Grechishnikova Marina Anatolyevna,
teacher of Russian language and literature
MBOU "Secondary School No. 2" urban settlement Urengoy
Complex sentences with several subordinate clauses. Types of subordination.
Preparation for the State Examination. Task B8.
Target – systematize students’ knowledge on the topic, improve skills in working with tests and texts in preparation for the State Examination
Lesson objectives:
Educational
- improve the ability to distinguish between types of subordination in a complex sentence;
- introduce the work of Yuri Afanasyev.
Developmental
- develop syntactic skills;
- develop skills in working with text;
- develop skills in working with tests (tasks A1 – B9).
Educational
- cultivate love for native land, respectful attitude towards the culture of the peoples of the North inhabiting Yamal;
- to educate a thinking reader on the works of Yamal writers.
Lesson equipment:
- computer;
- interactive board;
- textbook;
- notebooks;
- handouts (tests, texts).
During the classes
- Language warm-up
- Read the text - an excerpt from Yuri Afanasyev’s story “Two Spruce Trees” (print the texts for each student or project them onto the board).
1. Due to the storm, the tug was standing in a creek. 2. Time was rushing. 3. For almost a week, Eduk and Oksana traveled along the canals to the village on Kaldanka. 4. Almost a week - this is the time. 5. And in life for Eduk there was one moment. 6. During these days, he learned so much about the world that the most ancient old man could not have learned. 7. The world, it turns out, is very big and hectic. 8. Like animals in the taiga, all sorts of people inhabit it. 9. Everyone has a lot of worries. 10. But the most incredible thing for Eduk was to hear that there are lands where people all year round They walk around almost without clothes. 11. Just think, imagine yourself in the Arctic without clothes, even not in winter, even in summer (?!). 12. However, he could not help but believe Oksana. 13. Their relationship was so close, her eyes understood him so deeply that he was afraid of his bad thoughts. 14. “What? - thought Eduk. “Why not become related, be your own person in a warm, nourishing village?”
15. And then the village suddenly appeared from behind the melted cape. 16. The houses scattered along the ridge on the slope huddled together like chickens. 17. Among them, a church rose like a wood grouse, glowing reddishly with larch logs.18. And further beyond the village, spiky spruce trees stuck out like a comb. 19. The faint smell of warm bread made my head spin. 20. Eduk could distinguish this smell from a great distance. 21. You can’t confuse him with anything...
- Find dialect words in the text and replace them with stylistically neutral synonyms.
Kaldanka (in project 3) – boat
Uval (in Project 16) – hill, slope
- In paragraph 2, find comparisons. Write down the numbers of sentences with comparisons.
16 – like chickens
17 – capercaillie (instrumental case form)
18 – comb (instrumental case form)
- Write down the number of the sentence with the introductory word.
- You write grammar basics from sentences 7, 12, 20
7 – the world is big, hectic
12 – he couldn’t help but believe
20 – Eduk could tell the difference
- Determine the type of subordinating connection in the phrase “animals in the taiga” (sentence 8). Replace this phrase with a synonym for the subordinating connection, agreement.
Communication - management; taiga animals
- Determine the type of subordinating connection in the phrase “restless world” (sentence 7). Replace this phrase with one synonymous with the subordinating connection, management.
Coordination; peace without peace
- Write down the numbers of complex sentences.
6, 10, 13
- Updating knowledge
Write sentence 10 from the text.
But the most incredible thing for Eduk was to hear that there are lands where people walk almost without clothes all year round.
Construct a diagram of this sentence: [ === ], (which === ____), (where ____ ===).
Determine the type of subordination (sequential).
What types of subordination in a complex sentence do you know? (Memo, Appendix 1).
Give examples.
- Consolidation
- Determine the type of subordination. Fill out the table (Appendix 2). Comment your answer orally. Print out worksheets with example sentences for each student. Graduates fill out only column 2.
Offer | Type of subordination |
The most important hero in Khanty mythology is the bear who considered the ancestor | Sequential (main → attributive clause → corollary clause) |
don't lead that only scrupulous work will allow him to come out | Homogeneous (main → subordinate explanatory, subordinate explanatory) |
If you contact | Parallel, or heterogeneous (subordinate clauses → main → subordinate clause) |
will have to overcomemany obstacles, | Parallel, or heterogeneous (clause of purpose → main → clause of attribute) |
Task maintaining traditions complicated by the fact that many Russian speaking younglearn your native language, prefer | Sequential (main → explanatory clause → attributive clause) |
the role appears in legends. | Sequential (main → explanatory clause → concession clause) |
For the rights of the people who appeals to the poet who calls | Parallel, or heterogeneous (clause clause → main clause → clause clause). In this sentence, the subordinate clauses refer to different words in the main clause. |
The writer often resorts to reception"turning to the past" to force | Homogeneous (main → subordinate clause, subordinate clause of the target). |
- Compress the text. From sentences 6-8 (excerpt from the story “Two Spruce Trees”), make up 1 complex sentence with homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses.
What is this method of text compression called? (Simplification is merging several sentences into one).
- Among the sentences below, find the IPP with sequential subordination of subordinate clauses:
1. Without making out the road, he fled into the forest-tundra, ran towards the Urals. 2. Ran until exhausted. 3. He was afraid to stop. 4. He felt that if he stopped, he would be torn apart from the inside. 5. My heart can't stand it. 6. And he ran, ran off-road, throwing out bitterness and resentment.
Answer: 4
- Using the text of the story “Two Spruce Trees” by Yu. Afanasyev, continue the sentences so that you get SPP with different types subordination:
Sequential: I can’t say how old these spruce trees are..... (which grow on the banks of the Ob).
Homogeneous : Loneliness or waiting for the morning when the village wakes up with fishing sweat, mooing cows, breathing brought us closer together fresh wind,…. (when the snipe sandpiper announces the beginning of the day with a wooden shamanic trill.
Parallel (non-uniform): When the headman smiles, it seems... (that he is ready to swallow you like a small fish).
- Testing. Part B8. Presentation (it is better to conduct a lesson with a mobile computer class so that each graduate can work on the tests independently. If this is not possible, the assignments can be printed for each student).
1. Among sentences 1-6, find a complex sentence with homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses. Write the number of this offer.
(1) Many did not go to explore the North and live in Yamal, but to earn money. (2) Isn’t that where it came from: I worked for 15 years, gave “all my strength” to the wild North - put me back in my place, give me everything. (3) They gave and kissed goodbye, and the “silent” ones were increasingly thrown into the darkness, as if they had been sentenced in advance: the locals could not be trained into cadres. (4) In the second and third generations, children of the dispossessed were not issued passports.
(5) “Yamal received the third blow with the beginning of oil and gas development. (6) Now the organizers themselves do not know why they built the cities, or what to do with the population.”
2. Among sentences 1-6, find a complex sentence with parallel (heterogeneous) subordination. Write the number of this offer.
(1) With the closure of navigation, it is practically prohibited to set nets on the Ob. (2) But nets are installed every year, and it is impossible for a fish inspector with a pick to remove them all. (3) How many holes do you need to cut?! (4) To streamline recreational fishing, it is appropriate in some cases to apply licensed fishing based on the experience of Guryev residents. (5) This experiment is justified if the bycatch is insignificant valuable species fish, which does not in any way negatively affect the reproduction of fish stocks, and in the fall on smooth sands, when fishermen leave the latter, migrating to their winter quarters.
(6) It should be taken into account that northern fishing in the fall, in the wind, in icy water is not an easy pleasure.
3. Among sentences 1-5, find a complex sentence with homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses. Write the number of this offer.
(1) The profitability of licensed fishing is not only in the collection of funds, part of which should go to the development of fishing, but most importantly in the education of the person himself. (2) If you want to fish, work on cleaning up the living creatures, plant a few bushes to strengthen the banks of spawning rivers, and do your part to save the young fish. (3) Anyone who took the fish but did not give it back, who violated the rules of fishing, may be expelled from society or temporarily suspended from fishing. (4) It seems that amateur fishermen in their place of residence will more jealously monitor their area and will also provide assistance in the fight against malicious poaching. (5) The discovery of cases of the latter is still insignificant.
4. Among sentences 1-7, find a complex sentence with homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses. Write the number of this offer.
(1) Poachers. (2) Who are they? (3) Of course, people. (4) But these are people who deliberately go about causing damage to nature. (5) What about the rest who love their Ob, who for one reason or another end up as violators? (6) Doesn’t the very word “poacher” offend his ears? (7) So far, such a difference is not visible and only because not everything has been used in the organization of recreational fishing.
5. Among sentences 1-5, find a complex sentence with sequential subordination of subordinate clauses. Write the number of this offer.
(1) V last days departing leap year stocky log house in the village, the weight of the snow on the roofs pressed them even more tightly to the ground. (2) The old office building, unable to withstand such a load, leans against the neighboring fence, but proudly and cockily a flag flutters on a spruce pole, all faded and planted there unknown when and by whom. (3) The flag glorified the still indestructible and mighty Union, when for the second year the political weather was completely different. (4) But the people of Yamalsk have not changed in any way morally and in their actions. (5) On the pediment of the office there still hung a peeling slogan, which called on the fishermen and fisherwomen to work hard and give one more percent above the plan, because the fate of the Motherland depended on this percentage.
6. Among sentences 1-6, find a complex sentence with parallel subordination of subordinate clauses. Write the number of this offer.
(1) “Now there will be a buzz!” - Styopka explained to his mentor, who perceived the children’s noise with migraine pain and was impatiently waiting for her duty to end. (2) Styopka didn’t know where she came from. (3) But how could he be interested in the fact that some go to the Far North to build, others to earn northern seniority for retirement, for a coefficient. (4) But the boarding school teacher was noticeable in the village for her unsociability, did not trust the cleanliness of the frogs and malitsa, and was wary of visiting the families of tundra dwellers. (5) It is not easy to gather reindeer herders and fishermen to the boarding school for a parent meeting, but coming to your home - chum - is revered. (6) And if the teacher began to speak in their native language, then he became no less than a ruma - a friend to whom, on occasion, you need to give a gift.
7. Among sentences 1-6, find a complex sentence with homogeneous subordinate clauses. Write the number of this offer.
(1) The blizzard howled louder and angrier, but the voices in the tent, illuminated from the outside by several electric bulbs, were heard far away. (2) Before Chuprov had time to throw back the curtain, a man in a mask splashed a full ladle of ice water down his collar. (3) “What a joke,” Styopka gasped. (4) The owner liked the joke, and this trick added noise and fun to all the guests.
(5) How did he not foresee all the consequences? (6) After all, he should have known that he was being invited and taken as a hostage to One-Eyed, that if necessary and to please the owner, the procurer was taken to the village.
8. Among sentences 1-6, find a complex sentence with sequential subordination of subordinate clauses. Write the number of this offer.
(1) He had known the brood of wolves since last year, and now four one-year-old puppies also went through practice in a blizzard. (2) As they cut up all the weakened deer with a knife, their corpses turned black in the snow. (3) Here and there the wolverine tried: jumping from tree to tree, she gnawed at the throat, drank the blood, and threw the animal...
(4) Hunzi no longer thought about Zyryanov’s promises - if the deer were 100% safe, he would transfer thirty percent to him. (5) This whole market is not for him. (6) The only thing he thought about now was that no one could take away the snow, the sky, the air, the tundra where he walked.
9. Among sentences 1-6, find a complex sentence with sequential subordination of subordinate clauses. Write the number of this offer.
(1) Hunzi went at the wolf unarmed, only with this shovel stick. (2) He had neither fear nor anger against the wolf. (3) What he dreamed disappeared. (4) Hunzi, peering at the trail, saw that he was trying to jump over the ravine, but was careful of a large snow drift, that he sat, turned around and again moved directly.
(5) Finally, Hunzi saw a wolf on the opposite bank of the Yugan River. (6) The floodplain was snow-covered two to three meters deep - you couldn’t cross that easily...
10. Among sentences 1-5, find a complex sentence with sequential subordination of subordinate clauses. Write the number of this offer.
(1) The deer carries the shepherd further and further. (2) It’s not scary to travel with such a deer even unarmed. (3) How can a shepherd not rejoice at the deer, how can he not sing a song about them! (4) Narasyukh, tell us about the blue wind of kaslanya and about the deer-miniruv, the holy deer, which in its entire life does not know what a team is. (5) Tell me how the minyruv hung the sun on its horns and how on a quiet night the stars rang like bells in their ears on a quiet night...
Answers
- Reflection. Summing up the lesson.
- What new did you learn in the lesson?
- How to find complex sentences with different types of subordination?
- What is the difference between homogeneous subordination and parallel subordination?
- What problems does Yu.N raise? Afanasyev in his works?
- What lexical features can be noted in the texts used in the lesson? ( Dialect words, abundance of means of expression, especially comparisons).
- Have you noticed the syntactic features of the works of Yamal writers? (Simple sentences, introductory words, inversion).
- Differentiated homework assignment (optional).
- Prepare a presentation of 20 slides on the topic “Preparation for the State Examination. B8" (Performance in groups is possible).
- Develop a memory aid theoretical material on this topic.
- Make a table to systematize knowledge on the topic and memorize theoretical material.
- Solve several variants of tasks B8 from the collection for preparing for the State Examination.
Bibliography
- Gosteva Yu.N., Vasiliev I.P., Egoraeva G.T. GIA 2014. Russian language. 9th grade. 30 standard options test tasks and preparation for the implementation of part 3 (C) / Yu.N. Gosteva, I.P. Vasiliev, G.T. Egoraeva. – M.: Publishing house “Exam”, 2014.
- Lvova S.I. GIA 2014. Russian language: training tasks: 9th grade / S.I. Lvova, T.I. Zamuraeva. – M.: Eksmo, 2013.
- Nazarova T.N. GIA. Workshop on the Russian language: preparation for completing tasks of part B/ T.N. Nazarova, E.N. Violin. – M.: Publishing house “Exam”, 2014.
- Russian language. 9th grade. Preparation for State Examination 2013: teaching aid/ Ed. ON THE. Senina. – Rostov n/a: Legion, 2012.
- Khaustova D.A. Russian language. Preparing for the State Examination (writing concise presentation). Universal materials With methodological recommendations, solutions and answers / D.A. Khaustova. – 3rd ed., revised. and additional – M.: Publishing house “Exam”, 2012.
Internet resources
- Gubkin centralized library system.http://www.gublibrary.ru
- Afanasyev Yu.N. Rhythms of the tundra. Once stepping on a rake. Two ate. Corporate information and library portal of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug.http://libraries-yanao.ru
Annex 1.
REMINDER
TYPES OF SUBMISSION
A complex sentence can have two or more subordinate clauses. The relationships of such subordinate clauses with each other determine the type of subordination.
1. Parallel subordination
With parallel subordination, one main element includes different types of subordinate clauses that answer different questions:
Reason, (despite what?) even if it is oppressed and neglected, ultimately always prevails (why?), because it is impossible to live without it (A. France).
2. Homogeneous submission
With homogeneous subordination, subordinate clauses are of the same type, answer the same question and refer to the same member of the main sentence or to the entire main sentence as a whole. Homogeneous subordinate clauses are connected with each other by a coordinating or non-conjunctive connection:
Yegorushka saw (what?), how little by little the sky darkened and darkness fell to the ground (what?), how the stars lit up one after another (A. Chekhov).
3. Consistent submission
With sequential subordination, the main clause is subject to a subordinate clause (clause of the first degree), which, in turn, is subject to the next subordinate clause (clause of the second degree), etc. (the parts form a chain). With this connection, each subordinate part becomes the main part in relation to the next one, but only one original main part remains: which considered the ancestor people, which is why the largest number of legends are dedicated to him.
Historical experience proves that all attempts “jumping” over some stages of culture does not lead to anything good don't lead that only scrupulous Job to restore historical memory, “childhood and youth” of the people let him go out on the main road of world culture and come to a feeling of spiritual fullness of being.
If you contact To foreign literature, then with confidence we can say that the fairy-tale hero of R. Rugin has long been known already in the vastness of Europe from France to Russia.
To become masters of your own destiny , Khanty and other small peoples of Siberiawill have to overcomemany obstacles, which modernity has prepared for them.
Task maintaining traditions complicated by the fact that many Russian speaking young Khanty who don’t see the point learn your native language, prefer study English instead.
It is significant that the deer is playing less significant in Khanty mythology role than in the Nenets legends, although also appears in legends.
Roman Rugin is also a wrestler for the rights of the people, which appeals to the mind of his reader and states the facts, and the poet who calls to people's hearts and their emotions.
The writer often resorts to reception"turning to the past" to force Khanty readers look at their past, to move forward, build the future.
The section of the science of our language devoted to the structure of sentences is fraught with a lot of interesting things, and syntactic analysis can be a fascinating activity for those who are well versed in the rules of the Russian language. Today we will touch on the syntax and punctuation of a complex sentence, in particular the case when there is not one subordinate clause, but several. What types of subordination are there and why is a sentence with parallel subordination of subordinate clauses interesting? First things first.
Complex sentence and its parts
A complex sentence (S/P) is a complex sentence in which one can distinguish the main part (it carries the main semantic load) and the subordinate part (it is dependent on the main part, you can ask a question about it). There can be two or more subordinate parts, and they can be attached to the main, main part in different ways. There are consistent, homogeneous, heterogeneous, parallel subordination subordinate clauses. To find out the type of subordination, you need to pay attention to whether the dependent parts answer the same question or to different ones, whether they refer to the same word in the main part or to different ones. We will consider the material in more detail in the next section.
Types of subordination of subordinate clauses
So, there are four types of subordination.
- Sequential subordination - subordinate parts depend sequentially on each other, and one of them depends on the main one. I know (about what?), what to do (for what?) to get to (where?) where I need to go.
- Homogeneous - subordinate parts respond to same question and refer to the same word. I asked (about what?) what time it was, where we were and how to get to the airport. This sentence has three subordinate (dependent) parts, all of them relate to the word “asked” and answer the question “about what?”
- Heterogeneous subordination - subordinate clauses also refer to the same word, but different questions are asked to them. I have to go to this city (why should I?) to accomplish everything I have planned, (why should I?) because there are a lot of things to do.
- Parallel subordination of subordinate clauses - dependent parts refer to different words of the main sentence and answer completely different questions. (For what?) To catch the train, I have to leave home early for the train station (which one?), which is located in another part of the city.
Parallel subordination of subordinate clauses
What's the difference between various types subordination, we found out. By the way, in some sources, heterogeneous parallel subordination of subordinate clauses is distinguished as one type. This occurs because in both cases the questions to the dependent parts are posed differently.
If the sentence is complex with parallel subordination of subordinate clauses, then most often one dependent part is located before the main one, and the second - after.
You need to highlight the main, main part of the sentence, determine the number of subordinate clauses and ask questions about them. Only in this way will we be convinced that what we have before us is truly a parallel subordination of subordinate clauses. If the questions are different, and we ask them from different words, then the subordination is truly parallel. When I went outside, I suddenly remembered that a long time ago I was going to visit my friend. In this sentence from the predicate of the main part "remembered" we ask a question "When?" to the first subordinate clause, and from the complement "About" ask a question "about what?"to the second. So, in in this case a parallel method of subordination is used.
It is necessary to be able to determine the boundaries of the parts of a sentence and correctly ask questions from the main part in order not to make mistakes when placing punctuation marks. We remember that subordinate clauses are separated from the main clause by commas, which are placed before the conjunction or allied word connecting the parts of a complex sentence.
Let's sum it up
Parallel subordination of subordinate clauses is one of four types of subordination in the Russian language. To determine the type of subordination, you need to select simple sentences as part of a complex subordination, determine the main part and ask questions from it to the dependent ones. If the question is the same, then this is homogeneous subordination, if different from the same word - heterogeneous, if unequal questions from different words - parallel, and if the question can be asked only to one subordinate clause, and from it to another, and so on, then in front of us consistent submission.
Be literate!
42. The concept of a non-union complex sentence. Typology of non-union proposals
Bessoyuznoe difficult sentence - this is a complex sentence in which simple sentences are combined into one whole in meaning and intonation, without the help of conjunctions or allied words: [ Habit from above to usgiven ]: [ replacement happinessshe] (A. Pushkin).
The semantic relations between simple sentences in conjunctions and are expressed in different ways. In allied sentences, conjunctions take part in their expression, so the semantic relationships here are more definite and clear. For example, union So expresses the consequence because- the reason, If- condition, however- opposition, etc.
The semantic relationships between simple sentences are expressed less clearly than in a conjunction. In terms of semantic relationships, and often in intonation, some are closer to complex ones, others - to complex ones. However, it is often the same non-union complex sentence in meaning it can be similar to both a compound and a complex sentence. Wed, for example: The spotlights came on- it became light all around; The spotlights came on and it became light all around; When the spotlights came on, it became light all around.
Meaningful relations in non-union complex sentences depend on the content of the simple sentences included in them and are expressed in oral speech intonation, and in writing with various punctuation marks (see section “Punctuation marks in non-union complex sentence»).
IN non-union complex sentences The following types of semantic relations between simple sentences (parts) are possible:
I. Enumerative(some facts, events, phenomena are listed):
[I_did not see you for a whole week], [Ihaven't heard you for a long time] (A. Chekhov) -, .
Such non-union complex sentences approach complex sentences with a connecting conjunction And.
Like the compound sentences synonymous with them, non-union complex sentences can express the value 1) simultaneity listed events and 2) their sequences.
1) \ Bemep howled plaintively and quietly], [in the darknessthe horses neighed ], [from the campswam tender and passionatesong- thought] (M. Gorky) -,,.
stirred ], [ fluttered up half asleepbird ] (V. Garshin)- ,.
Non-union complex sentences with enumerative relations may consist of two sentences, or may include three or more simple sentences.
II. Causal(the second sentence reveals the reason for what is said in the first):
[I unhappy ]: [every dayguests ] (A. Chekhov). Such non-union complex sentences synonymous with complex subordinates with subordinate clauses.
III. Explanatory(the second sentence explains the first):
1) [ Items were lost your form]: [everything merged first in gray, then in dark mass] (I. Goncharov)-
2) [Like all Moscow residents, yoursFather is like that ]: [ I would like he is a son-in-law with stars and ranks] (A. Griboyedov)-
Such non-union sentences are synonymous with sentences with an explanatory conjunction namely.
IV. Explanatory(the second sentence explains the word in the first part that has the meaning of speech, thought, feeling or perception, or a word that indicates these processes: listened, looked, looked back and so on.; in the second case we can talk about skipping words like see, hear and so on.):
1) [ Nastya during the storyI remembered ]: [from yesterdayremained whole untouchedcast iron boiled potatoes] (M. Prishvin)- :.
2) [ I came to my senses, Tatyana looks ]: [bearNo ]... (A. Pushkin)- :.
Such non-conjunctive sentences are synonymous with complex sentences with explanatory clauses (I remembered that...; looks (and sees that)...).
V. Comparative and adversative relations (the content of the second sentence is compared with the content of the first or contrasted with it):
1) [Allhappy family looks like and each other], [eachunhappy family but in my own way] (L. Tolstoy)- ,.
2) [Rankfollowed to him]- [he suddenlyleft ] (A. Griboyedov)- - .
Such non-union complex sentences synonymous with complex sentences with adversative conjunctions a, but.
VI. Conditional-temporary(the first sentence indicates the time or condition for the implementation of what is said in the second):
1) [ Do you like to ride ] - [ love and sleighcarry ] (proverb)- - .
2) [ See you with Gorky]- [ talk with him] (A. Chekhov)--.
Such sentences are synonymous with complex sentences with subordinate clauses or time.
VII. Consequences(the second sentence states the consequence of what is said in the first):
[Smallthe rain is falling since morning]- [ it's impossible to get out ] (I. Turgenev)- ^TT
44. Contaminated types of complex syntactic structures
The identification of two levels of division of complex syntactic constructions leads to the conclusion about the structural contamination of such constructions. Contaminated are complex constructions in which entire complex sentences act as constituent components. Because the subordinating connection- this is the closest connection (in comparison with the creative one, for example), then it is natural that, as a single component of a complex syntactic construction Usually a complex sentence appears, although a non-union combination of parts within a component is also possible if these parts are interdependent.
A complex sentence can be a component of a complex sentence, a non-union sentence, and, finally, even a complex sentence.
1. Complex sentence as a component complex design with a coordinating connection: Each child must experience his own, deeply individual life in the world of words, and the richer and more complete it is, the happier days and the years that we passed through a field of joys and sadness, happiness and grief (Sukhoml.). The peculiarity of the structure of this sentence is that the coordinating conjunction and (at the junction of two components of a complex structure) stands immediately before the first part of the comparative conjunction than, but attaches the entire comparative sentence as a whole, which, in turn, is complicated by a attributive clause.
In addition to the conjunction and, others are often found in similar syntactic conditions. coordinating conjunctions: Our matchmaking with the countess’s house is destroyed and cannot be restored; but even if it could, it would never exist again (Ven.); What happened is past, no one cares about it, and if Laevsky finds out, he won’t believe it (Ch.).
The following complex constructions with a coordinating connection at the first level of division are similar in structure, although they have different degrees of internal complexity:
1) Occasionally a small snowflake stuck to the outside of the glass, and if you looked closely, you could see its finest crystalline structure (Paust.);
2) We left Blok’s reading, but went on foot, and Blok was taken to the second performance in the car, and by the time we got to Nikitsky Boulevard, where the House of Press was located, the evening ended and Blok went to the Society of Lovers of Italian Literature (Past.).
2. A complex sentence as a component of a complex structure with a non-union connection: For a long time it was done like this: if a Cossack was riding on the road to Millerovo alone, without comrades, then if he met the Ukrainians... did not give way, the Ukrainians beat him (Shol. ). A peculiarity of the structure of this sentence is the presence in the first part of the synsemantic word so, the content of which is specified by a complex sentence, in turn, complicated by the lexically non-free part cost...
3. A complex sentence as a component of another complex sentence [Lack of heterogeneous syntactic connection in such constructions could serve as a basis for considering them in polynomial complex sentences (see § 124). However, the special structural organization of such proposals and its similarity with the constructions described in this section allow us to place them here in order to preserve the system in presentation.].
1) Let the father not think that if a person is nicknamed Quick Momun, it means he is bad (Aitm.).
2) Everyone knows that if a fisherman is unlucky, sooner or later such good luck will happen to him that they will talk about it throughout the village for at least ten years (Paust.).
This structural type of complex sentence is distinguished by its unity of construction: the first subordinating conjunction does not refer to the part immediately following it, but to the entire subsequent construction as a whole. Most often, a complex sentence placed after a subordinating conjunction has a double conjunction holding its parts together (if...then, with what...that, although...but, etc.) or subordinating conjunctions with bonding particles (if... then, if...so, once...then, since...then, once...then, etc.). For example: Who doesn’t know that when a patient wanted to smoke, it means the same thing that he wanted to live (Prishv.); It seemed that in order to believe that the plan for the slow movement of deforestation and food consumption was his plan, it was necessary to hide the fact that he insisted on a completely opposite military enterprise in 1945 (L.T.); Baburov, during this outburst of anger, suddenly gathered the remnants of his pride and in response said loudly, with some even pompousness, that since there is an order not to let the enemy into the Crimean land, then no matter what it costs him, he will carry out the order (Sim.).
In the above examples, there are different degrees of internal complexity, but they are united by one common structural indicator: they are built according to the “main part + subordinate clause” scheme (usually explanatory, but causal, concessive and consequential are also possible), which is a whole complex sentence (with relations conditions, reasons, time, comparison, less often - concessions and goals). This feature of contaminated complex sentences does not allow us to see here the usual sequential subordination in a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses. Such a description does not reflect the actual structure of the syntactic construction.
As can be seen from the examples given, the most common type of contaminated complex sentence is a sentence with the conjunction that (at the first level of division). However, other conjunctions are also possible, although they are much less common, for example: because, since, so, although. The following combinations of subordinating conjunctions are possible: that once... then; what if...then; what once...that; that although...but; because somehow... because once upon a time; because if...then; because once...then; because although...but; so once... then; so if...then; so once...then; so although...but; since once upon a time; since if...then; so just...that; because although...but; so as to; although if...then; although once upon a time; at least once...then; although so that etc. For example: But, probably, something had already happened in the world or was happening at that time - fatal and irreparable - because although it was still the same hot seaside summer, the dacha no longer seemed to me like a Roman villa (Cat .); I really wanted to ask where Molly was and how long ago Lee Duroc returned, because although nothing followed from this, I am naturally curious about everything (Green).
Approximately the same confluence of alliances is observed in the sentence. The second poster said that our main apartment is in Vyazma, that Count Wittgenstein defeated the French, but that since many residents want to arm themselves, there are weapons prepared for them in the arsenal (L. T.) , where the third explanatory clause (after the conjunction but) is a complex sentence.
A complex sentence can be a component of a complex polynomial sentence with several main ones: When they were driving to the logging site, it suddenly became very warm and the sun was shining so brightly that it hurt their eyes (gas).
4. A complex sentence as a component of a complex sentence: I didn’t want to think that not only the guys were not interested in this magnificent picture, but many adults were at least indifferent. A compound sentence with the conjunction not only...but also is used here as an explanatory clause.
Such sentences are possible only with gradational conjunctions, for example: not only...but also; not really...but; not so much...as much.
5. A non-union complex sentence as a component of a complex sentence: The density of the grasses in other places on Prorva is such that it is impossible to land on the shore from a boat - the grasses stand like an impenetrable elastic wall (Paust.).
48.Basics of Russian punctuation. Functional features of Russian punctuation
Russian punctuation, currently a very complex and developed system, has a fairly solid foundation - formal and grammatical. Punctuation marks are primarily indicators of the syntactic, structural division of written speech. It is this principle that gives modern punctuation stability. The largest number of characters is placed on this basis.
“Grammatical” signs include such signs as a period that marks the end of a sentence; signs at the junction of parts of a complex sentence; signs highlighting functionally diverse structures introduced into the composition simple sentence(introductory words, phrases and sentences; insertions; addresses; many segmented constructions; interjections); signs for homogeneous members of a sentence; signs highlighting post-positive applications, definitions - participial phrases and definitions - adjectives with extenders, standing after the word being defined or located at a distance, etc.
In any text one can find such “obligatory”, structurally determined signs.
For example: But I decided to re-read several of Shchedrin’s works. It was three or four years ago, when I was working on a book where real material was intertwined with lines of satire and fairy-tale fiction. I then took Shchedrin to avoid accidental similarities, but, having started reading, having read deeply, immersing myself in the amazing and newly discovered world of Shchedrin’s reading, I realized that the similarities would not be accidental, but obligatory and inevitable (Cass.). All signs here are structurally significant; they are placed without regard to the specific meaning of parts of sentences: highlighting subordinate clauses, fixing syntactic homogeneity, marking the boundaries of parts of a complex sentence, highlighting homogeneous adverbial phrases.
The structural principle contributes to the development of solid, commonly used rules for the placement of punctuation marks. Signs placed on this basis cannot be optional or copyrighted. This is the foundation on which modern Russian punctuation is built. This is finally the one minimum required, without which unhindered communication between the writer and the reader is unthinkable. Such signs are currently quite regulated, their use is stable. Dividing the text into grammatically significant parts helps to establish the relationship of some parts of the text to others, indicates the end of the presentation of one thought and the beginning of another.
The syntactic division of speech ultimately reflects the logical, semantic division, since grammatically significant parts coincide with logically significant, semantic segments of speech, since the purpose of any grammatical structure is to convey a certain thought. But quite often it happens that the semantic division of speech subordinates the structural, i.e. the specific meaning dictates the only possible structure.
In the sentence The hut is thatched, with a pipe, the comma standing between the combinations is thatched and with a pipe, fixes the syntactic homogeneity of the members of the sentence and, therefore, the grammatical and semantic attribution of the prepositional case form with a pipe to the noun hut.
In cases where different combinations of words are possible, only a comma helps to establish their semantic and grammatical dependence. For example: Inner lightness has appeared. Walks freely on the streets, to work (Levi). A sentence without a comma has a completely different meaning: walks the streets to work (denoting one action). In the original version, there is a designation for two different actions: walking along the streets, i.e. walks and goes to work.
Such punctuation marks help establish semantic and grammatical relationships between words in a sentence and clarify the structure of the sentence.
The ellipsis also serves a semantic function, helping to put logically and emotionally incompatible concepts at a distance. For example: Engineer... in reserve, or the misadventures of a young specialist on the way to recognition; Goalkeeper and goal... in the air; History of peoples... in dolls; Skiing... picking berries. Such signs play an exclusively semantic role (and often with emotional overtones).
The location of the sign, dividing the sentence into semantic and, therefore, structurally significant parts, also plays a large role in understanding the text. Compare: And the dogs became quiet, because no stranger disturbed their peace (Fad.). - And the dogs became quiet because no stranger disturbed their peace. In the second version of the sentence, the cause of the condition is more emphasized, and the rearrangement of the comma helps to change the logical center of the message, focusing attention on the cause of the phenomenon, while in the first version the goal is different - a statement of the condition with an additional indication of its cause. However, more often the lexical material of a sentence dictates only the only possible meaning. For example: For a long time, a tigress named Orphan lived in our zoo. They gave her this nickname because she really was orphaned in early age(gas.). The dismemberment of the conjunction is obligatory, and it is caused by the semantic influence of the context. In the second sentence, it is necessary to indicate the reason, since the fact itself has already been named in the previous sentence.
On a semantic basis, signs are placed in non-union complex sentences, since they are the ones who convey in written speech required values. Wed: The whistle blew, the train started moving. - The whistle blew and the train started moving.
Often, with the help of punctuation marks, specific meanings of words are clarified, i.e. the meaning contained in them in this particular context. Thus, a comma between two adjective definitions (or participles) brings these words closer together semantically, i.e. makes it possible to highlight general shades of meaning that emerge as a result of various associations, both objective and sometimes subjective. Syntactically, such definitions become homogeneous, since, being similar in meaning, they alternately refer directly to the word being defined. For example: The darkness of spruce needles is written in thick, heavy oil (Sol.); When Anna Petrovna left for her place in Leningrad, I saw her off at the cozy, small station (Paust.); Thick, slow snow was flying (Paust.); A cold, metallic light flashed on thousands of wet leaves (Gran.). If we take the words thick and heavy, cozy and small, thick and slow, cold and metallic out of context, then it is difficult to discern something common in these pairs, since these possible associative connections are in the sphere of secondary, non-basic, figurative meanings that become the main ones in the context.
Russian punctuation is partly based on intonation: a dot at the site of a large deepening of the voice and a long pause; question and exclamation marks, intonation dash, ellipsis, etc. For example, an address can be highlighted with a comma, but increased emotionality, i.e. a special distinctive intonation dictates another sign - an exclamation mark. In some cases, the choice of sign depends entirely on intonation. Wed: The children will come, let's go to the park. - When the children come, let's go to the park. In the first case there is enumerative intonation, in the second - conditional intonation. But the intonation principle acts only as a secondary principle, not the main one. This is especially evident in cases where the intonational principle is “sacrificed” to the grammatical one. For example: Morozka lowered the bag and, cowardly, burying his head in his shoulders, ran to the horses (Fad.); The deer digs up the snow with its front leg and, if there is food, begins to graze (Ars.). In these sentences, the comma comes after the conjunction and, since it fixes the boundary of the structural parts of the sentence (adverbial phrase and subordinate part of the sentence). Thus, the intonation principle is violated, because the pause is before the conjunction.
The intonation principle operates in most cases not “ideally”, pure form, i.e. Some intonation stroke (for example, a pause), although fixed by a punctuation mark, ultimately this intonation itself is a consequence of the given semantic and grammatical division of the sentence. Wed: Brother is my teacher. - My brother is a teacher. The dash here fixes a pause, but the place of the pause is predetermined by the structure of the sentence and its meaning.
So, the current punctuation does not reflect any single, consistently followed principle. However, the formal grammatical principle is now the leading one, while the principles of semantic and intonation act as additional ones, although in certain specific manifestations they can be brought to the fore. As for the history of punctuation, it is known that the initial basis for dividing written speech was precisely pauses (intonation).
Modern punctuation represents a new stage in its historical development, and the stage characterizing a higher level. Modern punctuation reflects structure, meaning, and intonation. Written speech organized quite clearly, definitely and at the same time expressively. The greatest achievement of modern punctuation is the fact that all three principles operate in it not separately, but in unity. As a rule, the intonation principle is reduced to the semantic, the semantic to the structural, or, conversely, the structure of a sentence is determined by its meaning. It is possible to single out individual principles only conditionally. In most cases, they act inseparably, although in compliance with a certain hierarchy. For example, a period also marks the end of a sentence, the boundary between two sentences (structure); and lowering of voice, long pause (intonation); and completeness of the message (meaning).
It is the combination of principles that is an indicator of the development of modern Russian punctuation, its flexibility, which allows it to reflect the subtlest shades of meaning and structural diversity.
Polynomial complex sentences (PCS) are divided into two types. The first type includes NGNs in which all subordinate clauses relate to the main clause. Depending on the meaning of subordinate clauses and their relationship to the main one, they divide homogeneous suggestions and heterogeneous.
Homogeneous and heterogeneous
Subordinate clauses that refer to the same member of the main sentence or to the main sentence as a whole are called homogeneous. They are connected to each other by a coordinating or non-union connection and are called subordinate clauses.
Examples: I saw how she left, and how he looked after her for a long time.
Until recently, we recalled that we were very friendly with him and that whenever possible we tried to see each other.
Subordinate clauses related to different types by meaning, as well as subordinate clauses of the same type, but relating to different members of the main sentence.
Examples: When he approached, I asked where to go next.
He explained that we would have to leave as soon as possible, and added that he would give us some food for the road.
The second type is formed by SPPs, in which subordinate clauses form a logical chain, that is, the first relates to the main one, the second to the first, the third to the second, etc. Such subordination is called sequential, and subordinate clauses are called, respectively, subordinate clauses of the first degree, subordinate clauses of the second degree, etc.
Example: I thought it was time to move so that I could be where we were supposed to meet by evening.
Also, complex sentences with several subordinate clauses can combine both types.
For example: Yesterday he said that people are leaving their homes, and that soon there will be no one to grow wheat, and that no one knows what to do.
We were told that we would have to be there when the guests arrived to open the door and to take outer clothing.
In the first example, the first three subordinate clauses refer to the main clause, and the last subordinate clause (what needs to be done) refers to the subordinate clause “that no one knows.” In the second, the first subordinate clause is a subordinate clause of the first degree (the second type of SPP), and the remaining three subordinate clauses are not only subordinate clauses of the second degree, but also heterogeneous (the first type of SPP).
Also to polynomial complex sentences include those in which one subordinate clause is given question from two or more main clauses. In this case, the main sentences are interconnected by a non-union or coordinating connection.
Example: He was clearly in pain, he was out of breath, and his heart was pounding wildly when the ambulance finally arrived.
Parallel subordination of subordinate clauses is one of three types of subordination of secondary (or dependent) parts in each type. Each type has its own subtleties and tricks, knowing which you can easily determine this type.
Homogeneous, sequential and parallel subordination of subordinate clauses
All three types characterize the order in which the answer to the question posed from the main part of the sentence occurs. It is worth noting that there can be (and most often is) several subordinate parts and they can stand both in front of the main part and after it.
Homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses is a subordination when all minor parts answer the same question. As a rule, such clauses have one common conjunction or For example: “Mom told me that everything would be fine and that she would buy me a doll.” In this case, you can see one common conjunction “what”. However, there are also cases when the conjunction is omitted, but it is implied. An example is the following sentence: “Nastya noticed that he was looking at her and there was a blush on his cheeks.” In this version, the conjunction is omitted, but the meaning remains the same. It is very important to see this omitted conjunction clearly, as such sentences often appear in the exam.
Consecutive subordination of subordinate clauses is such a subordination when the secondary members answer the question of their “predecessor”, that is, questions are asked from each part of the sentence to the subsequent member. For example: “I am sure that if I get an excellent score, I will enter a good educational institution" The sequence is clearly expressed here: I am sure (of what?), that..., then (what will happen?).
Parallel subordination of subordinate clauses is a type of subordination when the secondary parts refer to one thing. They do not answer one question, but together they explain the meaning of the main statement. It is advisable to draw up diagrams of this kind so as not to make mistakes in determining the type. So, submissions: “When the cat jumped out of the window, Masha pretended that nothing bad had happened.” So, the main part is the middle of the sentence (and from it you can ask a question both to the first subordinate clause and to the second): Masha pretended (when?) and (what happened then?). It is worth noting that a simple complex sentence will not contain any of the types of subordination presented above. As a rule, they are built only between parts.
Thus, we can conclude that in a complex sentence the dependent parts have three types of attachment: homogeneous, sequential and parallel subordination of subordinate clauses. Each type determines the dependence on the main member and the connection with the same secondary parts. To correctly identify this type, you just need to ask the question correctly and draw diagrams of complex sentences, indicating these same questions with arrows. After a visual drawing, everything will immediately become clear.
