What can a cellar roof be made from? How to make a ceiling in a cellar - three options. Definition and Requirements

The cellar is the most appropriate place for storing home canned food and harvested vegetables. Owners of suburban and country houses, apartment owners in apartment buildings. This repository helps in optimal conditions store vegetables and preparations in winter period. In a properly built cellar all year round The temperature is maintained at +2-4 o, which ensures the safety of the products.

Types of cellars

There are many types of cellars; they are distinguished by construction materials, degree of penetration into the ground, and location.

According to construction materials: earthen, brick, stone, wood, concrete, metal,
By depth level: above ground, semi-buried, buried, on a slope, bulk,
By location: on the balcony, under the house, terrace, summer kitchen, garage or detached.

DIY cellar on the balcony in the apartment apartment building easy to arrange. He is wooden box the right size with a tight lid, lined inside with a heat insulator, for example, polystyrene foam or mineral wool. The temperature is maintained by an incandescent light bulb, which is switched on via a relay and a contact thermometer.

The easiest way to create a cellar under a house with your own hands or under another building on the site is during their construction. This is less labor-intensive and allows you to get the job done quickly and efficiently. In this case, the walls of the structure can be the foundation, the roof can be the basement floor. This is especially common in the construction of garages.

The construction of all types of cellars is carried out according to classic scheme basement constructions.

We will consider the option of building a free-standing cellar.

Freestanding cellar

Such storage is convenient because it can be built slowly. During construction, all dirty work is done outside, dust and dirt do not enter the house.

Selecting a location

How to build a cellar with your own hands without having great experience in construction? First of all, you need to decide on the location and size of the future object. It is being built on the highest point of the site. Optimal size basement for small family(4-5 people) 2x2 m, depth 2.5-3.0 m, there may be structures bigger size, deeper - it all depends on the needs of the builder.

Very important ! Before starting construction of the cellar, determine the level groundwater. To do this, drill a hole 3 m deep, install a pipe in it and check at what level water appears. If there is no pipe, you can get information from your neighbors.

If groundwater lies close, a mandatory device is required drainage system and thorough waterproofing of the bottom and walls. Drainage pipes are laid around the perimeter below the bottom level. The pipes are laid with a slope towards a specially dug hole into which water is collected. You can dig drainage ditches and fill them with coarse crushed stone.

How to build a cellar with your own hands when groundwater is close, video from real masters.

Construction methods

The construction of a storage facility at low groundwater levels is carried out in two ways: lowering and excavation.

The lowering method is that the box of the future basement made of concrete or brick is erected on the surface of the earth, and then gradually buried, removing soil from under it. The method is similar to the construction of a well: it is slow and labor-intensive, but minimally damages the landscape of the site; it is possible to first waterproof the box well from the outside.

A more popular method of construction is in a pre-dug pit. An excavator is used to dig a hole 2.5-3.0 m deep and larger than the basement by about 0.5 m on all sides. The walls and bottom of the pit are well leveled by selecting the soil manually.

A cellar is being built in the pit.

In the absence of groundwater or its deep occurrence, enhanced waterproofing is not required. In this case, it is easier to build a cellar with your own hands, video from experienced craftsmen.

Construction in a pit

The construction of a storage facility begins with preparing the foundation over the entire area of the bottom of the pit.

Preparing the base

The bottom of the pit is leveled, covered with a layer of sand, then crushed stone and broken brick at least 20 cm thick
pour heated bitumen so that the surface is smooth. This base will protect the cellar from moisture.
Metal wire 6 mm thick or reinforcement is laid on top of the crushed stone and concrete is poured in a layer of 10 to 15 cm.
After the concrete is completely ready, a box is placed according to the dimensions of the basement. The length and width of the base should be 30-50 cm larger than the external dimensions of the walls.

Walling

The walls are laid one brick thick, hollow, alternating rows of spoon and butt rows. They use red brick brand M100 and cement mortar. Before laying, the material is pre-moistened. The masonry is reinforced with metal wire 4 mm thick in every fourth row, and the corners are especially strongly reinforced. The wire is placed on both sides of the masonry, retreating 5 cm from the edges.

Attention ! Strength brick walls very important. Do not skimp on reinforcement when strengthening the brickwork.

Plastering

Brick walls, carefully plastered cement-sand mortar from outside and inside. Hollow laying is necessary to ensure that the finishing cement mortar adheres well. The plaster should dry well. This requires about a month, during which the cement mortar will gain the required strength.

Waterproofing

Dry plaster on the outside is covered with two layers of hot bitumen mastic and pasted over with roofing felt impregnated with resin in 2-3 layers. Roofing felt should be glued overlapping, alternating horizontal and vertical layers. Roofing felt should be glued with molten bitumen. Particular attention is paid to insulation at the junction of the base and the walls. Roofing material must be glued with the sheets extending onto the base. Next, you can fill the pit, having previously covered the walls with a layer of greasy clay at least 10 cm thick, and fill the rest of the space with earth.

Interior decoration

It is convenient to do the interior finishing of the walls before laying the floor. It can be different: asbestos-cement flat slate on wooden sheathing, plastering and whitewashing, covering with tiles or other moisture-resistant materials. The bottom of the concrete layer is covered with two layers of roofing felt on hot bitumen, extending up to 30 cm onto the walls. A screed is made over the roofing felt and tiles are laid.

Overlap

You can cover the cellar with a slab of monolithic reinforced concrete, concrete floor slabs, timber, logs, slabs, thick boards - it all depends on the availability of materials and money.

The simplest option is wooden pitched roof from thick boards. The boards are pre-impregnated with an antiseptic 2-3 times, their ends, which will come into contact with the ground, are coated with hot bitumen and covered with roofing felt.

A frame of channels is placed on the walls along the perimeter or a corner No. 65 is welded with the corner inward and a timber or log is placed in increments of 0.6 m, on which they are laid closely, pre-impregnated with antiseptic compounds. The ceiling is made from two layers of slab or thick boards.

A hole measuring at least 0.75 x 0.75 m (preferably 1 x 1 m) is installed in the ceiling. It is recommended to weld the manhole frame from metal corner so that it is possible to install two covers: one at ceiling level and the other at ground level. This will provide additional thermal insulation in winter time. The lid can be hinged (on door hinges or removable), it must be insulated warmly insulating material.

Install the ladder into the cellar at an angle of 45 degrees.

Thermal insulation is made from an adobe-straw layer at least 30 cm thick and a layer of earth 50 cm thick or more.

Ventilation device

For normal functioning the cellar must have a supply air and exhaust ventilation. To do this, two pipes are installed in opposite corners of the storage, the end of one of which is closer to the bottom of the cellar (20-50 cm from the floor), and the other is closer to the ceiling.

This will ensure air circulation. Pipes can be plastic, metal or asbestos cement. The diameter of the pipes must ensure good air exchange. For a storage area of 6 sq. m. two pipes with a diameter of 12 cm are quite enough. In winter ventilation pipes covered with burlap outside and inside the cellar.

Healthy ! Hang an alcohol thermometer with a psychrometer in the cellar to monitor temperature and humidity.

Pogrebnitsa

In regions with soil freezing up to 2 m, as well as for landscape design In the area above the cellar, a burial vault is additionally installed. It can be a simple gable or one that completely covers the cellar over the entire area and has front door On the one side. The roof can be covered with insulating materials (clay, reed, reeds), partially or completely covered with earth, providing the necessary microclimate in the cellar and decorating the area. It protects the storage from water ingress in the spring and rainy season. Sometimes a small shed is built above the cellar.

Building a high-quality storage facility on your site with your own hands will not be difficult if each stage of the work is carried out responsibly and efficiently.

The main purpose of the cellar is to store canned goods, vegetables and fruits. But not every cellar can guarantee the shelf life of food. Therefore, it is worth paying attention to the construction of your subfloor. Special attention. The main thing is to decide for what purposes it is needed.

In a cellar with a temperature of -7 degrees, you can store various products for about one year. Therefore, many housewives value and use such premises for long-term storage vegetables and fruits. After all, its main advantage over a refrigerator is capacity.

Such construction is a serious step, so the work must be based on diagrams and drawings of the cellars. To understand which option is most suitable, you can look at the photo of the cellar. There are many options on the Internet. The picture will show a finished layout of the building, all that remains is to match it.

What is important during construction?

When building a cellar with your own hands, you should adhere to the following recommendations:

the use of wood materials requires pre-treatment by special means. This procedure protects the room from moisture;
summer - perfect time for installing a cellar, since groundwater is at a low level;
It is advisable to immediately equip a ventilation system;
It is best to build two doors inside the storage room. This will save the correct temperature regime;
for optimal temperature it is recommended to provide thermal insulation;
think about all the equipment in advance so as not to delay it later construction works due to their absence.

Instructions on how to make a cellar

Place

It is necessary to choose a place for the future cellar. Dry, elevated areas are best suited; in the future there will be no need to install waterproofing. In this case, there is no risk of moisture ingress. The choice of depth depends on the desire of the owner, approximately 2-3 meters.

A certain distance between the base of the cellar and groundwater (50 cm) must be ensured, otherwise flooding may occur.

Material

The construction of a cellar should be approached responsibly, taking into account all the nuances, otherwise troubles are inevitable. Another main point is the choice of material for construction.

Natural stone, wood, red brick and others are suitable for such purposes. Wood lining is required when building an earthen cellar. It is better to avoid metal structures, as they are picky about climatic conditions.

Ventilation

This element is necessary to combat moisture and gas accumulation. Most often a pipe is used that connects inner part and the surface of the cellar. But you can install two pipes that will serve as an exhaust hood.

Advantages

A cellar under the house, built with your own hands, has many advantages:

site saving;
ease of use. Especially in winter, you can quickly go down and just as quickly go up;
waterproofing and underground drainage help you forget about dampness;

Characteristics of the above-ground cellar

When building an above-ground cellar, it is important to consider the soil level. Such a room is built on the surface of the earth, as opposed to underground structures. The above-ground cellar occupies less space, does not flood, operates all year round, has an impressive size and is very convenient to use.

However, such an extension requires hydraulic engineering work. The storage needs maintenance: periodic cleaning and disinfection.

There are three types of above-ground cellar: above-ground, semi-buried, and recessed. You can build such rooms with your own hands using bricks, logs or concrete.

Features of building a wine cellar

Wine drinks require special storage, because this affects their taste characteristics. Building a wine cellar is very popular.

In such a room it is important to provide a thermal insulation system. Closed-porous materials are ideal for building a wine cellar. They are responsible for maintaining temperature.

The entrance door should be well sealed. Excessive air penetration will negatively affect the quality of the wine. Any materials are suitable for the floor, as long as they do not emit harmful chemical elements.

Drink bottles are stored horizontally and it is not recommended to move them. All necessary equipment must be of good quality using natural materials.

Construction must take place in compliance with all necessary instructions, to avoid additional work and product damage.

DIY cellar photo

Cellar – important element any suburban area, it is indispensable for storing vegetables, fruits and canning. The article contains information on how to build a cellar at your dacha with your own hands: step by step description will help to take into account a lot of nuances, starting from the right choice places and ending with the installation of waterproofing and. The external arrangement of the building also has great importance, and the construction of shelving and drawers will help to use the space efficiently.

Do not confuse the cellar and the basement. Building a cellar at your dacha with your own hands can come down to simply digging a hole and minimally arranging it. The choice of the type of structure depends on many parameters, for example, on its intended purpose, on the climatic conditions of the region, financial capabilities, etc. Also, when choosing the type and materials for building a cellar in a country house with your own hands, you need to take into account its location.

It is easier to build a separate building than, for example, to build a cellar under the house, but this option will require more materials, and therefore finances. Make storage for residential building or outbuilding will cost less, but this option is limited in space.

One of the most popular options is an ice cellar. It copes well with the function of long-term storage of food even in the hot season and is especially in demand in the southern regions. It is quite difficult and expensive to build this type of cellar in a private house with your own hands, but the result is characterized by high performance characteristics, durability and reliability.

Another a good option This building is a storage facility of two sections. As a rule, this type is used when it is necessary to avoid mixing the odors of various vegetables and fruits that are simultaneously stored in the cellar. To build such a storage facility, you need less materials than for a glacier.

A separate type of cellar is a wine cellar. It is used for storing wine products; it has its own design features and nuances that must be taken into account in order to implement correct construction cellar As a rule, in such storage you can store not only wine, but also various preserves.

The nuances of arranging a cellar with your own hands at a high groundwater level

When choosing a location for storage, it is very important to take into account factors such as total soil moisture and groundwater level. The lower it is, the easier it will be to build the structure, and the less often repairs will be needed. If we're talking about about a free-standing structure, then you should choose the highest place on your site. It is best to determine the groundwater level when it is at its maximum, that is, in spring or autumn. If there is a well or borehole on the site, then you can determine the maximum elevation using them, otherwise you will have to drill a well separately.

It will be somewhat more difficult to build a cellar if groundwater is close. How to do this as efficiently as possible? First of all, it is necessary to pay great attention to the waterproofing of the structure. Also when high humidity soil for better waterproofing of the cellar from groundwater should be used Construction Materials, characterized by increased resistance to water. In this case, you should not use wood or plywood, but rather give preference to concrete and brick.

Helpful advice! You can check the groundwater level by folk signs. To do this, you need to leave a piece of wool at the construction site and egg, and cover them on top clay pot. If in the morning there is dew on both the wool and the egg, then groundwater is close, but if there is only dew on the wool, it is far away.

Recommendations for building a cellar with your own hands: how to do it as efficiently as possible

Regardless of what type of construction you choose or what materials you plan to use, there are a number of general recommendations, which should be followed when step by step construction DIY cellars:

if you are going to use wooden elements, then they must be pre-treated with a special impregnation to protect them from the harmful effects of moisture;
It is best to start building a cellar in the summer, when the groundwater level is at the lower level. In this case, the soil will be the driest, and the risk of flooding of the structure will be minimal;
To ensure efficient storage of products, it is very important to consider a ventilation system;
if you want the structure to support desired temperature, then it is recommended when building a cellar with your own hands to make two doors separated by a vestibule;

special attention should also be paid to thermal insulation, then it will be ensured optimal temperature in the cellar at any time of the year;
The choice of tools and materials for construction is very important, so you should familiarize yourself with the advantages and disadvantages in advance various types. The construction itself must be carried out in a clearly recommended order.

Features of using various materials

Most often, materials such as brick or concrete blocks. They best tolerate high humidity and low temperatures, and are also characterized by durability, reliability and relatively low cost. When building a brick cellar with your own hands, you should take into account the features performance characteristics each type of this material:

cinder block or foam brick is characterized by increased fragility, so these varieties are not recommended for use in the construction of underground storage;
sand-lime brick is more durable, but reacts very poorly to high humidity. This means that a building made from it cannot boast of a long service life;

red brick is ideal option for a cellar in a private house. How to make a building from this material as efficient as possible can be learned from numerous step by step instructions from specialists.

If you decide to use concrete blocks in construction, then you will definitely need specialized construction equipment, since they are characterized by heavy weight. A cellar made from them will last a long time and maintain the temperature well.

Also, when building a cellar in a house with your own hands, you can use bricks that have already been used, if its condition allows it. And if you are simply going to line an earthen pit with wooden boards, they must be thoroughly treated with antiseptics to prevent rotting.

Note! Usage concrete slabs, reinforced with metal, is also possible. But in this case it will be quite difficult to maintain the desired temperature, so this material should not be used for a building in which you are going to store food.

Do-it-yourself cellar at the dacha: step-by-step construction guide

Strict adherence to the sequence of actions is the key to a proper cellar. How to make the construction as efficient as possible, spending a minimum of time and effort on it? For this installation work must be done in a certain order.

Arrangement of the pit

The turf is removed from the selected area, after which the ground is leveled and markings are made. Many photos of a do-it-yourself cellar show that specialized construction equipment is often used to build a pit, but if this is not possible, then you can use shovels and spades. Job advantage hand tools is that this allows you to preserve the structure of the soil. If the soil in the selected area is loose, then the walls of the pit should be sloped to avoid crumbling.

The dimensions of the cellar depend solely on your needs, but remember that the size of the pit should be 0.5 m larger than the size of the structure itself. In the process of building a cellar with your own hands, the excavated fertile soil can be distributed throughout the summer cottage. After finishing the work, the evenness of the bottom should be measured with a level and corrected if necessary.

Construction of the foundation

Although you can do without this stage (by simply filling the bottom of the pit with crushed stone or filling it with bitumen), the arrangement of the foundation will increase the level of waterproofing of the cellar from groundwater. How to make the foundation as efficient as possible, but not too expensive? To do this, you can use a reinforcing frame, on top of which you pour concrete mixture. The recommended foundation height is about 40 cm. Installation of the foundation is prerequisite when building a cellar in a country house with your own hands, if groundwater is close. Thematic videos on the Internet will tell you how to make the foundation correctly.

Walling

If you use bricks to build a cellar under your house with your own hands, then you will need a number specialized tools. These include a trowel, mortar line, mason's hammer, mortar level and mortar bucket. For greater work efficiency, you should use the help of another person.

A mixture of clay and sand or cement can be used as a mortar connecting the bricks. When building an underground or above-ground cellar with your own hands, laying should begin from the corners, and the first row should be laid without using mortar in order to more accurately plan the position of the wall. The bricks of the next rows must be sunk into the mortar until the seam thickness is approximately 12 mm.

Helpful advice! Be sure to use a building level and plumb line when laying walls. Using the first, you check how evenly the brick is laid, and using the second, the correctness of the angles.

DIY cellar floor installation

When constructing a ceiling, it is best to use wooden boards. If the structure is being built under a house, then beams can be used as a ceiling, and the ceiling of an above-ground cellar at the dacha is made with your own hands step by step from PKZh slabs or slate. In this case, the surface can be flat or gable.

Thermal insulation of the ceiling is done according to the same principle as the thermal insulation of a conventional roof - the gap between the wooden beams and roofing material filled with a layer of thermal insulation.

Types and features of floor installation in the cellar

There are many various options when arranging the floor in the cellar, which one is better depends on your preferences, the purpose of the building, the characteristics of the soil and other factors. You should also familiarize yourself with the specifics of each method in advance; this will help you quickly and efficiently build a cellar with your own hands. Both video and photo instructions can greatly facilitate the installation process.

Dirt floor- the simplest and cheap option. There is a misconception that the correct floor in the cellar should only be earthen, but this is not so. Even well-compacted soil will not protect the room from dampness and mold.

If you nevertheless decide to make a dirt floor in the cellar, then the base must be carefully leveled and compacted, after which a layer of gravel about 10 cm thick is poured. The advantage of this option is zero installation cost, but there are many more disadvantages. These include a high risk of flooding of the premises and a high probability that metal elements will rust, and wooden ones will rot.

Concrete floor– a good option to protect the room from high groundwater. Concrete screed can act not only as a floor covering, but also as a base for the installation of other materials.

To build a concrete floor, it is very important to level the surface, after which a cushion of crushed stone and sand 15-20 cm thick is installed. The sand must be thoroughly moistened and compacted, and bitumen must be poured on top. In order to concrete base was as durable as possible; a metal grate can be installed on top of the bitumen layer. After this, you can begin pouring concrete.

You can install the waterproofing layer either on a sand cushion or on top of concrete. In the second case, it is necessary to pour another concrete layer on top.

Clay floor- a reliable, but very labor-intensive option in terms of installation. Requires high quantity quality material, so it is used quite rarely. Clay is considered one of the most environmentally friendly materials. It is laid on a base of crushed stone 10-15 cm thick, which can be impregnated with bitumen. Under the clay, it is worth installing a layer of waterproofing made of roofing felt or other material, and cracks that may form after drying are sealed with a clay-lime mixture.

Brick covering– strong, durable and attractive appearance. In addition, the material is quite cheap and easy to install. The brick floor is laid on a bed of fine crushed stone or gravel, and a clay mortar is poured on top. The bricks are slightly sunk into the mortar close to each other. You can also hammer cement mortar into the seams between the bricks using a stiff brush.

Wooden floor– used in above-ground cellars or where groundwater is very deep. Before installation, wood must be treated with special impregnations to extend its service life. Wooden boards are mounted on top of timber logs, which, in turn, are laid on a base of crushed stone and clay. It is best to fasten the boards using self-tapping screws, but you can simply nail them.

Note! For each of the materials you will need a separate set of tools, which it is better to purchase in advance.

Design and installation of a ventilation system

If you are building a ground structure, then the flow of air into the cellar can be carried out naturally through small holes. For underground structures, ventilation must be supply and exhaust. The outlet of the exhaust pipe should be located near the ceiling, and the suction pipe should be located near the floor. Many do-it-yourself photos of a cellar in a country house show that the ventilation outlets are equipped with special curtains, this allows you to more accurately control the temperature in the room.

Installation of stairs and doors

If the cellar is being built under the house or if you need to save space, you should make an almost vertical staircase to the cellar with your own hands. How to make it as safe as possible for descent? It is recommended to use handrails. Photos of a do-it-yourself cellar staircase show that it can be built from wooden planks fixed directly into the ground, as well as from brick or other materials.

Doors are mounted in ground-based design options; in other cases, a hatch is used. Making a cellar hatch with your own hands is quite simple.

Making a hatch

If the cellar is located under a house or outbuilding, then a hatch is used as an entrance partition. You can buy a cellar hatch, or you can make it yourself. The second option will allow you to get a design that exactly suits your needs. Self-installation includes the following steps:

a location for the future entrance is selected. It is very important that access to it is as simple as possible and not cluttered with shelves, drawers and other objects;
The dimensions of the hatch are determined. It all depends on your needs, but its parameters should not be less than 75x75 cm. In order for the room to be airtight, side faces the hatch must be covered with a sealant;
a cellar hatch cover is being made. How to make it light and durable? For this, it is best to use wooden boards impregnated with drying oil. They are connected to each other with slats, and a sheet of plywood is nailed to one side of the lid. If we are talking about a cellar in a residential building, then the top of the hatch cover can be sheathed with the same floor covering, as the floor around her. It is worth considering that if you plan to install a cellar hatch under tiles, its design must be made of sufficiently durable materials that can withstand all the ceramics. If you prefer to use steel, then for the lid you will need a sheet with a thickness of at least 3 mm, which is welded onto a metal frame;

a handle is attached. The best option would be a special hidden or folding design. If the cellar is in non-residential premises or there is a need to save money, then you can use a regular door handle;
the hinges are screwed on. It could be ordinary door hinges or automobile ones with springs. The latter option will make it easier to open the lid and fix it in any position.

There are many answers to the question of how to make a cellar hatch with your own hands, so you should choose the option that is most suitable in your particular case.

Wiring and lighting

Due to the fact that the design of the cellar provides for high humidity, the wiring in it must be reliably insulated. The best option For wiring, copper wires with a double layer of insulation are used. Light bulbs should be placed in the driest places and additionally equipped with protective caps. It is strictly forbidden to make sockets when building a cellar. How to properly make wiring as safe as possible can be seen in training videos from specialists.

Installation of waterproofing in the cellar

As already mentioned, insulation from moisture is very important point when building a cellar at the dacha with your own hands. How to make waterproofing most effective - there are many options, and the choice of the optimal one depends on the level of soil moisture and design features the buildings.

Waterproofing can be external or internal. The external one is done during the construction stage, while the external walls are sheathed with insulating materials, and gutters, drainage wells and other structures are installed. Internal insulation is done after the cellar is built. In this case, before using insulating materials, groundwater must be drained, otherwise the work will be ineffective.

Types of materials used for internal waterproofing

If you made a cellar in your country house with your own hands from waterproof concrete, then you are unlikely to need additional cladding with insulating material. But for a brick structure you can use the following options waterproofing:

mastic or bitumen - used in cases where the groundwater level is below floor level. The solution is heated and thin layer applied to walls, resulting in the formation of a reliable waterproof film;

– the most expensive, but also the most effective option. It is good because it increases not only the level of resistance of walls to moisture, but also their frost resistance. Also, penetrating waterproofing reliably seals all cracks and micropores, is characterized by a long service life and is quickly installed;
Cement-based polymer mortar is one of the most reliable and easy-to-apply waterproofing materials. It fits tightly to the walls and reliably protects them from mechanical damage;
membrane-type moisture insulation - consists of various polymers, among which liquid rubber based on bitumen is very popular.

Note! It is very important to have effective ventilation for reliable waterproofing of a cellar in a country house with your own hands. How to build a ventilation system so that there is no condensation in the storage excess moisture? The installation of a supply and exhaust system is best suited for this.

Procedure for installing waterproofing

Numerous photos of a cellar in a private house show that waterproofing can be hidden under decorative wall panels. This is not a prerequisite, but only affects the appearance of the walls. The nuances of installing a waterproofing layer depend on the type of material chosen.

Waterproofing using bitumen or mastic for the walls of a cellar under a house, as a rule, is not easy to do with your own hands. special labor. To do this, the walls must first be plastered, and the waterproofing itself is best applied in two layers. Before the coating dries completely, it is recommended to sprinkle it with fine dry sand.

Before installing penetrating moisture insulation, the surface of the walls must be thoroughly cleaned of dirt and dust, and then moistened with water. After applying the insulation layer for several days, it also needs to be constantly moistened. Concrete walls Before installing penetrating waterproofing, they are treated with a wire brush.

To apply liquid rubber, the walls must be leveled and cleaned. After this, the surface is primed and applied to it using a brush, spatula or roller. waterproofing material. Decoration Materials can be mounted directly on a layer of liquid rubber after it has dried. Photos of wine cellars, for example, show that the walls are lined with wood panels.

The cement-polymer mixture is applied to well-moistened walls using a notched trowel or brush. It is best to do this in several layers.

DIY installation of shelves in the cellar: photos and instructions

Shelves and racks are integral elements of any cellar and basement. There are several types of cellar racks, which can be bought in specialized stores, but it is much easier and more economical to make them yourself. The most popular options are the following:

Wooden shelving is one of the most common answers to the question of what to make a shelf from in the cellar. The material is environmentally friendly and easy to use, and for shelving it is best to use timber with a cross-section of 100x100 mm and boards 3-4 cm thick. The installation scheme is very simple - racks are made from timber, in which sockets are cut to secure the shelves. In order for wooden shelves to last longer, they are impregnated with special compounds;

Concrete shelving is a good option if you want to know how to make your cellar shelves as durable and moisture-resistant as possible. To create concrete shelves, you can use reinforced concrete slabs or niches in the walls that are filled with concrete screed;
shelves made of steel angle – used in rooms with low humidity levels, otherwise the structures can very quickly begin to rust. In order to make a shelf in the cellar for cans, as a rule, it is used welding machine, but you can get by with simple self-tapping screws. First, frames are made from metal slats, then shelves are attached to them;
plastic shelving is one of the most economical and simple options, which is distinguished by its attractive appearance and resistance to moisture. However, plastic does not tolerate well low temperature, therefore cannot boast of durability.

Helpful advice! When wondering how to make a shelf in the cellar with your own hands, and what material to choose for this, consider the level of humidity in the room, as well as the average weight of the cans and boxes that will be stored on the racks. Concrete can easily withstand even very heavy loads, but plastic cannot boast of this.

From the same materials you can make boxes for potatoes in the cellar. As a rule, they are equipped with removable covers, which are installed if necessary. Regardless of what material you choose, in the warm season it is recommended to take shelves and drawers outside to dry. This will prevent the occurrence of mold and the proliferation of pathogens.

When the construction and interior arrangement of the cellar is completed, you can think about exterior decoration ground structure. Its option depends solely on your preferences - you can simply pour an earthen mound, or you can decorate it with turf or ornamental grass, turning it into an element of landscape design. During the process of building a cellar with your own hands, use video and photo instructions that will help you take into account all the nuances and arrange a practical and functional room.

The cellar is one of the most necessary premises V household. If you build it correctly, then in the cellar you can store not only canned goods and fresh vegetables, but even meat, dairy and eggs.

Following the advice from the article, you can build a cellar with your own hands from scratch. We will tell you how to properly dig a pit, make walls, a floor and a roof in it, and also consider the main types of basements that can be used in the household.

Building a cellar with your own hands

Kinds

Construction stages

Additional work

What to consider?

Ground

Zemlyanoy

Semi-recessed

Wall-mounted

On initial stage a dry place with a low groundwater level is selected. After this, they begin digging a pit, erecting walls and pouring the floor. At the final stage, the ceiling is installed and ventilation is installed.

Waterproofing and supply and exhaust ventilation must be installed inside. This necessary condition to maintain the indoor microclimate.

During construction, the density of the soil and the level of groundwater are taken into account.

How to build a cellar with your own hands

A cellar under the house has certain advantages compared to free-standing buildings. Firstly, it can be done at the stage of building a house. Secondly, it is very convenient to use: you don’t need to go outside to store vegetables or take them out for consumption.

However, the construction of a storage facility also has some difficulties, which will be discussed below.

What is needed for construction

Before you make a basement under the house with your own hands, you need to take into account several features (Figure 1):

The pit must be deepened by at least one and a half meters. This will create an optimal temperature regime. If the room is less deep, the temperature in it will rise above +8 degrees, which negatively affects the storage of fresh vegetables.
It is imperative to determine the level of groundwater. As a rule, it is carried out at the stage of building the foundation of a house, but if you decide to build a storage facility in an existing building, you can determine the water level yourself. To do this, you need to dig a hole 2.5 meters deep and observe for a week how intensively it fills with water. Doing so better in spring or after heavy rains in autumn, when the groundwater level is at its highest.

Figure 1. Drawings and diagrams for building a basement with your own hands

If the water lies at a level of less than a meter, a basement cannot be built under the house. With an indicator of up to one and a half meters, it is possible to arrange a storage facility, but for this it is necessary to drain the soil and the room itself.

Note: It is best to deepen the room two meters or more. This will create a consistently low temperature suitable for storing vegetables and other foods.

A necessary step is also the selection of building materials. The floor can be made of earthen, plank or concrete, and the walls are best built from ceramic bricks, concrete blocks or stone. Use sand-lime bricks and cinder blocks are not recommended.

How to choose a place for a cellar

When constructing above-ground or semi-buried structures, you can choose almost any location on the site. The main thing is that there is no stagnation of water on it. If the basement is located under the house, the choice of location will be very limited.

When selecting a location for an underground storage facility, take into account:

Soil density and composition- it should be loose enough so that you can dig a pit yourself. If the house is located on rock, construction will have to be abandoned, since it will require the use of heavy equipment that physically cannot be driven inside the premises.
Groundwater height- key indicator. It is best that the floor of the storage facility is at least half a meter from the level of underground streams. If this condition is not met, the basement will begin to flood even if high-quality waterproofing is installed.
Login to the vault should be in a place convenient for you (Figure 2). For example, in the garage, hallway or next to the kitchen. It is better to cover the entrance from above with a hatch, and make a staircase for the entrance. How exactly you will go down inside must be determined at the stage of designing and digging a pit.

Figure 2. Arranging a hole to enter the cellar under the house

After procurement of materials and determination of the site, you can proceed directly to construction work.

How to make a cellar with your own hands

The construction of the basement is carried out in several stages, which should be carried out in a clear sequence. First of all, you need to determine the size of the storage. As a rule, for home use A room of 5-8 square meters will be sufficient.

However, it should be borne in mind that the pit should be approximately 60 cm larger on all sides. This space will be needed to build walls and lay a layer of waterproofing.

You can see the main stages of construction in the video.

Pit

The first stage is digging a pit. To do this, you will need standard tools: a shovel, a pick and a container for removing soil (Figure 3).

Note: To dig a pit, it is necessary to completely remove the floor in the room under which it will be located.

Figure 3. Digging a pit for underground storage

Traditionally, a pit is dug to a depth of 2.5 meters under the house. In the future, taking into account the floor and ceiling, the height of the room will decrease slightly, but it will still be enough even for a tall person.

If groundwater is close to the surface, it is advisable to additionally dig a drainage well in which condensation and excess water will accumulate.

Construction of walls

Walls in underground storage facilities are usually made of brick or foam concrete blocks. However, walls made of reinforced concrete are more popular. They are made like this (Figure 4):

A reinforcing mesh of rods with a cross section of 10-15 mm is installed around the perimeter. It is advisable to fasten them together not by welding, but by special hooks or pieces of wire.
Formwork can be made from any available materials, even from scraps of wood.
To fill the walls, high-strength concrete is used, adding to it a small amount of crushed stone Filling is carried out in stages, 10-20 cm, carefully compacting each layer.

Figure 4. Construction of walls

The top of the fill should be at the level of the ceiling. It will take several weeks for the solution to completely dry and harden. Only after this can the formwork be removed.

Floor

Concrete floors are most often used in storage facilities, as they resist groundwater better than earthen floors. In addition, rodents and other pests will not be able to enter the room through such a floor.

The construction of a concrete floor is carried out in several stages(Figure 5):

At the bottom we make a sand cushion. The sand is moistened with water and compacted so that its layer is at least 20 cm. It must be absolutely flat so that the concrete floor does not begin to bend in the future.
After the sand, a layer of gravel is laid and it is also leveled and compacted.
The next layer is to lay waterproofing material. You can use special polyethylene or regular roofing felt. This will help strengthen the concrete floor and protect the room as much as possible from water penetration.
Placed on waterproofing reinforcing mesh from rods of at least 5 mm and fill the structure with a layer of concrete of 10-15 cm.

Figure 5. How to make a floor in the cellar with your own hands

As with walls, concrete needs some time to dry and harden. Therefore, you cannot walk on it for the first few weeks.

Roof

Make a roof (or ceiling) for the cellar under ready home made from slabs is difficult, so they are more often used for these purposes wooden beams, between which a layer of insulation is laid. This design allows you to protect underground storage from heat penetration from the house.

The floor beams are hemmed from below with a continuous panel covered with a heat-insulating film. Between the beams lay insulation (glass wool, polystyrene foam or mineral wool). There is no need to skimp on thermal insulation: the thicker and more reliable the layer, the more stable the temperature in the storage will be. The insulation is re-covered with film on top and the structure is covered with boards, plywood or OSB.

The manhole cover is made according to the same principle, but it is better to make it two-layer, placing heat-insulating materials in the center.

Types of cellars

There are several types of cellars, each of which has certain advantages and disadvantages. For example, underground provides a stable storage temperature, but its construction requires certain skills. It is much easier to build above ground, and the building itself is suitable even for regions with close groundwater. However, in such structures it is more difficult to provide the necessary thermal insulation.

Main types of cellars

Types of basements differ in the degree to which the structure is buried in the soil. For example, a ground-based structure is a full-fledged building with a foundation slightly buried in the soil.

There are also underground cellars (subfloors), which are most often installed under a residential building or garage. Semi-buried and earthen ones are similar in design. The only difference is the degree of penetration of the structure into the soil. For small areas it will be optimal wall buildings, which are simply attached to the main building.

Ground

By ground cellar we mean small room or even a box with a layer of insulation.

It is not difficult to build it with your own hands, since they are small and require minimum costs materials and time. In addition, they are excellent for areas with high underground flows (Figure 6).

Note: It is best to build a ground structure in July, when the groundwater level is lowest.

Construction is carried out in the following sequence:

Select a dry area on a small hill. Upper layer the vegetation is removed and a small depression is made in the soil (about 40-70 cm deep).
Bottom of the pit compacted and covered with a layer of drainage (coarse sand, expanded clay or broken brick). The layer of such material should be approximately 10 cm.
Above lay 15-20 cm of fatty clay, in which you need to place bricks at a minimum distance from each other. In the same way they strengthen side walls pits.
Height of brick walls above the ground surface should reach 35 cm. This elevation acts as a foundation.
For walls First, a frame is mounted, which is sheathed with thick boards on both sides. Any available material is placed or filled in the center thermal insulation material(sawdust, crushed stone or mineral wool).

Figure 6. Drawing and photo of an above-ground cellar

The outer part of the walls is sheathed with dense material to prevent drafts inside the room. At the entrance, a vestibule with external and internal door. This will provide additional thermal insulation. For ventilation, a pipe is made, which is covered from the outside mosquito net. To prevent flooding, a blind area and several drainage ditches are made around the perimeter, and the roof is equipped with a gable roof and covered with any available roofing material.

Zemlyanoy

The design of an earthen basement is very simple, and it can be built from almost any available materials. As a rule, a dry site on an elevated site is chosen for construction, preferably with dense soil.

Note: Earthen cellars are excellent for storing potatoes, since the tubers practically do not sprout, do not dry out or wrinkle.

The construction of an earthen storage facility is carried out according to next technology (Figure 7):

Dig a pit with walls underneath slight slope to prevent soil from crumbling. If the site has sandy soil, the walls are reinforced with boards or other supports. In addition, this will extend the life of the premises and create a favorable microclimate inside the storage facility.
The floors are made of adobe by adding crushed bricks. The thickness of the floors should be 15 cm.
The ceiling is made of poles, covered with a clay mixture and earth on the outside. The thickness of the soil layer should be about 45 cm in order to protect vegetables not only from summer heat, but also from the winter cold.
The gable roof is covered with light natural material (for example, branches or straw). It is better to lower the roof slopes to the ground. In severe frosts, it can be additionally insulated.

Figure 7. Drawing of an earthen cellar

It is better to place shelving inside an earthen cellar on both sides of the passage for ease of use of the room.

Semi-recessed

This type of storage is perfect for areas with high level groundwater, since its floor is no deeper than one and a half meters from the surface of the earth (Figure 8).

To build a semi-buried basement with your own hands, you dig a shallow pit, then make a low foundation, and build the walls from concrete, brick or stone.

Figure 8. Drawings for the construction of a semi-buried cellar

The ceiling is made from slab mixed with clay. This will protect inner space from moisture penetration and temperature fluctuations. Additionally, the roof can be covered with roofing felt, and thermal insulation material can be applied to the walls.

Wall-mounted

The main advantage of a wall cellar is that it saves space on the site. In addition, there is no need to specifically choose a dry place for it, since the building is being built close to the house (Figure 9).

Figure 9. Drawing of a wall cellar

How to build a surface cellar next to a house or other building? Any materials can be used, but they must be treated with hot bitumen for waterproofing. A blind area is made along the perimeter and drain pipes are installed to remove moisture, and the roof is covered with rolled material.

This is the most simple design cellar, which can be easily done with your own hands from scrap materials. However, if you plan to use such storage for a long time, it is better to use quality brick, concrete and high-quality thermal insulation.

More useful information You will learn about the construction of dry cellars from the video.