Before sending an electronic appeal to the Ministry of Construction of Russia, please read the rules of operation of this interactive service set out below.
1. Electronic applications within the sphere of competence of the Ministry of Construction of Russia, filled out in accordance with the attached form, are accepted for consideration.
2. An electronic appeal may contain a statement, complaint, proposal or request.
3. Electronic appeals sent through the official Internet portal of the Ministry of Construction of Russia are submitted for consideration to the department for working with citizens' appeals. The Ministry ensures objective, comprehensive and timely consideration of applications. Review of electronic appeals is free of charge.
4. In accordance with Federal Law No. 59-FZ of May 2, 2006 “On the procedure for considering appeals from citizens of the Russian Federation,” electronic appeals are registered within three days and sent, depending on the content, to the structural divisions of the Ministry. The appeal is considered within 30 days from the date of registration. An electronic appeal containing issues the solution of which is not within the competence of the Ministry of Construction of Russia is sent within seven days from the date of registration to the relevant body or the relevant official whose competence includes resolving the issues raised in the appeal, with notification of this to the citizen who sent the appeal.
5. Electronic appeal is not considered if:
- absence of the applicant’s surname and name;
- indication of an incomplete or unreliable postal address;
- the presence of obscene or offensive expressions in the text;
- the presence in the text of a threat to the life, health and property of an official, as well as members of his family;
- using a non-Cyrillic keyboard layout or only capital letters when typing;
- absence of punctuation marks in the text, presence of incomprehensible abbreviations;
- the presence in the text of a question to which the applicant has already been given a written answer on the merits in connection with previously sent appeals.
6. The response to the applicant is sent to the postal address specified when filling out the form.
7. When considering an appeal, disclosure of information contained in the appeal, as well as information relating to the private life of a citizen, is not permitted without his consent. Information about applicants’ personal data is stored and processed in compliance with the requirements of Russian legislation on personal data.
8. Appeals received through the site are summarized and presented to the leadership of the Ministry for information. Answers to the most frequently asked questions are periodically published in the sections “for residents” and “for specialists”
New sanitary requirements (SanPiN) for schools
Rospotrebnadzor has introduced new sanitary requirements, which come into force on September 1, 2011, for schools. Moreover, these rules apply to both public schools and private ones.
According to the new SanPiN, it is strongly recommended that primary classes be placed in a separate block or even in a separate room; access to an open area is also desirable. An extended day (extended day) for first-graders is now possible only with a quiet hour. At the same time, bedrooms for girls and boys must be separate; the use of two-level beds is prohibited. Primary school classes must begin no earlier than 8:00 am. In the first grades there should be no grades and the school week should be five days. There should be no more than 25 people in the class.
These calculations were carried out under the condition that the entire school is taught in one shift. If it is not possible to make the school a single shift, only 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 6th, 7th, 8th and 10th grades can study in the second shift.
The new rules also talk about the workload of schoolchildren. So, for example, in grades 10-11 the workload should not exceed 37 hours in a five-day week. These hours should also include specialized training.
The amount of homework in all subjects together should not exceed 1.5 hours in grades 2-3, 2 hours in grades 4-5, 2.5 hours in grades 6-8, 3.5 in grades 9-11. hours.
For first-graders there should be only a five-day week, for the rest a six-day week is possible. The number of lessons in the first grades should not exceed four per day, the fifth lesson can only be physical education, the total number of hours per week should not exceed 21 hours. In grades 10-11 there can be up to seven lessons a day, but no more than 37 hours a week.
And these are not all the transformations and innovations that Rospotrebnadzor has introduced to the sanitary rules of schools. The requirements for classrooms, sports grounds, assembly halls, libraries, and school grounds have also changed.
If anyone is interested in these innovations in more detail, write in the comments, we will definitely answer. And finally, ignorance or failure to comply with sanitary and epidemiological requirements entails administrative punishment in the form of a fine.
SNiP (Building norms and rules)
1. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
1.2*. The reduction from the area standards established for individual premises or groups of premises should not exceed 5%; for premises built into residential buildings - 15%.
1.3*. When designing buildings, groups of premises or individual public premises intended for direct service to the population and accessible, in accordance with the design assignment, for people with disabilities and other groups of visitors with limited mobility (spectators, buyers, students, etc.), one should be guided by the requirements Section 4 of these standards and SP 32-101 “Requirements for accessibility of public buildings and structures for people with disabilities and other visitors with limited mobility.”
1.4. The height of premises from floor to ceiling of public buildings and residential premises of sanatoriums should be at least 3 m, and residential premises in other public buildings - in accordance with SNiP RK 3.02-01-2001. The height of the main premises of baths and bath-health complexes for 100 or more seats should be no less than 3.3 m, and the height of laundry and dry cleaning production premises should be no less than 3.6 m.
1.5*. The height of technical floors is determined in each individual case depending on the type of engineering equipment and utility networks placed in them, and the conditions of their operation. The height in places where service personnel can pass to the bottom of protruding structures must be at least 1.8 m.
When designing a technical floor (technical underground), intended to accommodate only utility networks with pipelines and pipeline insulation made of non-combustible materials, the height from floor to ceiling can be at least 1.6 m.
1.6. Through passages in buildings should be at least 3.5 m wide (clear) and at least 4.25 m high.
1.7. The floor level of the premises at the entrance to the building must be at least 0.15 m higher than the sidewalk level in front of the entrance.
1.8. The list of premises of public buildings that are allowed to be located in the basement and basement floors is given in the mandatory Appendix 4*. The design of public structures located entirely or predominantly in underground space is carried out according to special design assignments.
1.10. Placement of workshops, storerooms and other premises intended, according to the design assignment, for storing or processing flammable materials, under auditoriums and assembly halls, as well as in the basement and ground floors of buildings of preschool institutions, schools, dormitories of boarding schools and boarding schools, In-patient facilities of medical institutions and dormitory buildings of sanatoriums are not allowed.
1.11*. The technical underground in which utility networks are laid must have exits to the outside (through hatches measuring at least 0.6 x 0.6 m or doors).
1.12. In each compartment of the basement or basement floors (recessed by more than 0.5 m) there must be at least two hatches or windows 0.9 m wide and 1.2 m high, except for the cases specified in SNiP RK 1.2.9-99 . The area of such a compartment should be no more than 700 m2.
1.13. Ventilation chambers, pump rooms, engine rooms of refrigeration units, heating units and other rooms with equipment that is a source of noise and vibration should not be located adjacent to, above or below auditoriums and rehearsal rooms, stages, sound equipment, reading rooms, wards, doctors' rooms, operating rooms , premises where children stay in children's institutions, educational premises, work premises and offices with permanent residence of people, residential premises located in public buildings.
Natural lighting and insolation of premises
1.156. In addition to MSN 2.04-05-95, it is allowed to design without natural light: rooms that can be located in basements; assembly halls; conference rooms, lecture halls and lobbies; shopping areas; salons for visitors of consumer service enterprises; demonstration, sports and demonstration and sports and entertainment halls and skating rinks; rooms for instructors and coaching staff; massage rooms, steam rooms, as well as dry heat baths; parking spaces, pantries, reception areas and rooms for staff of preschool institutions; anesthesia, preoperative, hardware, weighing, thermostatic, microbiological boxes, sanitary checkpoints, as well as in accordance with the design assignment, operating rooms, treatment rooms, X-ray diagnostic rooms and other similar rooms and premises.
Lighting only with a second light can be provided: in rooms that can be designed without natural light (except for storerooms, sales areas of stores and book depositories): in toilets and kitchen utensil washing areas of preschool institutions: in reception and locker rooms of preschool institutions designed for construction in IA , IB, IG climatic subregions, as well as dressing rooms and waiting rooms in baths and bath-health complexes.
1.157. In buildings designed for construction in areas with an average monthly July temperature of 210C and above, light openings of rooms with constant presence of people in the room and rooms where, according to technological and hygienic requirements, the penetration of sunlight or overheating of the room is not allowed, with the orientation of the openings within 130 - 3150 openings must be equipped with sun protection.
Protection from the sun and overheating can be provided by the space-planning solution of the building. In buildings of I and II degrees of fire resistance with a height of 5 floors or more, external sun protection should be made of non-combustible materials. In one- and two-story buildings, sun protection can be provided by landscaping.
1.158. In buildings less than 10 floors high, smoke removal must be provided in corridors without natural light intended for the evacuation of 50 or more people. Corridors used for recreational purposes in educational buildings should have natural light.
1.159. Rooms with natural light should be ventilated through transoms, vents or other devices, with the exception of rooms where, according to technological requirements, air penetration is not allowed, or air conditioning must be provided.
1.160. In buildings designed for climatic regions III and IV, through or corner ventilation of rooms with constant occupancy must be provided (including through a corridor or adjacent room)*.
1.161. The placement of group rooms in preschool institutions, classrooms of grades 1-4 in secondary schools and boarding schools and bedrooms in boarding schools must provide insolation in accordance with SNiP 2.07.01-89*.
1.162. Regardless of the lighting (side, overhead or combined), left-sided light distribution should be provided in the classrooms of schools and boarding schools. If there is insufficient standard natural lighting, additional artificial lighting is necessary.
2. REQUIREMENTS FOR THE MAIN PREMISES OF PUBLIC BUILDINGS
2.9. The area of the rest (sleeping) room for first grade school students should be at least 2 m2 per student.
The area of playrooms for first grade schools and educational buildings of boarding schools should be at least 2 m2 per student.
2.10. Bedrooms in boarding schools and boarding schools at schools should be designed with an area of at least 4 m2 per student.
2.11*. In the buildings of schools and boarding schools, medical premises should be provided in composition and area in agreement with the authorities of public education (enlightenment) and the State Sanitary Inspection.
2.12. Training sections for 1; Grades 2-4 should be designed as separate and inaccessible for students of other age groups.
2.13. Laboratory and industrial buildings and premises of research institutes of natural and technical sciences should be designed in accordance with SNiP 2.09.02-85*.
2.20. The area of the assembly hall and assembly hall - lecture hall (without stage) per seat in the hall should be taken at least, m2:
in general education schools, boarding schools, vocational and secondary specialized educational institutions - 0.65;
in higher educational institutions - 0.8.
2.21. The total area of the assembly hall in the building should be taken according to table. 18.
2.22. The total area of sports halls (excluding auxiliary premises attached to them, as well as swimming pools and athletics arenas) should be at least m2 per student (student, listener):
in incomplete secondary and secondary schools - 0.9
in vocational and secondary specialized educational institutions, as well as in higher educational institutions - 1.0
and institutes of advanced training - 0.2
The need to install a swimming pool and an athletics arena is established by the design assignment.
2.23. The placement of assembly and sports halls, their total area, as well as premises for club work should be clarified depending on local conditions based on the use of relevant cultural and educational institutions and sports and recreational buildings and facilities or servicing the population with the specified premises of educational buildings.
2.26. The area of the general reading room in public libraries of the centralized library system should be at least 2.4 m2 per reading place (when the reading room is equipped with single or double tables).
3. ENGINEERING EQUIPMENT
Heating, ventilation and air conditioning
3.1. Heating, ventilation, air conditioning and emergency smoke ventilation of public buildings should be designed in accordance with SNiP RK 4.02-05-2001 and the requirements of this section.
3.2. Automated individual heating points (IHP) should be designed for buildings with a calculated heat consumption for the heating period of 1000 GJ or more with the ability to regulate the supply of heat for heating in individual technological zones and facades, characterized by the same type of influence of external (sun, wind) and internal ( heat release) factors.
3.3. ITPs built into the buildings they serve should be placed in separate rooms with a separate entrance or combined with the premises of ventilation and air conditioning units.
The height of the premises to the bottom of protruding structures must be at least 2.2 m.
3.4. Separate branches of water heating systems should be provided for the following premises:
a conference room or a dining room in canteens with production premises attached to them (for conference rooms with a number of seats up to 400 and dining rooms - up to 160, when they are located in the total volume of the building, it is allowed not to provide separate branches); auditorium (including stage), stage (universal stage); vestibule, foyer, backstage: dance hall; small halls in the buildings of theaters, clubs, including the stage;
libraries with a collection of 200 thousand items or more (for reading rooms, lecture halls and storage facilities);
retail trade enterprises (for unloading premises and sales areas with an area of 400 m2 or more);
3.6. The air distribution scheme in the premises of public buildings should be adopted based on the calculation of various air distribution methods.
3.7. In public buildings, air distributors should be used that change the aerodynamic and thermal characteristics of the supply jets, as well as the radius of the service area when the quantity and temperature of the supply air changes. The maximum air flow rate is determined by acoustic calculations and air distribution calculations.
3.14. When designing air heating combined with ventilation in school buildings, automatic control of the systems should be provided, including maintaining the design temperature and relative humidity in the premises during working hours within the range of 30-60%, as well as ensuring that during non-school hours the air temperature is not lower than 15 0C.
3.15. Air recirculation in air heating systems of educational premises is allowed only during non-working hours.
3.16. Air exchange in school canteens should be based on the absorption of excess heat generated by the technological equipment of the kitchen. The supply of fresh air to the production premises of the catering department should be provided through the dining room.
The volume of supplied air must be at least 20 m3/h per seat in the dining room.
3.17. In schools with up to 200 students, ventilation without organized mechanical inflow is allowed.
Electrical devices
3.52*. In public buildings, electrical equipment, electric lighting, city telephone communications, wire broadcasting and television devices should be provided. During a feasibility study, as well as in accordance with the special requirements of departmental building codes or design assignments, building complexes, individual buildings or premises are equipped with local (internal) telephone communication devices, local installations of wired broadcasting and television, sound equipment, amplification and simultaneous speech translation , time alarm installations, fire and security alarms, fire warning systems, gas, smoke and flood alarm devices, automation and dispatch systems for building engineering equipment and other types of devices, as well as an integrated low-voltage network.
Registration N 19993
In accordance with the Federal Law of March 30, 1999 N 52-FZ “On the sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population” (Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation, 1999, N 14, Art. 1650; 2002, N 1 (Part 1), Art. 2; 2003, No. 2, Article 167; 2003, No. 27 (part 1), Article 2700; 2004, No. 35, Article 3607; 2005, No. 19, Article 1752; 2006, No. 1, Article 10; 2006, No. 52 (Part 1), Article 5498; 2007, No. 1 (Part 1), Article 21; 2007, No. 1 (Part 1), Article 29; 2007, No. 27, Article 3213 ; 2007, N 46, article 5554; 2007, N 49, article 6070; 2008, N 24, article 2801; 2008, N 29 (part 1), article 3418; 2008, N 30 (part 2 ), Art. 3616; 2008, N 44, Art. 4984; 2008, N 52 (part 1), Art. 6223; 2009, N 1, Art. 17; 2010, N 40, Art. 4969) and Government resolution Russian Federation dated July 24, 2000 N 554 “On approval of the Regulations on the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Service of the Russian Federation and the Regulations on State Sanitary and Epidemiological Standardization” (Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation, 2000, N 31, Art. 3295; 2004, N 8, Art. 663; 2004, N 47, article 4666; 2005, N 39, art. 3953) I decree:
1. Approve sanitary and epidemiological rules and regulations SanPiN 2.4.2.2821-10 “Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for the conditions and organization of training in educational institutions” (appendix).
2. Put into effect the specified sanitary and epidemiological rules and regulations from September 1, 2011.
3. From the moment of introduction of SanPiN 2.4.2.2821-10, the sanitary and epidemiological rules and regulations SanPiN 2.4.2.1178-02 “Hygienic requirements for learning conditions in educational institutions”, approved by the resolution of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation, First Deputy Minister of Health, shall be considered invalid of the Russian Federation dated November 28, 2002 N 44 (registered with the Ministry of Justice of Russia on December 5, 2002, registration number 3997), SanPiN 2.4.2.2434-08 "Change No. 1 to SanPiN 2.4.2.1178-02", approved by the resolution of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation dated 12/26/2008 N 72 (registered with the Ministry of Justice of Russia on 01/28/2009, registration number 13189).
G. Onishchenko
Application
Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for the conditions and organization of training in educational institutions
Sanitary and epidemiological rules and regulations SanPiN 2.4.2.2821-10
I. General provisions and scope
1.1. These sanitary and epidemiological rules and regulations (hereinafter referred to as the sanitary rules) are aimed at protecting the health of students when carrying out activities for their training and education in educational institutions.
1.2. These sanitary rules establish sanitary and epidemiological requirements for:
Location of a general education institution;
Territories of educational institutions;
The building of a general education institution;
Equipping the premises of a general education institution;
Air-thermal regime of a general education institution;
Natural and artificial lighting;
Water supply and sewerage;
Premises and equipment of educational institutions located in adapted buildings;
The mode of the educational process;
Organizations of medical care for students;
The sanitary condition and maintenance of the educational institution;
Compliance with sanitary rules.
1.3. Sanitary rules apply to designed, operating, under construction and reconstructed educational institutions, regardless of their type, organizational and legal forms and forms of ownership.
These sanitary rules apply to all educational institutions that implement programs of primary general, basic general and secondary (complete) general education and carry out the educational process in accordance with the levels of general education programs at the three levels of general education:
first stage - primary general education (hereinafter - I stage of education);
second stage - basic general education (hereinafter - II stage of education);
third stage - secondary (complete) general education (hereinafter - III stage of education).
1.4. These sanitary rules are mandatory for all citizens, legal entities and individual entrepreneurs whose activities are related to the design, construction, reconstruction, operation of educational institutions, education and training of students.
1.5. Educational activities are subject to licensing in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation. The condition for making a decision to issue a license is the submission by the license applicant of a sanitary and epidemiological report on the compliance of buildings, territories, premises, equipment and other property with sanitary rules, the regime of the educational process, which the license applicant intends to use for educational activities*.
1.6. If there are preschool groups in an institution that implement the basic general educational program of preschool education, their activities are regulated by sanitary and epidemiological requirements for the structure, content and organization of the operating mode of preschool organizations.
1.7. Using the premises of educational institutions for other purposes is not permitted.
1.8. Control over the implementation of these sanitary rules is carried out in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation by the authorized federal executive body exercising control and supervision functions in the field of ensuring the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population, protecting the rights of consumers and the consumer market and its territorial bodies.
II. Requirements for the placement of educational institutions
2.1. The provision of land plots for the construction of educational institutions is permitted if there is a sanitary and epidemiological conclusion on the compliance of the land plot with sanitary rules.
2.2. Buildings of educational institutions should be located in a residential development zone, outside the sanitary protection zones of enterprises, structures and other facilities, sanitary gaps, garages, parking lots, highways, railway transport facilities, subways, and air transport takeoff and landing routes.
To ensure standard levels of insolation and natural lighting of premises and playgrounds, when locating buildings of educational institutions, sanitary gaps from residential and public buildings must be observed.
Trunk engineering communications for urban (rural) purposes - water supply, sewerage, heat supply, energy supply - should not pass through the territory of educational institutions.
2.3. Newly constructed buildings of educational institutions are located on intra-block territories of residential microdistricts, remote from city streets and inter-block driveways at a distance that ensures noise levels and air pollution meet the requirements of sanitary rules and regulations.
2.4. When designing and constructing urban educational institutions, it is recommended to provide for pedestrian accessibility of institutions located:
In construction and climatic zones II and III - no more than 0.5 km;
In climatic region I (subzone I) for students of the I and II stages of education - no more than 0.3 km, for students of the III stage of education - no more than 0.4 km;
In climatic region I (subzone II) for students of the I and II stages of education - no more than 0.4 km, for students of the III stage of education - no more than 0.5 km.
2.5. In rural areas, pedestrian accessibility for students of educational institutions:
In climatic zones II and III for students of the first stage of education is no more than 2.0 km;
For students of the II and III levels of education - no more than 4.0 km, in the I climate zone - 1.5 and 3 km, respectively.
At distances exceeding those specified for students of general education institutions located in rural areas, it is necessary to organize transport services to the general education institution and back. Travel time should not exceed 30 minutes one way.
Students are transported by specially designated transport designed for transporting children.
The optimal pedestrian approach of students to the gathering place at the stop should be no more than 500 m. For rural areas, it is allowed to increase the radius of pedestrian accessibility to the stop to 1 km.
2.6. It is recommended that for students living at a distance exceeding the maximum permissible transport service, as well as in case of transport inaccessibility during periods of unfavorable weather conditions, a boarding school should be provided at a general education institution.
III. Requirements for the territory of educational institutions
3.1. The territory of a general education institution must be fenced and landscaped. Landscaping of the territory is provided at the rate of at least 50% of the area of its territory. When locating the territory of a general education institution on the border with forests and gardens, it is allowed to reduce the area of landscaping by 10%.
Trees are planted at a distance of at least 15.0 m, and shrubs at least 5.0 m from the institution building. When landscaping the area, do not use trees and shrubs with poisonous fruits in order to prevent the occurrence of poisoning among students.
It is allowed to reduce the landscaping with trees and shrubs on the territories of educational institutions in the Far North, taking into account the special climatic conditions in these areas.
3.2. The following zones are distinguished on the territory of a general education institution: recreation area, physical education and sports area and economic area. It is allowed to allocate a training and experimental zone.
When organizing a training and experimental zone, it is not allowed to reduce the physical culture and sports zone and the recreation area.
3.3. It is recommended to place the physical education and sports area on the side of the gym. When placing a physical education and sports zone on the side of the windows of educational premises, noise levels in educational premises should not exceed hygienic standards for residential premises, public buildings and residential areas.
When constructing running tracks and sports grounds (volleyball, basketball, handball), it is necessary to provide drainage to prevent flooding by rainwater.
The equipment of the physical culture and sports area must ensure the implementation of the programs of the academic subject "Physical Culture", as well as the conduct of sectional sports classes and recreational activities.
Sports and playgrounds must have a hard surface, and a football field must have grass. Synthetic and polymer coatings must be frost-resistant, equipped with drains and must be made from materials that are harmless to the health of children.
Classes are not conducted on damp areas with uneven surfaces and potholes.
Physical education and sports equipment must correspond to the height and age of students.
3.4. To carry out the programs of the academic subject "Physical Education", it is allowed to use sports facilities (grounds, stadiums) located near the institution and equipped in accordance with sanitary and epidemiological requirements for the design and maintenance of places for physical education and sports classes.
3.5. When designing and constructing educational institutions on the territory, it is necessary to provide a recreation area for organizing outdoor games and recreation for students attending extended day groups, as well as for the implementation of educational programs that include outdoor activities.
3.6. The utility area is located at the entrance to the industrial premises of the canteen and has its own entrance from the street. In the absence of heating and centralized water supply, a boiler room and a pumping room with a water tank are located on the territory of the economic zone.
3.7. To collect waste, a site is equipped on the territory of the economic zone, on which waste bins (containers) are installed. The site is located at a distance of at least 25.0 m from the entrance to the catering unit and the windows of classrooms and offices and is equipped with a waterproof hard covering, the dimensions of which exceed the base area of the containers by 1.0 m in all directions. Garbage containers must have tight-fitting lids.
3.8. Entrances and entrances to the territory, driveways, paths to outbuildings, and waste disposal areas are covered with asphalt, concrete and other hard surfaces.
3.9. The territory of the institution must have external artificial lighting. The level of artificial illumination on the ground must be at least 10 lux.
3.10. The location of buildings and structures on the territory that are not functionally related to the educational institution is not permitted.
3.11. If there are preschool groups in a general education institution that implement the basic general educational program of preschool education, a play area is allocated on the territory, equipped in accordance with the requirements for the structure, content and organization of the operating mode of preschool organizations.
3.12. Noise levels on the territory of a general education institution should not exceed hygienic standards for residential premises, public buildings and residential areas.
IV. Building requirements
4.1. Architectural and planning solutions for the building must ensure:
Allocation of primary school classrooms into a separate block with exits to the site;
Location of recreational facilities in close proximity to educational premises;
Placement on the upper floors (above the third floor) of educational premises and offices visited by students in grades 8 - 11, administrative and utility rooms;
Elimination of the harmful effects of environmental factors in a general education institution on the life and health of students;
The placement of educational workshops, assembly and sports halls of educational institutions, their total area, as well as a set of premises for club work, depending on local conditions and the capabilities of the educational institution, in compliance with the requirements of building codes and regulations and these sanitary rules.
Previously constructed buildings of educational institutions are operated in accordance with the design.
4.2. It is not permitted to use ground floors and basements for educational premises, offices, laboratories, educational workshops, medical premises, sports, dance and assembly halls.
4.3. The capacity of newly built or reconstructed educational institutions must be designed for training in only one shift.
4.4. Entrances to the building can be equipped with vestibules or air and air-thermal curtains, depending on the climatic zone and the estimated outside air temperature, in accordance with the requirements of building codes and regulations.
4.5. When designing, constructing and reconstructing a building of a general education institution, cloakrooms must be placed on the 1st floor with mandatory equipment for each class. Wardrobes are equipped with clothes hangers and shoe storage.
In existing buildings for primary school students, it is possible to place a wardrobe in recreation areas, provided they are equipped with individual lockers.
In institutions located in rural areas, with no more than 10 students in one class, it is allowed to install wardrobes (hangers or lockers) in classrooms, subject to compliance with the standard area of classroom space per 1 student.
4.6. Students of primary general education schools must study in classrooms assigned to each class.
4.7. In newly constructed buildings of general education institutions, it is recommended that classrooms for primary grades be allocated in a separate block (building) and grouped into educational sections.
In the educational sections (blocks) for students in grades 1 - 4 there are: educational premises with recreation, playrooms for extended day groups (at the rate of at least 2.5 m 2 per student), toilets.
For 1st grade students attending extended day groups, sleeping quarters with an area of at least 4.0 m2 per child must be provided.
4.8. For students of the II - III stages of education, it is allowed to organize the educational process according to the classroom-office system.
If it is impossible to ensure that classroom furniture in classrooms and laboratories matches the height and age characteristics of students, it is not recommended to use a classroom teaching system.
In general education institutions located in rural areas, with small class sizes, the use of classrooms in two or more disciplines is allowed.
4.9. The area of classrooms is taken without taking into account the area required for arranging additional furniture (cabinets, cabinets, etc.) for storing teaching aids and equipment used in the educational process, based on:
At least 2.5 m 2 per 1 student for frontal forms of classes;
At least 3.5 m2 per student when organizing group work and individual lessons.
In newly constructed and reconstructed buildings of general education institutions, the height of classrooms must be at least 3.6 m 2.
The estimated number of students in classes is determined based on the calculation of the area per student and the arrangement of furniture in accordance with Section V of these sanitary rules.
4.10. Laboratory assistants must be equipped in chemistry, physics, and biology classrooms.
4.11. The area of computer science classrooms and other classrooms where personal computers are used must comply with the hygienic requirements for personal electronic computers and work organization.
4.12. The set and area of premises for extracurricular activities, club activities and sections must comply with sanitary and epidemiological requirements for institutions of additional education for children.
When placing a gym on the 2nd floor and above, sound and vibration insulation measures must be taken.
The number and types of gyms are provided depending on the type of educational institution and its capacity.
4.14. Gyms in existing educational institutions should be equipped with equipment; dressing rooms for boys and girls. It is recommended to equip gyms with separate showers and toilets for boys and girls.
4.15. In newly constructed buildings of educational institutions, gyms should be equipped with: equipment; premises for storing cleaning equipment and preparing disinfectant and cleaning solutions with an area of at least 4.0 m2; separate dressing rooms for boys and girls with an area of at least 14.0 m2 each; separate showers for boys and girls with an area of at least 12 m2 each; separate toilets for boys and girls with an area of at least 8.0 m2 each. Hand washing sinks will be installed in toilets or locker rooms.
4.16. When constructing swimming pools in educational institutions, planning decisions and its operation must meet the hygienic requirements for the design, operation of swimming pools and water quality.
4.17. In general educational institutions, it is necessary to provide a set of premises for organizing meals for students in accordance with the sanitary and epidemiological requirements for organizing meals for students in general educational institutions, primary and secondary vocational education institutions.
4.18. During the construction and reconstruction of buildings of general education institutions, it is recommended to provide an assembly hall, the dimensions of which are determined by the number of seats at the rate of 0.65 m 2 per seat.
4.19. The type of library depends on the type of educational institution and its capacity. In institutions with in-depth study of individual subjects, gymnasiums and lyceums, the library should be used as a reference and information center for a general education institution.
The area of the library (information center) must be taken at a rate of at least 0.6 m2 per student.
When equipping information centers with computer equipment, hygienic requirements for personal electronic computers and the organization of work must be observed.
4.20. Recreation facilities in general education institutions must be provided at a rate of at least 0.6 m2 per student.
The width of recreation with one-sided arrangement of classes must be at least 4.0 m, with two-sided arrangement of classes - at least 6.0 m.
When designing a recreation area in the form of halls, the area is set at the rate of 2 m 2 per student.
4.21. In existing buildings of general educational institutions for medical care of students, medical premises should be provided on the ground floor of the building, located in a single block: a doctor’s office with an area of at least 14.0 m2 and a length of at least 7.0 m (to determine the hearing and visual acuity of students ) and a treatment (vaccination) room with an area of at least 14.0 m2.
In educational institutions located in rural areas, it is allowed to organize medical care at feldsher-midwife stations and outpatient clinics.
4.22. For newly constructed and reconstructed buildings of general education institutions, the following premises for medical care must be equipped: a doctor's office with a length of at least 7.0 m (to determine the hearing and visual acuity of students) with an area of at least 21.0 m 2; treatment and vaccination rooms with an area of at least 14.0 m2 each; a room for preparing disinfectant solutions and storing cleaning equipment intended for medical premises, with an area of at least 4.0 m2; toilet.
When equipping a dental office, its area must be at least 12.0 m2.
All medical premises must be grouped in one block and located on the 1st floor of the building.
4.23. The doctor's office, treatment room, vaccination and dental rooms are equipped in accordance with the sanitary and epidemiological requirements for organizations engaged in medical activities. The vaccination room is equipped in accordance with the requirements for organizing immunoprophylaxis of infectious diseases.
4.24. For children in need of psychological and pedagogical assistance, general education institutions provide separate rooms for a teacher-psychologist and a speech therapist with an area of at least 10 m2 each.
4.25. Toilets for boys and girls, equipped with stalls with doors, should be located on each floor. The number of sanitary fixtures is determined at the rate of: 1 toilet for 20 girls, 1 washbasin for 30 girls: 1 toilet, 1 urinal and 1 washbasin for 30 boys. The area of sanitary facilities for boys and girls should be taken at a rate of at least 0.1 m2 per student.
A separate bathroom is allocated for staff at the rate of 1 toilet per 20 people.
In previously constructed buildings of general education institutions, the number of sanitary units and sanitary fixtures is allowed in accordance with the design solution.
Pedal buckets and toilet paper holders are installed in sanitary facilities; An electric towel or paper towel holder is placed next to the washbasins. Sanitary equipment must be in good working order, without chips, cracks or other defects. Entrances to bathrooms are not allowed to be located opposite the entrance to classrooms.
Toilets are equipped with seats made of materials that can be treated with detergents and disinfectants.
For students of the II and III levels of education in newly constructed and reconstructed buildings of educational institutions, personal hygiene rooms are provided at the rate of 1 cubicle per 70 people with an area of at least 3.0 m 2. They are equipped with a bidet or a tray with a flexible hose, a toilet and a washbasin with cold and hot water supply.
For previously constructed buildings of educational institutions, it is recommended to install personal hygiene cabins in the toilet rooms.
4.26. In newly constructed buildings of educational institutions, on each floor there is a room for storing and processing cleaning equipment, preparing disinfection solutions, equipped with a tray and a supply of cold and hot water to it. In previously constructed buildings of general education institutions, a separate place is allocated for storing all cleaning equipment (except for equipment intended for cleaning catering and medical premises), which is equipped with a cabinet.
4.27. Washbasins are installed in primary classrooms, laboratory rooms, classrooms (chemistry, physics, drawing, biology), workshops, home economics classrooms, and in all medical premises.
The installation of sinks in classrooms should be provided, taking into account the height and age characteristics of students: at a height of 0.5 m from the floor to the side of the sink for students in grades 1 - 4 and at a height of 0.7 - 0.8 m from the floor to the side of the sink for students in grades 5 - 11. Pedal buckets and toilet paper holders are installed near the sinks. Electric or paper towels and soap are placed next to the washbasins. Soap, toilet paper and towels must be available at all times.
4.28. The ceilings and walls of all rooms must be smooth, without cracks, cracks, deformations, or signs of fungal infection and can be cleaned using a wet method using disinfectants. It is allowed in educational premises, offices, recreation areas and other premises to install suspended ceilings from materials approved for use in educational institutions, provided that the height of the premises is maintained at least 2.75 m, and in newly built ones at least 3.6 m.
4.29. Floors in classrooms, classrooms and recreation areas should have plank, parquet, tile or linoleum coverings. In the case of using a tile covering, the surface of the tile should be matte and rough, non-slip. It is recommended to lay the floors of toilets and washrooms with ceramic tiles.
Floors in all rooms must be free of cracks, defects and mechanical damage.
4.30. In medical premises, the surfaces of the ceiling, walls and floor must be smooth, allowing them to be cleaned with a wet method and resistant to the action of detergents and disinfectants approved for use in medical premises.
4.31. All construction and finishing materials must be harmless to the health of children.
4.32. In general education institutions and boarding schools, it is not allowed to carry out all types of repair work in the presence of students.
4.33. The structure of a general education institution as a structural unit may include a boarding school at a general education institution, if the general education institution is located above the maximum permissible transport service.
The building of a boarding school at a general education institution can be separate, as well as be part of the main building of a general education institution, separating it into an independent block with a separate entrance.
The premises of a boarding school at a general education institution should include:
Separate sleeping quarters for boys and girls with an area of at least 4.0 m2 per person;
Premises for self-training with an area of at least 2.5 m2 per person;
Rest and psychological relaxation rooms;
Washrooms (1 sink for 10 people), toilets (1 toilet for 10 girls, 1 toilet and 1 urinal for 20 boys, each toilet has 1 sink for washing hands), showers (1 shower net for 20 people), hygiene room. Pedal buckets and toilet paper holders are installed in toilets; Electric or paper towels and soap are placed next to the washbasins. Soap, toilet paper and towels must be available at all times;
Rooms for drying clothes and shoes;
Facilities for washing and ironing personal belongings;
Storage room for personal belongings;
Medical service area: doctor's office and
Insulator;
Administrative and utility premises.
Equipment, decoration of premises and their maintenance must comply with the hygienic requirements for the design, maintenance, and organization of work in orphanages and boarding schools for orphans and children without parental care.
For a newly built boarding school at a general education institution, the main building of the general education institution and the boarding school building are connected by a warm passage.
4.34. Noise levels in the premises of a general education institution should not exceed hygienic standards for residential premises, public buildings and residential areas
V. Requirements for premises and equipment
educational institutions
5.1. The number of workplaces for students should not exceed the capacity of the educational institution provided for by the project for which the building was built (reconstructed).
Each student is provided with a workplace (at a desk or table, game modules and others) in accordance with his height.
5.2. Depending on the purpose of classrooms, various types of student furniture can be used: school desks, student tables (single and double), classroom, drawing or laboratory tables complete with chairs, desks and others. Stools or benches are not used instead of chairs.
Student furniture must be made from materials that are harmless to the health of children and meet the height and age characteristics of children and ergonomic requirements.
5.3. The main type of student furniture for students of the first stage of education should be a school desk, equipped with a tilt regulator for the surface of the working plane. When learning to write and read, the inclination of the working surface of the school desk plane should be 7 - 15. The front edge of the seat surface should extend beyond the front edge of the working plane of the desk by 4 cm for desks number 1, by 5 - 6 cm for desks number 2 and 3, and by 7 - 8 cm for desks number 4.
The dimensions of educational furniture, depending on the height of students, must correspond to the values given in Table 1.
A combined option of using different types of student furniture (desks, desks) is allowed.
Depending on the height group, the height above the floor of the front edge of the desk top facing the student should have the following values: for a body length of 1150 - 1300 mm - 750 mm, 1300 - 1450 mm - 850 mm and 1450 - 1600 mm - 950 mm. The angle of inclination of the tabletop is 15 - 17.
The duration of continuous work at the desk for students of the 1st stage of education should not exceed 7 - 10 minutes, and for students of the 2nd - 3rd stage of education - 15 minutes.
5.4. To select educational furniture according to the height of students, its color marking is made, which is applied to the visible side outer surface of the table and chair in the form of a circle or stripes.
5.5. Desks (tables) are arranged in classrooms by numbers: smaller ones are closer to the board, larger ones are further away. For children with hearing impairment, desks should be placed in the first row.
Children who often suffer from acute respiratory infections, sore throats, and colds should be seated further from the outer wall.
At least twice during the academic year, students sitting in the outer rows, rows 1 and 3 (with a three-row arrangement of desks), are changed places without disturbing the furniture’s suitability for their height.
In order to prevent postural disorders, it is necessary to cultivate the correct working posture in students from the first days of attending classes in accordance with the recommendations of Appendix 1 of these sanitary rules.
5.6. When equipping classrooms, the following passage dimensions and distances in centimeters are observed:
Between rows of double tables - at least 60;
Between a row of tables and the outer longitudinal wall - at least 50 - 70;
Between a row of tables and the internal longitudinal wall (partition) or cabinets standing along this wall - at least 50;
From the last tables to the wall (partition) opposite the blackboard - at least 70, from the back wall, which is the outer wall - 100;
From the demonstration table to the training board - at least 100;
From the first desk to the blackboard - at least 240;
The greatest distance from the last place of a student to the blackboard is 860;
The height of the lower edge of the teaching board above the floor is 70 - 90;
The distance from the chalkboard to the first row of tables in offices with a square or transverse configuration with a four-row arrangement of furniture is at least 300.
The visibility angle of the board from the edge of the board, 3.0 m long, to the middle of the student’s extreme seat at the front table must be at least 35 degrees for students of the 2nd - 3rd stages of education and at least 45 degrees for students of the 1st stage of education.
The place of study furthest from windows should not be further than 6.0 m.
In general educational institutions of the first climatic region, the distance of tables (desks) from the outer wall must be at least 1.0 m.
When installing desks in addition to the main student furniture, they are located behind the last row of tables or the first row from the wall opposite the light-carrying one, in compliance with the requirements for the size of passages and distances between equipment.
This furniture arrangement does not apply to classrooms equipped with interactive whiteboards.
In newly constructed and reconstructed buildings of general education institutions, it is necessary to provide a rectangular configuration of classrooms and classrooms with student desks located along the windows and left-side natural lighting.
5.7. Blackboards (using chalk) must be made of materials that have high adhesion to materials used for writing, can be easily cleaned with a damp sponge, be wear-resistant, have a dark green color and an anti-reflective coating.
Chalkboards should have trays for retaining chalk dust, storing chalk, rags, and a holder for drawing supplies.
When using a marker board, the color of the marker should be contrasting (black, red, brown, dark tones of blue and green).
It is allowed to equip classrooms and classrooms with interactive whiteboards that meet hygienic requirements. When using an interactive whiteboard and a projection screen, it is necessary to ensure its uniform illumination and the absence of high-brightness light spots.
5.8. Physics and chemistry classrooms must be equipped with special demonstration tables. To ensure better visibility of educational visual aids, the demonstration table is installed on the podium. Student and demonstration tables must have a coating that is resistant to aggressive chemicals and protective edges along the outer edge of the table.
The chemistry room and laboratory are equipped with fume hoods.
5.9. The equipment of computer science classrooms must meet the hygienic requirements for personal electronic computers and work organization.
5.10. Workshops for labor training must have an area of 6.0 m2 per 1 workplace. The placement of equipment in workshops is carried out taking into account the creation of favorable conditions for visual work and maintaining the correct working posture.
Carpentry workshops are equipped with workbenches placed either at an angle of 45 to the window, or in 3 rows perpendicular to the light-carrying wall so that the light falls from the left. The distance between workbenches must be at least 0.8 m in the front-to-back direction.
In metalworking workshops, both left- and right-side lighting is allowed with workbenches perpendicular to the light-carrying wall. The distance between the rows of single workbenches must be at least 1.0 m, double ones - 1.5 m. The vice is attached to the workbenches at a distance of 0.9 m between their axes. Mechanical workbenches must be equipped with a safety net with a height of 0.65 - 0.7 m.
Drilling, grinding and other machines must be installed on a special foundation and equipped with safety nets, glass and local lighting.
Carpentry and plumbing workbenches must match the height of students and be equipped with footrests.
The sizes of tools used for carpentry and plumbing work must correspond to the age and height of the students (Appendix 2 of these sanitary rules).
Metalworking and carpentry workshops and service rooms are equipped with washbasins with cold and hot water supply, electric towels or paper towels.
5.11. In newly constructed and reconstructed buildings of general education institutions, it is necessary to provide at least two rooms in home economics classrooms: for teaching cooking skills and for cutting and sewing.
5.12. In the home economics classroom, used for teaching cooking skills, provision is made for the installation of double-sink sinks with cold and hot water supply and a mixer, at least 2 tables with hygienic covering, a refrigerator, an electric stove and a cabinet for storing dishes. Approved detergents for washing tableware must be provided near the sinks.
5.13. The housekeeping room, used for cutting and sewing, is equipped with tables for drawing patterns and cutting, and sewing machines.
Sewing machines are installed along the windows to provide left-side natural lighting on the working surface of the sewing machine or opposite the window for direct (front) natural lighting of the working surface.
5.14. In existing buildings of general education institutions, if there is one home economics classroom, a separate place is provided for placing an electric stove, cutting tables, a dishwasher and a washbasin.
5.15. Labor training workshops and home economics classrooms, gyms must be equipped with first aid kits for first aid.
5.16. The equipment of educational premises intended for artistic creativity, choreography and music must comply with the sanitary and epidemiological requirements for institutions of additional education for children.
5.17. In game rooms, furniture, play and sports equipment must correspond to the height of the students. Furniture should be placed around the perimeter of the playroom, thereby freeing up the maximum part of the area for outdoor games.
When using upholstered furniture, it is necessary to have removable covers (at least two), with the obligatory replacement of them at least once a month and when dirty. Special cabinets are installed to store toys and manuals.
TVs are installed on special stands at a height of 1.0 - 1.3 m from the floor. When watching television programs, the placement of spectator seats should provide a distance of at least 2 m from the screen to the eyes of students.
5.18. Bedrooms for first-graders attending an extended day group should be separate for boys and girls. They are equipped with teenage (size 1600 x 700 mm) or built-in single-tier beds. Beds in bedrooms are placed in compliance with the minimum gaps: from external walls - at least 0.6 m, from heating devices - 0.2 m, the width of the passage between the beds is at least 1.1 m, between the headboards of two beds - 0.3 - 0.4 m.
VI. Requirements for air-thermal conditions
6.1. Buildings of educational institutions are equipped with centralized heating and ventilation systems, which must comply with the standards for the design and construction of residential and public buildings and ensure optimal parameters of the microclimate and air environment.
Steam heating is not used in institutions. When installing heating device enclosures, the materials used must be harmless to the health of children.
Fences made of particle boards and other polymer materials are not allowed.
The use of portable heating devices, as well as heaters with infrared radiation, is not allowed.
6.2. The air temperature, depending on the climatic conditions in classrooms and offices, psychologist and speech therapist offices, laboratories, assembly hall, dining room, recreation, library, lobby, wardrobe should be 18 - 24 C; in the gym and rooms for sectional classes, workshops - 17 - 20 C; bedroom, playrooms, premises of preschool education departments and school boarding schools - 20 - 24 C; medical offices, changing rooms of the gym - 20 - 22 C, showers - 25 C.
To control the temperature regime, classrooms and classrooms must be equipped with household thermometers.
6.3. During non-school hours, in the absence of children, the temperature in the premises of a general education institution must be maintained at least 15 C.
6.4. In the premises of educational institutions, the relative air humidity should be 40 - 60%, the air speed should not exceed 0.1 m/sec.
6.5. If there is stove heating in existing buildings of educational institutions, the firebox is installed in the corridor. To avoid indoor air pollution with carbon monoxide, chimneys are closed no earlier than complete combustion of the fuel and no later than two hours before the arrival of students.
For newly constructed and reconstructed buildings of educational institutions, stove heating is not allowed.
6.6. Educational areas are ventilated during breaks, and recreational areas during lessons. Before classes start and after they end, it is necessary to carry out cross-ventilation of classrooms. The duration of through ventilation is determined by weather conditions, wind direction and speed, and the efficiency of the heating system. The recommended duration of through ventilation is given in Table 2.
6.7. Physical education lessons and sports sections should be conducted in well-aerated gyms.
During classes in the hall, it is necessary to open one or two windows on the leeward side when the outside air temperature is above plus 5 C and the wind speed is no more than 2 m/s. At lower temperatures and higher air speeds, classes in the hall are conducted with one to three transoms open. When the outside air temperature is below minus 10 C and the air speed is more than 7 m/s, through ventilation of the hall is carried out in the absence of students for 1 - 1.5 minutes; during big breaks and between shifts - 5 - 10 minutes.
When the air temperature reaches plus 14 C, ventilation in the gym should be stopped.
6.8. Windows must be equipped with folding transoms with lever devices or vents. The area of transoms and vents used for ventilation in classrooms must be at least 1/50 of the floor area. Transoms and vents must function at any time of the year.
6.9. When replacing window units, the glazing area must be maintained or increased.
The opening plane of the windows should provide ventilation.
6.10. Window glazing must be made of solid glass. Broken glass must be replaced immediately.
6.11. Separate exhaust ventilation systems should be provided for the following premises: classrooms and offices, assembly halls, swimming pools, shooting ranges, canteen, medical center, cinema room, sanitary facilities, premises for processing and storing cleaning equipment, carpentry and metalwork shops.
Mechanical exhaust ventilation is installed in workshops and service rooms where stoves are installed.
6.12. Concentrations of harmful substances in the air of premises of educational institutions should not exceed hygienic standards for atmospheric air in populated areas.
VII. Requirements for natural and artificial lighting
7.1. Daylight.
7.1.1. All educational premises must have natural lighting in accordance with the hygienic requirements for natural, artificial, and combined lighting of residential and public buildings.
7.1.2. Without natural lighting it is allowed to design: squat rooms, washrooms, showers, toilets in the gymnasium; showers and toilets for staff; storerooms and warehouses, radio centers; film and photo laboratories; book depositories; boiler rooms, pumping water supply and sewerage systems; ventilation and air conditioning chambers; control units and other premises for installation and management of engineering and technological equipment of buildings; premises for storing disinfectants.
7.1.3. In classrooms, natural left-side lighting should be designed. When the depth of classrooms is more than 6 m, it is necessary to install right-side lighting, the height of which must be at least 2.2 m from the floor.
The direction of the main light flux in front and behind the students is not allowed.
7.1.4. In workshops for labor training, assembly and sports halls, two-way side natural lighting can be used.
7.1.5. In the premises of educational institutions, normalized values of the natural illumination coefficient (NLC) are provided in accordance with the hygienic requirements for natural, artificial, and combined lighting of residential and public buildings.
7.1.6. In classrooms with one-way side natural lighting, the KEO on the working surface of the desks at the point of the room farthest from the windows should be at least 1.5%. With two-way side natural lighting, the KEO indicator is calculated on the middle rows and should be 1.5%.
The luminous coefficient (LC - the ratio of the area of the glazed surface to the floor area) must be at least 1:6.
7.1.7. The windows of classrooms should be oriented to the southern, southeastern and eastern sides of the horizon. The windows of drawing and painting rooms, as well as the kitchen room, can be oriented towards the northern sides of the horizon. The orientation of computer science classrooms is north, northeast.
7.1.8. Light openings in classrooms, depending on the climate zone, are equipped with adjustable sun-shading devices (tilt-and-turn blinds, fabric curtains) with a length not lower than the level of the window sill.
It is recommended to use curtains made from light-colored fabrics that have a sufficient degree of light transmission and good light-diffusing properties, which should not reduce the level of natural light. The use of curtains (curtains), including curtains with lambrequins, made of polyvinyl chloride film and other curtains or devices that limit natural light, is not permitted.
When not in use, curtains must be placed in the walls between the windows.
7.1.9. To rationally use daylight and uniformly illuminate classrooms, you should:
Do not paint over window glass;
Do not place flowers on window sills; they are placed in portable flower boxes 65 - 70 cm high from the floor or hanging flowerpots in the walls between the windows;
Clean and wash glass as it gets dirty, but at least twice a year (autumn and spring).
The duration of insolation in classrooms and classrooms must be continuous, with a duration of at least:
2.5 hours in the northern zone (north of 58 degrees N);
2.0 hours in the central zone (58 - 48 degrees N);
1.5 hours in the southern zone (south of 48 degrees N).
It is allowed that there is no insolation in classrooms for computer science, physics, chemistry, drawing and drawing, sports gyms, catering facilities, assembly halls, and administrative and utility rooms.
7.2. Artificial lighting
7.2.1. In all premises of a general education institution, levels of artificial illumination are provided in accordance with the hygienic requirements for natural, artificial, and combined lighting of residential and public buildings.
7.2.2. In classrooms, the general lighting system is provided by ceiling lamps. Fluorescent lighting is provided using lamps according to the color spectrum: white, warm white, natural white.
Lamps used for artificial lighting of classrooms must provide a favorable distribution of brightness in the field of view, which is limited by the discomfort indicator (Mt). The discomfort index of a general lighting lighting installation for any workplace in a classroom should not exceed 40 units.
7.2.3. Fluorescent lamps and incandescent lamps should not be used in the same room for general lighting.
7.2.4. In classrooms, classrooms, laboratories, illumination levels must comply with the following standards: on desktops - 300 - 500 lux, in technical drawing and drawing rooms - 500 lux, in computer science classrooms on tables - 300 - 500 lux, on a blackboard - 300 - 500 lux, in assembly and sports halls (on the floor) - 200 lux, in recreation (on the floor) - 150 lux.
When using computer technology and the need to combine the perception of information from the screen and writing in a notebook, the illumination on students’ desks should be at least 300 lux.
7.2.5. A general lighting system should be used in classrooms. Lamps with fluorescent lamps are located parallel to the light-carrying wall at a distance of 1.2 m from the outer wall and 1.5 m from the inner wall.
7.2.6. A blackboard that does not have its own glow is equipped with local lighting - spotlights designed to illuminate blackboards.
7.2.7. When designing an artificial lighting system for classrooms, it is necessary to provide for separate switching of lamp lines.
7.2.8. For the rational use of artificial light and uniform illumination of classrooms, it is necessary to use finishing materials and paints that create a matte surface with reflection coefficients: for the ceiling - 0.7 - 0.9; for walls - 0.5 - 0.7; for the floor - 0.4 - 0.5; for furniture and desks - 0.45; for chalkboards - 0.1 - 0.2.
It is recommended to use the following paint colors: for ceilings - white, for walls of classrooms - light tones of yellow, beige, pink, green, blue; for furniture (cabinets, desks) - the color of natural wood or light green; for chalkboards - dark green, dark brown; for doors, window frames - white.
7.2.9. It is necessary to clean the lighting fixtures of the lamps as they become dirty, but at least 2 times a year, and promptly replace burnt-out lamps.
7.2.10. Faulty, burnt-out fluorescent lamps are collected in a container in a specially designated room and sent for disposal in accordance with current regulations.
VIII. Requirements for water supply and sewerage
8.1. Buildings of educational institutions must be equipped with centralized systems of domestic and drinking water supply, sewerage and drains in accordance with the requirements for public buildings and structures in terms of domestic and drinking water supply and sanitation.
Cold and hot centralized water supply is provided to the premises of a general education institution, preschool education and boarding school at a general education institution, including: catering facilities, a dining room, pantry rooms, showers, washrooms, personal hygiene cabins, medical premises, labor training workshops, home economics rooms, primary care premises classrooms, drawing rooms, physics, chemistry and biology classrooms, laboratory assistants, rooms for processing cleaning equipment and toilets in newly built and reconstructed educational institutions.
8.2. If there is no centralized water supply in the existing buildings of educational institutions in the locality, it is necessary to ensure a continuous supply of cold water to the catering facilities, medical premises, toilets, boarding facilities at the educational institution and preschool education and the installation of water heating systems.
8.3. General educational institutions provide water that meets the hygienic requirements for the quality and safety of drinking water supply.
8.4. In buildings of general education institutions, the canteen sewerage system must be separate from the rest and have an independent outlet into the external sewerage system. The sewage system risers from the upper floors should not pass through the industrial premises of the canteen.
8.5. In non-sewered rural areas, buildings of educational institutions are equipped with internal sewerage (such as backdoor closets), subject to the installation of local treatment facilities. The installation of outdoor toilets is permitted.
8.6. In general educational institutions, the drinking regime of students is organized in accordance with the sanitary and epidemiological requirements for the organization of meals for students in general educational institutions, institutions of primary and secondary vocational education.
IX. Requirements for premises and equipment of educational institutions located in adapted buildings
9.1. Accommodation of general education institutions in adapted premises is possible during the period of major repairs (reconstruction) of the existing main buildings of general education institutions.
9.2. When placing a general education institution in an adapted building, it is necessary to have a mandatory set of premises: classrooms, catering facilities, medical premises, recreation, administrative and utility rooms, bathrooms, and a wardrobe.
9.3. The area of classrooms and classrooms is determined based on the number of students in one class in accordance with the requirements of these sanitary rules.
9.4. If it is not possible to equip your own gym, you should use sports facilities located near a general education institution, provided that they meet the requirements for the design and maintenance of places for physical education and sports.
9.5. For small educational institutions located in rural areas, in the absence of the opportunity to equip their own medical center, it is allowed to organize medical care at feldsher-midwife stations and outpatient clinics.
9.6. In the absence of a wardrobe, it is allowed to equip individual lockers located in recreation areas and corridors.
X. Hygienic requirements for the educational process
10.1. The optimal age for starting school is no earlier than 7 years. Children aged 8 or 7 years of age are accepted into 1st grade. Admission of children in the 7th year of life is carried out when they reach the age of at least 6 years 6 months by September 1 of the school year.
The class size, with the exception of compensatory training classes, should not exceed 25 people.
10.2. Education of children under 6 years 6 months at the beginning of the school year should be carried out in a preschool educational institution or in a general education institution in compliance with all hygienic requirements for the conditions and organization of the educational process for preschool children.
10.3. To prevent overwork of students, it is recommended to provide for an even distribution of periods of study time and vacations in the annual calendar curriculum.
10.4. Classes should begin no earlier than 8 o'clock. Conducting zero lessons is not allowed.
In institutions with in-depth study of individual subjects, lyceums and gymnasiums, training is carried out only in the first shift.
In institutions operating in two shifts, training of 1st, 5th, final 9th and 11th grades and compensatory education classes should be organized in the first shift.
Studying in 3 shifts in general education institutions is not allowed.
10.5. The number of hours allocated for students to master the curriculum of a general education institution, consisting of a compulsory part and a part formed by participants in the educational process, should not in total exceed the value of the weekly educational load.
The amount of weekly educational load (number of training sessions), implemented through classroom and extracurricular activities, is determined in accordance with Table 3.
The organization of specialized education in grades 10-11 should not lead to an increase in the educational load. The choice of a training profile should be preceded by career guidance work.
10.6. The educational weekly load must be evenly distributed during the school week, while the volume of the maximum permissible load during the day should be:
For 1st grade students, it should not exceed 4 lessons and 1 day per week - no more than 5 lessons due to a physical education lesson;
For students in grades 2 - 4 - no more than 5 lessons, and once a week 6 lessons due to a physical education lesson with a 6-day school week;
For students in grades 5 - 6 - no more than 6 lessons;
For students in grades 7 - 11 - no more than 7 lessons.
The lesson schedule is compiled separately for compulsory and elective classes. Optional classes should be scheduled on days with the fewest required classes. It is recommended to take a break of at least 45 minutes between the start of extracurricular activities and the last lesson.
10.7. The lesson schedule is drawn up taking into account the daily and weekly mental performance of students and the scale of difficulty of academic subjects (Appendix 3 of these sanitary rules).
10.8. When drawing up a lesson schedule, you should alternate subjects of varying complexity throughout the day and week: for students of the first stage of education, basic subjects (mathematics, Russian and foreign languages, natural history, computer science) should be alternated with lessons in music, fine arts, labor, physical education; For students of the 2nd and 3rd stages of education, subjects of natural and mathematical profiles should be alternated with humanitarian subjects.
For 1st grade students, the most difficult subjects should be taught in the 2nd lesson; 2 - 4 classes - 2 - 3 lessons; for students in grades 5 - 11 in lessons 2 - 4.
In primary grades, double lessons are not conducted.
There should not be more than one test during the school day. Tests are recommended to be carried out in lessons 2 - 4.
10.9. The duration of the lesson (academic hour) in all classes should not exceed 45 minutes, with the exception of 1st grade, in which the duration is regulated by paragraph 10.10 of these sanitary rules, and the compensating class, the duration of the lesson in which should not exceed 40 minutes.
The density of students' educational work in lessons in core subjects should be 60 - 80%.
10.10. Training in 1st grade is carried out in compliance with the following additional requirements:
Training sessions are conducted over a 5-day school week and only during the first shift;
Using a “stepped” teaching mode in the first half of the year (in September, October - 3 lessons per day of 35 minutes each, in November - December - 4 lessons of 35 minutes each; January - May - 4 lessons of 45 minutes each) ;
For those attending an extended day group, it is necessary to organize daytime sleep (at least 1 hour), 3 meals a day and walks;
Training is conducted without scoring students' knowledge and homework;
Additional week-long holidays in the middle of the third quarter in the traditional mode of education.
10.11. To prevent overwork and maintain an optimal level of performance during the week, students should have a light school day on Thursday or Friday.
10.12. The duration of breaks between lessons is at least 10 minutes, long breaks (after the 2nd or 3rd lessons) - 20 - 30 minutes. Instead of one big break, it is allowed after the 2nd and 3rd lessons to have two breaks of 20 minutes each.
It is recommended to organize recess outdoors. For this purpose, when conducting a daily dynamic break, it is recommended to increase the duration of the long break to 45 minutes, of which at least 30 minutes are allocated for organizing motor-active activities of students on the institution’s sports ground, in the gym or in recreation.
10.13. The break between shifts should be at least 30 minutes for wet cleaning of the premises and their ventilation; in case of an unfavorable epidemiological situation for disinfection treatment, the break is increased to 60 minutes.
10.14. The use of innovative educational programs and technologies, class schedules, and training modes in the educational process is possible in the absence of their adverse impact on the functional state and health of students.
10.15. In small-scale rural educational institutions, depending on the specific conditions, the number of students, and their age characteristics, it is allowed to form classes-sets of students at the first stage of education. In this case, the optimal option is separate training for students of different ages in the first stage of education.
When combining students of the first stage of education into a set class, it is optimal to create it from two classes: 1 and 3 classes (1 + 3), 2 and 3 classes (2 + 3), 2 and 4 classes (2 + 4). To prevent student fatigue, it is necessary to reduce the duration of combined (especially 4th and 5th) lessons by 5 - 10 minutes. (except for physical education lesson). The occupancy rate of class sets must correspond to Table 4.
10.16. In compensatory training classes, the number of students should not exceed 20 people. The duration of lessons should not exceed 40 minutes. Corrective and developmental classes are included in the maximum permissible weekly load established for a student of each age.
Regardless of the length of the school week, the number of lessons per day should not be more than 5 in primary grades (except first grade) and more than 6 lessons in grades 5-11.
To prevent overwork and maintain an optimal level of performance, a light school day is organized - Thursday or Friday.
To facilitate and shorten the period of adaptation to the educational process, students in compensatory classes should be provided with medical and psychological assistance provided by educational psychologists, pediatricians, speech therapists, and other specially trained teaching staff, as well as with the use of information and communication technologies and visual aids.
10.17. In order to prevent fatigue, impaired posture and vision of students, physical education and eye exercises should be carried out during lessons (Appendix 4 and Appendix 5 of these sanitary rules).
10.18. It is necessary to alternate different types of learning activities during the lesson (with the exception of tests). The average continuous duration of various types of educational activities of students (reading from paper, writing, listening, questioning, etc.) in grades 1 - 4 should not exceed 7 - 10 minutes, in grades 5 - 11 - 10 - 15 minutes. The distance from the eyes to a notebook or book should be at least 25 - 35 cm for students in grades 1 - 4 and at least 30 - 45 cm for students in grades 5 - 11.
The duration of continuous use of technical teaching aids in the educational process is established according to Table 5.
After using technical teaching aids related to visual load, it is necessary to carry out a set of exercises to prevent eye fatigue (Appendix 5), and at the end of the lesson - physical exercises to prevent general fatigue (Appendix 4).
10.19. The mode of training and organization of work in classrooms using computer technology must comply with the hygienic requirements for personal electronic computers and the organization of work on them.
10.20. To satisfy the biological need for movement, regardless of the age of students, it is recommended to conduct at least 3 physical education lessons per week, provided for in the amount of the maximum permissible weekly load. It is not allowed to replace physical education lessons with other subjects.
10.21. To increase the motor activity of students, it is recommended to include subjects of a motor-active nature (choreography, rhythm, modern and ballroom dancing, training in traditional and national sports games) in the curricula for students.
10.22. In addition to physical education lessons, the physical activity of students in the educational process can be ensured through:
Organized outdoor games during breaks;
Sports hour for children attending an extended day group;
Extracurricular sports activities and competitions, school-wide sports events, health days;
Independent physical education classes in sections and clubs.
10.23. Sports activities during physical education classes, competitions, and extracurricular sports activities during a dynamic or sports hour must correspond to the age, health and physical fitness of students, as well as weather conditions (if they are organized outdoors).
The distribution of students into basic, preparatory and special groups for participation in physical education, recreation and sports events is carried out by a doctor, taking into account their state of health (or based on certificates of their health). Students of the main physical education group are allowed to participate in all physical education and recreational activities in accordance with their age. For students in preparatory and special groups, physical education and recreational work should be carried out taking into account the doctor’s opinion.
Students assigned to preparatory and special groups due to health reasons are engaged in physical education with reduced physical activity.
It is advisable to conduct physical education lessons outdoors. The possibility of conducting physical education classes in the open air, as well as outdoor games, is determined by a set of indicators of weather conditions (temperature, relative humidity and air speed) by climatic zone (Appendix 7).
On rainy, windy and frosty days, physical education classes are held in the hall.
10.24. The motor density of physical education classes should be at least 70%.
Students are allowed to test physical fitness, participate in competitions and hiking trips with the permission of a medical professional. His presence at sports competitions and classes in swimming pools is mandatory.
10.25. During labor classes provided for in the educational program, tasks of different nature should be alternated. You should not perform one type of activity during the entire period of independent work in a lesson.
10.26. Students perform all work in workshops and home economics classrooms in special clothing (robe, apron, beret, headscarf). When performing work that poses a risk of eye damage, safety glasses should be worn.
10.27. When organizing internships and socially useful work for students, provided for in the educational program, associated with heavy physical activity (carrying and moving heavy objects), it is necessary to be guided by sanitary and epidemiological requirements for the safety of working conditions for workers under 18 years of age.
It is not allowed to involve students in work with harmful or dangerous working conditions, during which the use of labor is prohibited, by persons under 18 years of age, as well as in cleaning sanitary facilities and common areas, washing windows and lamps, removing snow from roofs and other similar work.
For carrying out agricultural work (practices) in regions of the II climatic zone, the first half of the day should be allocated, and in the regions of the III climatic zone - the second half of the day (16 - 17 hours) and hours with the least insolation. Agricultural equipment used for work must correspond to the height and age of the students. The permissible duration of work for students aged 12 - 13 years is 2 hours; for teenagers 14 years and older - 3 hours. Every 45 minutes of work, it is necessary to arrange regulated 15-minute rest breaks. Work on sites and premises treated with pesticides and agrochemicals is permitted within the time limits established by the State Catalog of Pesticides and Agrochemicals.
10.28. When organizing extended day groups, you must be guided by the recommendations set out in Appendix 6 of these sanitary rules.
10.29. Club work in extended day groups must take into account the age characteristics of students, ensure a balance between motor-active and static activities, and is organized in accordance with sanitary and epidemiological requirements for institutions of additional education for children.
10.30. The amount of homework (in all subjects) should be such that the time required to complete it does not exceed (in astronomical hours): in grades 2 - 3 - 1.5 hours, in grades 4 - 5 - 2 hours, in grades 6 - 8 grades - 2.5 hours, in grades 9 - 11 - up to 3.5 hours.
10.31. When conducting final certification, more than one exam per day is not allowed. The break between examinations must be at least 2 days. If the exam lasts 4 hours or more, it is necessary to organize meals for students.
10.32. The weight of a daily set of textbooks and writing materials should not exceed: for students of 1st - 2nd grades - more than 1.5 kg, 3rd - 4th grades - more than 2 kg; 5 - 6 - more than 2.5 kg, 7 - 8 - more than 3.5 kg, 9 - 11 - more than 4.0 kg.
10.33. In order to prevent poor posture in students, it is recommended that primary school students have two sets of textbooks: one for use in lessons in a general education institution, the second for preparing homework.
XI. Requirements for organizing medical care for students and undergoing medical examinations by employees of educational institutions
11.1. All educational institutions must provide medical care for students.
11.2. Medical examinations of students in general education institutions and pupils of preschool education units should be organized and carried out in the manner established by the federal executive body in the field of health care.
11.3. Students are allowed to attend classes in a general education institution after suffering from an illness only if they have a certificate from a pediatrician.
11.4. In all types of educational institutions, work is organized to prevent infectious and non-infectious diseases.
11.5. In order to detect head lice, medical personnel must conduct examinations of children at least 4 times a year after each holiday and monthly selectively (four to five classes). Inspections (of the scalp and clothing) are carried out in a well-lit room using a magnifying glass and fine combs. After each inspection, the comb is doused with boiling water or wiped with 70 alcohol solution.
11.6. If scabies and pediculosis are detected, students are suspended from visiting the institution for the duration of treatment. They can be admitted to a general educational institution only after completing the entire range of treatment and preventive measures, confirmed by a doctor’s certificate.
The issue of preventive treatment of persons who have been in contact with a person with scabies is decided by the doctor, taking into account the epidemiological situation. Those who were in close household contact, as well as entire groups, classes where several cases of scabies have been registered, or where new patients are identified in the process of monitoring the outbreak, are involved in this treatment. In organized groups where preventive treatment of contact persons was not carried out, examination of the skin of students is carried out three times with an interval of 10 days.
If scabies is detected in an institution, ongoing disinfection is carried out in accordance with the requirements of the territorial body that carries out state sanitary and epidemiological supervision.
11.7. In the classroom journal, it is recommended to draw up a health sheet, in which for each student information is entered on anthropometric data, health group, physical education group, health status, recommended size of educational furniture, as well as medical recommendations.
11.8. All employees of educational institutions undergo preliminary and periodic medical examinations and must be vaccinated in accordance with the national calendar of preventive vaccinations. Each employee of a general education institution must have a personal medical record book of the established form.
Employees who refuse to undergo medical examinations are not allowed to work.
11.9. When employed, teaching staff of general education institutions undergo professional hygienic training and certification.
XII. Requirements for sanitary maintenance of territory and premises
12.1. The territory of the educational institution must be kept clean. The area is cleaned daily before students enter the site. In hot, dry weather, it is recommended to water the surfaces of the playgrounds and grass 20 minutes before the start of walks and sports activities. In winter, clear areas and walkways from snow and ice.
Garbage is collected in garbage containers, which must be tightly closed with lids, and when 2/3 of their volume is full, they are transported to solid waste landfills in accordance with the contract for the removal of household waste. After emptying, containers (garbage containers) must be cleaned and treated with disinfection (disinfestation) agents permitted in accordance with the established procedure. It is not allowed to burn waste on the territory of a general education institution, including in garbage bins.
12.2. Every year (in spring) decorative pruning of bushes, cutting down of young shoots, dry and low branches is carried out. If there are tall trees directly in front of the windows of the educational premises, covering the light openings and reducing the values of natural illumination below the normalized values, measures are taken to cut them down or trim their branches.
12.3. All premises of educational institutions are subject to daily wet cleaning using detergents.
Toilets, dining rooms, lobbies, and recreation areas are subject to wet cleaning after each break.
Cleaning of educational and auxiliary premises is carried out after the end of lessons, in the absence of students, with windows or transoms open. If a general education institution operates in two shifts, cleaning is carried out at the end of each shift: floors are washed, places where dust accumulates are wiped (window sills, radiators, etc.).
The premises of a boarding school at a general education institution are cleaned at least once a day.
To carry out cleaning and disinfection in a general educational institution and a boarding school at a general educational institution, use detergents and disinfectants that are approved in accordance with the established procedure for use in children's institutions, following the instructions for their use.
Disinfectant solutions for cleaning floors are prepared before direct use in restrooms in the absence of students.
12.4. Disinfectants and detergents are stored in the manufacturer’s packaging, in accordance with the instructions and in places inaccessible to students.
12.5. In order to prevent the spread of infection in the event of an unfavorable epidemiological situation, additional anti-epidemic measures are carried out in educational institutions according to the instructions of the authorities authorized to carry out state sanitary and epidemiological surveillance.
12.6. At least once a month, general cleaning is carried out in all types of premises of a general education institution and boarding school at a general education institution.
General cleaning by technical personnel (without involving the labor of students) is carried out using approved detergents and disinfectants.
Exhaust ventilation grilles are cleaned of dust monthly.
12.7. In the sleeping quarters of a general educational institution and a boarding school at a general educational institution, bedding (mattresses, pillows, blankets) should be ventilated directly in the bedrooms with the windows open during each general cleaning. Bed linen and towels are changed when dirty, but at least once a week.
Before the start of the school year, bedding is treated in a disinfection chamber.
In toilet areas, soap, toilet paper and towels must be available at all times.
12.8. Daily cleaning of toilets, showers, buffets, and medical premises is carried out using disinfectants, regardless of the epidemiological situation. Sanitary equipment must be disinfected daily. Handles of flush tanks and door handles are washed with warm water and soap. Sinks, toilets, toilet seats are cleaned with brushes or brushes, cleaning agents and disinfectants permitted in accordance with the established procedure.
12.9. In a medical office, in addition to disinfecting the room and furnishings, it is necessary to disinfect medical instruments in accordance with the instructions for disinfection, pre-sterilization cleaning and sterilization of medical products.
Preference should be given to sterile disposable medical devices.
12.10. When medical waste is generated, which, according to the degree of epidemiological danger, is classified as potentially hazardous waste, it is neutralized and disposed of in accordance with the rules for the collection, storage, processing, neutralization and disposal of all types of waste from medical institutions.
12.11. Cleaning equipment for cleaning premises must be labeled and assigned to specific premises.
Cleaning equipment for cleaning sanitary facilities (buckets, basins, mops, rags) must have a signal marking (red), be used for its intended purpose and stored separately from other cleaning equipment.
12.12. At the end of cleaning, all cleaning equipment is washed with detergents, rinsed with running water and dried. Cleaning equipment is stored in a place designated for this purpose.
12.13. Sanitary maintenance of premises and disinfection measures in preschool education departments are carried out in accordance with sanitary and epidemiological requirements for the design, maintenance and organization of the operating mode of preschool organizations.
12.14. The sanitary condition of catering facilities should be maintained taking into account the sanitary and epidemiological requirements for the organization of meals for students in educational institutions. If there is a swimming pool, cleaning and disinfection of premises and equipment is carried out in accordance with sanitary rules for swimming pools.
12.15. Sports equipment must be cleaned daily with detergents.
Sports equipment placed in the hall is wiped with a damp cloth, metal parts with a dry cloth at the end of each training shift. After each lesson, the gym is ventilated for at least 10 minutes. The sports carpet is cleaned daily using a vacuum cleaner, and wet cleaned at least 3 times a month using a washing vacuum cleaner. Sports mats are wiped daily with a soap and soda solution.
12.16. If there are carpets and carpets (in the premises of a primary school, after-school groups, boarding school), they are cleaned with a vacuum cleaner on a daily basis, and also dried and beaten out in the fresh air once a year.
12.17. When synanthropic insects and rodents appear in an institution on the territory of a general educational institution and in all premises, it is necessary to carry out disinsection and deratization by specialized organizations in accordance with regulatory and methodological documents.
In order to prevent the breeding of flies and destroy them during the development phase, once every 5-10 days, outhouse toilets are treated with approved disinfectants in accordance with regulatory and methodological documents for the control of flies.
XIII. Requirements for compliance with sanitary rules
13.1. The head of a general education institution is the responsible person for the organization and complete implementation of these sanitary rules, including ensuring:
Availability of these sanitary rules in the institution and communication of their content to the employees of the institution;
Compliance with the requirements of sanitary rules by all employees of the institution;
Necessary conditions for compliance with sanitary rules;
Hiring persons who have health clearance and have undergone professional hygienic training and certification;
Availability of medical records for each employee and timely completion of periodic medical examinations;
Organization of disinfection, disinfestation and deratization activities;
Availability of first aid kits and their timely replenishment.
13.2. Medical staff of educational institutions carry out daily monitoring of compliance with the requirements of sanitary rules.
* Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated March 31, 2009 N 277 “On approval of the Regulations on licensing of educational activities.”
Appendix 1 to SanPiN 2.4.2.2821-10
In order to form correct posture and maintain health, it is necessary to educate and form the correct working posture of students at a school desk from the first days of schooling in a general education institution. To do this, it is necessary to devote a special lesson in the first grades.
To form correct posture, it is necessary to provide a workplace for the student with furniture in accordance with his height; teach him to maintain the correct working posture during training sessions, which is the least tiring: sit deeply in a chair, hold his body and head straight; legs should be bent at the hip and knee joints, feet resting on the floor, forearms resting freely on the table.
When placing a student at a desk, the chair is moved under the table so that when leaning on the back, his palm is placed between the chest and the table.
For rational selection of furniture in order to prevent disorders of the musculoskeletal system, it is recommended to equip all classrooms and classrooms with height rulers.
The teacher explains to students how to hold their head, shoulders, arms, and emphasizes that they should not lean their chest on the edge of the desk (table); the distance from the eyes to the book or notebook should be equal to the length of the forearm from the elbow to the end of the fingers. The hands lie freely, not pressed against the table, the right hand and the fingers of the left rest on the notebook. Both legs rest with their entire feet on the floor.
When mastering writing skills, the student leans on the back of the desk (chair) with his lower back; when the teacher explains, he sits more freely, leaning on the back of the desk (chair) not only with the sacro-lumbar part of the back, but also with the subscapular part of the back. After explaining and demonstrating the correct sitting position at a desk, the teacher asks the students of the whole class to sit correctly and, going around the class, corrects them if necessary.
The table “Sit Correctly When Writing” should be placed in the classroom so that students always have it before their eyes. At the same time, students need to be shown tables demonstrating defects in posture that arise as a result of incorrect seating. The development of a certain skill is achieved not only by explanation, supported by demonstration, but also by systematic repetition. To develop the skill of correct posture, the teacher must daily monitor the correct posture of students during classes.
The role of the teacher in instilling correct posture in students is especially important during the first three to four years of study in a general education institution, when they develop this skill, as well as in subsequent years of study.
The teacher, in collaboration with parents, can give recommendations on choosing a backpack for textbooks and school supplies: the weight of the backpack without textbooks for students in grades 1 - 4 should be no more than 700 g. In this case, the backpack should have wide straps (4 - 4.5 cm) and sufficient dimensional stability to ensure a tight fit to the student’s back and uniform weight distribution. The material for making backpacks should be light, durable, with a water-repellent coating, easy to clean.
Appendix 4 to SanPiN 2.4.2.2821-10
physical education minutes (FM)
Training sessions that combine mental, static, and dynamic loads on individual organs and systems and on the entire body as a whole require physical education minutes (hereinafter referred to as FM) during lessons to relieve local fatigue and FM of the general impact.
FM to improve cerebral circulation:
2. I.p. - sitting, hands on the belt. 1 - turn the head to the right, 2 - i.p., 3 - turn the head to the left, 4 - i.p. Repeat 6 - 8 times. The pace is slow.
3. I.p. - standing or sitting, hands on the belt. 1 - swing your left arm over your right shoulder, turn your head to the left. 2 - IP, 3 - 4 - the same with the right hand. Repeat 4 - 6 times. The pace is slow.
FM to relieve fatigue from the shoulder girdle and arms:
1. I.p. - standing or sitting, hands on the belt. 1 - right hand forward, left up. 2 - change hand positions. Repeat 3-4 times, then relax down and shake your hands, tilt your head forward. The pace is average.
2. I.p. - standing or sitting, with the back of your hands on your belt. 1 - 2 - bring your elbows forward, tilt your head forward, 3 - 4 - elbows back, bend over. Repeat 6 - 8 times, then arms down and shake relaxed. The pace is slow.
3. I.p. - sitting, hands up. 1 - clench your hands into a fist, 2 - unclench your hands. Repeat 6-8 times, then relax your arms down and shake your hands. The pace is average.
FM to relieve fatigue from the torso:
1. I.p. - stand with your legs apart, hands behind your head. 1 - sharply turn the pelvis to the right. 2 - sharply turn the pelvis to the left. During turns, leave the shoulder girdle motionless. Repeat 6 - 8 times. The pace is average.
2. I.p. - stand with your legs apart, hands behind your head. 1 - 5 - circular movements of the pelvis in one direction, 4 - 6 - the same in the other direction, 7 - 8 - arms down and shake your hands in a relaxed manner. Repeat 4 - 6 times. The pace is average.
3. I.p. - stand with legs apart. 1 - 2 - bend forward, the right hand slides down along the leg, the left hand, bending, moves up along the body, 3 - 4 - IP, 5 - 8 - the same in the other direction. Repeat 6 - 8 times. The pace is average.
General impact FM consists of exercises for different muscle groups, taking into account their tension during activity.
A set of FM exercises for students of the first stage of education in lessons with elements of writing:
1. Exercises to improve cerebral circulation. I.p. - sitting, hands on the belt. 1 - turn the head to the right, 2 - i.p., 3 - turn the head to the left, 4 - i.p., 5 - smoothly tilt the head back, 6 - i.p., 7 - tilt the head forward. Repeat 4 - 6 times. The pace is slow.
2. Exercises to relieve fatigue from the small muscles of the hand. I.p. - sitting, arms raised up. 1 - clench your hands into a fist, 2 - unclench your hands. Repeat 6-8 times, then relax your arms down and shake your hands. The pace is average.
3. Exercise to relieve fatigue from the muscles of the torso. I.p. - stand with your legs apart, hands behind your head. 1 - sharply turn the pelvis to the right. 2 - sharply turn the pelvis to the left. During turns, leave the shoulder girdle motionless. Repeat 4 - 6 times. The pace is average.
4. Exercise to mobilize attention. I.p. - standing, arms along the body. 1 - right hand on the belt, 2 - left hand on the belt, 3 - right hand on the shoulder, 4 - left hand on the shoulder, 5 - right hand up, 6 - left hand up, 7 - 8 - clapping hands above the head, 9 - lower your left hand on your shoulder, 10 - right hand on your shoulder, 11 - left hand on your belt, 12 - right hand on your belt, 13 - 14 - clap your hands on your hips. Repeat 4 - 6 times. Tempo - 1 time slow, 2 - 3 times - medium, 4 - 5 - fast, 6 - slow.
Appendix 5 to SanPiN 2.4.2.2821-10
1. Blink quickly, close your eyes and sit quietly, slowly counting to 5. Repeat 4 - 5 times.
3. Extend your right arm forward. Follow with your eyes, without turning your head, the slow movements of the index finger of your outstretched hand to the left and right, up and down. Repeat 4 - 5 times.
4. Look at the index finger of your outstretched hand for the count of 1 - 4, then move your gaze into the distance for the count of 1 - 6. Repeat 4 - 5 times.
5. At an average pace, make 3-4 circular movements with your eyes to the right side, and the same amount to the left side. Having relaxed your eye muscles, look into the distance while counting 1 - 6. Repeat 1 - 2 times.
Appendix 6 to SanPiN 2.4.2.2821-10
after-school groups
General provisions.
It is recommended that extended day groups be composed of students from the same class or parallel classes. The stay of students in an extended day group simultaneously with the educational process can cover the period of time students stay in a general education institution from 8.00 - 8.30 to 18.00 - 19.00.
It is advisable to place the premises of extended day groups for students in grades I - VIII within the appropriate educational sections, including recreation.
It is recommended that students in the first grades of the extended day group be allocated sleeping quarters and playrooms. If there are no special rooms in a general education institution for organizing sleep and games, universal rooms can be used that combine a bedroom and a playroom, equipped with built-in furniture: wardrobes, single-tier beds.
For students in grades II-VIII, depending on specific capabilities, it is recommended to allocate assigned premises for organizing play activities, club work, classes at the request of students, and daytime sleep for the weakened.
Daily regime.
To ensure the maximum possible health impact and maintain the performance of students attending extended day groups, it is necessary to rationally organize the daily routine, starting from the moment they arrive at a general education institution, and to carry out extensive physical education and health activities.
The best combination of activities for students in extended day groups is their physical activity in the air before the start of self-preparation (walking, outdoor and sports games, socially useful work on the site of a general education institution, if it is provided for in the educational program), and after self-preparation - participation in emotional activities. character (classes in clubs, games, attending entertainment events, preparing and holding amateur concerts, quizzes and other events).
The daily routine must necessarily include: meals, walks, naps for 1st grade students and weakened students of 2nd - 3rd grades, self-training, socially useful work, club work and extensive physical education and recreational activities.
Outdoor recreation.
After the end of classes in a general education institution, in order to restore students’ working capacity before doing homework, a rest period of at least 2 hours is organized. The bulk of this time is spent outdoors. It is advisable to include walks:
Before lunch, lasting at least 1 hour, after finishing school classes;
Before self-preparation for an hour.
It is recommended to accompany walks with sports, outdoor games and physical exercises. In winter, it is useful to organize skating and skiing classes 2 times a week. During the warm season, it is recommended to organize athletics, volleyball, basketball, tennis and other outdoor sports. It is also recommended to use the swimming pool for swimming and water sports.
Students assigned to a special medical group or who have suffered acute illnesses perform exercises that are not associated with significant load during sports and outdoor games.
Students' clothing during outdoor classes should protect them from hypothermia and overheating and not restrict movement.
In bad weather, outdoor games can be moved to well-ventilated areas.
A place for outdoor recreation and sports hour can be a school site or specially equipped playgrounds. In addition, adjacent squares, parks, forests, and stadiums can be used for these purposes.
Organization of daytime sleep for first-graders and weakened children.
Sleep relieves fatigue and excitement in children who are in a large group for a long time, and increases their performance. The duration of daytime sleep should be at least 1 hour.
To organize daytime sleep, either special sleeping or universal premises with an area of 4.0 m2 per student, equipped with teenage (size 1600 x 700 mm) or built-in single-tier beds, should be allocated.
When arranging beds, it is necessary to maintain the distance between: the long sides of the bed - 50 cm; headboards - 30 cm; bed and outer wall - 60 cm, and for the northern regions of the country - 100 cm.
Each student must be assigned a specific sleeping place with a change of bed linen when soiled, but at least once every 10 days.
Preparing homework.
When students do homework (self-study), the following recommendations should be followed:
Preparation of lessons should be carried out in a designated classroom, equipped with furniture appropriate to the height of the students;
Start self-preparation at 15-16 hours, since by this time there is a physiological increase in performance;
Limit the duration of homework so that the time spent on completion does not exceed (in astronomical hours): in grades 2 - 3 - 1.5 hours, in grades 4 - 5 - 2 hours, in grades 6 - 8 - 2.5 hours, in grades 9 - 11 - up to 3.5 hours;
Provide, at the discretion of students, the order of completion of homework, while recommending starting with a subject of average difficulty for a given student;
Provide students with the opportunity to take arbitrary breaks upon completion of a certain stage of work;
Carry out “physical education minutes” lasting 1-2 minutes;
Provide students who have completed their homework before the rest of the group with the opportunity to begin activities of interest (in the playroom, library, reading room).
Extracurricular activities.
Extracurricular activities are carried out in the form of excursions, clubs, sections, Olympiads, competitions, etc.
The duration of classes depends on age and type of activity. The duration of activities such as reading, music lessons, drawing, modeling, needlework, quiet games should be no more than 50 minutes a day for students in grades 1-2, and no more than one and a half hours a day for other grades. In music classes, it is recommended to use elements of rhythm and choreography more widely. Watching TV shows and movies should not be done more than twice a week, with viewing duration limited to 1 hour for students in grades 1-3 and 1.5 for students in grades 4-8.
It is recommended to use general school premises for organizing various types of extracurricular activities: reading, assembly and sports halls, a library, as well as premises of nearby cultural centers, children's leisure centers, sports facilities, stadiums.
Nutrition.
Properly organized and rational nutrition is the most important health factor. When organizing an extended day in a general education institution, three meals a day must be provided for students: breakfast - at the second or third break during school hours; lunch - during extended day stay at 13-14 hours, afternoon snack - at 16-17 hours.
