All premises in general commodity warehouses are divided into groups:
Main production purposes (storage, forwarding for acceptance and release, receiving and unpacking, packaging and packaging);
Auxiliary (for packaging, equipment packaging, pallets (packaging workshops);
Ancillary and technical purposes (engine room, ventilation chambers, boiler rooms, storerooms for household materials and equipment, repair shops, battery charging stations);
Administrative and household services (office services, a hall of product samples, places for rest and eating, red corners, showers, bathrooms, etc.).
In general warehouses there is the concept of “zones”, the main ones being: unloading, receiving, storage, packaging, picking, loading.
The organization of technological processes influences the total duration of the movement of goods from production points to recipients. In turn, the speed of the technological warehouse process depends on the functions performed by the warehouse, delivery conditions and the degree of mechanization of warehouse premises.
Rational organization of the technological process is shown in Fig. 2.4, assumes:
Consistent, systematic implementation of warehouse operations that contribute to the rhythm and efficient organization of work of warehouse workers, the fullest use of equipment and warehouse space;
Optimal use of warehouse capacity and equipment;
Ensuring the safety of consumer properties of goods during their processing and storage;
Increasing mechanization and automation of warehouse operations;
Reducing the overall level of warehouse costs through the use of progressive working methods.
Rice. 2.4 Schematic diagram of the technological process in the warehouse
In small warehouses, almost all technological process operations can be carried out by one group of workers.
In large warehouses, operations for receiving, storing and shipping goods are performed by the corresponding functional units.
3. Determination of the need for warehouse space and warehouse capacity
Construction is carried out mainly from standard prefabricated reinforced concrete elements. The most common construction is one-story buildings. (Advantage - reduced construction costs, ease of use).
Main structural elements of a warehouse building: foundation, walls, supporting columns, floors, floors, roofing, ramps and canopies above them, doors and windows. Let's take a closer look at each structural element.
The foundation is made of strong and durable materials. Reinforced concrete blocks are used;
Walls, brick or reinforced concrete panels and blocks, fire-resistant, main function: maintain the desired temperature and humidity;
Support columns - load-bearing element of the building (brick, reinforced concrete and metal);
Interfloor ceilings - reinforced concrete panels to withstand heavy loads;
Floors must withstand heavy loads and have high strength. Asphalt and concrete are used to cover floors;
Roof made of fire-resistant materials that can reliably protect premises from precipitation;
Ramps are arranged for the convenience of loading and unloading operations along warehouses, which are platforms with a width of 2.5 to 6 m. The height takes into account vehicles. Canopies are made above the ramps to protect cargo from precipitation;
Doors - sizes depend on the vehicles used for moving goods inside the warehouse.
Windows - for natural light. In one-story warehouses they are placed above the shelving level.
To characterize the space-planning solutions of warehouse buildings, the following indicators are also used:
Step- distance between transverse load-bearing structures (columns, walls).
Span - distance between longitudinal bearings.
Height - distance between floor level and ceiling.
In one-story warehouse buildings:
Step- 6 and 12 m; span length - 12, 18, 24 m; height - not less than 6 m.
The warehouse area consists of various storage areas designed to ensure the normal functioning of the entire warehouse technological process. The placement of warehouse premises (warehouse areas), their internal layout and interconnection are determined by the technological scheme of the warehouse, depending on the nature of the movement of goods and their warehouse processing.
Warehouse premises are divided into the following groups:
Main technological purposes (storage, forwarding, packaging, packaging);
Auxiliary (rooms for storing containers, containers, pallets);
Utility and technical (engine rooms, cable, battery, workshops, etc.);
Administrative and household (premises for administration, recreation, meals, showers, bathrooms, etc.).
Premises for main technological purposes must be placed in such a way as to eliminate counter and intersecting commodity flows, eliminate the harmful effects of some goods on others during their storage and processing, ensure the fullest use of the area of the entire warehouse and its premises, and ensure maximum use of handling equipment.
Reception and release of goods are carried out in special forwarding premises in the central part of the warehouse, adjacent to the railway ramp on one side and the automobile ramp on the other. They are connected to the storage rooms by elevators or passages.
Forwarding premises for the acceptance of goods should be adjacent to acceptance, unpacking and packaging rooms, and with the forwarding for release - picking rooms.
Luggage storage can be universal and special.
Universal chambers are used for storing, packaging, stacking, placing goods that have general storage conditions.
Special chambers are designed for storing goods whose physical and chemical properties require special specific conditions.
Administrative premises located in a common warehouse separate block or in a separate building. If they are placed in a common warehouse building, then a place is allocated for them in the end parts of the building with a separate entrance. It is also advisable to place here utility rooms.
Rooms (halls) for product samples are usually located in the administrative building. They must have good communication with both the administrative premises and the computer center.
To perform individual operations of the technological process in the warehouse, special rooms or zones are allocated within one warehouse.
Functional warehouse areas include the so-called operational warehouse area, which consists of:
storage area, or usable area occupied by goods, 
;
areas for acceptance and release (forwarding area), including the area of ramps, 
;
areas for processing and preparation for tempering, 
;
auxiliary areas (driveways, walkways), 
;
area for ancillary operations (boiler room, workshop, etc.), 
;
areas for administrative and utility premises, 
.
The total warehouse area will be equal to:
The most crucial point in determining the area of a warehouse is determining the usable area or area of storage chambers.
The calculation of this area can be made according to the inventory indicator, expressed in two-axle cars (for general warehouses), in cubic meters or conventional tons (for refrigerators, fruit and vegetable storage facilities).
To calculate the required warehouse space, the maximum inventory indicator is used ( 
), expressed in conventional two-axle cars:
Where T - annual warehouse turnover, UAH; 
-
inventory standard, days; TO - coefficient of uneven formation of inventory, equal to 1.2 - 1.3; WITH- average cost of one conventional car, UAH.
After this, the storage area is determined ( 
) for each product group:
Where 
- area norm, taking into account the storage method, per car.
The standard storage area per standard car for goods in stacks is 25 m2, and for unpacked goods on racks with a stacking height of 2.5 m - 40 m2.
The capacity of a warehouse is determined by the volume of goods stored there, measured in conventional wagons or pallets. A pallet with a volume of 1 m 3 (800x1200x1050) is taken as a conditional one.
A two-axle car (20 tons) holds 42 conventional pallets, a conventional container (volume 1 m 3) holds 6 conventional pallets.
Knowing the warehouse area and the specified standards, you can easily determine the warehouse capacity.
To calculate the storage area, you can proceed from the norm of storage capacity per conventional car:
Where 
- standard storage capacity per car (stack storage 
62.5 m 3 , rack storage ≈ 100 m 3); h- height of goods stacking, m.
After calculating the area for storing goods, the total area of the storage room is determined (the gaps between pallets, driveways, aisles, places for receiving, sorting, etc. are taken into account).
The areas of forwarding, administrative and utility premises, packaging shops, halls of product samples, corridors and other premises are determined according to special standards and calculations. For example, the standard area for an expedition is 40 m2 per car, the packaging area is 75 m2 per packaging unit, the packaging area is 5-8 m2 per packer, the area of the product sample hall is 7-8 m2 per merchandiser, the cargo corridors are 10 % storage area, etc.
The area of the refrigerator and fruit and vegetable storage facilities is determined using special calculations.
So, the cargo area of the refrigerator ( 
) can be determined by the formula:
Where 3 - stocks of perishable goods, t; N- loading rate for a given group of goods, t/m 3 ; h- height of goods stacking, m.
The area of fruit and vegetable storage can be determined based on data on the volume of one-time storage, the area and estimated capacity of one container, the number of tiers in stacks and the utilization rate of the cargo area.
After performing the appropriate calculations of the required area intended directly for storage, the total area of the warehouse is determined.
The design of warehouses is carried out on the basis of building codes and regulations in the same manner as the design of stores.
Classification of warehouses is necessary for the convenience of managing logistics processes, optimal selection and rational use of warehouse space.
The need for storage of inventories arises at all stages of product distribution, from the storage of raw materials to the sale of the product. Hence the great variety of different types of such premises, which necessitated the development of classical standards for each group of storage facilities.
Let's look at what warehouses there are, their types and parameters.
Definition
Before analyzing the classifications and types of storage facilities, let’s look at what they are. It should be noted that today there is no legal definition of it. There are separate rules on the requirements for warehouse activities for business structures. They relate to norms and regulations in the field of construction, sanitation and fire safety.
The concept of a warehouse is spelled out in GOST 51303 2013, dedicated to the definition of terms in the trade industry. A warehouse is understood as special structures, buildings, premises, open areas, equipped for the purpose of storing commodity assets and conducting warehouse operations.
Let us give a definition based on publications taken from various departmental acts.
A warehouse is understood as a non-residential premises or land plot intended for the acceptance, storage and shipment of inventories at various stages of production and transfer of goods to the consumer.
There is also such a thing as warehousing. It is a set of main and auxiliary premises, ancillary buildings, lifting equipment, control systems and support for proper storage conditions.
Functional types
The main purpose of a warehouse is to store various types of products. The remaining functions follow from it. In order to place material in storage, the cargo is first accepted, then sorted, and conditions for proper maintenance are provided. At the end of the process, the goods are shipped to the consumer.
Today's trends in the development of warehousing activities provide for the production of additional types of work at the warehousing stage that add value to the product. For example, providing customers with services for pre-sale preparation of the product (packaging, packaging of goods, testing, processing the material to the required size and creating the proper presentation), customs brokerage services, transport delivery of the product, etc.
The warehouse complex is a concentration of material resources. Here cargo shipments are received and new ones are formed. In order to reduce transportation costs, small volumes of cargo for different customers, groups of goods from different suppliers are combined into one batch (unitization), fully loading the transport.
The function of storing goods has long outgrown simple storage of material on racks. Today, with the help of high technologies and advances in digital electronics, material resources move from producer to consumer at enormous speed in vast areas of distribution centers. Conditions for reliable storage of goods are being improved, the speed of warehouse operations is increasing, and the range of processed goods is constantly expanding.
The purpose of warehouses today is that they become the most important and profitable element of the logistics chain. One of the key indicators of terminal operation is the minimum presence of resources on the racks, which allows increasing turnover and more efficient use of space.
According to the main areas of logistics, the terminals are divided into:
- production;
- supply;
- logistics centers.
Each of these types is assigned a specific role in the promotion of goods along the chain and the performance of a set of functions assigned to it.
Structure and functional areas
Building an optimal terminal structure is necessary for its effective functioning. The layout of warehouse premises provides for zones for various purposes, each of which is equipped with appropriate equipment. As a rule, zones are distinguished:
- loading and unloading. In some cases, it may consist of two different parts. For example, unloading is carried out on a railway platform, loading is carried out on a car ramp using vehicles;
- cargo acceptance department. Here the quantitative and qualitative parameters of the received goods are checked, distributed and sent to the main department;
- main area – product storage. It is equipped with special equipment that ensures appropriate conditions for storing the goods. It is divided into zones for sorting released materials;
- departure expedition. Prepares and maintains records of shipped products.
The structure of any warehouse complex includes: a main warehouse, an auxiliary warehouse, as well as various auxiliary structures.
Classification
The classification of warehouses in logistics is carried out according to the characteristic features that are given below.
Table 1
| No./p | Signs of classification | Types of storage facilities |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | By product type | Warehouses of material resources, raw materials, components, finished products, tools. |
| 2 | By functional purpose | Transit, distribution centers, seasonal storage, customs. |
| 3 | According to temperature conditions | Unheated, heated, refrigerators, with climate control. |
| 4 | According to the external design of warehouse buildings | Open, semi-closed (equipped with a canopy), closed. |
| 5 | By type of ownership | Own, rented, state and municipal. |
| 6 | By warehouse class | Six classes (from A+ to D) |
| 7 | According to the degree of mechanization of warehouse operations | Mechanized, non-mechanized, automated, automatic. |
How to choose a warehouse based on the analysis performed? They proceed, first of all, from its purpose. If, for example, it is needed to supply the production process, then the shelf life of the products in it is minimal. The warehouse industry must redirect contents to production as quickly as possible, so a high level of technical equipment will be required for it.
An important characteristic is the area of the room, taking into account its rational breakdown into functional zones. It is calculated for maximum occupancy at average production rates. For calculations, standard coefficients for different types of materials are used.
Division of warehouse premises by class
The most widespread classification of warehouses by class has become widespread in the logistics market. It was developed and tested in Russia by a foreign company. It is based on a Western classification that takes into account a universal set of factors affecting the operation of terminals.
In this case, warehouses are divided into six classes, each of which is assigned its own letter designation. Let's take a closer look at the description of storage facilities and the requirements for them.
Class A+ warehouse
General characteristics of a class A+ warehouse:
- The buildings are specially erected for terminals. The material is high quality lightweight metal structures.
- The height inside the terminal allows pallets to be lifted up to 13 m (seven tiers).
- A concrete floor can withstand a maximum load of 5 tons per square meter. meter. The presence of an anti-dust coating is required.
- A class A+ warehouse is equipped with powerful air conditioning and ventilation devices designed to maintain the specified temperature and humidity conditions.
- Security of the facility is provided by video devices with an alarm system, as well as a security service.
- Class A+ warehouses are equipped with automatic fire extinguishing equipment.
- Uninterrupted supply of electricity and heating of the building is carried out thanks to its own independent electrical substation and heating unit.
- Mandatory equipment with so-called dock-type gates. For every 500 sq. meters there is one set of gates. The entrances have loading docks.
- The building houses an administration office, employee lounges, and a canteen.
- The connection to the Internet works, data is transmitted via optical fiber.
- An automatic system for recording goods and their movement is used. Workers use portable scanners, and all products have bar codes.
- The area around the terminal is equipped with parking for heavy trucks and cars. There are railway access roads and access highways.
Class A warehouse
Objects of categories A and A+ have a lot in common. The differences lie in the size of the land allocated for the terminal and the height of the premises. Class A warehouses have a ceiling height of at least 10 meters, and their built-up area is 55%. They have somewhat less requirements for the strategic location of the facility relative to transport routes.
Today, the country's large logistics centers rely on high technical characteristics. In particular, self-leveling floors with anti-dust coating are available in 40% of the capital's warehouse complexes, and in St. Petersburg - in 44% of terminals.
The presence of a railway line in warehouses is very important in Russian conditions. So far in St. Petersburg, only a third of the terminals can use the railway tracks, and in Moscow only 15% have access to the railway line.
The situation with wireless Internet via fiber optics is somewhat better: such a connection is installed in 31% of St. Petersburg warehouses and in 59% of Moscow warehouse complexes.
Class B+ warehouses
Structures of this type are built on the basis of former industrial buildings. Their main advantages are reasonable prices and the availability of all the necessary parameters for conducting warehouse activities.
Class B warehouses are necessarily equipped with a loading and unloading ramp for vehicles. Dock type gates are used, they are installed at the rate of one set per 1000 sq. meters of the complex. Sufficient parking area for heavy trucks.
What they have in common with elite terminals is the presence of modern telecommunications, which make it possible to ensure the functioning of automation equipment.
Class B warehouses
Premises of this class are often located in multi-story buildings that are equipped with powerful freight elevators. The floors are asphalt. Storage conditions are provided by a conventional heating system and ventilation means.
There is at least one auxiliary storage facility on site. Office employees are located in nearby buildings. Control over the location of cargo is carried out in an automated mode.
Class C warehouses
They are located in insulated hangars or industrial buildings. The height of the ceilings should not be less than 4 meters. The gates in the building must provide access for trucks inside. Floors are usually made of asphalt. The temperature inside the building is maintained at least 8 degrees.
Class D warehouses
Structures of this class are characterized by minimum requirements for their placement. They can be located in hangars, basements, or industrial buildings. The main requirements are the presence of lighting, stable temperature, adequate humidity and normal access for freight transport.
In warehouses of this type, they tend to temporarily store small consignments of cargo. Naturally, the rental price for premises of this class is the lowest.
Main structural elements warehouse building: foundation, walls, supporting columns, interfloor ceilings, floors, roofing, ramps and canopies above them, doors and windows.
Technological requirements for the construction of warehouses:
1) compliance of the area and volume of warehouse premises with the nature and volume of technological operations performed;
2) compliance of the parameters and configuration of the warehouse building with the requirements of the optimal technology for the operations performed.
Requirements for planning warehouse premises:
1) the possibility of using effective methods of placement and stacking of products;
2) ensuring conditions for the complete safety of storage units;
3) eliminating the adverse impact of some types of products on others when they are stored together, ensuring conditions for preserving the quality of products;
4) the possibility of effective use of handling equipment;
5) convenient access to products;
6) ensuring the flow and continuity of the warehouse technological process.
Main groups of warehouse premises:
1) premises for main production purposes - used to perform the following technological operations:
– storage of products;
– receipt and release of products (expedition);
– unpacking, packing, packing and packaging of products;
– auxiliary premises – designed for storing containers, reusable containers and pallets, as well as for use as container repair shops;
2) utility rooms - designed to accommodate engineering devices and communications (engine rooms, ventilation chambers, boiler rooms, storerooms for household materials and equipment, repair shops, battery charging stations);
3) administrative and amenity premises - designed to accommodate administrative services, places for rest and eating, dressing rooms, a hall for product samples, showers, sanitary facilities, etc. Work areas are used to accommodate the workplaces of commodity experts. They should be equipped with tables and chairs, a personal computer, filing cabinets, chairs for customers and furniture for storing documents. The exhibition area is divided into separate segments, equipped with wall and island slides with devices for displaying goods (shelves, consoles, rods). The waiting and resting area is intended for customers to work independently with albums, catalogs and lists of goods, ^+ as well as for them to relax after selecting goods. The passage area is used for movement in the hall of product samples and for passage to other areas of the warehouse.
Main characteristics of warehouse premises:
1) warehouse capacity - characterizes the amount of products that the warehouse can simultaneously accommodate;
2) useful area of the warehouse - the area directly occupied by stored products;
3) area of workplaces – area in warehouse premises allocated for equipping workplaces of warehouse workers;
4) areas of acceptance and packaging areas - calculated on the basis of aggregated indicators of design loads per square meter of area in the acceptance and packaging areas;
5) the area of the dispatch expedition - used to complete shipments.
Every entrepreneur whose activities involve large supplies or production sooner or later faces the issue of finding a suitable warehouse space. In order to take into account all the nuances in choosing
Let's talk about the types of warehouse premises and the requirements for them, and also help you decide which warehouses are best suited for different types of activities.
Warehouse information – let’s clarify
A warehouse is a special building in which all conditions are created for the storage of raw materials and their transportation.
Any business that involves the exchange of goods, first of all, cares about the availability of high-quality premises for storing a certain product, because the company’s income directly depends on this.
If you are faced with the question of choosing a storage facility, you should first understand what types of storage facilities exist. According to planning solutions, the following are distinguished:
- closed – separate rooms;
- semi-closed – rooms with one, two or three walls;
- open – warehouses in open specialized areas.
Types of warehouses: where to start?
One of the important characteristics of warehouse space is the storage mode. It is calculated, first of all, depending on the storage conditions of raw materials, and secondly, on the additional functions that the warehouse performs. Here is a list of the main types of storage facilities according to temperature conditions:
- dry;
- refrigeration;
- freezing;
- unheated;
- heated;
- insulated.
- production – at manufacturing enterprises;
- retail – for retail trade;
- wholesale – for wholesale trade;
- transit and transhipment – for short-term storage;
- customs – for holding goods before customs checks;
- reserve – storage of goods in case of emergency.
Warehouse classification
To more accurately determine the requirements for warehouse premises, a special classification of warehouses was created, which distinguishes four main classes: “A”, “B”, “C” and “D” and two subclasses “A+” and “B+”.
Let's take a closer look at each category in ascending order of mandatory requirements.
Class "D"
The most “unpretentious” class usually consists of basements and industrial premises without heating or hangars.
The presence of a security, security and heating system are additional requirements that are not mandatory for compliance in class “D” premises.
Class "C"
Class “C” mainly includes industrial premises or hangars. This class has the following generally accepted characteristics:
- ceiling height from 4 m;
- the floor is bare asphalt or concrete tiles.
- If any characteristic is not met, the warehouse will be assigned to the previous segment.
Class "B"
- freight elevators;
- ceilings from 6 m high;
- working heating system;
- convenient entry and exit for cars;
- security system;
- telecommunication systems;
- equipped additional premises (bathrooms, server rooms, showers, etc.);
- reliable fire safety system;
- platform for loading and unloading goods.
Class "B+"
This class is a subclass of category “B” and meets all the requirements of the previous class, but differs from it in the following parameters:
- first floor;
- concrete non-dust floors with a high degree of load;
- ceiling height - at least 8 m;
- temperature control mode;
- high level of ventilation;
- video surveillance and alarm;
- gates with an automatic mechanism;
- presence of an office at the warehouse;
- fiber optic communications;
- territory with 24-hour security;
- location close to central highways.
Warehouses of class “B” and “B+” also differ from others in that they are often reconstructed buildings.
Class "A"
This class belongs to the premium segment and is characterized by increased requirements for location and technical components. Class "A" has all the same characteristics as the previous one, but differs from it in the presence of additional parameters:
- materials: sandwich panels and metal structures;
- rectangular building shape;
- ceiling height – from 10 m;
- parking for large cargo vehicles.
Class "A+"
Premises of this kind are distinguished by the novelty of their construction and the presence of modern engineering solutions, and must also comply with all the parameters listed above. Distinctive features of the segment are:
- ceiling height – at least 13 m;
- possibility of installing multi-level racks;
- autonomous electrical substation and heating unit;
- employee access control;
- comfortable access to major city highways;
- experienced management company.
Which warehouses are better?
It is impossible to say which premises will be the best for your company without familiarizing yourself with all the nuances of the business. Each requires an individual set of requirements for storage space. If we talk about the minimum set of requirements for warehouse space, we get the following:
- size of the warehouse and entrance openings;
- finishing;
- location;
- presence of cracks on the walls;
- presence of mold inside;
- rental rate and additional services;
- compliance with the declared class.
Despite the strict structure of generally accepted standards for warehouse premises, it is quite difficult to choose the right premises for a certain type of product, especially if you are not involved in the field of logistics. In this case, it is better to contact an experienced specialist who will help you make the right choice in order to avoid unpleasant moments during the operation of the premises.
Warehouse buildings and structures are divided into:
1. Depending on device :
1.1. Open areas – paved or asphalted (concreted) areas with a slope and drains for drainage of surface water. Designed for storing goods in large external containers (containers, barrels), which are slightly affected by atmospheric conditions.
1.2. Semi-closed warehouse buildings – canopies of various designs: without walls or having from one to three walls. Sheds can be single-slope or double-slope, 4-6 meters high and are designed to protect cargo from precipitation.
1.3. Closed warehouses - a separate building divided into separate warehouses for storing goods, the storage of which requires a constant hydrothermal regime or their protection from the influence of the external environment, especially precipitation.
2. Fire resistance of wall materials and structures buildings are divided:
2.1. combustible;
2.2. semi-combustible (hard to burn)
2.3. fireproof.
3. In terms of insulation, closed warehouse buildings subdivided:
3.1. Uninsulated warehouses are built without an attic floor, without an insulated floor and without door vestibules. They are used for storing containers and goods that do not lose their properties at temperatures below 0 °.
3.2. Insulated warehouses They are built with insulated ceilings, floors, door vestibules, double doors and windows, and have thick walls. These warehouses protect goods from sudden fluctuations in external temperature and air humidity.
3.3. Heated warehouses – have heating equipment and ventilation devices, which allows you to regulate and maintain the required temperature and humidity.
3.4. Refrigerated warehouses – having a device for maintaining sub-zero temperatures in storage rooms for storing perishable goods.
The structure and layout of warehouses is determined by their purpose, the characteristics of the range of goods, their physical and chemical properties, the organization and technology of warehouse processes. The construction of warehouse buildings is carried out from standard prefabricated reinforced concrete structures and parts. Building shape The warehouse may be different (L, P, W, T-shaped). The most convenient is the rectangular shape of the building with a length-to-width ratio of 1:2 or 1:3. It allows for rational placement of loading and unloading ramps and access roads.
Main structural elements warehouse building are: foundation, walls, supporting columns, interfloor ceilings, floors, roofing, ramps and canopies above them, doors and windows. The foundation is constructed from durable materials (reinforced concrete blocks), its design must withstand a certain load.
For characteristics space-planning solutions buildings use indicators such as pitch, span and height. Step – the distance between the main transverse structures (columns, walls, etc. .). span – distance between longitudinal load-bearing structures. Heights a is the distance between the floor level and the ceiling. In one-story warehouse buildings, the column spacing is 6 and 12 m; span length 12,18 and 24 m; the height of warehouse premises is at least 6 m.
For the convenience of loading and unloading operations along warehouses arrange ramps , which are platforms: on the side of the railway tracks – 1.1 m high from the level of the rails and at least 6 m wide; on the side of the car entrance - 1.2 m high from the road surface level and at least 4 m wide. Canopies are made above the ramps to protect cargo from precipitation. Inclined slopes are arranged for entry of vehicles – ramps . The length of the platforms should allow for the simultaneous acceptance of as many vehicles (wagons, cars) as possible for unloading.
To receive universal containers, a construction is provided container site .
Warehouses have external and internal doors , which can be sliding or swinging; their width and height depend on the type of vehicles used for moving goods inside the warehouse.
Lighting warehouse can be natural or artificial. Windows provide natural light. Sources of artificial lighting are electric incandescent or fluorescent lamps. There are general, local and emergency lighting. General lighting is the lighting of the entire warehouse area, local lighting is the lighting of the place of work, for example, an expedition. Emergency lighting is used during non-working hours.
3.1. Types of warehouses, their layout
All premises of commodity warehouses, depending on their role in performing warehouse operations, are divided into groups: main production purposes, auxiliary, utility, administrative and household.
To the main production premises include premises for storing goods, expeditions for the receipt and release of goods, receiving and unpacking, packaging and premises for packaging goods.
Auxiliary premises designed for storing containers, reusable containers and pallets. This also includes container repair shops.
Utility rooms- these are engine rooms, ventilation chambers, boiler rooms, storerooms for household materials and equipment, repair shops, battery charging stations.
Administrative premises designed to accommodate office services, places for rest and eating, red corners, dressing rooms, a hall of product samples, showers, etc.
The entire warehouse technological process includes the following operations: unloading vehicles; acceptance of goods; unpacking; storage; packaging; packing and sending goods to customers. To perform these operations, appropriate warehouse areas :
– vehicle unloading area
– goods acceptance area
– storage area
– area for selecting and completing customer orders
– vehicle loading area.
So, the entire warehouse space consists of two parts: areas used and unused for storage . When planning, it should be taken into account that the most rational ratio of these areas is 2:1.
Rice. 1. Warehouse layout diagram
The unloading area should be adjacent to the goods acceptance area in terms of quantity and quality, where the workplaces of commodity handlers are located. The bulk of the warehouse area is allocated to the storage area. It consists of the area occupied by goods and the area of aisles. The storage area should be adjacent to the areas for prepacking and packing goods, and completing orders for wholesale buyers. In turn, the order picking area should be located next to the expedition for sending goods.
This principle of internal layout of premises (zones) allows you to ensure flow and continuity of the warehouse technological process Special requirements apply to the layout of the product sample room, which must be directly connected to the premises of the computer center. The most convenient is the box layout of the hall for product samples, when the entire hall is divided into several separate zones, in each of which samples of goods of one or more groups and workplaces for commodity experts are placed.
Self-test questions:
1. What is called a warehouse?
2. What functions does the warehouse perform?
3. How are warehouses divided by location in the process of goods distribution?
4. What types of warehouses are distinguished according to the functions they perform?
5. Types of warehouses by storage mode?
6. How are warehouse facilities classified?
7. What groups of premises does the warehouse include?
8. Name the main indicators of the warehouse space-planning solution.
9. What zones are located in the warehouse?
