Hello, dear students of Argemona! Have you reached this lecture yet? Nice to see you all!
Today the topic of our lesson, perhaps, will be quite difficult for some, because everyone often hears about proper and common nouns, but the ones we will talk about today are heard very rarely and, in the end, they are forgotten about. But the magic of using specific words directly depends on the existing knowledge about these words. Therefore, let's be patient and begin to jointly study the names of concrete, abstract, collective, and real nouns. In fact, the topic is not that complicated.
Specific nouns are those that can be combined with cardinal (collective) and ordinal numbers. I hope everyone remembers what it is? Cardinal numbers are the number of objects: one, two, two hundred, hundred, etc. Collective - two, three... Ordinal - first, second... Therefore, specific nouns are the names of objects (leaf, tree, table), specific actions (jump, flight), facts and phenomena of reality (lesson, duel). Most of these nouns have forms of both numbers. The only exceptions are the names of paired items: trousers, scissors.
Abstract nouns - these are the names of abstract concepts - properties, qualities, actions, states: mind, joy, wisdom, compassion. Such nouns, as a rule, do not form a form plural and cannot be combined with cardinal numbers. However, some of them have the ability to be combined with indefinitely quantitative words: a lot of joy, a little wisdom, a little happiness.
Collective nouns denote a collection of persons (youth), objects (furniture), animals (young animals), insects (midges), plants (foliage, raspberries), etc., homogeneous in some respect, etc., presented as a single whole. They are used only in the form singular and cannot be combined with cardinal numerals, but it is possible to use them with indefinite quantitative words (little foliage) and with fractional numerals (one third of youth).
Semantically similar nouns like “regiment”, “flock”, “grove”, “pile” are not collective.
Task 1. What nouns are “regiment”, “flock”, “grove”, “pile”? Prove it.
The suffixes indicate the sign of collecting: -j- (linen), -stv- (wealth), -nik- (spruce forest), -nyak- (birch forest), -ur- (professor), -itet- (general), -v - (foliage), -n- (relatives), -ot- (poor), -hedgehog (youth).
Real nouns
include names of substances of homogeneous composition: food products (flour), materials (cement, chintz), minerals (coal, gold), chemical elements(uranium), medicines (aspirin), plants (wheat, potatoes), berries (raspberries) and other homogeneous divisible masses.
They can be used either in the singular form (water, cabbage) or in the plural form (ink, pasta, perfume).
They cannot be combined with cardinal numbers, but they can be combined with words denoting a measure of quantity: a liter of water, a gram of gold, a bed of cabbage, a pack of pasta, a bottle of perfume.
When it changes lexical meaning material nouns can have a plural form. For example, mineral water(implying different types water), sand, snow (occupied space).
Task 2. To understand how well you understand these nouns, give 3 examples of each type. Make up sentences with them, illustrating the application of the acquired knowledge.
Now let's try to understand the magic of these nouns. Here's the text:
A helmet, a shell, a saddle, a bandage, a balm, a lotion.
There is such a craft - a single knight.
Travel here and there, help someone out.
And act all the time yourself - that’s all the work.
Right, if you think about it, is extravagance.
Beating the butt of a whip with a whip - what kind of quixotic behavior is that?
Then you will end up mortal - no sense.
You'll just perish for nothing - that's all there is to it.
Task 3. Find nouns in this text and determine what they are. What role do concrete nouns play in the text? Which lines resemble phraseological units? Which?
And here is another text:
From here I can see a low house with a gallery of small blackened wooden posts going around the entire house so that during thunder and hail the window shutters could be closed without getting wet by the rain. Behind him are fragrant bird cherry trees, whole rows of low fruit trees, sunk by the crimson cherries and plums covered with a lead mat by the yakhont sea; a spreading maple tree, in the shade of which a carpet is spread out for rest; in front of the house there is a spacious courtyard with short, fresh grass, with a well-trodden path from the barn to the kitchen and from the kitchen to the master's chambers; long-necked goose, drinking water with young and tender goslings as feathers; a picket fence hung with bunches of dried pears and apples and airy carpets; a cart of melons standing near the barn; an unharnessed ox lazily lying next to him - all this has an inexplicable charm for me...
And now the task for this text. It will be big.
Task 4. Select nouns from the text and indicate those that help draw a picture. What category do they belong to?
Then write down the nouns with diminutive suffixes. What is their role in the text?
Look for metaphors and similes. What part of speech are they created by?
Now indicate the nouns that color the picture. Remember that nouns can explicitly name a color, or they can simply be associated with it.
And finally, here’s a thought to complete our topic:
“The category of noun is of great importance for our thought. Without it, no knowledge, no science would be possible. It would be impossible, for example, to talk about light, or heat, or electricity, or about life, or about the state, or about language itself: after all, none of this exists separately.”
Task 5. What category of noun is being talked about here? Do you agree with this? A few of your thoughts on this matter.
Concrete, abstract, collective, real, singular nouns
According to the characteristics of the expressed meaning, nouns can be divided into several groups: 1) concrete nouns (chair, suit, room, roof), 2) abstract or abstract nouns (struggle, joy, good, evil, morality, whiteness), 3) collective nouns (animal, fool, foliage, linen, furniture); 3) real nouns (cycle: gold, milk, sugar, honey); 5) single nouns (pea, grain of sand, straw, pearl).
Specific nouns are nouns that denote phenomena or objects of reality. They can be combined with cardinal, ordinal and collective numbers and form plural forms. For example: boy - boys, two boys, second boy, two boys; table - tables, two tables, second table.
Abstract, or abstract, are nouns that denote any abstract action, state, quality, property or concept. Abstract nouns have one number form (only singular or only plural), and are not combined with cardinal numerals, but can be combined with the words many, few, how many, etc. For example: grief - a lot of grief, little grief. How much grief!
Collective nouns are nouns that denote a collection of persons or objects as an indivisible whole. Collective nouns have only the singular form and are not combined with numerals, for example: youth, old man, foliage, birch forest, aspen forest. Wed. : The old people gossiped for a long time about the lives of the young and the interests of youth. - Whose are you, old man? Peasants, in essence, have always remained owners. - In no country in the world has the peasantry ever been truly free. On the first of September all children will go to school. - The children gathered in the yard and waited for the adults to arrive. All students successfully passed state exams. - Students take an active part in the work of charitable foundations. The nouns old men, peasants, children, students are collective nouns; the formation of plural forms from them is impossible.
Real nouns are those that denote a substance that cannot be divided into its component parts. These words can name chemical elements, their compounds, alloys, medications, various materials, types of food products and agricultural crops, etc. Real nouns have one number form (only singular or only plural), and are not combined with cardinal numerals, but can be combined with words naming units of measure kilogram, liter, ton. For example: sugar - a kilogram of sugar, milk - two liters of milk, wheat - a ton of wheat.
Singular nouns are a type of material nouns. These nouns name one instance of those objects that make up the set. Wed. : pearl - pearl, potato - potato, sand - grain of sand, pea - pea, snow - snowflake, straw - straw.
- REAL
EVIDENCE - in trial- objects that can serve as a means of establishing circumstances relevant to the case. So, for example, in... - NOUNS in the Complete Accented Paradigm according to Zaliznyak:
nouns, nouns, nouns, nouns, nouns, … - EVIDENCE in the One-Volume Large Legal Dictionary:
- see physical evidence... - EVIDENCE in the Big Legal Dictionary:
-cm. The evidence is real... -
Material evidence means objects that were the target of a criminal offense, or that served as instruments for its commission, or that are... - REAL AND WRITTEN EVIDENCE IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
? Material evidence means objects that were the target of a criminal offense, or which served as an instrument for its commission, or which... - COURT in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
UN - see INTERNATIONAL COURT OF UNITED NATIONS. PARITY COURT - see PARITY COURT. COURT OF FIRST INSTANCE - a court authorized... - PROOF in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
Substantial - see Substantial EVIDENCE... - STORCH ANDREY KARLOVICH (HEINRICH STORCH) in the Brief Biographical Encyclopedia:
Storch (Andrei Karlovich, Heinrich Storch, 1766 - 1835) economist, after Christian Schlozer, the first popularizer of the ideas of Adam Smith in Russia. Native... - PROGRAMMING
the process of compiling an ordered sequence of actions (programs) for a computer; a scientific discipline that studies computer programs and methods for compiling them... - in big Soviet encyclopedia, TSB:
historical, everything that directly reflects the historical process and makes it possible to study the past of human society, that is, everything previously created by human society... - ARCHEOLOGY in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
(from archeo... and Greek lygos - word, teaching), a science that studies the historical past of mankind from material sources. Material sources are... - STORCH, ANDREY KARLOVICH in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
(Heinrich Storch, 1766-1835) - economist, after Christian Schlozer, the first popularizer of the ideas of Adam Smith in Russia. A native of the Baltic Sea region, Sh. higher... - DREAM in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
a state opposite to wakefulness, and since this latter is characterized by the presence of consciousness, attention and impressions from the sphere of the senses, to that extent S. is different ... - SLAVIC LAW in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
and its history. - Concept. Slavic law is understood as a science that should reveal the principles public life Slavs as one single whole. ... - in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
consists of the court verifying the evidence collected regarding the guilt or innocence of the defendant, and then making a decision on this subject. Forms... - PROVENCAL in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
complex of dialects of Southern France. Since Dante's treatise on vernacular languages(?De volg. eloquen.?, I pp., 8 et 9) accepted... - OLVIA in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
(?????, or ????? - “happy” - an ancient Greek city on the right bank of the Bug River (other Hypanida), a colony of the Ionian city of Miletus. At ... - CELTIC ANTIQUITS in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
Previously this was the name given to all the material monuments of the pre-Roman era in Europe, since it was assumed that the Celts were the original inhabitants of this part... - STORY in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
The word "history" is of Greek origin (?????????); it meant, initially, research, investigation, narration of what has been learned (??????? - I’m trying to find out, ????? ... - RECOVERY LEGAL. in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
a legal term that refers to the selection of objects that can serve as evidence of both the crime itself and the guilt of the suspect... - ARCHEOLOGY in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
- REAL in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
, -th, -oe; -ven, -venna. 1. Consisting of substance, material. In to the world. 2. sweat. f. Consisting of things, relating to... - STORCH, ANDREY KARLOVICH in the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedia:
(Heinrich Storch, 1766?1835) ? economist, after Christian Schlozer, the first popularizer of the ideas of Adam Smith in Russia. A native of the Baltic Sea region, Sh. higher... - DREAM in the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedia:
? a state opposite to wakefulness, and since this latter is characterized by the presence of consciousness, attention and impressions from the sphere of the senses, to the extent ... - INVESTIGATION in the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedia:
A. Preliminary C. 1) The concept and limits of preliminary C. The judicial investigation of a crime is divided into two sections: preparatory and final. Preparatory… - SLAVIC LAW in the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedia:
and its history. ? Concept. Slavic law is understood as a science that should reveal the beginnings of the social life of the Slavs as one single whole. ... - JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS IN CRIMINAL CASES in the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedia:
? consists of the court verifying the evidence collected regarding the guilt or innocence of the defendant, and then making a decision on this subject. ... - PROVENCAL in the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedia:
? complex of dialects of Southern France. Since Dante’s treatise on popular languages (“De volg. eloquen.”, I p., 8 et 9) ... - RECOVERY (LEGAL) in the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedia:
- a legal term that refers to the selection of objects that can serve as evidence of both the event of a crime and guilt in it... - ARCHEOLOGY in the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedia:
I. Definition of A. and significance for history. Word??????????? first used by Plato: ???? ??? ?????, ? ???????, ??? ?? ????? ... - VOWELS IN CASE ENDINGS in the Russian Language Rules:
Rules of Russian spelling and punctuation 1956< ../../../default.htm >Spelling< ../../default.htm >| Vowel Spelling Vowels in some... - PRONOUN in the Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary:
—lexical-semaitic class of significant words, the meaning of which includes either a reference to a given speech act (to its participants, speech situation or … - NOUN in the Dictionary of Linguistic Terms:
Part of speech characterized by; a) the meaning of objectivity (semantic feature); b) expressing this meaning using the categories of gender, number and case, and ... - -K-(A)
- -IC-(A) in the New Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language by Efremova:
- -IN-(A) in the New Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language by Efremova:
- -IR- in the New Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language by Efremova:
1. suffix (as well as -yk-) A word-forming unit that forms nouns denoting: a person by property or attribute that defines him... - CRIMINAL PROCEDURE CODE OF THE RSFSR in Modern explanatory dictionary, TSB.
- RUSSIAN CUSTOMS CODE
FEDERATIONS - This code defines the legal, economic and organizational foundations of customs affairs and is aimed at protecting economic sovereignty and economic security... - ARBITRATION PROCEDURE CODE OF THE RUSSIAN in the Modern Explanatory Dictionary, TSB:
FEDERATION-Accepted State Duma April 5, 1995 - Approved by the Federation Council - Section I. General provisions-Chapter 1. Basic provisions - Article 1. Administration of justice by the arbitration court - Arbitration ... - REAL in Ushakov’s Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language:
real, real (book). 1. Consisting of matter. 2. Perceivable by external senses, material. Material signs of immaterial relations. Goncharov. 3. Consisting of... - -K-\(A\)
1. suffix A word-forming unit that forms nouns female, denoting: 1) an object that is characterized by an action called a motivating verb: a) ... - -IC-\(A\) in Ephraim's Explanatory Dictionary:
1. suffix A word-forming unit that forms nouns with the meanings: 1) a female person, which is formed from the name of the corresponding male person ... - -IN-\(A\) in Ephraim's Explanatory Dictionary:
1. suffix A word-forming unit that forms feminine nouns with general meaning a single object that belongs to a mass of matter or aggregate... - -IR- in Ephraim's Explanatory Dictionary:
1. suffix (as well as -yk-) A word-forming unit that forms nouns denoting: a person by property or attribute that determines ... - -K-(A)
I suffix A word-forming unit that forms feminine nouns denoting 1) an object that is characterized by an action called a motivating verb a) ... - -IN-(A) in the New Dictionary of the Russian Language by Efremova:
I suffix A word-forming unit that forms feminine nouns with the general meaning of a single object that belongs to a mass of substance or aggregate... - -IR- in the New Dictionary of the Russian Language by Efremova:
I suffix; - -yk- A word-forming unit that forms nouns denoting: a person by property or attribute that determines his attitude... - -b-(E) in the Large Modern Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language.
- -YSH-
I suffix A word-forming unit that forms nouns - names of persons, usually non-adults and characterized by a sign or action named by words from ... - -OK- in the Large Modern Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language:
I suffix; = -yok- A formative unit that forms masculine nouns with a diminutive meaning, which is usually accompanied by an expression of endearment... - -NICK- in the Large Modern Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language:
I suffix A word-forming unit that forms nouns - names of persons based on some property or characteristic that are associated with an attitude towards ... - -N-(I) in the Large Modern Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language:
I suffix A word-forming unit that forms feminine nouns that denote an action or the result of an action on verbs from which the corresponding ...
I suffix A word-forming unit that forms nouns that denote an abstract feature named by the words from which the corresponding nouns are formed (... - -AT- in the Large Modern Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language:
I suffix A word-forming unit that forms masculine nouns, which denote 1) a social system, position or institution associated with persons ... - -AJ- in the Large Modern Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language:
I suffix A word-forming unit that forms nouns that denote a movable attribute characterized by a unit of measurement named by the words from which the corresponding names ...
Real nouns denote substances of homogeneous composition that are subject to measurement, division, but not counting (i.e., uncountable!): wheat, tobacco, caffeine, oil, silver, clay, lime, perfume, iron, bronze. Each part of a substance formed during division retains the properties of the whole.
Among the material nouns, the following thematic groups can be distinguished:
- Names of foods and drugs: salt, cereal, sugar, analgin, aspirin, streptocid.
- Names of materials: brick, wallpaper, gypsum, clay.
- Names of crops: oats, rye, barley, cabbage, potatoes, strawberries.
- Names of types of fabrics: chintz, wool, silk, kiwi, velvet.
- Names of minerals, metals, chemical elements and their compounds: coal, steel, tin, copper, oil, oxygen, calcium, helium.
Real nouns do not have special word-forming indicators, but real value expressed only lexically.
Grammatical features of real nouns
- Can be ( flour, honey, tea, milk, tin) or only plural ( canned food, cream, yeast, perfume).
- They cannot be combined with because they are not countable.
- Are subject to measurement - combined with, denoting units of mass and volume: liter of milk, kilogram of sugar, a ton of wheat.
- At the words a lot of/few have a singular form: little sugar, a lot of gasoline.
- Some material nouns that have only a singular form can be used in the plural form if they denote:
Real nouns denote substances that are homogeneous in their composition,
subject to measurement, division, but not counting (i.e. uncountable!): wheat, tobacco,
caffeine, oil, silver, clay, lime, perfume, iron, bronze. Every part of a substance
formed during division, retains the properties of the whole.
Real nouns m.r. may have a variant ending such as “a” and “u”: a pack of tea, a pack
tea. Some nouns have a variant ending in P. p. with “a” and “y”: on honey, on honey.
Among the material nouns, the following thematic groups can be distinguished:
Names of food products and medicines: salt, cereals, sugar, analgin, aspirin, streptocide.
Names of materials: brick, wallpaper, plaster, clay.
Names of crops: oats, rye, barley, cabbage, potatoes, strawberries.
Names of types of fabrics: chintz, wool, silk, kiwi, velvet.
Names of minerals, metals, chemical elements and their compounds: coal,
steel, tin, copper, oil, oxygen, calcium, helium.
Real nouns do not have special word-formation indicators,
and the real meaning is expressed only lexically.
Grammatical features of real nouns:
Can only be singular (flour, honey, tea, milk, tin) or only
plural (canned food, cream, yeast, perfume).
They are not combined with cardinal numbers, since they are not counted.
Subject to measurement - combined with nouns denoting units
measurements of mass and volume: a liter of milk, a kilogram of sugar, a ton of wheat.
With the words a lot/little, they take the singular form: little sugar, a lot of gasoline.
Some real nouns that have only a singular form
can be used in the plural form if they mean:
A). various grades or types of substances: lubricating oils, stainless steels;
b). products made from materials: rare emeralds, polished marbles;
V). a large number of grains or substances occupying any space:
endless snow, desert sands, waters of the world's oceans.
Question 16. Collective nouns
Collective nouns denote a collection of homogeneous objects or
living beings as an indivisible whole: foliage, oak tree, aspen tree, children, relatives, students,
teaching, professorship, peasantry, humanity.
Grammatical features of collective nouns:
Invariance in numbers, have only the form of a singular number.
Incompatibility with cardinal numbers and with words denoting units
They can be combined with the words a lot/little or how many, but they only have the form
singular: few relatives, few leaves, many midges.
Derivational suffixes of collective nouns:
Stv-, -est-:
youth
beast[j]e, crow[j]e
relatives, children
pioneers, aristocrats
poor, infantry
These nouns are combined with words denoting units of measure:
a kilogram of potatoes, half a kilogram of raspberries.
The following are not collective nouns: collective, people, detachment, regiment, herd, flock, pile, grove
(all of them denote countable objects and are used with ordinal numbers)
