During the lesson, it is necessary to equip the child not only with knowledge, but also with techniques for working with information - in particular, the ability to pose and solve certain problems. One of the best ways to do this is to present information in a visual and meaningful form using the “fishbone” technique.
The essence of the didactic technique
“Fishbone” (“fish bone”, “fish skeleton”) is a simplified name for the method of the Japanese scientist Kaoru Ishikawa. This graphical technique for presenting information allows you to figuratively demonstrate the progress of the analysis of a phenomenon by highlighting the problem, identifying its causes and supporting facts, and formulating a conclusion on the issue. In the process of creating a fishbone, students:
- learn to work in groups or pairs;
- visualize cause-and-effect relationships;
- rank various factors according to their significance;
- develop the ability to think critically;
- learn to evaluate the phenomena of reality.
Boston University scientists studying the way people perceive junior schoolchildren, came to the conclusion that with the help of visual images, a child aged 2 to 13 years remembers any information faster.
The fishbone diagram allows you to select suitable solution for any problematic situation, generating new ideas aimed at accelerating and facilitating the thinking process. It is especially useful to use the technique during “ brainstorming"so that children learn to quickly and clearly formulate thoughts.
Ishikawa’s scheme helps to systematize the acquired knowledge into main categories: reasons, facts, conclusions on the topic
Rules for drawing up a “fish skeleton”
“Fishbone” can be prepared in advance or filled out together with the students. Modern technological capabilities allow you to quickly make color and beautiful template“fish skeleton” in a graphics editor, but on a regular sheet of A3 paper or a board the diagram turns out no worse.
There are two types of location:
- horizontal (most accurately repeats the skeleton of a fish), it is preferable to use it in lessons in elementary grades;
- vertical, allowing you to place a larger amount of information on the “bones” (suitable for high school students).
“Fishbone” consists of 4 blocks of information:
- a head in which a question or problem is indicated;
- the bones at the top (or on the right), where the causes and basic concepts of a particular phenomenon or problem are recorded;
- bones at the bottom (left), confirming the presence of certain reasons;
- tail containing conclusions and generalizations on the issue.
It is very important that solutions to the problem are arranged according to the degree of relevance: the closer to the head, the more urgent. Making notes on the “body” of a fish is carried out according to the “KTL” rule (briefly, accurately, laconically): it is better to use only 1-2 nouns to denote one or another point, which will clearly reflect the essence of the phenomenon.
For lessons in primary school the diagram should resemble the fish as accurately as possible
Methods and forms of applying this method at school
"Fishbone" - universal technique, which can be used in any type of lesson. But the “fish bone” is most effectively used in classes of generalization and systematization of acquired knowledge to help students organize the information received into a coherent system with clear relationships between elements. As for the place of technology in the lesson notes, it can act as a way to organize part of the lesson, or as a strategy for the entire lesson on the topic. For example, using the method, you can conduct entire lessons on studying the works of Pushkin or Tolstoy: children are invited to consider the problems raised in the works of writers (with concrete examples from works), and the task of schoolchildren is to evaluate the significance of the works of great compatriots for subsequent generations.
The method of compiling a “fish skeleton” can be:
Fishbone can be used as:
- homework on the topic;
- reference notes for the lesson;
- independent work to check the quality of learning the material;
- project work.
It is especially important to focus on the presentation of the results of completing the diagram. It should confirm the significance of the problem and show the interconnection of all the identified elements. Sometimes children identify several problems, but difficulties arise with arguments: it is not easy for students to find evidence for each. This is a normal situation, because in life there are always more assumptions than confirmations. Therefore, the lower (or left) “bones” can remain empty. As for the output, that is, the tail of the fish, it can be offered in finished form or leave it to the guys for improvement. Completion of work with the “skeleton” is based on determining further actions: either continue to study the issue, or formulate its solutions.
Ishikawa’s technique may be appropriate in lessons of any cycle, but the most “fruitful” schemes are in classes that involve the beginning of research activities: philology, history, social studies, biology and geography.
Examples of using technology in various lessons
Literature
Most often, “fish bone” is used in literature lessons. For example, this could be a “fish skeleton” filled out in the penultimate lesson before writing an essay on “The Tale of a Real Man” by B. Polevoy:
- “Head”: is it difficult to perform a heroic act?
- “Upper bones”: desire to live, responsibility for one’s homeland, courage.
- “Bottom bones”: the pilot’s professionalism, self-control, love for his country.
- “Tail”: anyone who loves their Motherland can be a hero.
By the way, for implementation interdisciplinary connections, students can be asked to highlight spelling patterns in the words used (Russian language) or prepare a message on the topic: “ Life path an ordinary hero - A. Meresyev" (history).
Story
This could be a “fish skeleton” drawn up in a history lesson.
The history lesson also opens up huge opportunities for making fishbones. For example, the topic “Causes of feudal fragmentation of Rus'” can be presented on the board in the form of a diagram.
- “Head”: reasons for fragmentation.
- "Upper Bones": difficult social structure society, the desire of feudal lords to enrich themselves, the foreign policy situation.
- “Lower bones”: not shared with Kiev, emergence of the nobility, absence of wars.
- “Tail”: the fragmentation of the territory of Rus' was inevitable.
Social science
Social studies teachers consider the topic “ Social system society" is one of the most difficult to understand. However, the “fish bone” helps to sort information into categories, for example, when compiling a summary of lesson material.
- "Head": what does it mean to be a citizen?
- “Upper bones”: responsibility, work, relationships with other people.
- “Bottom bones”: ensure welfare, work for the good of the country, respect others.
- “Tail”: to feel your importance and responsibility to your future and your descendants.
Biology
A series of topics in biology dedicated to defense environment, can be summarized with a group or individual “fishbone” in the form of a project presentation.
- “Head”: interaction between nature and society.
- “Upper bones”: strong connection, mutual influence, ill-considered use of natural resources.
- "Bottom bones": life cycle, benefiting oneself, pollution.
- “Tail”: without caring for nature, society cannot exist.
Geography
All reasons associated with the problem under study are detailed within these categories:
- human-related reasons include factors determined by the condition and capabilities of a person. For example, this is the qualification of a person, his physical state, experience, etc.
- reasons related to the working method include how the work is performed, as well as everything related to the productivity and accuracy of the performed operations of the process or activity.
- reasons related to mechanisms– these are all factors that are determined by the equipment, machines, devices used in performing actions. For example, the condition of the tool, the condition of the devices, etc.
- reasons related to the material- these are all the factors that determine the properties of the material in the process of performing work. For example, the thermal conductivity of the material, viscosity or hardness of the material.
- reasons related to control– these are all factors influencing the reliable recognition of errors in the execution of actions.
- reasons related to the external environment- these are all the factors that determine the influence of the external environment on the performance of actions. For example, temperature, light, humidity, etc.
An Ishikawa diagram can be constructed as follows:
1. A potential or existing problem that requires resolution is identified. The problem statement is placed in a rectangle with right side sheet of paper. A horizontal line is drawn from the rectangle to the left.
2. Along the edges of the sheet on the left side, the key categories of causes affecting the problem under study are indicated. The number of categories may vary depending on the problem being considered. Typically, five or six categories from the list above are used (person, work methods, machinery, material, control, environment).
3. Slanted lines are drawn from the names of each category of reasons to the central line. These will be the main “branches” of the Ishikawa diagram.
4. The causes of the problem identified during the brainstorming are distributed into established categories and are indicated on the diagram in the form of “branches” adjacent to the main “branches”.
5. Each of the reasons is detailed into its components. To do this, for each of them the question is asked - “Why did this happen”? The results are recorded in the form of “branches” of the next, lower order. The process of detailing the causes continues until the “root” cause is found. For detailing, the brainstorming method can also be used.
6. The most significant and important reasons, affecting the problem under study. A Pareto chart can be used for this purpose. For significant reasons, further work is carried out and corrective or preventive measures are determined.
The graphical method, called the Ishikawa diagram, helps to analyze and form meaningful cause-and-effect relationships. Such a system analysis tool for appearance somewhat reminiscent of a fish bone. The diagram certainly contains a central horizontal axis and “ribs” extending from it.
The Japanese professor Ishikawa came up with his diagram in the middle of the last century, when he was intensely looking for ways to identify the causes of problems that arose in scientific and applied research. The scientist wanted to develop a usable method of systems analysis that would be a visual representation of the problems present in the system.
The technique proposed by Ishikawa makes it possible to divide the causes of a particular phenomenon into several groups. For example, consideration includes sequentially machines and mechanisms, production methods, materials, external environment. Any of these groups may contain causes of unwanted effects. Each of these reasons can, if desired, be decomposed into smaller system elements, deepening the analysis.
Areas of application of the Ishikawa diagram
Almost immediately after its publication, Ishikawa’s technique found wide application in manufacturing, where product quality and solutions to complex production problems began to be used. Today, the Ishikawa diagram is widely used all over the world, including in the theory of invention, where it is used to identify the causes of technical contradictions.
The main scope of application of the Ishikawa method is system analysis in order to identify the immediate causes of existing problem. The diagram can be successfully used for element-by-element analysis of production and marketing processes at an enterprise, their systematization and structuring. Recently, the technique has found increasing use in brainstorming.
How to build an Ishikawa diagram
First, the researcher clarifies the problem, its essence and complexity. After this, the starting point of the analysis is constructed, which looks like a horizontal arrow pointing to the right. At the tip of the arrow is a clearly defined and clearly stated problem.
Additional arrows are attached to the center line at a certain angle, each of which indicates one of the possible reasons that caused the problem. If during the analysis it turns out that the causes are, in turn, due to deeper factors, each of the arrows can branch out.
By constructing a detailed graphical display of cause-and-effect relationships, you can visualize the entire system in the dynamics of causes and effects, affecting, for example, the result production activities or for enterprise management. Very often, such a visualization tool helps to identify significant factors that escape attention with another method of analysis.
Axial time- a term that underlies the entire cultural worldview of the German philosopher Karl Jaspers. He designated the axial time as that period in the history of mankind when the mythological views of people gave way to rational, philosophical thinking, which became the further basis for development modern man.
Jaspers' research suggests that all the teachings that arose during the Axial Age are distinguished by a high degree of rationalism and man's desire to rethink all the foundations of his previous existence, change customs and traditions. Those civilizations that were unable to rethink their own in the light of the Axial Age simply stopped (for example, the Assyrian-Babylonian civilization). Jaspers, that the Axial time- This is the period between 800 and 200 BC. Recent research data also confirms that the period 800-200. BC. was of particular importance in the development of the system. During this period, there was a sharp leap in the development of global urbanization, and the level of literacy of the population increased. During the Axial Age, the system was transformed into a qualitatively new state. In key centers of world culture, during this period of time, religious and ethical teachings, completely different from everything that came before, developed, the basis of which were fundamentally different values. These values were deep and universal, which allowed these teachings, although in a slightly modified form, to survive to this day (Confucianism, Buddhism, Taoism). Axial time crucial moment in self-perception, this time when a person first begins to perceive his essence and analyze his own. An attempt at self-knowledge underlies all the fundamental changes of that time. It was in the course of attempts to realize one’s existence, to define key moral concepts: good and evil, meaning and death, that a new cultural culture was born. Thus, the concept of axial time implies a certain segment in the development of world culture, during which development trends and cultural values fundamentally change humanity, which leads to the beginning of a new era in the development of the world system. Thus, Jaspers believes that modern cultures are facing a new round of axial time, the result of which will be unified on a planetary scale.
Sources:
- www.terme.ru
Modern technologies production management and quality management allow you to analyze production processes extremely effectively. One such method: the Ishikawa diagram, is successfully used in many enterprises around the world.
A state diagram resembles a block diagram and represents the process of changing an object as a result of transitions. This concept was introduced several decades ago and has been constantly improved with the development of computing technology.
Basic Concepts
A state diagram is an abstract representation of a process. It is often used to model the flow of programming languages. It can also help analysts create a business process map. Elements of a system diagram are usually called objects that can undergo changes in state. The most popular language for writing state diagrams is Unified Modeling Language or UML. This language allows you to track the process throughout the entire build. It is usually used to describe the behavior of the system as a whole. A state diagram helps keep track of objects using various symbols. It usually does not describe the interaction of objects.
Features of creating a state diagram
UML diagrams usually show how an object behaves in various options developments and several symbols are often used for identification various elements. A state diagram is very similar to a flowchart. Typically, it has a large dot at the top that represents the initial state of the object. Changes in state can be shown as circles, with the name of the object, variables and actions separated from each other. Horizontal lines, are typically used to separate each of them.
Straight lines on states can connect elements. Lines usually define transitions. Very often these lines have arrows at one end to show paths from one state to another. At the bottom of the diagram is a large dot in a circle. Everything can describe a complex chain of events and the conditions under which they occur. There may be more than one such condition.
The process depicted in a state diagram is usually defined by the changes that occur. Some object states may be unlikely. Sometimes multiple transitions lead to the initial state, which can lead to confusion. In this case, one diagram can be enclosed within another. This is then called a superstate. This format makes the state diagram easy to read if the events and transitions in the system are complex.
Conclusion
A state diagram can represent the results of machine operations or the operation of many mechanisms in production system. It can also help the teacher think through his learning programs based on the material that is in stock. Semantics
or rules are often applied to state diagrams. There are alternative rules and even variant models that can be used depending on the problem. For example, manufacturing process For electronic device, like a stopwatch or controller.
Video on the topic
In the process of working or studying, you often come across certain graphical schemes, for example, diagrams. This is a frequently used diagram used to display shares, percentages of something. And knowledge about constructing such diagrams will be quite useful.
Instructions
To build, use the program Microsoft Excel. Of course, Microsoft Excel has a feature for creating automatic charts. But this is unlikely to suit someone who wants his to be unique and exactly the way he intended it. With a little effort, you can create your own chart in Excel using all the same features.
Create a new chart and get rid of everything you don't need. It should be easy to understand. You should only use two colors. For example, make the background gray and the columns displaying indicators dark. These two colors are the most pleasing to the eye and do not create a contrast with each other. The information will be legible and understandable. You will also need to note the increasing growth of parameters.
If you have created two charts that are closely related to each other, and the indicators of which you need to combine, then you should make one whole chart, crossing two small ones in it. Just paint different parameters with different colors for . You have to be smart about how you handle the columns without putting too much information into one of them. So it will be incomprehensible to the viewer. It will be more convenient to divide one column into two smaller ones. This way you can present information more clearly.
To facilitate visual perception, they should be given different colors to your taste. But don't go overboard with the columns, otherwise it can lead to everything getting mixed up. You need to be clear about the function and placement of the column. How the diagram is received depends on how it is received. And no matter what it contains, if it is not visually attractive, it will not be successful. Position the main scale, which displays results or ratios, vertically. And point the columns to the side. This is all necessary so that, despite the large amount of information, the diagram does not look awkward and cumbersome.
Long numbers should also be positioned horizontally. To the right of it, write down the numbers that will help correlate the indicators in the diagram. But a regular vertical chart can also be made attractive. To do this, the columns of some indicators must be above the general scale of all numbers, and the columns of others - below the scale. In this way, the data will be separated from each other, but will not lose its meaning and significance.
Video on the topic
Scientists have found that graphic information is 2-3 times better absorbed by the human brain than digital information. Why not use this fact in your works? Using diagrams will make your text work much more interesting and informative.
You will need
- Excel spreadsheet editor
Instructions
In order to create diagram in the Excel spreadsheet, first place all existing data on a new one. Don't forget that numerical data can be imported from MS Office applications such as Word, Access and PowerPoint.
When the data is ready, we start creating. Call the "Diagram Wizard" on the toolbar. Next we are asked to select a chart type. The most common are pie charts, graphs, and histograms. Click "OK" several times, then click the "Finish" button.
Video on the topic
The type of diagram must be selected depending on the document into which you are going to insert it. If this is a text document, a histogram is suitable; for newspapers and magazines it is better to choose a pie chart; For scientific works dot (graph).
Charts are an integral element of a variety of presentations, slide shows, business programs and financial reports. Using a chart, you can visually display how one or another aspect of a company's work has changed over the years, or show the percentage of a variety of parameters. A beautiful and clear diagram will be more understandable to the reader and viewer than an unclear drawing, so it is very important to learn how to draw beautiful, clear and easy to understand diagrams that will help you in your activities.
Instructions
In Microsoft Excel, you can, by specifying your parameters, create an automatic diagram from program templates, but these diagrams are neither clear nor aesthetically pleasing. Based on a ready-made chart in Excel, you can create your own diagram, more visual, concise and stylish, using the same parameters.
In the previous diagrams, get rid of all the unnecessary stuff. Your diagram should look easy and understandable, free of unnecessary details, transparent and aesthetically pleasing. To make the graph clear, do not use more than two colors. Red, black and shades of these colors will be the best option for any diagram. This will make it easy to read the information on each scale. Be sure to reflect in
Vladimir Malafeev
Certified business coach. He knows how to make a very complex thing understandable for everyone. Connects theory and practice to solve business issues.
Every person from time to time encounters obstacles and problems along the way. Quite often, people, in response to some challenge, begin to quickly do something, without fully understanding the reasons for the current situation. They try to get rid of the symptoms rather than find the cause of the disease and correct it.
Someone will say in response: “If you are near death, there is no time to think about the reasons - you need to save yourself.” Yes, this is true, but how often are we in critical circumstances for our business? Not so often. This means that there is still time to reason and assess the situation.
For example, the head of a small department of 10 people. It’s quiet and peaceful, so the manager doesn’t really try to find out what the reason for the dismissal is, and immediately hires a new employee to replace the old one.
After some time, another employee quits. Now the manager begins to look for reasons, and it turns out that because of the third employee, who still works in the department, the emotional climate in the team has sharply worsened.
As a result, the manager fires the tyrant and the situation levels out, but by this time he had to lose two employees, and he also spent the company’s time and money to find a replacement for them.
Add to this the adaptation of a new employee, which will take from 2 weeks to 2 months: during this period his effectiveness will be low. It is also worth considering the irritation of “senior” colleagues who will have to teach new employees, thereby being distracted from their immediate activities.
As a result, a hasty decision without analyzing the situation reduced the efficiency of the department for several months. If this happened during the low season for our business, then this is not so critical. What if it's high? In this case, we ourselves have created a situation where there is no time to think about the reasons.
There is a fairly large list of tools for assessing causes, but today we will talk about a diagram developed by the Japanese chemist Kaoru Ishikawa. The method was created in 1952, that is, this tool has been used for a long time and is considered one of the most proven. In its basic form it is designed for group work, but nothing prevents you from using it individually - that's exactly what I do.
An Ishikawa diagram (also called a fishbone diagram) is a graph that shows all the factors that could influence the occurrence of a problem.
If you figure it out, then use this diagram to identify the reasons problem situations anyone can.
Step one. Clearly describe the problem
For example, a drop in sales in a store. A square (“fish head”) is drawn where we enter the problem.
Step two. Identify the main factors
Determine the main factors (“back bones”) that influenced the development of the problem: people, methods and techniques (sales stages), external environment (competitors are being strangled by dumping), goods (we sell consumer goods), and so on. Usually there are no more than six such factors.
Step three. Describe the main factors in more detail
For each “backbone” we clarify what exactly the shortcoming is. For example, employees lack the skills to establish contact during a sale (it is advisable to describe what specific skills they are).
Step four. "Analyze this"
Rate the influence of each second-level factor as a percentage or on a 10-point scale. Add up the resulting numbers within one main factor. "Bone" with the most great result and is the main reason for the situation in which we find ourselves. You need to work with her first.
It's time to start developing mitigation measures based on your priorities.
If you adhere to this simple method, in unfavorable situations it will become much easier: you will clearly understand what is the reason for the current circumstances and what needs to be corrected.
"Fishbone" (Ishikawa Design) ("Fishbone")
Represents possible causes that produce certain effects.
Target- classify and analyze the most important causes of problems.
How to make an Ishikawa diagram?
Draw a fishbone diagram. Start from the right, building the main "bones" (categories) towards the left.
Write the problem statement in the “fishbone head” (Only the part that concerns the outcome of the problem statement is needed. This was indicated in step 2 in the “Stratification” section).
Identify the major fishbone categories that relate to this outcome. There are four ways to define these categories:
Why is this happening?
Why does this condition exist?
Be sure to follow the logic of your diagram in both directions as shown in the figure below (a1 is caused by a2, which in turn is caused by a3. B reverse order a3 caused a2, which in turn caused a1.) Very often it is impossible to understand the logic of a diagram without tracing it backwards. 
Next, look through each “sub-dimension” to discover additional causes; those. go to a2 and ask the question “Why does a2 happen?” Then ask the question “Why does a1 happen?” and continue the querying process, moving towards the main "bone".
Before moving on to Step 7, complete your analysis of the entire fishbone diagram.
Identify the most likely root causes and circle the last item in the chain.
Verify with data the most likely root cause. Teams must collect data to verify that this is, in fact, root cause"result" of the cause. If the potential cause contains many complex subcauses, then break your diagram into a number of separate diagrams. We offer an example of a fishbone:
In this example, start with the question “Why did the drivers cause late deliveries?” Continue exploring this logical chain until you have no questions left. After this, follow the logical chain in the opposite direction, starting from the cause and ending with the result. If the logical chain is correct in both directions, then leave it on the graph. If the logic is missing, then rework it or delete it.
After completing the analysis of one logical chain, move to the next level and again ask the question “Why?”. In this example, the team was forced to stop at the item “Cargo orders not received”, since this item was outside the scope of their control.
The next area of consideration will be whether there is another reason for the Insufficient Loading Time item. If such a reason exists, then continue to ask the question “Why?”. If not, then move on to the next level. Continue analyzing the graph in this manner until you have asked questions about all the major categories.
After analyzing the chart, the team decides which areas are worthy of further investigation as potential root causes. Once these areas are identified (usually two or three), data is collected to ensure that the areas being examined are, in fact, the root causes of the problem's "outcome."
