Red corner. "Red corner of the hut." Research

4th All-Russian competition student research papers “Cool work”

« Red corner of the hut"

Research

The work was completed by: Kidirova Sofia,

Maksimov Nikita,

CHOU "Svyato-Pokrovskaya"

Orthodox classical

Gymnasium of Saratov"

Supervisor:

CHOU "Svyato-Pokrovskaya"

Orthodox classical

Gymnasium of Saratov"

Russian Federation

Saratov – 2017

1. Introduction…………………………………………………….3

2. Main part……………………………………………………………4-

2.1. What do we know about the hut..…………………………………..4-5

2.2. Red corner of the hut……………………………………. 5-7

3. Conclusion……………………………………………………..8

4. List of references and Internet sources…………..…….9

Introduction

“Without labor, bread will never be born!”, “At dinner, bread is the head of everything,” “It is not the earth that gives birth to bread, but the sky” - these are the proverbs for illustration that we came across in the ABC. Why do they say this? When answering this question, we came across the expression “Bread and salt.” By old tradition In Rus', bread and salt are still used to greet an important guest, which means a wish for good, prosperity, good appetite, and an expression of hospitality. In the popular understanding, bread and all grain plants were originally endowed with holiness. Bread had to be treated with special respect. It was customary among the Eastern and Western Slavs to keep a loaf of bread in the red corner. The bread lying in front of the icons symbolized the connection between people and God. This again raised the question “What is a red corner?”, to which we could not answer. We were very interested in this: what does the “red corner” mean? where was it located? What is its symbolic meaning and role in ritual culture? Our work is dedicated to the red corner.

Purpose of the study: searching for an answer to the question “What is the red corner of the hut?”

Research objectives:

Conduct your own research on the topic “Knowledge of gymnasium students about red coal” on the basis of grades 1-4 of the private educational institution “Holy Intercession Orthodox Classical Gymnasium in Saratov”;

Based on the research and literature studied, determine the role of the red corner in human life and in ritual culture.

Research methods

Search, study and analysis of literature;

Questioning of students in grades 1-4;

Summarizing the information received.

Main part

1. What do we know about the hut

The word "hut" comes from the Old Slavic “istba”. “Istboy” was a heated residential building made of logs.

Russian huts were built on high, dry places on the banks of rivers or lakes, since they were close to the river and the boat (vehicle), the windows were facing “summer” - to sunny side, which will always warm up well and the house will be warm.

The best place to build a hut was considered to be a place where cattle could rest. After all, cows were considered by our ancestors as a fertile life-giving force, because the cow was often the breadwinner of the family.

When choosing a place to build a house, the men used an experiment. Women never participated in it. They took sheep's wool. She was placed in clay pot. And they left it overnight at the site of the future home. The result was considered positive if the wool became damp by morning. This means the house will be rich.

At the highest place they usually built a church and a bell tower in the center of the village.

A house in Rus' had many names: hut, hut, tower, holupy, mansion, khoromina and temple. Yes, don’t be surprised – a temple! Mansions (huts) were equated to a temple, because a temple is also a house, the House of God! And in the hut there was always a holy, red corner.

The peasants treated the house as a living being. Even the names of the parts of the house are similar to the names of the parts of the human body and his world! This is a feature of the Russian house - to have “human” names of parts of the hut:

· Brow of the hut- this is her face.

· Prichelina- from the word “brow”, that is, decoration on the brow of the hut,

· Platbands- from the word “face”, “on the face” of the hut.

· Ocelye- from the word “eyes”, window. This was the name of a part of a woman’s headdress, and the same name was given to the decoration of a window.

· Forehead- that was the name of the frontal plate.

· Heel, foot- that was the name of part of the doors.

Home is a person’s connection with the natural world and with God.

2. Red corner of the hut

The diagonal was important in the design of the Russian hut. "red corner-stove" The red corner always pointed to God's side (the red side). This was always the most illuminated part of the house: both walls that formed the corner had windows. This angle has always been compared to sunrise and south. And the stove pointed to sunset, to darkness. And compared to the north. The stove, a sacred hearth, was placed in the northern part of the house for protection from evil forces - so that they could not pass into the house past the “mother stove”. They cooked food in the oven, baked pies and bread, washed, heated the room, slept and dried clothes, shoes or food in it, and dried mushrooms and berries in it.

They always prayed to the icon in the red corner, that is, to the east, where the altar in churches is located.

When settling in new house, first of all , V red corner placed an icon and bread and salt.

Icons were placed in the “red” corner of the room so that the icon was the first thing that a person who entered the room paid attention to. Popular proverb « Without God - not to the threshold"is connected precisely with this: when entering or leaving a room or house, a Christian first of all showed honor To the King of Heaven, and only then - to the owner of the house.

Traditionally, it was believed that the icon should not hang, it should be installed in its designated place. Icons are placed on a special shelf or in a closed icon case in in a certain order.Kyoto- a special decorated cabinet or glass shelf for icons.

Mandatory for the home iconostasis are the icons of the Savior and the Virgin Mary. Usually, “named” icons of family members are placed in the red corner. Nikola Ugodnik (St. Nicholas, the miracle worker) was especially revered in Rus'; his icon was in almost every home. Of the Russian saints, images are most often found St. Sergius Radonezh and Seraphim of Sarov; Of the icons of martyrs, the most common are those of St. George the Victorious and the healer Panteleimon.

The table was given great importance, he stood on permanent place, in the red corner. The table is the same as the throne in the altar, so you need to sit at it and behave as you would in church. It is very important, “Don’t hit the table, the table is God’s palm!” If the house was sold, then it was necessarily sold along with the table.

In the red corner there were not only images, but a lamp and a Bible, prayer books, Easter Egg. They tried to keep the red corner clean. On holidays it was decorated with embroidered towels, flowers, and twigs were brought here consecrated willow V Palm Sunday or birch branches on Trinity.

In the red corner, daily prayers were performed, from which any important undertaking began.

All significant events family life marked in the red corner. Here, both everyday meals and festive feasts took place at the table, and many calendar rituals took place. In the wedding ceremony, the matchmaking of the bride and her ransom from her girlfriends took place in the red corner; from the red corner of her father's house they took her to the church for the wedding, brought her to the groom's house and took her to the red corner too.

During the harvest, the first and last compressed sheaf was solemnly carried from the field to the house and placed in the red corner. Preserving the first and last ears of the harvest promised well-being in the family, home, and entire household.

My whole life was focused on the red (senior, honorable, Godly) corner.

3. Research and practical work

To conduct the study, a questionnaire was developed with the following content:

What was the name of the house before?

What material were the huts built from?

What role did the stove serve?

What is the red corner of the hut?

What was in it?

Are you interested in knowing what was located in the red corner and why?

In grades 1-4 of the private educational institution “Holy Intercession Orthodox Classical Gymnasium in Saratov,” 62 students were surveyed.

Main results obtained in the study:

94% of students (58 people) know what the house used to be called;

100% of students (62 people) know what material huts were built from in the past;

82% of students (51 people) know all the functions of the stove;

100% of students (62 people) know what the red corner of the hut is;

85% of students (53 people) do not know what else was located in the red corner besides the icons;

100% of students (62 people) were interested in what and why was located in the red corner of the hut.

Based on these results, we came to the conclusion that the guys are interested in this topic. We will present our work in class literary reading upon completion of ABC study, also for students in grades 1-4. In practice, this knowledge will be useful to us in the lessons of literary reading, the Russian language, and the world around us.

Conclusion

From all of the above, it follows that the red corner of the hut played a special role in people’s lives, it was an important element in everyday life, where daily prayers were performed, from which any important undertaking began.

Summing up our work on the topic “The Red Corner of the Hut”, we concluded that the red corner is still a household item today and occupies important place in our life. He is a part of our culture, without the past there is no present, and there will be no future.

List of references and Internet sources

1. Russian hut ( Inner space, home decoration, furniture, utensils): Illustrated Encyclopedia / Author: D. A. Baranov, O. G. Baranova, E. L. Madlevskaya and others - St. Petersburg: Art-SPb, 1999;

2. E. Bogusheva “Shrines in the House”, Blago Moscow, 2006;

3. N. Blokhin “Red Corner Curiosities”, Moscow, 2011,

4. Wikipedia https://ru. wikipedia. org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB

The Russian hut has always been nice, solid and original. Its architecture testifies to its fidelity to centuries-old traditions, their durability and uniqueness. Its layout, design and interior decoration were created over many years. Not many traditional Russian houses have survived to this day, but you can still find them in some regions.

Initially, huts in Russia were built from wood, with their foundations partially buried underground. This ensured greater reliability and durability of the structure. Most often there was only one room, which the owners divided into several separate parts. An obligatory part of the Russian hut was the stove corner, to separate which a curtain was used. In addition, separate areas were allocated for men and women. All corners in the house were lined up in accordance with the cardinal directions, and the most important among them was the eastern (red), where the family organized an iconostasis. It was the icons that guests were supposed to pay attention to immediately after entering the hut.

Porch of a Russian hut

The architecture of the porch has always been carefully thought out; the owners of the house devoted a lot of time to it. It combined excellent artistic taste, centuries-old traditions and the ingenuity of the architects. It was the porch that connected the hut with the street and was open to all guests or passers-by. Interestingly, the whole family, as well as neighbors, often gathered on the porch in the evenings after hard work. Here the guests and owners of the house danced, sang songs, and children ran and frolicked.

In different regions of Russia, the shape and size of the porch were radically different. So, in the north of the country it was quite high and large, and the southern facade of the house was chosen for installation. Thanks to this asymmetrical placement and the unique architecture of the facade, the whole house looked very unique and beautiful. It was also quite common to see porches placed on pillars and decorated with openwork wooden posts. They were a real decoration of the house, making its facade even more serious and solid.

In the south of Russia, porches were installed from the front of the house, attracting the attention of passers-by and neighbors with openwork carvings. They could be either two steps or with a whole staircase. Some home owners decorated their porch with an awning, while others left it open.

Seni

In order to retain the maximum amount of heat from the stove in the house, the owners separated the living area from the street. The canopy is exactly the space that guests immediately saw when entering the hut. In addition to keeping warm, canopies were also used to store rockers and other necessary things; this is where many people made storage rooms for food.

A high threshold was also made to separate the entryway and the heated living area. It was made to prevent cold from entering the house. In addition, according to centuries-old traditions, each guest had to bow at the entrance to the hut, and it was impossible to go inside without bowing before the high threshold. Otherwise, the guest simply hit the doorframe naked.

Russian stove

The life of a Russian hut revolved around the stove. It served as a place for cooking, relaxation, heating and even bathing procedures. There were steps leading up, and there were niches in the walls for various utensils. The firebox was always with iron barriers. The structure of the Russian stove - the heart of any hut - is surprisingly functional.

The stove in traditional Russian huts was always located in the main area, to the right or left of the entrance. It was considered the main element of the house, since they cooked food on the stove, slept, and heated the entire house. It has been proven that food cooked in the oven is the healthiest, since it retains all the beneficial vitamins.

Since ancient times, many beliefs have been associated with the stove. Our ancestors believed that it was on the stove that the brownie lived. The garbage was never taken out of the hut, but burned in the oven. People believed that this way all the energy remained in the house, which helped increase the family’s wealth. It is interesting that in some regions of Russia they steamed and washed in the oven, and were also used to treat serious diseases. Doctors of that time claimed that the disease could be cured simply by lying on the stove for several hours.

Stove corner

It was also called the “woman’s corner” because all the kitchen utensils were located there. It was separated by a curtain or even wooden partition. Men from their family almost never came here. A huge insult to the owners of the house was the arrival of a strange man behind the curtain in the corner of the stove.

Here women washed and dried things, cooked food, treated children and told fortunes. Almost every woman did needlework, and the quietest and most comfortable place for this was the stove corner. Embroidery, sewing, painting - these were the most popular types of needlework for girls and women of that time.

Benches in the hut

In the Russian hut there were movable and fixed benches, and chairs began to appear in the 19th century. Along the walls of the house, the owners installed fixed benches, which were secured using supplies or legs with carved elements. The stand could be flat or tapered towards the middle; its decoration often included carved patterns and traditional ornaments.

There were also mobile benches in each house. Such benches had four legs or were installed on solid boards. The backs were often made so that they could be thrown over the opposite edge of the bench, and carved decor was used for decoration. The bench was always made longer than the table, and was also often covered with thick fabric.

Men's corner (Konik)

It was located to the right of the entrance. There was always a wide bench here, which was fenced on both sides wooden planks. They were carved in the shape of a horse's head, which is why the male corner is often called "konik". Under the bench, the men kept their tools intended for repairs and other men's work. In this corner, men repaired shoes and utensils, and also wove baskets and other products from wicker.

All the guests who came to the owners of the house for a short time sat down on the bench in the men's corner. It was here that the man slept and rested.

Women's corner (Seda)

This was important in women's fate space, since it was from behind the stove curtain that the girl came out during the viewing party in elegant attire, and also waited for the groom on the wedding day. Here women gave birth to children and fed them away from prying eyes, hiding behind a curtain.

Also, it was in the women's corner of the house of the guy she liked that the girl had to hide the sweeper in order to get married soon. They believed that such a sweeper would help the daughter-in-law quickly become friends with her mother-in-law and become a good housewife in her new home.

Red corner

This is the brightest and most important corner, since it was considered a sacred place in the house. According to tradition, during construction, he was allocated a place on the eastern side, where two adjacent windows form a corner, so the light falls, making the corner the brightest place in the hut. Icons and embroidered towels were sure to hang here, as well as in some huts - the faces of ancestors. Be sure to put it in the red corner big table and ate food. Freshly baked bread was always kept under icons and towels.

To this day, some traditions associated with the table are known. So, it is not advisable for young people to sit on the corner in order to start a family in the future. It is bad luck to leave dirty dishes on the table or sit on it.

Our ancestors stored cereals, flour and other products in hay barns. Thanks to this, the housewife could always quickly prepare food from fresh ingredients. In addition, additional buildings were provided: a cellar for storing vegetables and fruits in winter, a barn for livestock and separate structures for hay.

IN peasant hut every angle had its own meaning. The main space of the hut was occupied by the stove (1). The stove was made of clay with the addition of stones. The Russian stove was used for heating, cooking food for people and animals, for ventilation and lighting of the room. The heated stove served as a bed for old people and children, and clothes were dried here. Babies were washed in the warm mouth of the stove, and if there was no bathhouse, then adult family members also “bathed” here. They stored things on the stove, dried grain, onions, garlic, it healed - they steamed in it for ailments. On the bench next to the stove the housewife prepared food, and the bread taken out of the stove was also stored here. This place in the hut was called “Stove Corner” or “Woman’s Corner” - from the mouth of the stove to the front wall of the house - the woman’s kingdom (2), here all the simple utensils that were in the household stood, here she worked, rested, and raised children. Next to the stove, a cradle hung on a flexible pole attached to the mat. Here, right next to the window, hand millstones were always placed - a grinding device (two large flat stones), so the corner was also called “Millstone”. The front part of the hut was the “Red Corner” (3). No matter how the stove was located in the hut (to the right or left of the entrance), the red corner was always located diagonally from it. In the very corner there was always a “Goddess” with icons and a lamp, which is why the corner also received the name “Saint”. The “back corner” has been masculine since ancient times (4). Here they placed a “konnik” (“kutnik”) - a short, wide bench in the shape of a box with a hinged flat lid; tools were stored in it. It was separated from the door by a flat board, which was often shaped like a horse's head. This was the owner's place. Here he rested and worked. Here they wove bast shoes, repaired and made utensils, harnesses, knitted nets, etc. Back. Table.

Slide 12 from the presentation “At Home in Rus'” for history lessons on the topic “Russian life”

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Russian life

“Christmas time” - Tinku Alina. Christmas time. They believed that God would punish those who worked on Christmastide: a person who weaves bast shoes on Christmas Eve evenings would have crooked cattle, and someone who sews clothes would have their cattle go blind. The Yuletide cycle was perceived as the borderline between the old and new solar year, as “ bad time", a kind of timelessness.

“Russian national cuisine” - St. Petersburg cuisine from the end of the 18th century to the 60s of the 19th century. Russian National cuisine. Cuisine of the Moscow state of the 17th century. All-Russian national cuisine 60s of the XIX - early XX centuries. Modern kitchen from 1917 to the present 3. Modern kitchen from 1917 to the present 4. Kitchen of the Peter and Catherine era of the 18th century.

“Izba” - A ring for the ochepa was screwed into the mat. The ceiling beams were laid on a massive beam - the matrix. A floor was installed above the entrance between the wall and the stove. The clergy sat down in a large place without refusing. 6-walled communication hut. The floors were laid along the hut from the entrance. There were benches and chests along the walls. The guest had to ritually refuse the place.

“At Home in Rus'” - The flat tabletop was revered as “the palm of God”, giving bread. 6. Why did they say in Rus' - “Without salt, without bread - half a meal”? What material was used to make dishes in Rus'? What is the purpose and location of the table in a Russian hut? House 100.

“Russian customs” - Tuesday is a flirt. Holidays in Russia there were many: 140-150 per year. Friday is mother-in-law's party. Easter. Wednesday is delicious. Warm-up questions. On Monday we celebrated Maslenitsa. When did peasants bake dough products in the shape of birds?

Usually oriented along the sides of the horizon, the red corner was located in the far corner of the hut, on the eastern side, in the space between the side and façade walls, diagonally from the stove. This was always the most illuminated part of the house: both walls forming the corner had windows. Icons were placed in the “red” or “front” corner of the room in such a way that the icon was the first thing that a person entering the room paid attention to. The popular proverb “Without God, one cannot reach the threshold” is connected precisely with this: when entering or leaving a room or house, a Christian first of all showed honor to the King of Heaven, and only then to the owner of the house.

Symbolic meaning of the red corner

Just as the living quarters of an Orthodox Christian are considered a symbol of an Orthodox church, so the red corner is considered as an analogue of the altar. The red corner is the most important and honorable place in the house. According to traditional etiquette, a person who came to a hut could only go there at the special invitation of the owners.

Red corner device

Traditionally, it is believed that the icon should not hang, it should be installed in its designated place. Icons are placed on a special shelf or in a closed icon case (sometimes multi-tiered) in a certain order.

Mandatory for the home iconostasis are the icons of the Savior and the Mother of God. The composition of the remaining icons is chosen by the believer. Typically, patronal (so-called “nominal”) icons of family members are placed in the red corner. Nikola Ugodnik (St. Nicholas, Archbishop of Myra in Lycia, wonderworker) was especially revered in Rus'; his icon was in almost every home iconostasis. Of the Russian saints, images of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh and Seraphim of Sarov are most often found; Of the icons of martyrs, the most common are those of St. George the Victorious and the healer Panteleimon.

The relative position of the icons

Icons in a home iconostasis are arranged similarly to a church iconostasis: to the left (relative to the viewer) of the icon of Christ is the icon of the Mother of God, to the right is usually the icon of St. Nicholas (who replaced the role of John the Baptist in the classical Deesis composition in Russian home iconostases). Above the icons of Christ and the Mother of God it is possible to place images of the Trinity or the Crucifixion. Usually they try to adhere to the hierarchy and not place icons of saints larger in size than the icons of the Savior or the Virgin Mary. It is also recommended not to place icons of saints above the images of the Savior and the Virgin Mary.

Links

Red corner // Maria Semyonova We are Slavs!
Icons in the house // nesusvet.narod.ru

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

See what “Red Corner” is in other dictionaries:

RED CORNER, in a Russian peasant hut, a corner in which icons hang and a table stands. The place at the table in the red corner was the most honorable and was intended for the owner, priest or other important guests, and the honor of the place decreased as ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Noun, number of synonyms: 1 place of honor (1) ASIS Dictionary of Synonyms. V.N. Trishin. 2013… Synonym dictionary

Red corner- a central place in the home of an Orthodox Christian. This is the most honorable place near the “red window”, facing the street, as if into the “world”. In the red corner there is an iconostasis, this is where dinner table and a “red bench” for guests. He is called… … Fundamentals of spiritual culture (teacher's encyclopedic dictionary)

Red corner- (holy, light, front, upper, senior, first, etc.) the most significant part of Russian. traditional home. It is opposed to the stove (woman's) corner as a clean (male) space to an unclean (female) space, Christian to pagan. K.W. always... ... Russian humanitarian encyclopedic dictionary

Red corner (in the hut) Corner of honor (where the table and icons are) for honored guests (usually facing the southeast). Wed. Remember your time, How it rolled..... And in the corner of honor There was your place!... Koltsov. “What are you sleeping on, peasants?” ... Michelson's Large Explanatory and Phraseological Dictionary (original spelling)

Red corner- the corner of the peasant hut where the icons are placed, it usually faces southeast... Complete Orthodox Theological Encyclopedic Dictionary

Red corner- (large corner, upper corner) The front corner in the hut (1), located diagonally from the stove; in this corner there was an icon and a lamp above built-in benches along the edges of a rectangular table. (Terms of Russian architectural heritage.... ... Architectural Dictionary

In a peasant hut, the front, honorable corner is where the icons are. Usually facing SE... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Ephron

- (in the hut) Corner of honor (where the table and icons are) for honored guests (usually facing southeast) Wed. Remember your time, How it rolled... And in the corner of honor There was your place!.. Koltsov. “Why are you sleeping, little man? ... Michelson's Large Explanatory and Phraseological Dictionary

Razg. The most honorable place in a hut or in a room. /i> Red in the obsolete meaning of ‘honourable’. BMS 1998, 580; FM 2002, 545 ... Big dictionary Russian sayings

The interior of Russian huts is for the most part very similar and includes a number of elements that can be found in any home. If we talk about the structure of the hut, it consists of:

1-2 living spaces
upper room
lumber room
terrace

The first thing a guest encountered when entering the house was the canopy. This is a kind of zone between the heated room and the street. All the cold was retained in the hallway and did not enter the main room. The canopy was used by the Slavs for economic purposes. The rocker and other things were kept in this room. Located in the entryway lumber room. This is a room that was separated from the entryway by a partition. It contained a chest with flour, eggs and other products.

The heated room and the canopy were separated by a door and a high threshold. This threshold was made to make it more difficult for cold air to penetrate into a warm room. In addition, there was a tradition according to which the guest, entering the room, had to bow, I greet the owners and the brownie. The high threshold “forced” the guests to bow down when entering the main part of the house. Since entry without bowing was ensured by hitting the head on the doorframe. With the advent of Christianity in Rus', bowing to the brownie and the owners was supplemented by making the sign of the cross and bowing to the icons in the red corner.

Stepping over the threshold, the guest found himself in the main room of the hut. The first thing that caught my eye was the stove. It was located immediately to the left or right of the door. The Russian stove is the main element of the hut. The absence of a stove indicates that the building is non-residential. And the Russian hut got its name precisely because of the stove, which allows you to heat the room. Another important feature of this device - cooking food. Still no more useful way cooking than in an oven. Currently, there are various steamers that allow you to preserve the maximum of useful elements in food. But all this is not comparable to food cooked from the stove. There are many beliefs associated with the stove. For example, it was believed that it was a favorite vacation spot for the brownie. Or, when a child lost a baby tooth, he was taught to throw the tooth under the stove and say:

“Mouse, mouse, you have a turnip tooth, and you give me a bone tooth.”

It was also believed that garbage from the house should be burned in a stove so that the energy does not go outside, but remains indoors.

Red corner in a Russian hut

The red corner is an integral component interior decoration Russian hut. It was located diagonally from the stove (most often this place fell on the eastern part of the house - a note to those who do not know where to install the red corner in a modern home). It was sacred place, where towels, icons, faces of ancestors and divine books were located. Necessary part the red corner was a table. It was in this corner that our ancestors ate food. The table was considered a kind of altar on which there was always bread:

“Bread on the table, so the table is a throne, but not a piece of bread, so the table is a board.”

Therefore, even today tradition does not allow sitting on the table. Leaving knives and spoons behind is considered a bad omen. To this day, another belief associated with the table has survived: young people were forbidden to sit on the corner of the table in order to avoid the fate of celibacy.

Shop with a chest in a hut

Everyday objects in a Russian hut played their own role. A hiding place or chest for clothes was important elements Houses. Skrynya was inherited from mother to daughter. It included the girl’s dowry, which she received after marriage. This element of the interior of a Russian hut was most often located next to the stove.

Benches were also an important element of the interior of a Russian hut. Conventionally, they were divided into several types:

long - different from the others in length. It was considered a women's place where they did embroidery, knitting, etc.
short - men sat on it during meals.
kutnaya - installed near the stove. Buckets of water, shelves for dishes, and pots were placed on it.
threshold - walked along the wall where the door is located. Used as a kitchen table.
ship - the bench is higher than others. Intended for storing shelves with dishes and pots.
konik - men's shop square shape with a carved horse's head on the side. It was located near the door. Men were engaged in small crafts there, so tools were stored under the bench.
The "beggar" was also located at the door. Any guest who entered the hut without the permission of the owners could sit on it. This is due to the fact that the guest cannot go into the hut further than the matitsa (log, underlying for the ceiling). Visually, the matica looks like a protruding log across the main laid boards on the ceiling.

The upper room is another living space in the hut. Wealthy peasants had it, because not everyone could afford such a room. The upper room was most often located on the second floor.Hence its name, the upper room - “mountain”. It contained another oven called a Dutch oven. This is a round oven. In many village houses they still stand today as decoration. Although even today you can find huts that are heated by these ancient appliances.

Enough has already been said about the stove. But we cannot fail to mention those tools that were used in working with Russian stoves. Poker- the most famous item. It is an iron rod with a curved end. A poker was used to stir and rake coals. The pomelo was used to clean the stove from coals..

With the help of a grabber it was possible to drag or move pots and cast iron pots. It was a metal arc that made it possible to grab the pot and move it from place to place. The grip made it possible to place the cast iron in the oven without fear of getting burned.

Another item used when working with the stove is bread shovel. With its help, bread is placed in the oven and taken out after cooking. And here is the word " Chaplya“Not many people know. This tool is also called a frying pan. It was used to grab a frying pan.

The cradle in Rus' had various shapes. There were hollowed out ones, wicker ones, hanging ones, and “vanka-standers”. Their names were surprisingly varied: cradle, shaky, coli, rocking chair, cradle. But a number of traditions are associated with the cradle, which remained unchanged. For example, it was considered necessary to install the cradle in a place where the baby could watch the dawn. Rocking an empty cradle was considered bad omen. We still believe in these and many other beliefs to this day. After all, all the traditions of our ancestors were based on their personal experience, which the new generation adopted from their ancestors.