Book words (vocabulary of book styles) are words that are found in scientific literature (in articles, monographs, textbooks), and in journalism (including in newspapers), and in business documents, and in fiction*, which is why it is difficult to assign them to any particular style. These include: aboriginal, hypothesis, hyperbolize, view, disharmonize, given("this"), disorient, declarative, slapstick, introduction, emergence, innate, pompous, hegemony, illusion, illusory, intuition, eradication, dry up, for, origins, count, indifferent, proper, transformation, touch, illumination("image, display"), colleague, motive("cause"), punctual, original, unreal, find, sudden, prevail, due to the fact that, loss and etc.
* So, for example, the word transformation can be found in the author’s language of the fiction writer, in journalistic and scientific works (below it is in italics): “At that time I was very busy transformation Konstantinovsky Land Surveying School to the Konstantinovsky Land Surveying Institute" (S. Aksakov); "Methods were demonstrated transformation phone into a microphone that transmits the received speech over a distance of hundreds of kilometers" ( New world. 1971. No. 11. P. 176), etc.
In addition, words that can hardly be said to be used in different styles are bookish. writing, but which are clearly uncharacteristic of casual conversation. These are, for example, memorable, excess, overthrow, gain and so on.
Some book words stand out for their “scientific” character, gravitate towards (but do not belong!) to scientific terminology ( impulsive, intense, hypothesis, hyperbolize, prevail, illusory etc.), which gives rise to some linguists calling them “general scientific words”. Others make up a category that can conditionally be called book-literary ( overthrow, loss, mortal, hope, thirst, lofty, sweet-tongued, memorable, scourge, trend, powerful, unattainable, visit, pet, gain etc.). At the same time (this is worth emphasizing again) neither one nor the other belongs to any one style. So, hypothesis, intensive, identical, isolate, interpretation, ignore, transform, characterize etc. are used not only in scientific works, but also in journalism (and some of them, such as, intense, transformation, characterized, and in official business documents); words introduction, implementation, implementation and others are characteristic not only of the language of journalism, but also of the language of official business documents; book and literary plunge, crave, memorable, scourge, fermentation, unattainable etc. are inherent not only to language fiction, but also the language of journalism, etc.
The “bookishness” of book vocabulary can be different. In some cases it is not very noticeable, not very distinct; words with such a faint bookishness are called moderately bookish*. These include many verbal nouns in -nie, -nie, -ie, formed from stylistically neutral and moderately literary verbs: arising, taking, touching, weighing, receiving, touching, considering, walking etc., as well as nouns such as significance, exile, incident, origins, measure, enemy, innovation, appearance, inhabitant, object(in the meaning of “a phenomenon, object, person to which someone’s activity, someone’s attention is directed”), carnage etc. The words are also moderately bookish congenital, lofty(And pomp), significant(And significantly, significance), visible(visibly), perverted(perverted, perversity), sophisticated(sophisticated, sophistication), sudden(suddenly, suddenness), unattainable(unattainable), immemorial;inexhaustible, repeated(repeatedly, repeated), charming(charming, charming), seductive(seductively), erect, lay down, arise, renew, infuse(hope, faith) choose, get rid of("to eradicate"), isolate, dry up, resent, decapitate, effectuate, characterize;very, from the outside, must;something, several(meaning "to some extent": " some tired"), some, as a result, since and etc.**
* The authors of the 4-volume Dictionary of the Russian Language, in which bookish vocabulary is in principle distinguished (with the mark “bookish.”), do not give marks to moderately bookish words, considering them stylistically neutral. More or less consistently, this vocabulary is qualified as bookish in " Explanatory dictionary Russian language" by d ed. D.N. Ushakova.
** You can indicate that some, i.e. moderate, bookishness distinguishes gerunds and participles formed not only from moderately bookish, but also from stylistically neutral verbs.
In other words, “bookishness” is felt much more clearly. That is why they are called purely bookish. This: altruism, hypothesis, doctrinaire, hypothetical, hyperbole, hyperbolize, hypertrophied, for, illusory, indifferent, colleague, lapidary, nuance, unshakable, neophyte, bearer, nostalgia, promised, clothe, foreseeable, acquire, odious, burden, prerogative, pet, piety, precedent, zealous, truism and etc.
A significant part of bookish words (moderately and strictly bookish) do not express any emotional assessment, but only name some phenomena, objects, properties, actions (usually of an abstract nature). In many cases, they have an inter-style synonym that completely matches their meaning: given – this;hyperbolize - exaggerate;someone - someone;significant - big;a few - a little;for, since - because;lapidary - short;once upon a time - once upon a time etc.
But among the book vocabulary there are also words that, in addition to denoting the corresponding phenomena, properties, actions, also contain their assessment - positive or negative, disapproving. This evaluation of words is usually indicated in explanatory dictionaries by the corresponding mark (“iron.” - ironic, “joking.” - humorous, “with a tinge of disapproval,” “with a tinge of disdain,” etc.) or by the interpretation of the meaning itself. Litter "shutl." stands, for example, in the words great, green, dwelling, clothe (and vestments) and some etc.; marked "iron." we find with the words mortal, lofty, most humble, panacea, notorious, person(in the meaning of “person”, “personality”), etc. And the evaluative value of such words as doctrinaire, vandalism, insinuation, obscurantist, spotlight and so on. shown in dictionaries with a corresponding explanation of the meaning of the word. For example:
Vandalism– merciless destruction and destruction of cultural and artistic monuments*.
Doctrinaire- a person who blindly and pedantically follows any particular doctrine; scholastic, reciter.
* In this and other interpretations given below, words expressing an assessment of the phenomenon or person they call are highlighted.
Neutral vocabulary- the most stable part of the vocabulary of a language, constituting its basis; can be used in any communicative situation, since it is devoid of any expressive-emotional coloring and in fact is a kind of standard in relation to which all others are determined
functional layers of vocabulary. So, for example, the verb die is neutral in comparison with such options as die (book style), die (colloquial style) and bend (jargon); the noun face is neutral in comparison with the words face (high style), physiognomy (colloquial version) and mug (a simple river word).
Neutral vocabulary includes the names of many objects and phenomena (house, book, wind, snow, etc.), actions and states (read, lie down, walk, etc.), signs (tall, sad, green, etc.). Almost all pronouns, numerals and function words are stylistically neutral.
In some linguistic works neutral vocabulary is called interstyle.
Book vocabulary— vocabulary presented in scientific and fiction literature, journalism, official business documents. This category of words is usually used in written speech and is inappropriate in spoken language.
In this group, words that do not express any emotional assessment predominate numerically; quite often they denote concepts that are not found in everyday communication, but at the same time they may not relate to scientific terminology (hypothesis, prevail, pompous). The degree of bookishness of such words can be different - both not very distinct, moderate (argumentation, heavy, immemorial, very), and pronounced (hypertrophied, for, lapidary, prerogative).
Within the book vocabulary there are also emotionally charged words. Some of them give a positive assessment of certain processes, actions, properties and phenomena (persona, pre-draw, panacea), others give a negative or disapproving assessment (vandalism, insinuation, obscurantism).
Inside a bookstore, lofty and poetic vocabulary can stand out. High vocabulary is characterized by special solemnity and elation. It is often used in oratory, especially in cases where some significant events in the history of the country, the life of the people, etc. are touched upon. (accomplishment, sovereign, erect, from now on). Poetic vocabulary is also adjacent to the solemn one, but it is more characteristic of fiction, sometimes journalism (azure, boundless, more beautiful, dreams, muse, blush).
Conversational vocabulary- vocabulary presented primarily in colloquial (oral) speech, focused on informal, relaxed communication. Compared to neutral vocabulary, colloquial vocabulary is more expressive, sometimes familiar, and somewhat less stylistic.
Colloquial vocabulary is not homogeneous; several different layers can be distinguished in its composition: Material from the site
- literary and colloquial words (intellectual, slowly, on the sly, hack),
- conversational and professional (back room, steering wheel, planning meeting),
- colloquial terminological (troikatka, ascorbic acid, diabetic),
- everyday life (joker, joker, chatter, canteen).
Within the colloquial vocabulary there are both words devoid of any expressive connotations (four, dad, celebrate [birthday], rush, get sick) and expressively colored ones (mug, devilry, deceive).
Conversational vocabulary is part of literary language, it is adjoined by colloquial vocabulary that is outside the literary norm - even more expressive and stylistically reduced (surely, bro, mug, tudy, sleep). The boundary between colloquial and vernacular words is quite vague and fluid, as evidenced by the marks in various dictionaries.
Didn't find what you were looking for? Use the search
On this page there is material on the following topics:
- neutral and reduced vocabulary
- words neutral, bookish, colloquial
- neutral, book and colloquial vocabulary.”
- dictionary of neutral book colloquial words
- neutral colloquial bookish
In the section on the question what are book words? give an example given by the author *:*:*:NaStyFkA *:*:*: the best answer is Book words are assigned to any style of speech: artistic, scientific, official business, journalistic.
Book words are inappropriate in a casual conversation: “The first leaves have appeared on the green spaces”; “We walked in the forest and sunbathed by the pond.” Faced with such a mixture of styles, we hasten to replace foreign words with their commonly used synonyms (not green spaces, but trees, bushes; not a forest, but a forest; not a pond, but a lake). Colloquial, and especially colloquial words cannot be used in conversation by the person with whom we are connected official relations, or in a formal setting, say in class.
Answer from Salma Vakhidova[newbie]
Book words (vocabulary of book styles) are words that are found in scientific literature (in articles, monographs, textbooks), and in journalism (including in a newspaper), and in business documents, and in fiction*, why They are difficult to assign to any particular style.
Answer from Anastasia[guru]
Book words
We feel the connection between words and terms with the language of science (for example: quantum theory, experiment, monoculture); we highlight journalistic vocabulary (aggression, name, proclaim, election campaign); we recognize the words by the clerical coloring formal business style(prohibited, prescribe, proper, following) - buy vocational school diplomas. Book words are inappropriate in a casual conversation: “The first leaves have appeared on the green spaces”; “We walked in the forest and sunbathed by the pond*. Faced with such a mixture of styles, we hasten to replace foreign words with their commonly used synonyms (not green spaces, but trees, bushes; not a forest, but a forest; not a reservoir, but a lake). Colloquial, and especially colloquial words cannot be used in a conversation by a person with whom we have official relations, or in an official setting, say, in a lesson. Wouldn’t it seem strange, for example, the use of colloquial vocabulary in students’ answers to literature: “In the image of Khlestakov, Gogol showed a terrible impudent man who turns the head of both his daughter and mother, lies shamelessly and takes bribes*; “Is Chichikov a swindler, he is eager to become a millionaire and dreams of making money at the expense of foolish landowners, buying “dead souls” from them?
The use of stylistically colored words must be motivated. Depending on the content of the speech, its style, on the environment in which the word is born, and even on how the speakers relate to each other (with sympathy or hostility), they use different words.
In addition to written and oral forms, literary language in the act of communication is presented in the form of book and colloquial speech.
When implementing each of the forms, the writer or speaker selects words, combinations of words, and composes sentences to express his thoughts. Depending on what material the speech is constructed from, it takes on a bookish or colloquial character. Let us compare, for example, the proverbs: Desire is stronger than compulsion and Hunting is stronger than bondage. The idea is the same, but framed differently. In the first case, verbal nouns na -nie (desire, compulsion) are used, giving the speech a bookish character. In the second - the words hunting, forest, giving a touch of colloquialism. It is not difficult to assume that the first proverb will be used in a scientific article or diplomatic dialogue, and the second in a casual conversation. Consequently, the sphere of communication determines the selection of linguistic material, and it, in turn, forms and determines the type of speech. Book speech serves political, legislative, scientific sphere communication (congresses, symposiums, conferences, sessions, meetings), and Speaking used at semi-official anniversaries, celebrations, at friendly feasts, meetings, confidential conversations between bosses and subordinates, in everyday life and family settings.
Book speech is built according to the norms of the literary language, their violation is unacceptable; sentences must be complete and logically connected to each other. IN book speech Abrupt transitions from one thought, which is not brought to its logical conclusion, to another are not allowed. Among the words there are abstract, bookish words, including scientific terminology and official business vocabulary.
Colloquial speech is not so strict in observing the norms of the literary language. It allows the use of forms that are classified in dictionaries as colloquial. The text of such a speech is dominated by commonly used, colloquial vocabulary; preference is given simple sentences, participial and participial phrases are avoided.
Book and colloquial speech have written and oral forms.
The terms book and colloquial vocabulary are conditional, since they are not necessarily associated with the idea of only one form of speech. Book words, typical for written speech, can also be used in oral speech (scientific reports, public performance etc.), and colloquial - in writing (in diaries, everyday correspondence, etc.).
However, not all words are distributed between different styles speech. In the Russian language there is a large group of words used in all styles without exception and characteristic of both oral and written speech. Such words form a background against which stylistically colored vocabulary stands out. They are called stylistically neutral.
If speakers find it difficult to determine whether it is possible given word use in a particular style of speech, then they should turn to dictionaries and reference books. In explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language, marks are given that indicate the stylistic characteristics of the word: “book.” —bookish, “colloquial.” - colloquial, “official.” —official, “special.” - special, “simple.” - colloquial, etc.
For example, in the “Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language of the End of the 20th Century.” (St. Petersburg, 1998) with such marks the words are given:
Meditation (book) - in some Eastern religions: a state of deep self-denial, accompanied by physical relaxation, reaching complete prostration; detachment from the outside world.
Mental (book) - related to consciousness, thinking.
The poor (official) are a social stratum of society consisting of people who do not have a living wage and are at the poverty line.
Low income (official) - noun. to the low-income.
Marathon (translated, published) - about smb. condition; about a long and intense struggle for leadership in smth.
Pendulum (publ.) - about sharp fluctuations something in an unstable position.
Kserit (colloquial) - make a photocopy, make a photocopy.
Doll (colloquial) - a bundle, a pack, a package of cut paper, given by a scammer instead of money,
Shopkeeper (colloquial) - the owner of the store.
It should be borne in mind that the functional and stylistic boundaries of the modern literary language are very flexible. Therefore, it is important to know and subtly feel the specific features of each functional style and skillfully use linguistic means different styles depending on the communication situation and the purpose of the statement.
Vvedenskaya L.A. Culture of speech - Rostov n/d., 2001.
Vocabulary from a stylistic point of view. The concept of functional style and stylistic stratification of vocabulary. Interstyle (neutral) and stylistically colored vocabulary. Vocabulary of book styles (bookish). Official business vocabulary (clerical expressions). High, poetic and folk-poetic vocabulary.
Speaking about the varieties of the Russian language: the literary language and dialects, we noted that the literary language also exists in several varieties that have lexical, orthoepic, word-formative and grammatical features. These features are determined by the specifics and conditions of communication: for example, a letter to a friend will differ from scientific article just like the casual conversation of friends from the speech of the prosecutor at trial (although both are brought together by the form of speech: oral or written). Such varieties of literary language are called functional styles. He also wrote about the specifics of functional styles of literary language L.V. Shcherba (see* Appendix 1. Reader. Text No. 6).
Traditionally distinguished book styles(scientific, journalistic, official business) and colloquial speech(or conversational style). Occupies a separate place art style, language of fiction. There is no consensus regarding the identification of the latter: some generally take it beyond the limits of functional styles, because it often goes beyond the literary language; others attribute it to book styles. You will learn more about functional styles in the special course “Fundamentals of Speech Culture and Functional Stylistics.” Now we are only interested in the fact that the stylistic stratification of vocabulary is closely related to the understanding of functional styles.
Due to the specific functioning of vocabulary in a particular style (i.e., projecting the vocabulary of the Russian language onto its use in a certain functional style), the following lexical layers are distinguished in the vocabulary of the Russian literary language: vocabulary is stylistically colored And neutral, or cross-style vocabulary(i.e. not stylistically colored). When we talked about synonyms, we noted that words in a synonymous series can differ in stylistic coloring: cf. - head, head, head or sleep, rest, slumber. Here the words of two different lexical layers are presented: neutral, interstyle ( head; sleep) and stylistically colored synonyms ( head, head; rest, sleep), the meaning of which is revealed through a neutral, not stylistically colored synonym. In dictionaries, such synonyms are marked with appropriate marks. For example: HOUSE, HOUSING, HOUSING (colloquial), ROOF (high), ROOF (colloquial), HABITAT (obsolete), ABODY (outdated and high), DEN (colloquial and playful), KENNEL (colloquial) .), Angle (unfolded).
Thus, stylistic coloring is belonging to a certain style, a sign that a given word can only be used in certain (specified) styles. Stylistically colored words seem to gravitate towards their neutral synonym, denoting the same thing, but differ from it in other conditions of use - in high, poetic speech ( Would you like to rest?) or, on the contrary, in reduced, colloquial speech or vernacular ( Stop sleeping!). Interstyle vocabulary can be used in any style, this is its peculiarity ( It's time to sleep. Would you like to sleep? Stop sleeping!).
What is neutral (interstyle) vocabulary? These are words that form the basis of the literary language, its vocabulary - they are used in speech regardless of the conditions of communication in all functional styles, book and conversational. Yes, word head we can use it in a scientific style, and in colloquial speech, and in literary text. The word is head you can’t use it in book styles, just as you don’t use the word in colloquial speech chapter: you can’t tell my head hurts, and here my head is splitting- quite appropriate. Those. Neutral vocabulary is words without any special stylistic features or attachments to a particular style. Against their background, other words are perceived as stylistically fixed. Thus, interstyle vocabulary is the background against which stylistically colored vocabulary is revealed. In dictionaries, such vocabulary is not accompanied by any stylistic marks. The very absence of a mark on a word is significant: it, as it were, marks neutral, interstyle, not stylistically colored vocabulary.
To denote vocabulary that “rises” above neutral, the term “ book", or the vocabulary of book styles (such as the term " colloquial" denote all reduced vocabulary). It turns out that the indicated lexical layers can be schematically represented as being located one above the other:
Book vocabulary
Cross-style vocabulary
Conversational vocabulary
In explanatory dictionaries, the stylistic mark “ book." (book), which is placed before or after the dictionary definition. For example:
Replenish (book.) Add what was missing, replenish;
Dithyramb. 2. Exaggerated enthusiastic praise ( book.).
Significance (book.) Same as meaning.
Canonical (book.) 1. Corresponding to the canon. 2. Taken as a sample.
Favor (book.) Contribute by helping with smth.
This mark indicates that the word (or meaning) is characteristic primarily of written, especially scientific or journalistic speech.
Words common to book styles gravitate towards scientific terminology, but do not treat it as highly specialized, which is marked with the mark “special.”, but is, as it were, general scientific vocabulary, i.e. sciences studied by everyone, for example at school ( hypothesis, impulse, theorem, hegemony). These are words used in scientific reports and articles, regardless of the field of knowledge ( prevail, interpretation), or in journalism - social and journalistic vocabulary (milestone, report, puppet, mercenary, hard worker and so on.).
However, in dictionaries other marks are used to highlight “sublime” (bookish) vocabulary: “ high." (high). " poet." (poetic), " official." (official), etc. Consequently, book vocabulary is heterogeneous. This is explained both by the variety of book styles (scientific and popular science, journalistic, official business, fiction and even epistolary), and by the diversity of their functioning.
Therefore the litter " book." (with stylistic differentiation of “sublime” vocabulary) is placed with words and meanings that are used primarily in scientific and journalistic styles:
Autocrat. Book. A person with unlimited supreme power, an autocrat.
Adept. Book. A zealous adherent, a follower of someone. teachings.
Adequate. Book. Quite appropriate, matching.
Litter " official." (official) or " official affairs."(official business) indicates that these words are typical for official texts and documents, for example:
Outgoing. 2. Official affairs. Document, paper sent from the institution..
Notify. Official. Same as notifying.
Litter " high." (high) indicates that words are used primarily in solemnly elevated speech: oratorical, journalistic, artistic, and give it a touch of solemnity, sublimity, and importance. For example:
Retribution. High. Retribution, punishment for the evil done, committed.
Explore. High. Learn by experience.
The future. High. Future. The coming years are hidden in darkness, but I see your lot on your bright brow.
For words used exclusively in poetic speech or folklore, the marks “ poet.», « traditional-poet."(traditional poetic), " people's poet."(folk poetic):
Wedges. Poet. Eyelids. All night sleep did not touch his weary eyelids.
White stone. People's poet Made of white stone. Moscow is white stone.
crown. Trad.-poet. Decorate your head with a wreath or something. like a wreath. And I came, crowned with ivy.
In some dictionaries these marks are even more fragmented: for example, in the “Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language” by D.N. Ushakov, along with the mark “ book." clarifying stylistic marks are also used " public.», « newspaper.», « scientific.», « tech.», « rhetorician.», « poet.”, and along with the mark “ official." - litter " office." (stationery, bureaucracy). Only it differentiates between poetic and folk poetic usage. Here are examples from the specified dictionary:
Armature. 2. Minor appliances and accessories some kind of apparatus or cars ( tech.).
Armada. Bookish, poetic, outdated. Large navy.
Appropriate. Include in estimate ( official, fin.).
Abyss. 1. // Infinite depth ( poet.)
Wake up. 2. Excite ( book., poet.)
In vain. Book, outdated In vain, in vain.
Thus, elevated vocabulary is words of book styles: book vocabulary - general scientific, journalistic, official business, etc. ( notify, anticipate, minor, procession, meal, giant, gain, renounce, doom, suffering, anxiety etc.), as well as high, poetic, including folk poetic and traditional poetic ( cheeks, radiant, azure, lot, right hand, hand, star, maiden, golden-headed, sweet-voiced, pluck out, descend, kiss and so on.). High, poetic words are called poeticisms: they are limited to use primarily in poetic genres of fiction of the 18th-19th centuries. ( cheeks, eyes, percy, lyre, crown, palace, inspired, daring, silent, fragrant, golden-haired, drag, blush, imagine and many more etc.). Many words of this type have long since passed into the category of archaisms, but to this day they retain the flavor of poetry and are not used in any other style. For example, about housing: abode (outdated.), monastery (old and tall), shelter (high.).
The vocabulary of book styles (“sublime”) is contrasted with vocabulary with the opposite stylistic coloring - reduced (colloquial and colloquial), which will be discussed below.
