basement |
| 10 Cold (heating) period of the year Cold (heating) season of a year |
A period of the year characterized by an average daily outside air temperature equal to or below 10 or 8 °C depending on the type of building (according to GOST 30494) |
| 11 Warmperiodof the year Warm season of a year |
A period of the year characterized by an average daily air temperature above 8 or 10 °C depending on the type of building (according to GOST 30494) |
| 12 Duration of the heating season Length of the heating season |
The estimated period of operation of the building heating system, which is the average statistical number of days per year when the average daily outside air temperature is consistently equal to or below 8 or 10 ° C, depending on the type of building |
| 13 Averagetemperatureoutdoorairheatingperiod Mean temperature of outdoor air of the heating season |
Estimated outside air temperature averaged over the heating period based on average daily outside air temperatures |
APPENDIX B
(required)
HUMIDITY ZONE MAP
APPENDIX D
(required)
CALCULATION OF SPECIFIC THERMAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION FOR HEATING RESIDENTIAL AND PUBLIC BUILDINGS DURING THE HEATING PERIOD
D.1 The estimated specific consumption of thermal energy for heating buildings during the heating period, kJ/(m °C day) or kJ/(m °C day), should be determined by the formula
or 
, (D.1)
where is the consumption of thermal energy for heating the building during the heating period, MJ;
Sum of floor areas of apartments or usable area of building premises, excluding technical floors and garages, m;
Heated volume of the building, equal to the volume limited by the internal surfaces of the external fences of the buildings, m;
The same as in formula (1).
D.2 Thermal energy consumption for heating a building during the heating period, MJ, should be determined by the formula
where is the total heat loss of the building through the external enclosing structures, MJ, determined according to G.3;
Household heat input during the heating period, MJ, determined according to G.6;
Heat gain through windows and lanterns from solar radiation during the heating period, MJ, determined according to G.7;
Heat gain reduction coefficient due to thermal inertia of enclosing structures; recommended value ;
IN single pipe system with thermostats and with facade automatic control at the input or apartment-by-apartment horizontal wiring;
IN two-pipe system heating systems with thermostats and central automatic control at the input;
A single-pipe system with thermostats and with central automatic control at the inlet or in a single-pipe system without thermostats and with per-facade automatic control at the inlet, as well as in a two-pipe heating system with thermostats and without automatic control at the inlet;
In a one-pipe heating system with thermostats and without automatic control at the input;
In a system without thermostats and with central automatic control at the input with correction for internal air temperature;
A coefficient that takes into account the additional heat consumption of the heating system associated with the discreteness of the nominal heat flow of the range of heating devices, their additional heat losses through the behind-the-radiator sections of the fences, increased air temperature in corner rooms, heat losses of pipelines passing through unheated rooms for:
multi-section and other extended buildings = 1.13;
tower type buildings =1.11;
buildings with heated basements =1.07;
buildings with heated attics, as well as with apartment heat generators = 1.05.
D.3 The total heat loss of the building, MJ, during the heating period should be determined using the formula
, (D.3)
where is the overall heat transfer coefficient of the building, W/(m °C), determined by the formula
, (D.4)
Reduced heat transfer coefficient through the external building envelope, W/(m
°C), determined by the formula
Area, m, and reduced heat transfer resistance, m·°C/W, of external walls (excluding openings);
The same, filling light openings (windows, stained glass, lanterns);
The same for external doors and gates;
The same, combined coverings (including over bay windows);
The same, attic floors;
The same, basement floors;
The same applies to ceilings above driveways and under bay windows.
When designing floors on the ground or heated basements, instead of floors above the basement floor, in formula (D.5), substitute the areas and reduced heat transfer resistances of the walls in contact with the ground, and floors on the ground are divided into zones in accordance with SNiP 41-01 and the corresponding and are determined;
Same as in 5.4; for attic floors of warm attics and basement floors of technical subfloors and basements with the distribution of pipelines for heating and hot water supply systems in them according to formula (5);
The same as in formula (1), °C day;
The same as in formula (10), m;
Conditional heat transfer coefficient of a building, taking into account heat loss due to infiltration and ventilation, W/(m °C), determined by the formula
where is the specific heat capacity of air, equal to 1 kJ/(kg °C);
The coefficient of reduction of air volume in a building, taking into account the presence of internal enclosing structures. If there is no data, take =0.85;
And - the same as in formula (10), m and m, respectively;
Average density of supply air during the heating period, kg/m
The average rate of air exchange of a building during the heating period, h, determined according to G.4;
The same as in formula (2), °C;
The same as in formula (3), °C.
D.4 The average air exchange rate of a building during the heating period, h, is calculated from the total air exchange due to ventilation and infiltration using the formula
where is the amount of supply air into the building with unorganized inflow or the standardized value with mechanical ventilation, m/h, equal to:
a) residential buildings intended for citizens taking into account social norms (with an estimated occupancy of an apartment of 20 m of total area or less per person) -;
b) other residential buildings - but not less than;
where is the estimated number of residents in the building;
c) public and administrative buildings are accepted conditionally for offices and facilities service- , for healthcare and educational institutions - , for sports, entertainment and preschool institutions - ;
For residential buildings - the area of residential premises, for public buildings - the estimated area, determined according to SNiP 31-05 as the sum of the areas of all premises, with the exception of corridors, vestibules, passages, staircases, elevator shafts, internal open stairs and ramps, as well as premises , intended for placement of engineering equipment and networks, m;
Number of operating hours of mechanical ventilation during the week;
Number of hours in a week;
The amount of air infiltrated into the building through the enclosing structures, kg/h: for residential buildings - air entering the staircases during the day of the heating period, determined in accordance with G.5; for public buildings - air entering through leaks in translucent structures and doors; may be accepted for public buildings during non-working hours;
The coefficient for taking into account the influence of oncoming heat flow in translucent structures is equal to: joints of wall panels - 0.7; windows and balcony doors with triple separate sashes - 0.7; the same, with double separate bindings - 0.8; the same, with paired overpayments - 0.9; the same, with single bindings - 1.0;
The number of hours of recording infiltration during the week, h, is equal for buildings with balanced supply and exhaust ventilation and () for buildings in the premises of which air pressure is maintained during the operation of supply mechanical ventilation;
And - the same as in formula (D.6).
D.5 The amount of air infiltrating into the staircase of a residential building through leaks in the filling of openings should be determined by the formula
Thermal engineering calculation of technical underground
Thermal engineering calculations of enclosing structures
The areas of external enclosing structures, the heated area and volume of the building required for calculating the energy passport, and the thermal characteristics of the building enclosing structures are determined in accordance with accepted standards design solutions in accordance with the recommendations of SNiP 23-02 and TSN 23 - 329 - 2002.
The heat transfer resistance of enclosing structures is determined depending on the number and materials of layers, as well as the physical properties of building materials according to the recommendations of SNiP 23-02 and TSN 23 - 329 - 2002.
1.2.1 External walls of the building
There are three types of external walls in a residential building.
The first type is brickwork with floor support 120 mm thick, insulated with polystyrene concrete 280 mm thick, with a facing layer of silicate brick. The second type is a 200 mm reinforced concrete panel, insulated with 280 mm thick polystyrene concrete, with a facing layer of sand-lime brick. The third type, see Fig. 1. Thermal engineering calculations are given for two types of walls, respectively.
1). Composition of the layers of the outer wall of the building: protective coating - cement-lime mortar 30 mm thick, λ = 0.84 W/(m× o C). The outer layer is 120 mm - made of sand-lime brick M 100 with frost resistance grade F 50, λ = 0.76 W/(m× o C); filling 280 mm – insulation – polystyrene concrete D200, GOST R 51263-99, λ = 0.075 W/(m× o C); the inner layer is 120 mm - made of sand-lime brick, M 100, λ = 0.76 W/(m× o C). The internal walls are plastered with lime-sand mortar M 75, 15 mm thick, λ = 0.84 W/(m× o C).
R w= 1/8.7+0.030/0.84+0.120/0.76+0.280/0.075+0.120/0.76+0.015/0.84+1/23 = 4.26 m 2 × o C/W.
Heat transfer resistance of building walls, with facade area
Aw= 4989.6 m2, equal to:
4.26 m 2 × o C/W.
Thermal uniformity coefficient of external walls r, determined by formula 12 SP 23-101:
a i– width of the heat-conducting inclusion, a i = 0.120 m;
L i– length of the heat-conducting inclusion, L i= 197.6 m (building perimeter);
k i – coefficient depending on the heat-conducting inclusion, determined according to adj. N SP 23-101:
k i = 1.01 for heat-conducting connection at ratios λm/λ= 2.3 and a/b= 0,23.
Then the reduced heat transfer resistance of the building walls is equal to: 0.83 × 4.26 = 3.54 m 2 × o C/W.
2). Composition of the layers of the outer wall of the building: protective coating - cement-lime mortar M 75, 30 mm thick, λ = 0.84 W/(m× o C). The outer layer is 120 mm - made of sand-lime brick M 100 with frost resistance grade F 50, λ = 0.76 W/(m× o C); filling 280 mm – insulation – polystyrene concrete D200, GOST R 51263-99, λ = 0.075 W/(m× o C); inner layer 200 mm – reinforced concrete Wall panel, λ= 2.04 W/(m× o C).
The heat transfer resistance of the wall is equal to:
R w= 1/8,7+0,030/0,84+0,120/0,76+0,280/0,075+
+0.20/2.04+1/23 = 4.2 m 2 × o C/W.
Since the walls of the building have a homogeneous multilayer structure, the coefficient of thermal uniformity of the external walls is accepted r= 0,7.
Then the reduced heat transfer resistance of the building walls is equal to: 0.7 × 4.2 = 2.9 m 2 × o C/W.
Type of building - ordinary section of a 9-story residential building with a lower distribution of pipes for heating and hot water supply systems.
A b= 342 m2.
technical floor area underground - 342 m2.
Area of external walls above ground level A b, w= 60.5 m2.
Design temperatures of the lower heating system are 95 °C, hot water supply 60 °C. The length of the heating system pipelines with bottom wiring is 80 m. The length of the hot water supply pipelines is 30 m. Gas distribution pipes in technical. There is no underground, so the frequency of air exchange in those. underground I= 0.5 h -1 .
t int= 20 °C.
Basement area (above technical underground) - 1024.95 m2.
The width of the basement is 17.6 m. The height of the outer wall is technical. underground, buried in the ground - 1.6 m. Total length l cross-section of technical fences. underground, buried in the ground,
l= 17.6 + 2×1.6 = 20.8 m.
Air temperature in the premises of the first floor t int= 20 °C.
Resistance to heat transfer of external walls. underground spaces above ground level are accepted in accordance with SP 23-101 clause 9.3.2. equal to the heat transfer resistance of the external walls R o b . w= 3.03 m 2 ×°C/W.
Reduced resistance to heat transfer of enclosing structures of the buried part of the technical area. underground areas will be determined in accordance with SP 23-101 clause 9.3.3. as for non-insulated floors on the ground in the case where the floor and wall materials have calculated thermal conductivity coefficients λ≥ 1.2 W/(m o C). Reduced resistance to heat transfer of technical fences. underground, buried in the ground was determined according to table 13 SP 23-101 and amounted to R o rs= 4.52 m 2 ×°C/W.
The basement walls consist of: a wall block, 600 mm thick, λ = 2.04 W/(m× o C).
Let's determine the air temperature in those. underground t int b
For the calculation we use the data from Table 12 [SP 23-101]. At air temperature in those. underground 2 °C the heat flux density from the pipelines will increase compared to the values given in Table 12 by the value of the coefficient obtained from equation 34 [SP 23-101]: for heating system pipelines - by the coefficient [(95 - 2)/( 95 - 18)] 1.283 = 1.41; for hot water supply pipelines - [(60 - 2)/(60 - 18) 1.283 = 1.51. Then we calculate the temperature value t int b from the heat balance equation at a designated underground temperature of 2 °C
t int b= (20×342/1.55 + (1.41 25 80 + 1.51 14.9 30) - 0.28×823×0.5×1.2×26 - 26×430/4.52 - 26×60.5/3.03)/
/(342/1.55 + 0.28×823×0.5×1.2 + 430/4.52 +60.5/3.03) = 1316/473 = 2.78 °C.
The heat flow through the basement floor was
q b . c= (20 – 2.78)/1.55 = 11.1 W/m2.
Thus, in those underground, thermal protection equivalent to the standards is provided not only by barriers (walls and floors), but also by heat from the pipelines of heating and hot water supply systems.
1.2.3 Overlapping over technical. underground
The fence has an area Af= 1024.95 m2.
Structurally, the overlap is made as follows.
2.04 W/(m× o C). Cement-sand screed 20 mm thick, λ =
0.84 W/(m× o C). Insulation extruded polystyrene foam "Rufmat", ρ o=32 kg/m 3, λ = 0.029 W/(m× o C), 60 mm thick according to GOST 16381. Air gap, λ = 0.005 W/(m× o C), 10 mm thick. Boards for flooring, λ = 0.18 W/(m× o C), 20 mm thick according to GOST 8242.
R f= 1/8,7+0,22/2,04+0,020/0,84+0,060/0,029+
0.010/0.005+0.020/0.180+1/17 = 4.35 m 2 × o C/W.
According to clause 9.3.4 SP 23-101, we will determine the value of the required heat transfer resistance of the basement floor above the technical underground Rс according to the formula
R o = nR req,
Where n- coefficient determined at the accepted minimum temperature underground air t int b= 2°C.
n = (t int - t int b)/(t int - t ext) = (20 - 2)/(20 + 26) = 0,39.
Then R with= 0.39 × 4.35 = 1.74 m 2 × ° C / W.
Let's check whether the thermal protection of the ceiling above the technical underground meets the requirement of the standard differential D tn= 2 °C for the floor of the first floor.
Using formula (3) SNiP 23 - 02, we determine the minimum permissible heat transfer resistance
R o min =(20 - 2)/(2×8.7) = 1.03 m 2 ×°C/W< R c = 1.74 m 2 ×°C/W.
1.2.4 Attic floor
Floor area A c= 1024.95 m2.
Reinforced concrete slab floors, thickness 220 mm, λ =
2.04 W/(m× o C). Insulation of mini-slabs JSC " Mineral wool», r =140-
175 kg/m 3, λ = 0.046 W/(m× o C), 200 mm thick according to GOST 4640. The coating on top has cement-sand screed 40 mm thick, λ = 0.84 W/(m× o C).
Then the heat transfer resistance is equal to:
Rc= 1/8.7+0.22/2.04+0.200/0.046+0.04/0.84+1/23=4.66 m 2 × o C/W.
1.2.5 Attic covering
Reinforced concrete floor slab, thickness 220 mm, λ =
2.04 W/(m× o C). Expanded clay gravel insulation, r=600 kg/m 3, λ =
0.190 W/(m× o C), thickness 150 mm according to GOST 9757; Mineral slab of Mineral Wool JSC, 140-175 kg/m3, λ = 0.046 W/(m×oC), 120 mm thick according to GOST 4640. The coating on top has a cement-sand screed 40 mm thick, λ = 0.84 W/ (m×o C).
Then the heat transfer resistance is equal to:
Rc= 1/8.7+0.22/2.04+0.150/0.190+0.12/0.046+0.04/0.84+1/17=3.37 m 2 × o C/W.
1.2.6 Windows
Modern translucent designs of heat-protective windows use double-glazed windows, and to perform window boxes and valves, mainly PVC profiles or combinations thereof. When manufacturing double-glazed windows using float glass, the windows provide a calculated reduced heat transfer resistance of no more than 0.56 m 2 × o C/W, which meets the regulatory requirements for their certification.
Square window openings A F= 1002.24 m2.
Window heat transfer resistance is accepted R F= 0.56 m 2 × o C/W.
1.2.7 Reduced heat transfer coefficient
The reduced heat transfer coefficient through the external building envelope, W/(m 2 ×°C), is determined by formula 3.10 [TSN 23 - 329 - 2002] taking into account the structures adopted in the project:
1.13(4989.6 / 2.9+1002.24 / 0.56+1024.95 / 4.66+1024.95 / 4.35) / 8056.9 = 0.54 W/(m 2 × °C).
1.2.8 Conditional heat transfer coefficient
The conditional heat transfer coefficient of a building, taking into account heat loss due to infiltration and ventilation, W/(m 2 ×°C), is determined by formula G.6 [SNiP 23 - 02] taking into account the designs adopted in the project:
Where With– specific heat capacity of air equal to 1 kJ/(kg×°C);
β ν – coefficient of air volume reduction in the building, taking into account the presence of internal enclosing structures, equal to β ν = 0,85.
0.28×1×0.472×0.85×25026.57×1.305×0.9/8056.9 = 0.41 W/(m 2 ×°C).
The average air exchange rate of a building during the heating period is calculated from the total air exchange due to ventilation and infiltration using the formula
n a= [(3×1714.32) × 168/168+(95×0.9×
×168)/(168×1.305)] / (0.85×12984) = 0.479 h -1 .
– the amount of infiltrated air, kg/h, entering the building through the enclosing structures during the day of the heating period, is determined by formula G.9 [SNiP 23-02-2003]:
19.68/0.53×(35.981/10) 2/3 + (2.1×1.31)/0.53×(56.55/10) 1/2 = 95 kg/h.
– respectively, for the staircase, the calculated difference in pressure of external and internal air for windows and balcony doors and external entrance doors is determined by formula 13 [SNiP 23-02-2003] for windows and balcony doors with the value 0.55 replaced by 0, 28 and with the calculation of specific gravity according to formula 14 [SNiP 23-02-2003] at the corresponding air temperature, Pa.
∆р e d= 0.55× Η ×( γ ext -γ int) + 0.03× γ ext×ν 2 .
Where Η = 30.4 m – building height;
– specific gravity of external and internal air, respectively, N/m 3 .
γ ext = 3463/(273-26) = 14.02 N/m 3,
γ int = 3463/(273+21) = 11.78 N/m 3 .
∆р F= 0.28×30.4×(14.02-11.78)+0.03×14.02×5.9 2 = 35.98 Pa.
∆р ed= 0.55×30.4×(14.02-11.78)+0.03×14.02×5.9 2 = 56.55 Pa.
– average density of supply air during the heating period, kg/m3, ,
353/ = 1.31 kg/m3.
Vh= 25026.57 m3.
1.2.9 Overall heat transfer coefficient
The conditional heat transfer coefficient of a building, taking into account heat loss due to infiltration and ventilation, W/(m 2 ×°C), is determined by formula G.6 [SNiP 23-02-2003] taking into account the designs adopted in the project:
0.54 + 0.41 = 0.95 W/(m 2 ×°C).
1.2.10 Comparison of normalized and reduced heat transfer resistances
The results of the calculations are compared in table. 2 standardized and reduced heat transfer resistances.
Table 2 - Standardized Rreg and given R r o heat transfer resistance of building enclosures
1.2.11 Protection against waterlogging of enclosing structures
The temperature of the inner surface of the enclosing structures should be more temperature dew point t d=11.6 o C (3 o C for windows).
Temperature of the internal surface of enclosing structures τ int, is calculated using formula Ya.2.6 [SP 23-101]:
τ int = t int-(t int-t ext)/(R r× α int),
for building walls:
τ int=20-(20+26)/(3.37×8.7)=19.4 o C > t d=11.6 o C;
for covering the technical floor:
τ int=2-(2+26)/(4.35×8.7)=1.3 o C<t d=1.5 o C, (φ=75%);
for windows:
τ int=20-(20+26)/(0.56×8.0)=9.9 o C > t d=3 o C.
The temperature of condensation on the internal surface of the structure was determined by I-d humid air diagram.
The temperatures of internal structural surfaces satisfy the conditions for preventing moisture condensation, with the exception of the technical floor ceiling structures.
1.2.12 Space-planning characteristics of the building
The space-planning characteristics of the building are established in accordance with SNiP 23-02.
Glazing coefficient of building facades f:
f = A F /A W + F = 1002,24 / 5992 = 0,17
Building compactness indicator, 1/m:
8056.9 / 25026.57 = 0.32 m -1 .
1.3.3 Thermal energy consumption for heating the building
Thermal energy consumption for heating the building during the heating period Q h y, MJ, determined by formula G.2 [SNiP 23 - 02]:
0.8 – coefficient of heat gain reduction due to thermal inertia of enclosing structures (recommended);
1.11 – coefficient that takes into account the additional heat consumption of the heating system associated with the discreteness of the nominal heat flow of the range of heating devices, their additional heat loss through the behind-the-radiator sections of the fences, increased air temperature in corner rooms, heat loss of pipelines passing through unheated rooms.
General heat loss of the building Qh, MJ, for the heating period are determined by formula G.3 [SNiP 23 - 02]:
Qh= 0.0864×0.95×4858.5×8056.9 = 3212976 MJ.
Household heat gains during the heating season Q int, MJ, are determined by formula G.10 [SNiP 23 - 02]:
Where q int= 10 W/m2 – the amount of household heat generation per 1 m2 of residential area or the estimated area of a public building.
Q int= 0.0864×10×205×3940= 697853 MJ.
Heat gain through windows from solar radiation during the heating season Q s, MJ, are determined by formula 3.10 [TSN 23 - 329 - 2002]:
Q s =τ F ×k F ×(A F 1 ×I 1 +A F 2 ×I 2 +A F 3 ×I 3 +A F 4 ×I 4)+τ scy× k scy ×A scy ×I hor ,
Q s = 0.76×0.78×(425.25×587+25.15×1339+486×1176+66×1176)= 552756 MJ.
Q h y= ×1.11 = 2,566917 MJ.
1.3.4 Estimated specific heat energy consumption
The estimated specific consumption of thermal energy for heating a building during the heating period, kJ/(m 2 × o S×day), is determined by the formula
D.1:
10 3 × 2 566917 /(7258 × 4858.5) = 72.8 kJ/(m 2 × o S×day)
According to table. 3.6 b [TSN 23 – 329 – 2002] normalized specific heat energy consumption for heating a nine-story residential building is 80 kJ/(m 2 × o S×day) or 29 kJ/(m 3 × o S×day).
CONCLUSION
In the project of a 9-story residential building, special techniques were used to increase the energy efficiency of the building, such as:
¾ a constructive solution has been applied that allows not only to implement fast construction object, but also to use various structural elements in the external enclosing structure - insulating materials and architectural forms at the request of the customer and taking into account the existing capabilities of the regional construction industry,
¾ the project includes thermal insulation of heating and hot water supply pipelines,
¾ modern ones are used thermal insulation materials, in particular, polystyrene concrete D200, GOST R 51263-99,
¾ in modern translucent designs of heat-insulating windows, double-glazed windows are used, and for the manufacture of window frames and sashes, mainly PVC profiles or combinations thereof. When manufacturing double-glazed windows using float glass, the windows provide a calculated reduced heat transfer resistance of 0.56 W/(m×oC).
The energy efficiency of the designed residential building is determined by the following main criteria:
¾ specific consumption of thermal energy for heating during the heating period q h des,kJ/(m 2 ×°C×day) [kJ/(m 3 ×°C×day)];
¾ indicator of building compactness k e,1m;
¾ glazing coefficient of the building facade f.
As a result of the calculations, the following conclusions can be drawn:
1. The enclosing structures of a 9-story residential building comply with the requirements of SNiP 23-02 for energy efficiency.
2. The building is designed to maintain optimal temperature and humidity while ensuring the lowest energy consumption costs.
3. Calculated building compactness index k e= 0.32 is equal to the normative one.
4. The glazing coefficient of the building façade f=0.17 is close to the standard value f=0.18.
5. The degree of reduction in thermal energy consumption for heating the building from the standard value was minus 9%. This value parameter matches normal class of thermal energy efficiency of the building according to Table 3 SNiP 02/23/2003 Thermal protection of buildings.
ENERGY PASSPORT OF THE BUILDING
(determining the thickness of the attic insulation layer
floors and coverings)
A. Initial data
Humidity zone is normal.
z ht = 229 days.
Average design temperature of the heating period t ht = –5.9 ºС.
Cold five-day temperature t ext = –35 °С.
t int = + 21 °С.
Relative humidity: = 55%.
Estimated air temperature in the attic t int g = +15 С.
Heat transfer coefficient of the inner surface of the attic floor 
= 8.7 W/m 2 ·С.
Heat transfer coefficient of the outer surface of the attic floor 
= 12 W/m 2 °C.
Heat transfer coefficient of the inner surface of the coating warm attic 
= 9.9 W/m 2 °C.
Heat transfer coefficient of the outer surface of the covering of a warm attic 
= 23 W/m 2 °C.
Building type – 9-storey residential building. The kitchens in the apartments are equipped with gas stoves. The height of the attic space is 2.0 m. Coverage area (roof) A g. c = 367.0 m 2, warm attic floors A g. f = 367.0 m 2, external walls of the attic A g. w = 108.2 m2.
Located in a warm attic top wiring pipes of heating and water supply systems. Design temperature of the heating system is 95 °C, hot water supply is 60 °C.
The diameter of the heating pipes is 50 mm with a length of 55 m, hot water supply pipes are 25 mm with a length of 30 m.
Attic floor:
Rice. 6 Calculation scheme
The attic floor consists of the structural layers shown in the table.
| № | Name of material (structures) |  , kg/m 3 | δ, m |  ,W/(m °C) | R, m 2 °C/W |
| 1 | Rigid mineral wool slabs with bitumen binders (GOST 4640) | 200 | X | 0,08 | X |
| 2 | Vapor barrier – Rubitex 1 layer (GOST 30547) | 600 | 0,005 | 0,17 | 0,0294 |
| 3 | Reinforced concrete hollow core slabs PC (GOST 9561 - 91) | 0,22 | 0,142 |
Combined coverage:
Rice. 7 Calculation scheme
The combined covering above the warm attic consists of the structural layers shown in the table.
| № | Name of material (structures) | , kg/m 3 | δ, m | ,W/(m °C) | R, m 2 °C/W |
| 1 | Technoelast | 600 | 0,006 | 0,17 | 0,035 |
| 2 | Cement-sand mortar | 1800 | 0,02 | 0,93 | 0,022 |
| 3 | Aerated concrete slabs | 300 | X | 0,13 | X |
| 4 | Ruberoid | 600 | 0,005 | 0,17 | 0,029 |
| 5 | Reinforced concrete slab | 2500 | 0,035 | 2,04 | 0,017 |
B. Calculation procedure
Determination of the degree-day of the heating period using formula (2) SNiP 23-02–2003:
D d = ( t int – t ht) z ht = (21 + 5.9) 229 = 6160.1.
The normalized value of the heat transfer resistance of the coating of a residential building according to formula (1) SNiP 23-02–2003:
R req = a· D d+ b=0.0005·6160.1 + 2.2 = 5.28 m 2 ·С/W;
Using formula (29) SP 23-101–2004, we determine the required heat transfer resistance of the floor of a warm attic 
, m 2 °C /W: 
,
Where 
– standardized resistance to heat transfer of the coating;
n– coefficient determined by formula (30) SP 230101–2004,
(21 – 15)/(21 + 35) = 0,107.
Based on the found values 
And n define 
:
= 5.28·0.107 = 0.56 m2·С/W.
Required coating resistance over a warm attic R 0 g. c is set using formula (32) SP 23-101–2004:
R 0 g.c = ( 
– t ext)/(0.28 G ven With(t ven – ) + ( t int – )/ R 0 g.f +
+ (
)/A g.f – ( 
– t ext) A g.w/ R 0 g.w ,
Where G ven – reduced (per 1 m2 of attic) air flow in the ventilation system, determined from the table. 6 SP 23-101–2004 and equal to 19.5 kg/(m 2 h);
c– specific heat capacity of air equal to 1 kJ/(kg °C);
t ven – temperature of the air leaving ventilation ducts, °С, taken equal t int + 1.5;
q pi is the linear heat flux density through the surface of the thermal insulation per 1 m of pipeline length, taken to be 25 for heating pipes and 12 W/m for hot water supply pipes (Table 12 SP 23-101–2004).
The given heat inputs from pipelines of heating and hot water supply systems are:
()/A g.f = (25·55 + 12·30)/367 = 4.71 W/m2;
a g. w – reduced area of the outer walls of the attic m 2 / m 2, determined by formula (33) SP 23-101–2004, 
= 108,2/367 = 0,295;
– normalized resistance to heat transfer of the external walls of a warm attic, determined through the degree-day of the heating period at the internal air temperature in the attic = +15 ºС. 
– t ht)· z ht = (15 + 5.9)229 = 4786.1 °C day,
m 2 °C/W
We substitute the found values into the formula and determine the required heat transfer resistance of the coating above the warm attic:
(15 + 35)/(0.28 19.2(22.5 – 15) + (21 – 15)/0.56 + 4.71 –
– (15 + 35) 0.295/3.08 = 50/50.94 = 0.98 m 2 °C/W
We determine the thickness of the insulation in the attic floor when R 0 g. f = 0.56 m 2 °C/W: 
= (R 0 g. f – 1/– R reinforced concrete – R rub – 1/) ut =
= (0.56 – 1/8.7 – 0.142 –0.029 – 1/12)0.08 = 0.0153 m,
we take the insulation thickness = 40 mm, since the minimum thickness mineral wool slabs 40 mm (GOST 10140), then the actual heat transfer resistance will be
R 0 g. f fact. = 1/8.7 + 0.04/0.08 + 0.029 + 0.142 + 1/12 = 0.869 m 2 °C/W.
We determine the amount of insulation in the coating when R 0 g. c = = 0.98 m 2 °C/W:
= (R 0 g. c – 1/ – R reinforced concrete – R rub - R c.p.r – R t – 1/) ut =
= (0.98 – 1/9.9 – 0.017 – 0.029 – 0.022 – 0.035 – 1/23) 0.13 = 0.0953 m,
We assume the thickness of the insulation (aerated concrete slab) is 100 mm, then the actual value of the heat transfer resistance of the attic covering will be almost equal to the calculated one.
B. Checking compliance with sanitary and hygienic requirements
thermal protection of the building
I. Checking the fulfillment of the condition 
for the attic floor:
= (21 – 15)/(0.869·8.7) = 0.79 °C,
According to table. 5 SNiP 23-02–2003 ∆ t n = 3 °С, therefore, the condition ∆ t g = 0.79 °C t n =3 °C is satisfied.
We check the external enclosing structures of the attic to ensure that condensation does not form on their internal surfaces, i.e. to fulfill the condition 
:
– for covering above a warm attic, taking 
W/m 2 °С,
15 – [(15 + 35)/(0.98 9.9] =
= 15 – 4.12 = 10.85 °C;
– for the external walls of a warm attic, taking 
W/m 2 °С,
15 – [(15 + 35)]/(3.08 8.7) =
= 15 – 1.49 = 13.5 °C.
II. Calculating the dew point temperature t d , °C, in the attic:
– calculate the moisture content of the outside air, g/m 3, at the design temperature t ext:
=
– the same, air from a warm attic, taking the increment in moisture content ∆ f for houses with gas stoves equal to 4.0 g/m3:
g/m 3 ;
– determine the partial pressure of water vapor in the air in a warm attic:
According to Appendix 8 by value E= e g find the dew point temperature t d = 3.05 °C.
The obtained dew point temperature values are compared with the corresponding values 
And 
:
=13,5 > t d = 3.05 °C; = 10.88 > t d = 3.05 °C.
The dew point temperature is significantly lower than the corresponding temperatures on the internal surfaces of external fences, therefore, condensation will not form on the internal surfaces of the coating and on the walls of the attic.
Conclusion. Horizontal and vertical fences of a warm attic meet the regulatory requirements for thermal protection of the building.
Example5
Calculation of specific heat energy consumption for heating a 9-story single-section residential building (tower type)
Dimensions typical floor A 9-story residential building is shown in the figure.
Fig. 8 Typical floor plan of a 9-story one-section residential building
A. Initial data
Place of construction - Perm.
Climatic region – IV.
Humidity zone is normal.
The humidity level of the room is normal.
Operating conditions of enclosing structures – B.
Duration of the heating season z ht = 229 days.
Average temperature of the heating season t ht = –5.9 °С.
Indoor air temperature t int = +21 °С.
Cold five-day outdoor air temperature t ext = = –35 °С.
The building is equipped with a “warm” attic and a technical basement.
Temperature of the internal air of the technical basement 
= = +2 °С
Height of the building from the floor level of the first floor to the top of the exhaust shaft H= 29.7 m.
Floor height – 2.8 m.
The maximum of the average wind speeds by rumba for January v= 5.2 m/s.
B. Calculation procedure
1. Determination of the areas of enclosing structures.
The determination of the areas of enclosing structures is based on the typical floor plan of a 9-story building and the initial data of section A.
Total floor area of the building
A h = (42.5 + 42.5 + 42.5 + 57.38) 9 = 1663.9 m2.
Living space apartments and kitchens
A l = (27,76 + 27,76 + 27,76 + 42,54 + 7,12 + 7,12 +
+ 7,12 + 7,12)
9 = 1388.7 m2.
Floor area above the technical basement A b .с, attic floor A g. f and coverings above the attic A g. c
A b .c = A g. f = A g. c = 16·16.2 = 259.2 m2.
Total area of window fillings and balcony doors A F with their number on the floor:
– window fillings 1.5 m wide – 6 pcs.,
– window fillings 1.2 m wide – 8 pcs.,
– balcony doors 0.75 m wide – 4 pcs.
Window height – 1.2 m; the height of the balcony doors is 2.2 m.
A F = [(1.5 6+1.2 8) 1.2+(0.75 4 2.2)] 9 = 260.3 m2.
Area of entrance doors to the staircase with a width of 1.0 and 1.5 m and a height of 2.05 m
A ed = (1.5 + 1.0) 2.05 = 5.12 m 2.
Area of window fillings in the staircase with a window width of 1.2 m and a height of 0.9 m
= (1.2·0.9)·8 = 8.64 m2.
The total area of external doors of apartments with a width of 0.9 m, a height of 2.05 m and a number of 4 pcs per floor.
A ed = (0.9 2.05 4) 9 = 66.42 m2.
The total area of the external walls of the building, taking into account window and door openings
= (16 + 16 + 16.2 + 16.2) 2.8 9 = 1622.88 m2.
The total area of the external walls of the building without windows and doorways
A W = 1622.88 – (260.28 + 8.64 + 5.12) = 1348.84 m2.
The total area of the internal surfaces of external enclosing structures, including the attic floor and the floor above the technical basement, 
= (16 + 16 + 16.2 + 16.2) 2.8 9 + 259.2 + 259.2 = 2141.3 m2.
Heated volume of the building
V n = 16·16.2·2.8·9 = 6531.84 m3.
2. Determination of the degree-day of the heating period.
Degree days are determined by formula (2) SNiP 23-02–2003 for the following enclosing structures:
– external walls and attic floors:
D d 1 = (21 + 5.9) 229 = 6160.1 °C day,
– coverings and external walls of a warm “attic”:
D d 2 = (15 + 5.9) 229 = 4786.1 °C day,
– ceilings above the technical basement:
D d 3 = (2 + 5.9) 229 = 1809.1 °C day.
3. Determination of the required heat transfer resistance of enclosing structures.
The required heat transfer resistance of enclosing structures is determined from the table. 4 SNiP 23-02–2003 depending on the degree-day values of the heating period:
– for external walls of a building
= 0.00035 6160.1 + 1.4 = 3.56 m 2 °C/W;
– for attic flooring
= n·
= 0.107(0.0005 6160.1 + 2.2) = 0.49 m2,
n = 
= 
= 0,107;
– for external walls of the attic
= 0.00035 4786.1 + 1.4 = 3.07 m 2 °C/W,
– for covering above the attic 
= 
=
= 0.87 m 2 °C/W;
– for covering over a technical basement 
= n b. c R reg = 0.34(0.00045 1809.1 + 1.9) = 0.92 m 2 °C/W,
n b. c = 
= 
= 0,34;
– for window fillings and balcony doors with triple glazing in wooden frames (Appendix L SP 23-101–2004)
= 0.55 m 2 °C/W.
4. Determination of thermal energy consumption for heating the building.
To determine the consumption of thermal energy for heating a building during the heating period, it is necessary to establish:
– total heat loss of the building through external fences Q h, MJ;
– domestic heat gains Q int, MJ;
– heat gain through windows and balcony doors from solar radiation, MJ.
When determining the total heat loss of a building Q h , MJ, two coefficients need to be calculated:
– reduced heat transfer coefficient through the external building envelope 
, W/(m 2 °C);
L v = 3 A l= 3 1388.7 = 4166.1 m 3 / h,
Where A l– area of living quarters and kitchens, m2;
– determined average air exchange rate of the building during the heating period n a, h –1, according to formula (D.8) SNiP 23-02–2003:
n a = 
= 0.75 h –1.
We accept a coefficient for reducing the air volume in the building, taking into account the presence of internal fences, B v = 0.85; specific heat capacity air c= 1 kJ/kg °С, and the coefficient taking into account the influence of counter heat flow in translucent structures k = 0,7:
= 
= 0.45 W/(m 2 °C).
The value of the overall heat transfer coefficient of the building K m, W/(m 2 °C), determined by formula (D.4) SNiP 23-02–2003:
K m = 0.59 + 0.45 = 1.04 W/(m 2 °C).
We calculate the total heat loss of the building during the heating period Q h, MJ, according to formula (D.3) SNiP 23-02–2003:
Q h = 0.0864·1.04·6160.1·2141.28 = 1185245.3 MJ.
Household heat gains during the heating season Q int , MJ, determined by formula (G.11) SNiP 23-02–2003, taking the value of specific household heat release q int equal to 17 W/m2:
Q int = 0.0864·17·229·1132.4 = 380888.62 MJ.
Heat input into the building from solar radiation during the heating period Q s , MJ, determined by formula (G.11) SNiP 23-02–2003, taking into account the values of the coefficients taking into account the shading of light openings by opaque filling elements τ F = 0.5 and the relative penetration of solar radiation for light-transmitting window fillings k F = 0.46.
The average value of solar radiation on vertical surfaces during the heating period I avg, W/m2, taken according to Appendix (D) SP 23-101–2004 for the geographic latitude of the city of Perm (56° N):
I av = 201 W/m2,
Q s = 0.5 0.76(100.44 201 + 100.44 201 +
+ 29.7·201 + 29.7·201) = 19880.18 MJ.
Thermal energy consumption for heating the building during the heating period 
, MJ, determined by formula (D.2) SNiP 23-02–2003, taking numerical value the following coefficients:
– coefficient of reduction of heat input due to thermal inertia of enclosing structures 
= 0,8;
– coefficient taking into account the additional heat consumption of the heating system associated with the discreteness of the nominal heat flow of the range of heating devices for tower-type buildings 
= 1,11.
= ·1.11 = 1024940.2 MJ.
We establish the specific thermal energy consumption of the building 
, kJ/(m 2 °C day), according to formula (D.1) SNiP 23-02–2003:
= 
= 25.47 kJ/(m 2 °C day).
According to the data in Table. 9 SNiP 23-02–2003, the standardized specific heat energy consumption for heating a 9-story residential building is 25 kJ/(m 2 °C day), which is 1.02% lower than the calculated specific heat energy consumption = 25.47 kJ /(m 2 °C day), therefore, during the thermal engineering design of enclosing structures, it is necessary to take this difference into account.
Description:
In accordance with the latest SNiP “Thermal protection of buildings”, the “Energy Efficiency” section is mandatory for any project. The main purpose of the section is to prove that the specific heat consumption for heating and ventilation of the building is below the standard value.
Calculation of solar radiation in winter time
Flux of total solar radiation arriving during the heating period on horizontal and vertical surfaces under actual cloudy conditions, kWh/m2 (MJ/m2)
Flux of total solar radiation arriving for each month of the heating period on horizontal and vertical surfaces under actual cloudy conditions, kWh/m2 (MJ/m2)
As a result of the work done, data were obtained on the intensity of total (direct and diffuse) solar radiation falling on differently oriented vertical surfaces for 18 Russian cities. This data can be used in real design.
Literature
1. SNiP 23–02–2003 “Thermal protection of buildings.” – M.: Gosstroy of Russia, FSUE TsPP, 2004.
2. Scientific and applied reference book on the climate of the USSR. Parts 1–6. Vol. 1–34. – St. Petersburg. : Gidrometeoizdat, 1989–1998.
3. SP 23–101–2004 “Design of thermal protection of buildings.” – M.: Federal State Unitary Enterprise TsPP, 2004.
4. MGSN 2.01–99 “Energy saving in buildings. Standards for thermal protection and heat and water power supply.” – M.: State Unitary Enterprise “NIAC”, 1999.
5. SNiP 23–01–99* “Building climatology”. – M.: Gosstroy of Russia, State Unitary Enterprise TsPP, 2003.
6. Construction climatology: Reference manual for SNiP. – M.: Stroyizdat, 1990.
