Man has been using wood in everyday life since ancient times. They used it to build ships, build houses and temples, make furniture, dishes and toys. Wood carving was particularly warm and cozy. The works of masters in this field still fascinate with their beauty.

What is wood carving?

The decorative and applied art of wood processing, in which an aesthetic object is created, is called wood carving. The most common type is artistic wood carving, in which the design is made using an axe, chisel, knife or other tools. In the old days, household items, furniture, and dishes were made in this way. Wood products are still found in everyday life. You can find both entire houses and toys made from wood.

History of wood carving

The use of wood has been mentioned since primitive times among different nationalities in almost all corners of the Earth. The origins of wood carving date back to the use of techniques for processing this material and the emergence of wooden architecture. The first find made of wood is an idol discovered on the territory of present-day Yekaterinburg. The approximate date of its creation is attributed to the 8th century BC. It has been established that the body of the idol is covered with geometric wood carvings, and it itself symbolizes the connection between the underground and heavenly worlds.

As human society developed, the use of wood in rituals lost its meaning, new techniques for working with wood appeared, and tools were improved. People began to use wood to decorate household items. Since the 16th century, hand-carved wood became a universal craft, and the first workshops appeared. Skilled craftsmen decorate temples, royal palaces, and houses of rich people with skillful, original carvings.

Our ancestors were very closely connected with nature and considered wood to be a conductor between the sun and people, and wooden products were a symbol of health, prosperity and longevity. They also knew the valuable qualities of wood, such as water resistance, thermal insulation, a variety of textures and patterns of wood, ease of processing and preparation. Wood was used in all spheres of life: in the construction of defensive fortifications and houses, in the manufacture of dishes and tools.

Types of wood carving

Modern woodworking techniques do not have a clear classification. One product can combine several types of wood carvings. Artistic processing of wood can be divided into the following types:

1. Flat grooved thread, where the background is a flat surface, and the pattern is created from recesses of various shapes.
2. Flat relief carving, where the pattern is created by sampling the background.
3. Relief carving, where there are no flat surfaces, there is a deep drawing of the background and a detailed selection of elements.
4. Slotted thread, characterized by the absence of a background. The pattern is openwork, lace.
5. Sculptural carving, characterized by a three-dimensional image. This technique is used to make toys, figurines of people and animals, wooden columns in architecture, and so on.

Flat wood carving

In this type of wood processing, the background is the flat surface of the product, and the pattern is created by notches of various shapes. Decorative wood carving using the flat-notch technique, depending on the nature of the notches, can be contour and geometric:

1. Contour thread wood or plant engraving is similar to metal engraving, but is performed with different tools, and the lines are wider and deeper. This technique is easy to perform and can be done on plywood.
2. Geometric carving has this name due to the ornament that is depicted using this technique. These are mainly geometric elements: rhombuses, triangles, circles.

Flat relief wood carving

This technique of decorative wood processing is one of the most common. Manual processing of wood in this case consists of background sampling around the pattern, and as a result the pattern is uniform in depth for the entire composition. This technique depicts animals, people, and plant ornaments. It is used in applied arts and architecture.

Relief wood carving

Expressive and painterly technique. It is distinguished by an abundance of light and shade and three-dimensionality of the image; the details of the elements are worked out to the point of being sculptural. Depending on the height of the elevation of the picture above the background, the following are distinguished:

1. Bas-relief carving, when the pattern rises to half the thickness of the entire composition.
2. High relief carving, when the pattern protrudes more than half.

Geometric shapes, images of plants and animals, and symbols can be used as a subject for relief carving. The expressiveness of the product depends on the wood material. Beech, birch and oak are most suitable for this technique. Openwork wood carving (or in other words, slotted carving) in combination with contour, geometric and relief techniques gives extraordinary airiness and tenderness to the product.

Wood carving

In this type of woodworking, the background is completely removed from the canvas with a file or chisel. In another way, this type is called through wood carving. Mainly used in the furniture industry. Large-scale products are used to decorate building facades: in the decoration of balconies, platbands, cornices and are referred to as “house carvings”. For slotting techniques, pine, alder, birch, or aspen wood is used, usually 1-2 mm thick. Nowadays, this carving technique is used to decorate gazebos and country houses.

Sculptural wood carving

This technique for making products differs from all those listed by processing the workpiece from all or several sides. Various tools can be used, but the main ones are blunt knives and chisels. This type of wood carving is used in architecture (when creating columns, balusters, carved balcony posts), and in the manufacture of legs of expensive furniture. Very beautiful and realistic in this technique - sculptural wood carvings produce figures of animals and people.

Workplace for wood carving

Creating wood products is a labor-intensive, painstaking, wasteful and noisy process that requires sufficient space to accommodate blanks, tools and finished canvases. Here are the basic requirements for a wood carver's place of work:

1. Room. To work with wood, it is advisable to equip a separate, dry, bright room.
2. Lighting. The work area should be moderately lit. The light source should be to the left and in front. Sunlight is excluded.
3. Desktop. To work with small parts (souvenirs, spoons, small sculptures) you can use a simple table. To work with large parts, for example, in the house carving technique, you need a workbench.
4. Tools and devices should be located as close as possible to the workplace without interfering with work. It is advisable to secure chisels and other tools in special holders. For turning, you will need a wood carving machine. When using the slotting technique, you will also need a jigsaw and a sawing machine.

Wood carving tools

Equipment for artistic woodworking can be divided into the following categories: basic (knives, chisels), additional (axes, planes, saws), auxiliary (power tools, spray gun). The modern market offers a wide range of carving tools. You can purchase them separately as needed, or you can buy a set for wood carving, where the necessary tools are professionally selected.

Let's take a closer look at the main types of tools. For wood carving, there are knives of different purposes and designs:

1. A cutting knife is the main tool of any carver. The length of the handle and blade can vary, but the main cutting angle should be 35º.
2. The jamb knife is used in the technique of slotted and flat-relief carving.
3. The Bogorodsk knife is used for sculptural carving.

To create various samples, chisels are used, among which the most common are:

1. Semicircular. The main type of chisel used for any woodworking.
2. Direct. Used for auxiliary work.
3. Klukarzy. They have two bends of 120º. Necessary when preparing round bends and deep depressions in the relief.
4. Angle or surface planers. Designed for contour cutting and creating a V-shaped groove.
5. Oblique. With their help, longitudinal grooves are created and initial work is carried out on the workpiece. The blade of these chisels is beveled at an angle of 45º.

Wood carving - products

For many centuries, people and trees have been inextricably linked. Wooden products convey warmth, comfort and harmony. Currently, artistic or figured wood carving is popular. Some notable examples of products include:

The collection of artistic wood of the Sergiev Posad Museum-Reserve is one of the most complete and rich in Russia. At the origins of its formation is the collection of the Museum of Folk Artistic Crafts, created through the efforts of remarkable experts and researchers of folk art G.S. Maslova, V.N. Belitser, Z.L. Schwager, M.P. Zvantsev. In 1941, this collection was transferred to the Zagorsk Museum, where it was significantly expanded due to active expeditionary work.

Most of the works in this collection date mainly from the 19th and first decades of the 20th century. Some examples date back to the 18th and 17th centuries. Museum specialists examined almost all regions of the European part of Russia. The collection of wood products collected in this area is of great interest, primarily due to its great artistic significance. In their creativity, in an uncontrollable flight of fantasy, folk artists were transported to the wonderful world of beauty. Every peasant house was filled with works of genuine great art, which itself was very often a wonderful monument of wooden architecture. Sleighs and arcs, chests and cradles, spinning wheels and seamstresses, rollers and ruffles, ladles and salt pans were skillfully decorated with carvings and paintings. Carpentry was especially developed in the forest regions of Russia. In Russian wooden architecture, great importance was attached to the carved decoration of buildings.
The most striking page of this art in the 19th century was the house carving of the Volga region. The Volga region craftsmen especially decorated the platbands of the skylight windows. Occupying the strongly receding space of the pediment, the casing of the light was its decorative center. It was designed in a very sculptural, three-dimensional manner and was always brightly lit. The carving of the skylight windows is striking in the creative imagination of the craftsmen: here are elements of classical architecture, perfectly integrated into the overall composition of the casing, and fabulous creatures that decorated the wooden columns, and birds in the halo of the rays of solar rosettes.

The techniques of carving and the particular forms of works from these centers have centuries-old traditions. Each region developed its own forms and character of decoration of this small wooden sculpture. In Russian folk art of the 19th century, there are individual unique works made by masters without connection with established traditions. Such works of great artistic value include two birdhouses - the “old man” and the “old woman” from the Moscow region.

Slender, grandiose northern houses were crowned with a stump - a huge larch log, the rhizome of which was given the appearance of a horse, a duck, and sometimes a deer. The image of a horse, sometimes powerful and motionless in its grandeur, sometimes wildly cheerful and impetuous, is one of the most popular and beloved in folk art. Along with large, monumental works, which should include the Okhlupni of the North, children's toys - skates - are of great interest. In the 19th century they were widespread in the North and the Volga region. But, despite the conventionality of carving techniques, forms and painting.

Painting occupied a large place in the design of facades and interiors of houses. Her techniques, just like in carving, are varied. The paintings of peasant interiors in the regions of the Russian North are best preserved. In the 19th century, and often in the first decades of the 20th century, painting covered almost the entire interior of the northern hut. It was done without preliminary drawing with free painterly strokes of the brush, which were then emphasized by spaces (animations).

The motives of this painting are various flowers. They painted a golbets (a covered enclosure next to the stove, with a door to the staircase in the lower cage), a podpechka with doors (where the handles were hidden), a backsplash for dishes, a vessel with several doors (which went from the stove along the side wall), a voronets (a beam for the shelves ), shelf for icons in the red corner, front door. In the center of the bright, cheerful, painted hut, also decorated with paintings, hung a cradle. This entire complex of wall paintings and furniture was complemented by painted chests. In winter, a collar was hung at the entrance on a special ledge of the bench, the wooden parts of which were also covered with painting; on the bench, illuminated by the light from the window, there was a spinning wheel; on the shelves above the windows there were wooden dishes with paintings; In winter we rode on painted sleighs.

Of the wooden household items and tools, the best preserved is the spinning wheel. It was a constant part of the life of a Russian woman - from youth to old age. The spinning wheels were kept throughout life and passed on as a souvenir to the next generation. Even in our time, this item is still preserved in peasant houses in the North of Russia, as a memory of the mother. This has made it possible today to assemble a rich collection, which includes almost all types of spinning wheels of the Russian North and the Upper Volga regions.

Many of the previously unknown art centers were discovered by expeditions of the Zagorsk Museum. According to their design, spinning wheels can be divided into solid (or root), made entirely from the rhizome and “straight” (tree trunk), and detachable, consisting of a comb and a bottom. The northern spinning wheel, always made from a monolithic piece of wood, is most often called "teremkovy", "terem", "terematye", "teremanya" and "teremovye". Yaroslavl tower spinning wheels were cut from birch and decorated on the front side facing the viewer with the so-called contour carving, which was based on a thin, slightly recessed line.

The innumerable variety of compositional solutions, the technical perfection of geometric carvings on household items made of wood still delight our contemporaries with their original beauty. The classic center of large decorative triangular-notched carvings in the Vologda region can be considered the remote region of Tarnoga, located north of the Sukhona River along the Kokshenga flow. The shape of the Tarnog spinning wheel is archaic. The huge rectangular blade apparently once reached the bottom, but was later broken off at its lower part by a low leg. The large blade is literally strewn with the smallest, masterfully executed pattern, which shimmers with many facets of its complex compositions.

There are several more varieties of Pechenga spinning wheels. Their shape was apparently influenced by neighboring centers - Sovega, Tolshma and, in particular, Totma. The Totem spinning wheel usually has a thin and high leg, which carries a rather large square blade with large earrings at the bottom and a wide through lattice instead of towns at the top.

An outstanding phenomenon was the painting of wooden objects from the Northern Dvina, which were divided into various types, depending on the centers of their production. These are Permogorye, Rakulka and Borok, with the later centers of Puchuga and Toima close to it in style. The basis of the white background paintings of Permogorye spinning wheels is a clear black outline of the image applied to a flat background. This drawing was then painted over inside, or rather, filled with color.
Borka has long had its own construction scheme and its own character of painting of the spinning wheel. In contrast to the white background, very small and fractional paintings of Permogorye and Bork, the spinning wheels of the third Severodvinsk center, located on the Rakulka River (a tributary of the Northern Dvina), have a yellow-ocher background and large painting. There are no genre scenes in them. The upper part of the spinning wheel is always occupied by a curved branch with large spear-shaped leaves surrounded by tendrils of a black outline. And under it, a bird is inscribed in a square.

Mezen spinning wheels and boxes were widely known in the 19th and 20th centuries. They were painted in the village of Palashchelye. This fishery apparently has very ancient traditions. This is evidenced by the theme of the painting of Mezen spinning wheels. Among the various geometric patterns, the central place in the composition is occupied by friezes with images of deer and horses. Among the large spade-shaped spinning wheels of the Russian North, the graceful paddle-shaped spinning wheels on thin legs, like leaves on stalks, which exist on the coasts of the White Sea and in Karelia, stand out for their unusual shape.

In the west of the Arkhangelsk region, along the Onega River, there are spinning wheels of the usual spade shape, decorated with carvings and paintings. And further south, in the Novgorod region, and in the Tver region bordering it, and even in the Pskov region, this original form of a spinning wheel is found, the solid fabric of which descends almost to the base and only its decor varies in each region or district.

No other objects of peasant life, except spinning wheels, make it possible to trace local art schools and manufacturing centers with such completeness. However, other items of peasant life were also covered with carvings and paintings. Fine, very fine carvings covered the shiny, polished parts of the weaving mill. For convenience and speed in work, sewing was used - an object somewhat reminiscent in shape of columnar Volga spinning wheels. But still, much less attention was usually paid to the decor of the sewing machine than to the design of the spinning wheel.

Almost all processes of women's labor were accompanied by objects of art. For example, in some areas, rollers were decorated extremely elegantly, with which they went to the river to wash clothes. As well as rubles intended for rolling and smoothing canvas. In shape it somewhat resembles a roller, but is almost twice as long and its lower plane has a ribbed surface.

Russian carvers put a lot of invention, skill, artistic taste and spiritual warmth into the carving of gingerbread boards. Flowers, leaves, fish, birds, skates and cockerels - all these real images taken from life, the folk carver retold in wood in the language of ornament, decorated them with patterns, and transferred them to the world of fantasy and fairy tales.

Among household items, even in distant centuries, things curved from bast were very widespread - boxes, baskets, bread bins, urine bags, and nabirukhs. The smooth, shiny surface of the thin walls of bast products seems to be specially prepared by nature for painting.

Particular attention was paid to the decor of the bread bins. Breadboxes were usually signed as a dowry for the daughter-bride. On many household items, Permogorsk masters placed genre images, the meaning of which was related to the purpose of the item. On a berry picker curved from bast, next to the image of the Sirin bird, which was painted “for good luck,” colorful village roosters were often depicted.

In peasant life of the 19th century, much attention was paid to table decoration and the decor of festive dishes. The central place on it has always been occupied by salt lick. In the decoration of the salt solnitsa, the main attention was usually paid to its shape, its sculptural appearance. In the regions associated with the Volga - Gorky, Kostroma and Yaroslavl - there was a form of salt lick in the form of a chair. To the north of the Volga, duck-shaped salt licks were widespread. They were woven from birch bark or from roots, but more often they were cut from wood. The festive peasant table was filled with a variety of wooden dishes, among which the ceremonial place was given to ladles for honey and beer, decorated with Permogorsk painting.

The skopkar was intended for bringing intoxicating drinks to the table. They cut it in the form of a huge bird, the body of which was a wide, squat bowl, and the head and tail of the duck served as convenient handles. Of the large external vessels, the valley was widespread in the regions of the Russian North. This is a huge vessel, reminiscent in shape of a brother on a pallet, but for pouring the drink it has a small spout.

Bright, but very simple in pattern, the painting runs around the vessel in a wide stripe, emphasizing its volume. Inside, the bottom of the valley is also decorated with paintings. The round brat and a valley similar in shape with a spout of the most varied sizes existed in many areas.

Other accessories of the peasant household, jugs, plates and dishes, washstands, etc. were also decorated with carvings and paintings.

Every item in the peasant household was decorated with traditional painting. The pattern was made up of the simplest elements: dashes, circles, crosses and stripes. First, a black outline was applied, and the middle was filled with red lead. The painting was covered with drying oil, the golden tone of which gave the whole coloring a collected and noble quality. Warm red color, which is the leading color in the painting, softly combines with the white background. Very interesting are the plot compositions that fit perfectly into the plant pattern and do not violate its color rhythm.

Medium-sized vessels in which beer or kvass were served to guests were widespread. Their shape is not only beautiful, but above all very convenient to use. In the Kostroma region, these ladles were cut deep. Handles were the main decoration of such ladles. The shape of the well-known Tver "grooms" ladles seems literally molded into the palms of the hands, they lie so comfortably in them. A slightly flattened wooden bowl with the weight of two handles rests in the recesses between the thumb and forefinger on the edge of the palms.

The stable bucket is not only convenient, but also very beautiful. In the shape of its bowl, four planes can be clearly read, as if cut down with an axe, which are then slightly rounded at the corners. This clarity of form gives his image some special significance. From large portable vessels, honey and beer were poured into smaller vessels using small wooden ladles, the shape of which in some areas is surprisingly beautiful and original.

The names that they have retained to this day speak eloquently about their purpose. These are pouring ladles from the Vologda region with a rounded, very plastic bowl that smoothly turns into a lush decorative carved handle, and scoop ladles from the Volga with a clear and strict silhouette. Giant scoops were also not uncommon. Along the edge of one of them, like a golden ornament, there is an inscription in script: “This ladle of the Cheboksary district of the village of Minin, Mikhail Leksandrov Maslov, is a dowry for his daughter Anna Mikhailovna.” Such a giant, handsome ladle, of course, was a decoration for the festive table.

Many objects made from the simplest and most accessible materials were decorated by folk artists with bright paintings and masterly carvings. They were always highly valued by the people, as they brought joy and beauty to life.

State budgetary special (correctional) educational institution for students and pupils with disabilities “Bugulma special (correctional) secondary school No. 10VIIIkind"

Arts and crafts (project)

"Wood carving". Product "Box".

Head: Makhalov Yuri Mikhailovich,

technology teacher

special correctional schoolVIIIkind

2014

Table of contents

1. Selection and justification of the project topic p.3

2. Goal and objectives of the project p.3

3. Scheme of thinking p.4

4. History and modernity of decorative woodworking p.4

5. Main parameters and limitations p.7

6. Development of the idea p.7

7. Work on the shape of the box (options) p.8

8. Ornament of the box p.9

9. Product requirements p.9

10. Tools and equipment p.10

11. Materials p.10

12. Technological sequence of making a box p.10

13. Quality control p.12

14. Safety precautions when performing work p.12

15. Ecological and economic feasibility study p.12

16. Used literature p.13

Selection and justification of the project topic.

While doing wood carving in technology lessons,Students will be able to make various products with their own hands andmake it aesthetically beautiful,even if it is small in size. The school training workshop has the opportunity to produce products for sale. Studyingsamples of various products, left mychoice in making the box.

What attracted me to this product is that people love theseLittle things and material are required for the box. Wooden things create coziness in the house, retain the warmth of human hands, and a box with a carved pattern will become a decoration for any room.

In addition, making a box is anothera step up the development ladder, as this product is more complexin production. It requires a lot of effort, skill, precision, accuracy, and knowledge. It also makes more possibleto demonstrate your abilities.

Project goal and objectives

The goal of the project is to make a decorative box from wood.

Tasks:

Explore the history of decorative woodworking.

Determine the main idea of ​​the project.

Select an object and labor technology.

Make a box according to technology.

Carry out product quality control.

3. Scheme of thinking.

Before you start working on the project, you mustbe clear about all major aspects of your work.

4. History and modernity of decorative woodworking.

Boxes are household items, and they appeared in time immemorial. They serve people to store various small items. The purpose may be different. The boxes contained money, securities, letters, photographs, and amulets. The beautiful boxes once contained dueling pistols.

But the boxes were in greatest demand among women, in which they stored their jewelry and jewelry, sewing and embroidery supplies.

For many centuries, people have made boxes from various materials: clay, wood, stone, metal, glass, and in our time - from plastics. They differed in size, design, and shape (square, round, multifaceted, oval). Skilled craftsmen made boxes with secrets, locks, and inlaid them with precious stones, metals, and ivory. But the most varied boxes were made of wood, since this material is better processed. Boxes made of valuable species were valued - walnut, beech, acacia, oak, rosewood, boxwood. If there was no valuable wood, the master could decorate a modest box with rich carvings.

In Rus', workers who could make things from wood and decorate them with carvings were highly valued. Most people tried to purchase such products for home decoration.

One of these types was geometric or triangular notched carving. In the literature there are other names for it: wedge-shaped, wedge-shaped, etc.

This is the most accessible type of wood carving in terms of simplicity and manufacturability (after slotting). At its core, geometric threads are wedge-cut recesses repeated in a certain composition, which can vary in size, depth, and the geometry of the angles at which the recess is made. There may also be differences in the number of edges of each notch. The most common are two- and three-sided notches. The triangular recess has received particular development, which in many sources is called triangular pitted thread. Its attractiveness is that it allows you to get an unlimited number of pattern options. Less often, tetrahedral notches, square and rectangular ones are used, but their execution will require more skill, although the technique is no different from the previous ones.

As a subtype of geometric carving, it is necessary to considerstaple thread. Its main feature is that trimming (notching) is performed not with a straight, but with a semicircular chisel. Each trim is performed in two steps: first, trimming at a right angle, then at an acute angle, the value of which is determined by the nature of the pattern. The main types of wood are the same as in slotted carving. And in general in all types of carvings - coniferous, linden, alder, aspen. You can also use hard wood, but you need to switch to harder wood when you have mastered the technique of carving on soft wood, that is, from simple to more complex.

It consists of a whole series of elementary patterns, the combination of which gives beautiful, expressive compositions (contour carvings are sometimes also classified as varieties of geometric carvings, if they have rectilinear or circular outlines).

The entire variety of geometric carving patterns practically consists of a combination of elementary elements: a peg and a triangle, which can be seen in any composition. Any, the most complex geometric pattern can be divided into its constituent elements, and they will turn out to be either pegs or triangles.

In search of a decorative composition, it is recommended to useconnect with works of folk art. From the mastersin different regions of the country in the art of geometric carvingtheir preferences are observed, despite the fact that the initial elements of this carving are the same everywhere.

From a combination of triangles and pegs merginginto derivative patterns (diamonds, chains, swirls, etc.), you cancreate an endless variety of rich, expressivedecorative compositions on a wide variety of products.

To perform geometric threads you need a reliableknife. This is the so-called oblique, or shoe, knife. He mustbe durable, fit firmly in the hand and very sharpnom. Good knives from fragments of wide metal saws (fromprepared from R-18 steel). Individual craftsmen forgemake your own knives from wide files, from old car springs, from the outer race of large bearings, grindon an electric grinder made from fragments of metal milling cutter disks. HoroOur knives are made from braid fabric. Everyone uses thosethe possibilities he has. The simplest but most reliablethe knife can be made from a regular chisel 20-30 mm wide.It is turned on an emery wheel.

For an oblique knife they make wood or plastica handle (or by applying strips of leather or foam on both sideson, tightly wrapped with vinyl chloride insulating tape).

When performing geometric carvings, the knife is held firmlyin a fist, resting the outstretched thumb on the handle of the knife. The fingers of the other hand guide the tip of the knife, settingplacing it on the drawing line.

Each of the carving elements is easy to perform after you have mastered cutting out a peg and a triangle.

The geometric carving surface can be additionallywith various finishes that enhance the decorative expressionproperty of a thing. Finishing a wooden surface with geometricChinese carvings can be very different.

A product with geometric carvings can be tinted gray using watercolor or thinly diluted black ink. After the surface has dried (natural drying for about a day), it is sanded to light wood. Dark gray geometric patterns on a light wood background are very expressive. Gray can have wide color gradations from gray-ocher to cool gray-blue. After sanding the tinted surface, it is possible to lightly (single-layer) coat it with thinly diluted varnish.

You can make a carving in a negative version: pre-tint the product prepared for carving in a dark color, for example, gray or brown. Let it dry and cut patterns based on this background. Light, rich patterns on a dark background create an expressive decorative effect. At exhibitions of applied art, there are wooden products tinted in a light purple color (like diluted ink) followed by light carvings on this background.

It can also be done on a pre-varnished or polished surface. If you varnish a product with the natural color of wood, the in-depth patterns turn out matte and lighter than the shiny surface of the object. If the surface is first tinted, then varnished (or polished), and a pattern is already cut on it, then the decorative expressiveness of the product increases significantly.

The world of carving with all its directions, styles, and techniques is tempting and diverse. Above all, this is an introduction to nature. Communion in the sense that the carver deals with wood, a material unique in its diversity, created by nature. The carver also draws themes and subjects for embodiment in wood from observations of nature, whose fantasies are inexhaustible.

Anyone who cares about beauty and perfection, who would like to increase achievements in this direction, make their life, the life of their loved ones more beautiful, and pleasantly surprise others can enter this world.

5. Basic parameters and limitations.

The product must meet the following requirements:

Environmentally friendly

Beautiful

Safe

Durable

Compliance with the chosen style.

6. Development of the idea.

Having made a choice of the object of labor, it is necessary to think about the shape of thetulki. To do this, we went around the shops and markets, looked at samples, and studied illustrations in books on carving. Having collectednecessary information, we worked out the following scheme:

Casket

Materials

Toolman

You

Finishing technology

Function

Form

Design

Stone

Plastic

Metal

Wood :

Linden

Aspen

Poplar

Birch

Beech

Oak

Ash

Plane,

hacksaw, chisel, cutter, marking tools,

sanding paper

Burnout

Wood painting

Wood carving

Working

Decorative

Combined

Round

Rectangular

Multifaceted

Chiseled

Glued

With removable cover

As a result, we determined not only the object of labor, but also the technology and style of production (carving), and chose the material and design of the box. When making sketches of the shape of the box, we took into account that it should be beautiful, easy to use and feasible to manufacture.

7. Work on the shape of the box (options).

Option 1

Option 2

Option 3

The final form of the box

Shape of the sides of the box Shape of the top and bottom sides of the box

8. Box ornament

9. Product requirements.

Product name

Casket

Functional purpose

For storing small items

User

Unlimited

Single or mass production

Single

Dimensions

Small

Material requirements

Natural

Manufacturing method

Wood carving

Appearance, style

Folklore (Russian) style

Requirements in terms of safety of use

Smooth, burr-free surface

Environmental requirements

Environmentally friendly materials - wood

10. Tools and equipment.

To make the product you will need: a plane, a hacksaw, a chisel, a cutter, marking tools, and sandpaper.

If the ornament contains details with small circles, they are cut out with a semicircular chisel. If there are no semicircular chisels, the circles are cut out with an oblique knife. It should be remembered: the smaller the diameter of the circle, the sharper the sharpening angle of the blade should be (up to 30 degrees). With an oblique knife you can cut in all directions: toward you, away from you, tilting it to the right, left, inside the circle, out.

Materials.

Deciduous wood species are suitable for contour carving: linden, aspen, birch, alder. Coniferous species are practically not used here due to the different hardness of the constituent parts of the annual layer. Wood of the appropriate size without defects must be prepared for carving. To carve light wood, it is enough to plan it with a plane. If the composition is planned on a dark background, the board needs to be tinted. If a shiny surface is expected, you need to cover it with black varnish, and when it dries, polish it with polish. A dark, evenly tinted surface for carving can be prepared in another way: wipe the planed workpiece with a liquid solution of wood glue or PVA glue. After the glue has dried, the surface is sanded with fine sandpaper and covered with glue again. After sanding again, the surface of the wood is sufficiently primed for the black ink to lay evenly on it. Dried mascara is fixed with varnish, which is then polished. A variety of dyes are used for tinting: ink, gouache, tempera, watercolor, aniline paints, various stains and mordants, potassium permanganate. The surface can be left matte, but it can also be coated with a light varnish (fix the paint) and polished.

12. Technological sequence of making the box

the name of the operation

Sketch

Equipment, tools

Mark the walls of the box on the blank

Workbench, pencil, square, ruler

Saw the walls

Hacksaw

Make corner connections

Workbench, hacksaw, chisel

Glue the sides of the box

Glue, vice

Process the top and bottom edges of the frame

Grinding wheel

Glue the bottom and lid

Glue, vice

Remove allowances, process the box according to the shape

Grinding wheel

Sand the box

Grinding wheel, sandpaper

Mark the location of the cut between the lid and the walls

Pencil, ruler, hacksaw

Mark the ornament

Pencil, ruler, compass

Cut out the ornament on the box

Knife-jamb

Cover the box with varnish

Brush, varnish

Cut off the cover and clean the cut area

Hacksaw, sandpaper

Make and install hinges

2 pieces

Wire, pliers, wire cutters

Re-varnish the box

Brush, varnish

Carry out quality control

13. Quality control.

The finished product must meet the following requirements:

The box is made carefully, in accordance with technologic.

The unity of the compositional solution of the ornament and the shape of the product was observed.

The selected material corresponds to the purpose of the product.

14. Safety precautions when performing work.

1. Securely secure the workpiece when planing and sawingand carving.

2. Work with proper, well-adjusted tools.

To process parts with a grinding wheel, useinstall a special support table.

Keep the cutter in the workbench tray in a protective case.

5. When working with a cutter, hold your free hand against the oppositefalse side from the cutting direction.

Remove dust, shavings, and sawdust with a broom brush.

Work in a well-lit room.

When varnishing, work in a ventilated area.

Using a chisel, cut the wood in a direction away from you.

10. Keep your hands clean while carving.

15. Ecological and economic feasibility study.

The box is environmentally friendly, without bringingposing dangerous consequences to human health from the product, sincemade from pure wood. Manufacturing technologycompliance with safety and health regulationsnorms is also safe.

When determining the price of your box, you summed up the costsfor materials, electricity (this is the cost),deductions for expected salary, profit.

c = c + n

Cost includes:

WITH 1 - cost of wood;

WITH 2 - cost of varnish;

Сз - cost of electricity per machine;

WITH 4- sandpaper cost

WITH 6 - deductions for salaries;

WITH 7 - cost of plywood;

WITH 8 - cost of fabric;

WITH 9 - cost of material for hinges and lock;

WITH 10 - cost of glue.

Let's calculate the cost:WITH 1 = V1200 = 0.0003 m 3 1200 = 0.36 rub. WITH 2 =50gx0.08 rub. = 4 rub.

WITH 3 =1.5kWx1 hour (60 min)xRUB 2.43 = 3.64 rub.

WITH 4= 25 R

WITH 6 =20h.x30 RUR/hour = 600 RUR.

WITH 7 = 0.02m 2 80= 1.6 rub.

WITH 8 = 0.06m 2 x320 = 19.2 r

WITH 9= 35 рХ 2=70 rub.

WITH 10 = 43 RUR

C = C 1 + C 2 + C 3 + C 4 + C 6 + C 7 + C 8 = 741 rub.

The cost of the box was 741 rubles. If the box is sold for 950 rubles, then we get a profit that canbut use it to purchase materials:

P = C - S = 950 - 741 = 209 rub.

Having carried out economic calculations, we concluded thatthe sales justifies itself.

Artistic carving on a wooden surface is one of the oldest types of art in Russia. Similar carvings were used to decorate huts, princely mansions, ships, household utensils, musical instruments, and military weapons. Each region of the country had its own unique style with its own characteristics. In churches, icons, images of saints and sculptures that were carved from wood amazed with their spirituality and beauty.

Today, a huge number of products with a unique relief pattern are in museums. And each thing that was made using the technique of artistic carving is unique and inimitable in its own way, since each author has his own understanding and vision.

Artistic carving differs in directions and styles, but there is no established classification as such. In artistic carving, we can roughly distinguish 3 main methods - planar, through and relief. In turn, they are all divided into types, as well as directions: openwork (carved) and volumetric (sculptural) carving. Each direction is used in different areas of this applied art. Openwork carvings decorate houses, and flat carvings decorate all kinds of wood products.

The most ancient and simplest method is geometric carving - a subtype of planar carving. It is recommended to start learning artistic wood carving with this technique. The main difference between flat carving is that the patterns are applied to a flat surface, while in slotted carving the background is removed after the pattern is applied, and the finished product looks like lace. Relief carving contains a deeper ornament; it is used to decorate furniture and interiors. The most difficult direction of wood carving is sculptural carving, since the artist must feel the space, know almost every method of carving, and also be able to comprehensively depict the object.

Artistic carving differs in the technique of execution, since wood is a heterogeneous natural material. All types of wood have their own special properties, color, texture, and require special skills and a special set of tools from craftsmen. All methods of wood carving are performed using different tools. While geometric wood carving is done by some craftsmen using only a jamb knife, staple carving will necessarily require different types of carving knives.

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Today, a number of technologies are used for the decorative cold type of glass surface treatment, each of them has its own characteristics. One of the successfully used techniques is engraving. It is produced...

Bone carving is a vivid manifestation of the artistic culture of our country. Processing has a long tradition, this is confirmed by many objects that were found during archaeological research. In the Nizhny Novgorod region, bone carvers...

Folk carving is one of the ancient forms of art. Her monuments are known in Ukraine mainly from the 16th - 17th centuries.

Interesting evidence from those times tells of rich carvings on wooden buildings. In their pursuit of beauty, people used it not only in architecture, but also generously decorated things and tools with carved ornaments. Folk carpenters and carvers created true masterpieces, distinguished by their originality and originality of artistic forms.

Quite a number of carved items - furniture, wooden utensils, boards for printing, molds for honey gingerbread, yokes, parts of carts and sleighs of the 17th - 19th centuries. Kiev region, Chernihiv region, Poltava region, Carpathian region, Transcarpathia.

In the 19th and early 20th centuries. A major role in the development of folk carving was played by the famous Hutsul carvers Yuriy Shkriblyak (1822 - 1884) and his followers - sons Vasily Shkriblyak (1856 - 1928) and Nikolai Shkriblyak (1858 - 1920).

Yuriy Shkriblyak was known as an outstanding artist-carver not only in the Hutsul region, but also far beyond its borders.

In our time, great changes have occurred in the art of folk carving. Folk craftsmen, along with traditional ornamental carvings, create thematic works dedicated to important events in the life of the people, themes of their historical past, outstanding figures, and images of heroes in the works of great writers. The desire to create thematic compositions contributed to the development of the bas-relief genre of carving and round sculpture. Often plot compositions are combined with ornamental flat carvings and inlays.

The carved works of Vasily Garbuz are a continuation of the wonderful traditions of flat Poltava carving. In his miniature ashtrays and pencil cases in the shape of birds, we encounter the extreme laconicism of forms typical of folk carvings.

Rich ideological content and great artistic expressiveness are characteristic of the bas-reliefs “Hero of Socialist Labor Ekaterina Solomakha” and “Pig Farm” by carver Yakov Usik (1872 - 1960) from the Mirgorod region.

Numerous works by the carver from the Kiev region Peter Verna (1876 - 1966) are varied in theme: “I’ve already passed thirteen...”, “Perebendya”, “Blacksmith Vakula”, “Aeneid”, “The Sower”, “Let’s make the roads green”. He owns works that personify various characters from the works of classics of Ukrainian and Russian literature.

Peter Verna devoted almost his entire life to creating his favorite image of the great kobzar T. G. Shevchenko and images based on his poetic works of the same name. Other sculptures by Verna, filled with the pathos of modernity, reflected the life and creativity of people.

The life of ordinary people of Transcarpathia is depicted in the works of folk sculptor Vasyl Svyda. In the work “To the Meadow,” the author depicts the traditional spring exit into the mountains of the Hutsuls, driving their cattle to summer pastures. This day is considered a big spring holiday. The author personally participated in such holidays several times. Knowledge of life helped the carver to excitedly and truthfully recreate the images of the new people of Transcarpathia: free, proud.

The talented Transcarpathian carver Ivan Barna, in a relatively short period of time, created a number of meaningful works of art that convincingly tell about the heroics of the past. His bas-relief deserves special attention, revealing the image of the national hero of Ukraine in the 18th century. Oleksa Dovbush.

The creative growth of modern Hutsul carvers, former artisans, was facilitated by their unification into production and creative teams.

A wealth of imagination and poetry are inherent in the works of the carver from the village of Bratki, Lviv region, Stepan Chaika - “Life in the Forest”, “Family of Ducks”, “Deer”, etc. The carver finds the images of his works in the very life of the forest, and the material for it is the bizarre shapes of roots trees, twigs, etc.

Lviv carver Mikhail Tkachev works in an interesting material - poplar bark. His miniatures - cockerels, deer, horse horses - are made in the spirit of folk sculpture traditions.