On August 29, 1941, the world media announced the German-Italian declaration on the establishment of their “new order” in Europe. Today, few people know about the contents of this document and other similar plans. There are even opinions that Hitler’s power for Europe would be a lesser evil than the USSR’s dominance over Eastern and South-Eastern Europe.
Therefore, it makes sense to familiarize yourself with the main provisions of the plans of Hitler and Mussolini in order to find out what the world would have become if not for the victory of the USSR. Everything that the German Nazis planned for their “new world order” was spelled out in “Mein Kampf” - this is Adolf Hitler’s book “My Struggle”, in German Mein Kampf, which was published in 1925, it combined elements of an autobiography outlining the ideas of German National Socialism. Other ideas for the future can be gleaned from the relevant orders and transcripts of meetings at A. Hitler’s headquarters.
In accordance with the hierarchy introduced by the Nazis, Europe was supposed to have several vassal pro-fascist regimes, like the regime of Horthy or Antonescu. For all other states of the planet, a certain “differential” approach was planned: for countries Western Europe(like France, Belgium, Holland, England, etc.) the main principle of conquest was “Germanization”; For of Eastern Europe, the most important raw materials, including oil-bearing regions of Asia - “colonization”; for Central Russia, the Caucasus and Transcaucasia – “depopulation”.
About “Germanization”, using the example of France, on Nuremberg trials said the representative of the French prosecution, Faure: “The Germans sought to eliminate any elements of the French spirit. First of all, they prohibited in an extremely rude manner the use French... Even the inscriptions on the gravestones had to be written only in German...” That is, the main blow was dealt to the language, one of the main foundations of any people. Then there was active propaganda of the concept of Nazism, the elimination of the ideological foundations of people, this undermined their psychological spirit.
Robert Jackson, the chief US prosecutor at the same trial, added to the description of the “new German order”: “The population of the occupied territories was mercilessly abused. Terror was the order of the day." Civilians were arrested without any charges, they were not given the right to have a lawyer, and they were executed without trial or investigation at all. And this is in Western Europe, where the Nazis behaved, in their opinion, in a “civilized” manner.
In the East, a regime of complete, unlimited terror was established. With the practicality and rationality inherent in the German Nazis. Reichsführer SS Heinrich Himmler, instructing his troops and political police, said: “Our tasks do not include the Germanization of the East, which consists in educating the population German language and German laws; We only want to ensure that only people of pure German blood live in the East.” To solve the problem of “people of exclusively Aryan blood” living in the East, Hitler invented the technology of “depopulation.” In 1940, the essence of this technology was announced in a book by Rauschning (a former ally of the German Fuhrer) published in New York, according to Hitler, it was about “the elimination of entire racial units.”
For the USSR, this technology of “depopulation” resulted in the fact that during the war years we lost only about 17 million civilians, and about 10 million more were driven into slavery. Legalization of slavery, including of children, is one of characteristic features"new European order". Not only citizens of the USSR, but also the French, Poles, Baltic states, etc. worked at industrial and agricultural enterprises of the Third Reich. If not for the Victory Soviet Union these slaves would die at the construction sites of the “new world order,” and millions more people all over the planet would become slaves.
In fact, Hitler’s “new world order” meant a global concentration camp for the peoples of the planet. Huge territories would be “deserted”; they would be connected by transport highways running from one important raw material deposit to another. Huge concentration camps would have been created, those that were built in Europe would be simply “pygmy” in comparison with them. After all, the “racially impure units” were huge masses of people. Unfortunately, these ideas are currently alive and, according to many analysts, constitute the essence of the ideology of the elite of the so-called countries. "golden billion" In their opinion, the planet is already overpopulated in order to preserve high level life of the “chosen ones”, the population must be significantly thinned out.
If Hitler and his allies had prevailed, with political map the world, the Slavic peoples, the Baltic peoples would have disappeared - the Baltic states had to become part of the German Empire. At the beginning they had to create a protectorate, then pour it into the Third Reich, through colonization by the Germans and “destruction of undesirable elements.” Some of the Balts were supposed to become servants, faithful “dogs” - overseers of slaves, punishers.
The Mediterranean Sea was to become the sea of the Italian Empire. It would include the lands of North and parts of East Africa. In Europe, Mussolini's ambitions extended to parts of the Balkan Peninsula.
New order- Hitler's concept of a complete reorganization of the German public life in accordance with the Nazi worldview. August 29, 1941 The German-Italian declaration on the establishment of a “new order” in Europe was published in the world press.
All aspects of life in the Third Reich must be subordinated to politics. This meant the formation of a police regime and the establishment of a brutal dictatorship in the country. Nazi propaganda tirelessly tried to convince the German average that " new order"will bring freedom and prosperity to Germany.
By the summer of 1941 Germany and Italy occupied 12 Europe. countries In the occupied countries they established harsh occupation regime: liquid. Democratic freedom, dissolved political. parties and trade unions, banned strikes and demonstrations. Economy enslaved countries was used in the interests of the occupiers. Industry worked according to their orders, agriculture supplied them with raw materials and food, slaves. force was used in the construction of military installations.
In the fight against the fascist “new order” a patriotic and anti-fascist movement arose resistance movement. Its members published illegal newspapers and leaflets, helped prisoners of war, organized strikes, engaged in reconnaissance, and prepared for armed struggle. People of various political and religious views took part in the Resistance movement: communists, social democrats, Catholics and Orthodox Christians, trade unionists and non-partisans. Initially, these were a few disparate groups that had no connection with each other.
Emigrant governments and patriotic groups in exile fought against the occupiers. By the summer of 1941, those who fled from the occupiers settled in England government Czechoslovakia, Poland, Belgium, Holland, Denmark, Luxembourg, Greece, Yugoslavia, as well as the leadership of the Free France movement led by de Gaulle. With the support of the British government, they formed their own armed forces and sought to establish links with the Resistance movement.
1st period a period of accumulation of human resources, propaganda and organizational preparation for mass struggle.
After the German occupation Poland an underground " Union of Armed Struggle" In 1939-1940 the movement spread to Silesia. In 1940, there was sabotage at enterprises and railway transport. Polish peasants refused to pay exorbitant taxes and sabotaged food supplies.
In Czechoslovakia, the formation of groups began that carried out sabotage in factories and transport.
IN Yugoslavia partisan units consisted of soldiers and officers who did not lay down their arms after the end of the war and went to the mountains to continue the fight.
In Fr. the first participants in the movement were workers of the Paris region, Nord and Pas-de-Calais departments. One of the first major demonstrations was dedicated to the end of the First World War on November 11, 1940. In May 1941, there was a strike of over 100 thousand miners in the Nord and Pas-de-Calais departments. In France in May of the same year it was created National Front- a mass patriotic association that united the French of various social strata and political views. The prototype of a military organization - the "Special Organization" was created at the end of 1940 (later included in the organization "Franteurs and Partisans").
Also, Albania, Belgium, Greece, the Netherlands and other countries that were occupied by German, Italian or Japanese troops, as well as their satellites, rose up to fight.
Has reached large proportions Chinese resistance against the Japanese imperialists. From August 20 to December 5, 1940, the Chinese army launched an offensive against Japanese positions.
Occupation regime on occupied Soviet territory - the regime established on the territory of the USSR, which was temporarily occupied by the troops of Germany and its allies (Romania, Finland, Hungary) during the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945
The Nazi occupation regime in Ukraine set itself the main tasks :
Ø provide food, material and human resources to the needs of the Third Reich and the army;
Ø liberate from the Ukrainian population through its physical destruction, deportations and removal to work in Germany,
Ø populate the eastern lands with German settlers.
Plan "Ost"- a plan for the destruction of the population and the “development” of the “eastern” territories occupied by the Nazis.
- Holocaust- the death of a significant part of the Jewish population of Europe during the systematic persecution and extermination by the Nazis and their accomplices in Germany and in the occupied territories in 1933-1945. 6 million Jews out of 10 million living in Europe died.
According to the Ost plan, the Germans established a “new order” in the occupied territory.
Nazi "new order"- physical and moral terror against the so-called racially inferior peoples: Jews, Gypsies, Ukrainians, Russians, as well as representatives Soviet power and communists.
The main activities of the “new order”:
Abolition of Soviet legislation, introduction of German criminal law and courts;
- introduction of a curfew;
- discrimination against the Ukrainian population;
- total terror
Genocide– extermination of certain population groups on racial, national, ethnic or religious grounds.
Forced mobilization work force Germany (2.5 million people)
Ostarbeiters (“Eastern workers”)- a German term to designate persons taken by the Nazis during the Second World War for forced labor in Germany from the eastern occupied territories.
Economic exploitation (export of bread, food, plant and factory equipment, cultural assets and even black soil to Germany)
Preservation of the collective farm system under the new name “community farms” (with the exception of Western Ukrainian lands);
Use of forced labor of the local population, etc.
The inhumane “new order” has led to the organization of the resistance movement to the fascist invaders of the occupied territories.
During World War II, millions of Soviet citizens were taken to work in Germany or in countries occupied by it. According to the Donetsk regional archive, more than 250,000 people. Many of them lost their health from overwork; some, upon returning to their homeland, ended up in Soviet concentration camps. Most people, after returning from Germany, went through filtration camps, where they were checked by the NKVD. Some were sent to the Gulag, others were sent home. However, even if the person was subsequently not touched by the authorities, the fact of being at work in fascist Germany aroused suspicion towards him among those around him.
Second World War 1941-1945 brought an incalculable number of victims and deaths. The USSR lost about 27 million people, including 11.3 million people at the front, 4-5 million partisans, many people died in the occupied territory and in the rear of the country. About 6 million people were captured by fascists.
IN Donetsk region 174,416 civilians and 149,367 prisoners of war were killed and tortured, and the fates of 252 thousand citizens deported to Germany were broken.
In October 1941, Nazi troops captured Donbass. Almost immediately, the new government established compulsory labor service in the occupied territory. The whole of Ukraine was turned into a huge labor camp. The camps were divided into 2 categories - for civilians and for prisoners of war.
Camps for civilians included concentration camps, labor camps, ghettos, Gestapo prisons, transit camps, and labor camps.
Citizens who evaded labor duties, payment of taxes, and orders of local commandant's offices were kept in labor and forced labor camps. People also ended up there simply as a result of sudden street raids carried out by the German gendarmerie. As a rule, when placed in a camp, the length of stay in it was determined.
Ghettoes were created for the forced detention of persons of Jewish nationality with the aim of their further destruction.
Gestapo prisons held prisoners for political reasons.
Detained civilians were placed in transit camps for the purpose of their further transportation to forced labor in Germany.
Camps for prisoners of war were divided into dulags (collective transit points), stalags (for prisoners of war of privates and sergeants), and oflags (for prisoners of war officers).
According to documents from the state archive of the Donetsk region, State Archive Russian Federation, the Central State Archive of Public Associations of Ukraine and the Central Archive of Government Bodies of Ukraine established that on the territory of our region there were labor camps for civilians in the cities of Gorlovka, Krasnoarmeysk, Makeevka, Mariupol, Stalino (Donetsk), in the Artemovsky and Konstantinovsky districts.
According to interrogation protocols and inspection reports of emergency commissions, traces of the location of prisoner of war camps were recorded in the cities of Gorlovka, Ilovaisk, Kramatorsk, Makeevka, Mariupol, Slavyansk, Stalino, Torez, Artemovsky, Dzerzhinsky, Konstantinovskaya, Krasnoarmeysky, Krasnolimansky, Selidovsky, Snezhnyansky, Starobeshevsky, Staro -Kermenchik, Khartsyz regions.
In the area of Chalk Mountain on the northern side of the city of Kramatorsk, where from November 1941 to September 1943 a camp was created for the military and civilian population, 3 thousand people died.
Residents of Kramatorsk recalled with shudder and horror January 25, 1942, when, on the orders of the burgomaster, a raid was carried out around the city on men, women, and old people suspected of sympathizing with the Soviet regime. All detainees were taken to the camp, then shot in groups at the quarries.
More than 10 thousand people died in the Makeevka camps.
In Gorlovka, prisoners from a camp in the Kalininsky district worked on the construction of a briquette factory; there was also a camp on the territory of the Kirov machine-building plant village; 2,158 people died here.
Over 3 thousand people were shot, tortured and walled up alive by the invaders in the alabaster mine of Artemovsk.
At the beginning of June 1942, in the city of Krasnoarmeysk, near the fireclay factory, a camp was organized for work in army food warehouses, into which 200 physically healthy prisoners of war were selected, and the remaining 1,600 healthy and sick prisoners of war were loaded into wagons and taken to the station camp in Zaporozhye. The death rate of prisoners of war in the camp did not stop, as typhus raged in the camp. 20-30 people died every day. The burials of the dead were carried out by the prisoners of war themselves held in the camp. Hunger, complete lack of food, with the exception of raw corn in heads and hot water, as well as a typhus epidemic contributed to the massive mortality of prisoners of war.
Archival documents from the period of occupation, as well as acts of the Stalinist regional commission for investigating the crimes of the Nazi invaders, still arouse interest among researchers and local historians. Archivists use these documents when compiling responses to requests from citizens of Ukraine and countries former USSR about confirmation of the fact of residence in the occupied territory, theft to Germany, execution.
Unfortunately, in the state archives of the Donetsk region there are documents from only one camp - the Yuzovsky Central camp for prisoners of war, in which civilian population(Donetsk). During January 1942 - September 1943, about 40 thousand people died in this camp. 2 thousand Jews were taken out of the camp and thrown into the pit of the Kalinovka mine.
Losses of the Red Army in battles in the Donetsk region (1941–43)
War inevitably entails losses. They are diverse and different in scale. But whatever the scale of the destruction of cities and villages, they cannot be compared with the human losses. Our country is dotted with the graves of fallen soldiers and civilians who died during the Great Patriotic War. On the territory of the Donetsk region, more than a thousand monuments installed on mass graves are taken into account, which contain the remains of thousands of Soviet soldiers who died in battles, died in hospitals and in captivity.
And although the war ended 71 years ago, the issue of human losses has not been fully resolved. To this day, the losses of the Red Army in many regions of the former USSR have not been calculated. In the Donetsk region, various documents indicate a wide variety of figures for the losses of the Red Army, mainly the figure is called in 150 thousand dead only upon her release. Unfortunately, no one has verified these figures, and it is difficult to know from what sources they are taken. All researchers refer to archive data, without specifying which ones. This is how they are printed year after year. We believe that these figures are inflated, do not correspond to reality and require research.
Irreversible combat losses of the Red Army are divided into those killed in battle and those who died from wounds during the stages of medical evacuation, those who died in hospitals and in captivity.
Total losses in battles for the region in the period 1941-43. amount to 59 - 60 thousand killed and died during the stages of sanitary evacuation. Slavyansky district ranks first in terms of losses, followed by Shakhtarsky (up to 12 thousand), Artemovsky (about 8 thousand), Amvrosievsky (4 - 4.5 thousand), Aleksandrovsky (3.5-3.9 thousand dead). In other areas, losses were significantly less.
Related information.
Long before the start of the war, Hitler did not hide his plans to establish a “new order,” which provided for the territorial redistribution of the world, the enslavement of independent states, the extermination of entire nations, and the establishment of world domination.
In addition to the peoples of Austria, Czechoslovakia and Albania, who became victims of aggression even before the start of the war, in the summer of 1941 the Nazis occupied Poland, Denmark, Norway, Belgium, Holland, Luxembourg, a significant part of France, Greece and Yugoslavia. Germany gained control of a huge geopolitical space. Hitler's Asian ally, militaristic Japan, occupied some areas of China and Indochina.
The “New Order,” which relied on bayonets, was also supported by pro-fascist elements of the occupied countries—collaborators.
The Reich included Austria, the Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia, Silesia and the western regions of Poland, the Belgian districts of Eupen and Malmedy, Luxembourg, and the French provinces of Alsace and Lorraine. Slovenia and Styria were transferred from Yugoslavia to the Reich. Even before the war, a puppet Slovak state was created under the auspices of fascist Germany, and the Czech Republic and Moravia were turned into a fascist protectorate.
Hitler's allies also received significant territories: Italy - Albania, part of France, Greece, Yugoslavia; Bulgaria controlled Dobruja, Thrace; Lands from Slovakia, the Czech Republic, Romania and Yugoslavia were transferred to Hungary.
As a rule, puppet governments were formed from collaborationist elements in the occupied countries. However, it was not possible to create such governments everywhere. Thus, in Belgium and Holland, the agents of the German fascists were weak enough to form such governments. After the surrender of Denmark, its government obediently carried out the will of the occupiers. Virtually vassal relations were established with some “allied” states (Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania). They sold their agricultural products and raw materials to Germany for next to nothing in exchange for expensive industrial products.
Subsequently, the states of the fascist bloc intended to change the then distribution of colonial possessions: Germany sought to regain the English, Belgian and French colonies, which it had lost after defeat in the First World War, Italy - to take possession of the Mediterranean and the Middle East, and Japan - to establish control over the entire Southeast Asia and China.
The most inhumane fascist “order” was established in the countries of Eastern and South-Eastern Europe, since the Slavic peoples were expected to participate in the slaves of the German nation. According to imperial policy, most work that is simple, minor, primitive should not be performed by the Germans, but exclusively by persons who were the so-called auxiliary peoples (for example, the Slavs). Guided by this principle, the Nazis exported thousands of people to Germany for slave labor. As of May 1940, there were 1.2 million foreign workers in Germany, in 1941 - 3.1 million, in 1943 - 4.6 million.
Since the summer of 1942, the Nazis in all occupied countries moved to the massive and systematic extermination of Jews. People of Jewish nationality had to wear identifying marks - a yellow star, they were denied access to theaters, museums, restaurants and cafes, they were subject to arrest and sent to death camps.
Nazism as an ideology was an outright, cynical denial of all the progressive values that humanity has developed over its history. He imposed a system of espionage, denunciations, arrests, torture, and created a monstrous apparatus of repression and violence against peoples. Either come to terms with this “new order” in Europe, or take the path of struggle for national independence, democracy and social progress- such was the alternative facing the peoples of the occupied countries.
When redrawing the map of Europe during World War II, the Germans were very selective about its population. While some were immediately sent to concentration camps, others were allowed to enjoy life for the time being.
"New order"
Already in the first weeks of the occupation of Europe, the Nazis began to establish a “New Order” in it, which included various shapes dependence: from vassal (Hungary or Romania) to open annexation (parts of Poland and Czechoslovakia). Ultimately, the political and geographical boundaries of Europe were to dissolve into Greater Germany, and some peoples were to be wiped off the face of the earth.
The Nazi version of the European Union provided for different attitudes towards enslaved countries. This was explained by their “ethnic purity”, cultural level and the degree of resistance shown to the occupation authorities. Under such conditions, the predominantly Slavic population of Eastern Europe was noticeably inferior to its western neighbors.
If, for example, the non-annexed territories of Poland were declared a German “government general,” then Southern France was self-governing by the collaborationist Vichy regime. However, the Nazi regime was not always successful in Western Europe. In Holland and Belgium, German agents turned out to be too weak, and therefore the German proteges Mussert and Degrelle were not popular among the population.
In Norway, according to statistics, only 10% of residents supported occupation authorities. Perhaps it was precisely because of the tenacity of the Scandinavians that the Reich created special program to “improve the gene pool,” in which several thousand Norwegian women gave birth to children from German soldiers.
Europe without war
If the western territories of the USSR turned into a continuous battlefield, then the life of a significant part of Europe was not much different from peacetime. IN European cities Cafes, museums, theaters, entertainment venues were open, people went shopping and relaxed in parks. The only thing that caught your eye was the presence of German soldiers and signs in German.
Particularly in this regard, Paris was indicative, which the Germans valued because of the opportunity for a relaxing holiday and fun leisure.
Fashionistas paraded around Rivoli, and cabarets entertained local and visiting audiences seven days a week. More than a hundred Parisian establishments were specially opened to serve Wehrmacht soldiers. “I have never been so happy,” admitted the owner of one of the brothels.
In general, German policy in France was flexible and encouraging. The intellectual and creative elite were given scope for activity here, and certain concessions were provided for various French institutions. So, if the Germans exported huge quantities of valuables and antiques from other countries, then, for example, the Louvre reserved the right to prohibit the export of any work of art to Germany.
The French film industry operated without any restrictions. During the years of occupation, 240 full-length films and 400 documentaries, as well as many cartoon years, which surpassed the production of Germany itself. Note that it was during the war that the talent of future world cinema stars, Jean Marais and Gerard Philippe, flourished.
There were, of course, certain difficulties associated with wartime. For example, many Parisians had to go to villages for butter and milk, some food products were issued with coupons, and some restaurants served only Germans; a ban was also introduced on the free sale of radios. However, these restrictions could not be compared with life in most cities in Eastern Europe.
Work days
Europe, as a raw materials appendage of Germany, worked at full capacity from the first days of the war - almost all of its resources were switched to maintaining the power of the Third Reich and to providing a rear base in the confrontation with the USSR. Austria provided iron ore, Poland - coal, Romania - oil, Hungary - bauxite and sulfur pyrites, Italy - lead and zinc.
Human resources also played a big role in this. One of the confidential memos from a German official contained demands that “for most types of work that are simple, minor and primitive”, the active use of “auxiliary peoples”, mainly of Slavic origin.
To meet the needs of the Wehrmacht, branches were opened in many parts of Europe. German companies– Krupp, Siemens, IG Farbenindastri, local factories, such as Schneider-Creusot in France, are being reoriented. However, if the conditions of the workers of Western Europe were quite bearable, then their eastern colleagues worked extremely hard to give the profits promised by Hitler, which “history has not known.”
For example, the average duration of work for an employee at the Polish Bunaverk plant did not exceed two months: every three weeks workers were examined, following which the weak and sick were sent to the crematorium, and their place was taken by new victims of this monstrous conveyor of death.
Ghetto
Jewish ghettos are one of the unique layers of life of Europeans during the years of fascist occupation and at the same time an example of amazing adaptability and survival in an exceptionally unfavorable conditions. Having deprived the Jews not only of all valuables and savings, but also minimum funds existence, the German authorities isolated them in closed parts of some large European cities.
Actually, it’s hard to call it life. Jews were usually housed in several families in one room - on average, the population density in the quarters “cleared” for the ghetto was 5-6 times higher than previous figures. Jews here were forbidden to do almost everything - trade, engage in crafts, study, and even move freely.
Nevertheless, through holes in the fences, teenagers entered the city and obtained much-needed food and medicine for the residents of the “quarantine zone.”
The largest ghetto was Warsaw, where at least half a million people lived. Its residents, despite the prohibitions, managed not only to survive, but also to get an education, lead a cultural life and even have leisure time.
It was the Warsaw ghetto that turned out to be the center of the largest anti-fascist resistance in Poland. The German authorities spent almost more effort suppressing the uprising of Warsaw Jews than capturing Poland itself.
Concentration camps
In the occupied countries, following the German model, the new authorities created a network of concentration camps, the number of which, taking into account modern data, exceeded 14,000 points. About 18 million people were kept here in unbearable conditions, of which 11 million were killed.
For example, let's take the Salaspils camp (Latvia). The prisoners huddled 500-800 people in cramped barracks; their daily ration consisted of a 300-gram piece of bread mixed with sawdust and a cup of soup made from vegetable waste. The working day usually lasted at least 14 hours.
But the Germans also created exemplary camps, which were supposed to show the world German “progressiveness and humanity.” This was the Czech Theresienstadt. The camp mainly housed European intellectuals - doctors, scientists, musicians, artists.
Family barracks were created for some prisoners. On the territory of the camp there were prayer houses, libraries and theaters, exhibitions and concerts. However, the fate of many Theresienstadt residents was sad - their lives ended in the gas chambers of Auschwitz.
