Construction of a wooden house by classical technology– the process is long and expensive. Therefore today absolute majority gives preference to prefabricated wooden houses industrial production. The choice of customers is clear - the house is erected in one construction season, there is no need to wait for it to ventilate and shrink, you can immediately begin finishing work and immediately celebrate a housewarming party. It is more difficult to understand the offers of construction companies, of which there are a great many. Logic dictates that not everyone can be trusted. Once we're talking about about houses of industrial production, it means that it makes sense to order them from those companies that themselves produce the material and house kits from it, they themselves build turnkey houses and bear warranty obligations.
Today we are starting to publish a series of articles devoted to the stages of wooden house construction - from logging to finishing finished house.
We will go to production and talk with representatives of one of these companies. Representatives of Zodchiy LLC kindly agreed to give us a tour of the production site to see everything with our own eyes.
But before we go on a tour of the workshops, we meet with the development director of the Zodchiy company, Vladislav Bykov, who willingly agreed to answer our questions.
Glued laminated timber is very popular among developers today. What are its advantages over other wooden materials?
V.B. Glued laminated timber is a high-tech material that has all the advantages natural wood, but at the same time devoid of its shortcomings. With the advent of this material, the main problem of wooden house construction – shrinkage – was resolved. As you know, a log is a massive, living material that constantly absorbs and releases moisture, and when it dries, it changes its properties. geometric dimensions, cracks and deforms. The shrinkage of a log house can be 15 cm per 3 meters of room height, therefore, before starting finishing work, you need to take a technological break of at least six months to allow the built house to stand and dry.
Glued laminated timber is geometrically stable - it does not deform, warp or crack into open cracks. And the shrinkage of a house made of this material is so insignificant that finishing work can begin immediately after the construction of the house. In addition, a house made of laminated veneer lumber is built quickly and easily. A complete ready-to-assemble house kit arrives at the construction site and is assembled like a construction set. All structural elements They fit together so precisely that on-site adjustments are practically not required.
The material also has low thermal conductivity. A house made from it keeps heat for a very long time.
How does laminated timber acquire such wonderful properties?
V.B. The technological process - from the purchase of raw materials to the construction of a house - is centralized. There is strict quality control at every stage. IN production is underway only the northern forest of winter felling. Firstly, northern coniferous wood has a more dense structure. Secondly, in winter, sap flow in trees stops, and winter wood contains significantly less moisture than summer wood. It is much easier to bring it to the desired humidity level (12-14%) during the chamber drying process.
We carefully check the wood for defects - tobacco knots, blue stains, rot, etc. Selected lumber is sent to dry in convective chambers. The output is uniformly dried workpieces (residual moisture content 12%). Then the remaining defects are cut out of the boards, the workpieces are spliced, planed and calibrated. The resulting lamellas are glued together under high pressure. Next, the timber is profiled, trimmed, and corner locks are cut out.
What glue do you use in the production of laminated veneer lumber?
V.B. The quality of the glue is vital importance. We use only Swedish AkzoNobel glue. It is exceptionally environmentally friendly - it does not contain or emit any toxic compounds. In addition, the adhesive has a water resistance class of D 4. It performs well in aggressive environments and conditions high humidity. We even use timber made using this glue in the construction of bathhouses. It perfectly withstands the extreme microclimate of the Russian steam room and behaves well in conditions of constant humidity.
And the presence of adhesive seams does not prevent natural air exchange wood?
V.B. Doesn't bother me at all. After polymerization, the glue turns into a breathable substance. So the adhesive seams do not interfere with the breathing of wood. We have been using this glue since 2006, and I can say with confidence that the microclimate in a house made of laminated veneer lumber is exactly the same as in a log hut. It's easy to breathe here and life is pleasant - cool in summer, warm in winter.
Are there any fundamental differences between the laminated veneer lumber produced by you and the material from other manufacturers?
V.B. We have 2 fundamental differences. The first is an Austrian profile, the second is a patented corner connection “Labyrinth”. The Austrian profile has a tongue-and-groove design with an increased number of conical ridges, which makes it possible to assemble windproof walls without the use of heat-insulating gaskets. The complex relief of the timber ensures maximum adhesion of the crowns, so that the result is a truly wooden monolith. To produce such a profile, special German equipment is used, and it is modified and adapted for our production, taking into account our own developments. Not every equipment, even from the most famous manufacturers, is capable of producing as many shifts as we need. As a result, today we have equipment that allows us to produce a colossal volume of products.
In addition, we are one of the few companies that is engaged not only in profiling timber, but also in cutting corner joints, as well as connecting units interior walls with external ones. Our own development - the corner connection “Labyrinth” has a complex configuration. It provides maximum adhesion of the timber in the corners and even without additional insulation “locks the heat in place.” Blowing and freezing of walls is completely excluded. Even in a house made of 146 mm thick timber (our base product), the corners do not freeze at a temperature of -30 degrees. The thousands of houses we have built are evidence of this. And of course, the thicker the wall, the correspondingly higher the safety factor and the heat capacity coefficient of the structure.
What section of timber is optimal for construction? country houses year-round living in central Russia?
V.B. In principle, you can live in peace all year round and in a house made of timber 146 mm, but heating it in winter will be quite expensive. It’s better to invest in construction once warm home and then live in peace, without extra heating costs. In the climate zone where we are building - the Moscow region and Middle lane- for year-round cottages, it is optimal to use timber with a cross-section of 168 mm. And for those who want to get a house with a significant margin of strength and heat capacity, we can offer timber with a cross-section of 210 mm.
In construction there is the concept of “cold five-day periods” (this is when there is thirty degrees below zero day and night for 5 days). Based on these climatic parameters, thermal engineering calculations of the structure are performed. So, a house made of laminated timber with a cross-section of 210 can easily withstand such “cold five-day periods”. In addition, in our area, thirty-degree frosts have been rare lately, and even more so for 5 days in a row. But a large margin of safety and big savings on heating are worth ordering a house from this premium material. The costs of its construction will pay off quickly.
With the help of Vladislav Bykov, we finally figured out why buyers increasingly prefer laminated veneer lumber. Next time we will tell you how laminated veneer lumber is produced and what requirements a quality material must meet.
And some information about Zodchiy LLC, the company whose production we are conducting a tour of.
Zodchiy LLC is one of the largest and oldest players in the wooden housing construction market. For more than 25 years, the company has been mass producing houses both frame technology, and from laminated veneer lumber. The technological process includes the entire production chain: procurement of raw materials, production of lumber, production of house kits, all necessary carpentry, metal roofing, foundation blocks, transportation, design and construction of houses for finishing. According to Zodchiy LLC, 50 sets of standard models are shipped per day, and in the high construction season, up to 100 wooden houses. The range is extremely wide - from country houses economy class and standard cottages mid-price category to premium-class houses created according to individual projects.
The topic of our article is methods of connecting timber in corners and splicing on straight sections of walls. We will analyze several methods of varying complexity and describe their advantages and disadvantages.
To begin with, you can calculate required quantities timber using a calculator:
Wall length
m
Wall width
m
Wall height
m
Beam section
150x150 mm. 180x180 mm. 200x200 mm.
Beam length
5 m. 6 m. 7 m. 8 m. 9 m. 10 m. 11 m. 12 m.
Let's start, however, with general requirements to connections.
Connect securely wooden walls in corners is not an easy task.
Requirements
What properties should the compound have?
- Strength. It is clear that the beam is supported by its own weight, the mass of the floors and roof; however, the connections will have to withstand the inevitable fluctuations in the linear dimensions of the timber with changes in atmospheric humidity and temperature.
Please note: a house built from so-called natural moisture timber is most susceptible to deformation and experiences maximum internal stress.
On the contrary, material dried to 16-20% creates a minimum of problems for builders and the owner.
- Tightness. At a minimum, straight and corner joints of the timber should not be blown through: drafts are unlikely to please the residents of the house. The practical conclusion from this requirement is obvious: the more complex the form of the connection, the less likely it is for drafts to occur.
Corner joints with remainder
The corner connection of the beam with the rest has a couple of important advantages:
- It is practically not blown through.
- It is extremely reliable even without additional fixation. In this case, the mass of the upper rims holds the lower ones quite reliably. Displacement of wall elements becomes impossible even with moderate seismic activity.
What types of corner joints of timber with the rest exist?
Single-sided locking groove
Actually, the connection method is exhaustively described by its very name. On one side of the beam, a groove perpendicular to it is cut to exactly half the thickness. The length of the groove is equal to its width: it will have to accommodate half of the next, perpendicular beam.
As a result of this connection, each beam is securely fixed relative to the one lying below in one direction. Taking into account the additional fixation, the angle can be considered quite strong. The connection can also be used for material square section, and for profiled timber.
Double-sided locking groove
The corner connection of a profiled beam with grooves on both the top and bottom sides is somewhat more complicated. The width of the grooves is the same; the depth in this case is equal to 1/4 of the thickness.
Why make things more difficult for yourself? Why is this connection better?
The fact that with double-sided cutting of grooves, each pair of beams is rigidly fixed in two directions. As a result, shifts due to changes in humidity and temperature fluctuations are practically impossible.
Four-sided locking groove
Ambiguous decision. On the one hand, the four-sided groove should seemingly secure the corner joint even more reliably and make it absolutely windproof. On the other hand, in practice there are no great advantages relative to a double-sided groove, and the processing process becomes noticeably more complicated.
Note: the grooves can have a rather complex asymmetrical shape; but in this case, their selection is usually not done manually, but on machines during production.
Corner joints without residue
This type of connection is more economical: the material does not protrude beyond the edge of the wall. The price of saving is slightly less reliability and worse wind protection.
So, what can be the corner connections of profiled timber or square material without leaving a residue?
Butt-butt
The simplest method comes down to laying timber of the required length without any additional processing. The material is laid in a checkerboard pattern; The builder is insured against displacements with dowels, galvanized plates or steel brackets.
The connection is extremely simple, requires a minimum of time and can be done with your own hands even without any carpentry skills. However, assembling a corner from raw wood in this way is at least unwise: deformation during drying is guaranteed to occur.
In addition, it is almost impossible to provide protection from wind: any seal during the notorious changes in humidity (and, therefore, linear dimensions) will not protect against the appearance of gaps.
On dowels
The butt joint, however, can be modernized, after which it will lose a significant part of its shortcomings. It is enough to select the grooves on the end of one beam and the side surface of the other in which the key will be located.
The key is guaranteed to protect the corner from blowing and from moving the walls in one direction. However, the keyed connection is still capable of moving in the other direction.
To prevent this from happening, use special shape dovetail dowels: it is made widening from the middle to the edges. Of course, both the production of the key itself and the selection of grooves for it in this case are somewhat more complicated.
Half a Tree
How is a half-tree connection performed? The end of each beam is cut to half its thickness; the length of the remaining spike is equal to the width.
There is no need to talk about any inherent reliability of the connection: it is provided by the dowels. The corner is also quite easy to blow through: after shrinking, grooves may appear in it; in fact, that’s why after preservation for shrinkage wooden houses usually caulked.
The problem with blowing can be partly alleviated by an additional key; it will also protect the walls from mutual displacement.
Another modification of the method is “claw” joining, in which the ends of the beam have a slightly more complex shape. In this case, we provide greater strength: the mutual displacement of the walls is prevented by the mass of the upper crowns.
Connecting the corners of the timber “half-tree” and “into the paw”.
Warm corner
Connecting the timber into a warm corner (otherwise known as a root tenon) insures the walls from mutual displacement and provides excellent protection from the wind.
The instructions for preparing the material are not too complicated:
- The end of one of the beams is cut in such a way as to leave a tenon with a length and width of one third of the section of the beam. The tenon may be rectangular or have an extension from the base to the end.
- The corresponding groove is selected on the second beam. You should not adjust the size to within a fraction of a millimeter: the groove must accommodate not only the tenon, but also the seal (jute, tow, hemp, felt, etc.)
- The tenon is placed into the groove from above, after which the crown is fixed with dowels.
Direct connections
If the length of the straight section of the wall is greater than the length of the material used, the latter must be spliced.
The fact that two wall elements are joined on the same line and not at an angle does not change the priorities. Strength and reliable protection from blowing are still important.
How can they be provided?
- Butt splicing with dowels prevents mutual transverse displacement of the crowns; At the same time, the key blocks the way for drafts. Of course, in this case too it is compacted with natural fiber - jute, felt, etc.
- The root tenon is an excellent replacement for dowels. With direct splicing, it moves from the edge of the beam to its middle.
- An oblique lock is the most labor-intensive and material-intensive method. Two beams overlap by at least two of their own sections; Strict requirements for fitting both halves of the lock do not make life easier either.
How do our sacrifices pay off? First of all, increased strength and the fundamental impossibility of gaps appearing due to any shrinkage.
Nageli
Finally, a few comments regarding the fixation of wall elements.
- The pins should have a length of approximately 4/5 of the total height of the two crowns. However, it is also practiced to fix three beams with one dowel.
- Their optimal diameter- 25 - 30 millimeters.
- The step between two dowels is no more than one and a half meters; At the same time, fixing the corners with them is mandatory.
- Two horizontal rows of dowels are arranged in a checkerboard pattern, offset from row to row.
- The traditional material for their manufacture is birch. The fibers must be parallel to the axis; knots and cross-cutting are strictly prohibited.
Conclusion
In the article we touched only on the most popular docking methods. As usual, the video in this article will confirm all of the above. Good luck in construction!
It’s warm in winter, cool in summer, houses made of wood, a material with excellent thermal insulation properties, are becoming increasingly popular not by chance. Wood improves the air, fills the space with useful substances and aromas. But how to protect a building from cold winds, frost and heat, to make it truly warm and comfortable - warm corner technology will help.
What is technology?
High quality warm corner
The construction market is replete with offers of wooden houses, the popularity of which is growing day by day. People tired of big cities are striving to live in environmentally friendly homes, away from the city and closer to nature. Today, houses made of profiled timber, which meet all the requirements for comfortable housing, are in particular demand. The material creates an ideal indoor microclimate and has an attractive appearance.
However, quality construction timber house possible only with the use of warm corner technology. What is this technology. Simply put, this is joining timber in the corners of the house using protrusions. The wood is sawn in such a way as to ensure a tight fit of the parts without gaps or cracks. The corners of the cuts are joined together by a tongue-and-groove system, that is, one end fits into the other absolutely tightly. The crowns, by their own weight, add strength to the connection, and the entire structure is reliable and stable.
Important! A warm corner is a strong, locking connection of corners, consisting of surfaces perfectly adjacent to each other. Connecting the timber into a warm corner guarantees heat retention in winter without blowing or freezing.
The ideal warm corner involves additional insulation joints and crowns with jute or other materials. Exist different ways cutting joints to form a warm corner has been known since ancient times. Each method has its own differences, techniques for connecting corner elements.
Methods for joining timber
All existing joining options that form a warm corner have the same fastening principle, the essence of which is that one end of the beam is fixed to the other, but the fastening methods differ.
Advice! When choosing a developer company, give preference to one that does not add a separate cost to the construction of warm corners when building a house. A self-respecting company that guarantees the quality of work will never emphasize individual technological elements in independent stages of work. If builders offer a “butt-to-butt” connection, refuse their services.
What types of connections guarantee the formation of warm corners.
Docking into the wood floor
This is the name for the option of connecting beams, in which half the width of the beam is cut on one wall, and half on the other, the cuts are connected at an angle. This joining option is not as reliable as a claw connection.
Docking in the paw
Docking into the paw can be done both with a remainder (when the end of the beam enters the corner of the wall) and without it. A notch is made in the wood, and the end of another beam is inserted into the paw. When chopping into a paw without any residue, you need a perfectly even beam; when chopping with a residue, the length of the logs should be half a meter longer. Cutting into the paw has varieties, they are joined into a paw with a cut, a paw with a tooth. The labyrinth and dovetail combination are also types of claw cutting.
Dovetail docking
The method of attaching a dovetail, otherwise called an oblique foot, differs in that the cuts are made trapezoidal. This method is considered the most reliable and stable for the structure of the house. Variety this method– joining into a half dovetail, when the tenon is cut into a cone shape, this connection used when the beam is shorter than the wall, which it seems to hook with a hook.
Straight tenon connection
A straight tenon connection is used when the length of the wall and beam are the same, suitable for small buildings. A groove is sawn in one beam, a tenon in another, the connection can be perfectly matched, which is what the warm corner technology requires. A variation of this connection is the corner tenon. In this case, the spike is made of a triangular shape. The connection is also tight and reliable.
Important! To build a residential building using the warm corner technology, you should buy profiled timber with a thickness of 140-200mm; another thickness is not possible for this.
So, a reliable and effective warm corner connection used in low-rise construction should be as tight as possible. The mating beams are cut from a third or a quarter of the thickness of the timber; jute or felt insulation of plant origin.
To give greater strength to the connection, wooden dowels with a round cross-section, through or blind type, can be used. Dowels help ensure tighter connections; shrinkage of the house will occur faster and more correctly. The joints alternate in a checkerboard pattern, even with a tenon, odd with a groove.
Pros of technology
Correct application of technology contributes to the tightness of the structure, but not only that. Pros:
- reduction in fastening costs;
- improving the quality of house construction;
- significant reduction in heat loss;
- increased operating efficiency;
- aesthetic significance of the building;
- saving building material.
When dry, profiled timber with natural moisture changes its geometry and can warp or bend. After installation, the wood shrinks in a fixed position, which prevents the timber from deforming. Since cutting out the tongue-and-groove elements is done in advance, at the preparation stage, the assembly of the house itself does not require a lot of time and labor. Anyone can assemble a house with their own hands, saving money.
Advice! At the preliminary stage, you should not refuse consultations with experienced craftsmen, first you should learn how to make blanks, understand the intricacies technological process and only then, implement self-assembly home or bathhouse.
The disadvantages of the technology include the complexity of its implementation. To cut connecting elements correctly with a perfect fit requires practical knowledge and skills. An incorrectly cut tenon during shrinkage can lead to cracking of the timber.
It is easier to install a log house made of profiled timber from a ready-made kit with sawn cups. The cups are cut according to the design of the house or bathhouse. You can find ready-made kits on sale or order bowls to be filed from specialists for your project. You can cut out the cups yourself, but their design will be simple. For slicing, a special tool is used - a “cup cutter”. The better profiled timber with cups from the manufacturer, design various types sawing and features of making it yourself in one article.
Based on their shape, cups on a beam are divided into simple ones, which can be made with your own hands, and complex ones with a special labyrinth. Complex ones can be made using a cup cutter, as they have a lock to save heat. The thermal lock makes the connection as airtight as possible and the joints of the timber not only look aesthetically pleasing, but are also inaccessible to the penetration of wind and cold. According to the shape of the connection between the profiled timber and the cups, the connections are divided into:
- In the “region”.
- In the “cup”.
- "Dovetail".
The first two compounds are with the remainder, the third is without. Connecting the corners of the house with the remainder has a number of advantages:
- The corners are warmer.
- Aesthetics of the facade.
The disadvantages include:
- Material consumption increases.
- It is difficult to perform additional insulation of corner joints.
Beams with sawn cups are suitable for joining with the rest - “in the oblo”. This is precisely what our readers are encouraged to consider.
What are the pros and cons of a warm corner?
The connection of the corners of a house made of profiled timber with the remainder is called a “warm corner”. It was formed due to the locking connection, which reliably protects the corners from freezing. Cupping is not always the most effective. Since profiled material with natural moisture shrinks greatly and dries out, a void appears between the beams, which cannot be further caulked. You can avoid problems by using profiled, chamber-drying or glued material. It is important to know a number of features before choosing hand-cut or factory-made cups:
- Bowls filed on machines can only have certain sizes, since the settings are not limitless.
- The manual filing method cannot be ideal, since there is always an error during operation.
- An experienced craftsman can make bowls no worse than any factory ones.
- When sawing at factories, you still have to adjust the corner joints, since the timber can dry out or, on the contrary, gain moisture.
- Factory cutting is carried out with a margin of 1-1.5 cm; during manual cutting, you can adjust and fold the beam hermetically (in tension).
The main difference between mechanical cutting and manual cutting is the complexity of the thermal lock. It is almost impossible to do a complex one manually. But the factory one is also not always of high quality and ideal. The cut of the cup depends on the quality of the machine and the cup cutter. You can use the cup cutter even on construction site, since there are massive stationary machines and small mobile ones. The choice of machine and attachment determines the shape of the cup, the depth and angle of the cut. Corner cutting is necessary for easier installation of the corner.
How does a cup cutter work?
To cut bowls using a stationary method, powerful electric milling machines are used: Intercom FM-62/220E, AEG 2050, Makita 3612C, Felisatti RF62/2200VE and others. Plates with cutters for cutting are located in the design of the machine. The edge of the cutters is sharp and the cut occurs when rotating. When rotating, the cutters receive a large load, so the plates are inclined to reduce it. The plates can be removed and put back in place, secured with a special screw. Cutters for cutting bowls are mounted on a special frame that is movable and adjusts the length and width of the bowl.
By rising and falling the cutter makes it possible to drill the required depth. The complexity of the lock depends on the machine model and installed cutter. The mobile milling machine is installed directly on the profiled beam in the place where the bowl was cut and secured with cleats. During operation, the frame moves across the beam, which makes it possible to work with timber of any cross-section. This creates a groove required sizes according to a given scheme. The main thing is not only to install the cup saw correctly, but also to calculate the location of the cut. You can see more details on how to use a cup cutter in the video:
Where is the bowl washed down on a beam?
Corner connections in different sections of timber are made differently. It is necessary to calculate the location of the cup so that the material does not become brittle and crack when laying the walls of the house in the corners. The cut can be calculated using the standard formula: H = (B + c): 4 (H is the thickness of the groove of the profiled material, B is the height of the selected beam, c is the height of the existing groove or tenon in the profile. For example, take a profiled beam with a simple locking connection of 10 mm, section 200x200 mm. Insert the values into the formula: (200+10): 4 = 52.5 mm. This will be the size of the cutting depth. The cup is cut on a profiled beam using a cup cutter according to the following scheme:
- The middle of the cut is marked and an incision is made along the borders to a depth of 10 - 20 mm.
- The cutter is lowered onto the cut grooves and work begins to the previously calculated depth.
Judging by customer reviews, ready-made factory cups do not always fit in size when assembled and they still have to be modified. To simplify the work, you can buy a manual cup cutter. The price of the machine starts from 35,000 rubles, but by purchasing timber without cups you can save money. Use a manual cup cutter directly while assembling a house or bathhouse from profiled timber. The saw can be measured on the spot and adjusted to the desired shape.
In this case, the connection in the warm corner is more airtight. If the production of profiled timber is small, then purchase one hand tool it will be more profitable. Moreover, the work can be performed to the same quality as on a powerful milling machine. Depending on the type of frieze chosen, you can make different cuts for the cup. The number of cutters depends on the brand of cup cutter and its power. The more fezes included in the package and the higher the power of the equipment, the higher the price of the cup cutter.
Types of cutters and corner joints they make
The chosen shape of the cutter results in a different angular connection of the profiled beam:
- Four-sided bowl. The connection is made on a profiled beam with one rounded side - block house or with flat ones. Reminiscent of a four-way joint in a corner laying logs with the remainder. A cylindrical end mill is used to make the joint. The side parts of the bowl are obtained according to a template, which is secured to the material with cleats. The cuts are straight at the top and bottom. The timber fits evenly into each other.
- T-bowl. This angle is called “dovetail”. The cutter has a special shape with a notch. Machines on which similar cutters are included: Brussivit, Euroblock, Craze, Blook. The bowl is made in two steps; more details can be seen in the photo.
Price for drank cups
The price for sawing bowls in a profiled beam depends on the complexity of the structure, the cross-section and type of timber, and the complexity of the house structure. You can buy profiled timber with cups as a ready-made set in any major construction company, which produces the material. In large cities the price differs little; we calculated the average and present it in the form of a table:
You should not expect that by ordering bowl cutting from a construction company you will get impeccable material. The human factor has not been canceled. The only thing worth paying extra for is complex shape bowls for a warmer corner joint.
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Plates Knife blanks Blankets Flat knives Edge processing tools Packing tools General purpose tools Circular saws End tools Milling cutters Abrasive wheels and sanding stones Profile and elastic sanding wheels Sanding papers and endless belts Brush wheels Automatic splicing lines Endless splicing lines Semi-automatic splicing lines Manual splicing lines Two-position splicing presses Single-station splicing presses Endless splicing presses Tenoners for splicing Vacuum presses without excess pressure Vacuum presses with redundant pressure Hot presses for facing furniture. shields Manufacturer builds. designs are large. sections Presses with two working areas Presses with one working area Presses for gluing panels Automatic feeders for circular saws For band saws, tape dividing machines Special automatic feeders Universal automatic feeders Wood waste crushers Automatic briquetting lines Briquetting presses Pelleting presses Wrapping lines Membrane-vacuum presses Cutting of roll film Laminating machines Laminating machines Art machines. aging of wood Combined grinding machines Surface grinding machines Relief grinding machines Machines for grinding molded products Calibrating grinding machines Specialized machines Lightweight machines and medium series Machines of heavy series Optimization lines For carpentry and furniture equipment Portable chip ejectors Dust collection units Bag filters and centralized systems Double-sided tenoning machines Single-sided tenoning machines Long-length billet Stick billet
