Kamarady, the Yellowstone volcano is dormant... And we must prepare!
HOW TO PREPARE FOR AN EARTHQUAKE
Think in advance about an action plan during an earthquake while at home, at work, in the cinema, theater, on transport and on the street. Explain to your family what they should do during an earthquake and teach them first aid. Keep documents, money, a flashlight and spare batteries in a convenient place. Have a supply at home drinking water and canned food for several days. Move beds away from windows and outside walls. Secure cabinets, shelves and racks in apartments, and remove heavy objects from upper shelves and mezzanines. Store hazardous substances (toxic chemicals, flammable liquids) in a safe, well-insulated place. Adult family members should know how to turn off the power to the apartment, shut off the main gas and water taps to turn off electricity, gas and water if necessary.
HOW TO ACT DURING AN EARTHQUAKE
Indoors If you feel the vibrations of the building, see the swaying of lamps, the falling of objects, hear the growing rumble and the sound of breaking glass, do not panic. If you are in a 2-3-story building, then it is better to leave it quickly. Run out quickly, but carefully. If possible, take documents, money, essentials, and a flashlight with you. Beware of falling objects, downed wires and other hazards. Move immediately away from the building, to an open place. Stay calm and try to reassure others! If you are on the upper floors of a multi-story building, do not use elevators under any circumstances, only go down the stairs. If the stairs are crowded with people, it is better to stay in the building. First open the front door, which may later become warped and jammed. Quickly take the safest place in the room: in doorways main walls, at the main wall closest to the center of the building, a supporting column, in the corner of the room, directly in the bathtub, where at least children can fit, and always away from windows, heavy objects and furniture that could tip over.
REMEMBER: You have as much as 10, or even 15 - 20 seconds at your disposal to find yourself in a safe place. A safe place is usually the entrance door to the apartment. First of all, provide assistance to children, the disabled and the elderly.
Remember that everything multi-storey buildings are built according to designs that take into account the degree of seismicity of the given territory. You don’t have to be afraid that it will collapse, even when the lights go out and you hear noise from breaking dishes, cracking walls and falling objects. In this case, partitions may even collapse, and individual hanging elements And architectural details facades. In the event of a building destruction accompanied by a fall individual elements ceilings or parts of main walls, you must immediately leave the building.
When leaving the building, do not jump from windows located above the first floor. Break out the glass using improvised means (chair, stool), or, in extreme cases, with your hand wrapped in a rag or shoulder. Outdoors During tremors, do not enter or run around buildings. Best to stay on open place, away from buildings and power lines. If you do find yourself next to a tall building, stand in the doorway - this will protect you from falling pieces of glass, balconies, cornices and parapets. REMEMBER: underground communications are a source of increased danger, especially pipelines with hot water and steam, as well as gas supply systems for your homes. In transport Any transport must be stopped quickly, as far as possible from what could collapse from strong shocks - tall buildings, overpasses, bridges, power lines. Drivers should avoid traffic jams and blocking of intersections, respect each other. Try to avoid the center and narrow passages. Drivers of buses and trams, having stopped the transport, must open all doors, and then, after the first shocks, monitor compliance with order when exiting the transport. Do not break windows or rush towards doors, creating a crush and a clear risk of injury. Provide assistance to children, the elderly and the disabled.
KEEP CALM!
Get out of cars and buses as quickly as possible.
HOW TO ACT AFTER AN EARTHQUAKE
Provide first aid to those in need. Free those trapped in easily removable rubble. Be careful! Ensure the safety of children, the sick, and the elderly. Calm them down. Don't use your phone unless absolutely necessary. Turn on the radio. Obey the instructions of local authorities and disaster response teams. Check for damage to the electrical wiring. Fix the problem or turn off the electricity in the apartment. Remember that during a strong earthquake, electricity in the city is automatically turned off. Check for damage to gas and water lines. Do not use open flames. When going down the stairs, be careful and make sure they are strong. Do not approach or enter visibly damaged buildings. Be prepared for strong aftershocks, as the first 2-3 hours after an earthquake are most dangerous. Do not enter buildings unless absolutely necessary. Do not invent or broadcast any rumors about possible aftershocks. Use official information. If you find yourself trapped, calmly assess the situation and, if possible, give yourself first aid. Try to establish a connection with people, you cannot light a fire, but pipes and batteries can be used to send a signal by knocking on them. Save energy.
My name is Doug Cope. I am the Rescue Chief and Disaster Manager of the American Rescue Team International (ARTI), and have worked on rescue teams in 60 countries, rescuing people from 875 earthquake-damaged buildings.
For two years I was a UN disaster expert, and since 1985, not a single major disaster has gone unnoticed by me. The first building I was able to enter was a school in Mexico City during the 1985 earthquake. All the children were under their desks. They could have been saved if they had been lying next to the desks in the aisles. It’s unthinkable, from my point of view, but children were ordered to hide under tables and desks during the earthquake. I was surprised, but in Mexican schools, the Duck and Cover instruction is still in effect: bend over, cover your head with your hands and hide under the table.
But when a building collapses, a heavy ceiling falls on an object or furniture, destroying it and creating a cavity or empty space nearby. I call it the “triangle of life.” The larger and stronger the object, the larger the cavity where a person can avoid injury and escape. This can be seen on TV when we see rescue teams working.
1) Anyone who simply ducks or takes cover in a collapsing building or car could die.
2)
Cats, dogs and babies often adopt a natural womb position. This is what you need to do during an earthquake. It's instinct. This position helps to fit into a small cavity. Move closer to a large, bulky object that, if crushed or flattened, will still leave some space for survival.
3) Wooden buildings are the safest during earthquakes. Wood works well in bending and torsion under the influence of a seismic wave. If a wooden building does collapse, it creates large cavities in which you can escape. Brick buildings break into individual bricks, which can injure. But the most dangerous are panel buildings.
4) If an earthquake hits you at night, just roll out of bed. The safest place will be around the bed. In hotels, many lives could be saved if instructions were posted on every room door instructing visitors to lie on the floor near the bottom of their beds during an earthquake.
5) If you are unable to escape through a door or window during an earthquake, lie on the floor in the womb position next to your bed or large chair.
6) Almost everyone who stood in doorway in a falling building, died because doorjamb may collapse.
7) Never stand on steps during an earthquake. They collapse first.
8) If possible, it is better to be close to the exit of the building so that you can quickly run out of it.
9) People inside Vehicle die if the car is near high-rise buildings or columns that could collapse on them.
10) In my experience, stacks of paper create the largest security cavities. In 1996, we made a film that convinces us that this survival methodology is correct. The Turkish Federal Government, Istanbul University and ARTI have joined forces to conduct a scientific test. We destroyed a school with 20 mannequins inside. 10 mannequins were bent over with their hands on their heads and 10 mannequins were placed in "life triangles". After simulating an earthquake, we entered the destroyed building and made a film. This film was shown on TV in Turkey and other countries in Europe, the USA, Canada and Latin America.
The main conclusion of this study is that there is no chance of survival in a strong earthquake for those who take shelter under a table.
The Main Directorate of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia for the Irkutsk Region reminds of the rules of behavior during an earthquake.
GENERAL INFORMATIONThe vast majority of earthquakes, including Baikal earthquakes, last about one, rarely more than one minute. However, the intensity of the oscillations during this time is not the same. As a rule, an earthquake begins with relatively weak vibrations that last 10-20 seconds, then the main phase of the earthquake begins, during which the vibrations reach their greatest intensity, then a gradual decline follows. Based on this, it is unlikely that the earthquake could peak suddenly. Therefore, in the first 10-20 seconds, if you do not panic, you can take measures to ensure personal safety and the safety of people nearby.
All buildings in seismically hazardous areas are built taking into account seismic loads corresponding to seismic zoning maps and building regulations. Real stability of buildings at seismic impact largely depends on the quality of construction, the nature and duration of operation. For the city of Irkutsk, seismic loads are calculated based on 8-point seismicity. In chopped wooden houses, common in Siberia, the most vulnerable element is the brick oven. Damage or destruction of the oven may result in a fire.
SIGNS OF AN EARTHQUAKE
Signs of a near earthquake include:
- The smell of gas in areas where this has not been observed before;
- Flashes in the form of scattered lightning lightning;
- Sparking nearby (but not touching) electrical wires;
- Bluish glow inner surface houses.
An observant person can be alerted to the possibility of an earthquake by the unusual behavior of animals. For example:
- Rats and mice often leave their holes, gather in packs, large quantities appear where they have never met before, behave very restlessly: they run, scream, and can attack each other;
- Lizards, snakes, rodents leave their holes;
- Ants leave their anthills several hours before an earthquake, capturing pupae;
- Birds become restless, lose orientation, and sometimes fly into open windows houses;
- Domestic animals: pigs, cows, sheep, horses, rabbits - can feel an earthquake in two days: they behave very restlessly, rush around in the stalls, scream, and sometimes show aggressiveness;
- Dogs whine, huddle close to their owners, try to leave the premises, there have been cases when they literally dragged people out into the street, carried out infants;
- Many insects, amphibians, birds, and aquarium fish can behave restlessly.
BEHAVIOR DURING AN EARTHQUAKE
In room.
From the beginning of the earthquake to its maximum, you have 10-20 seconds to leave the room, or take refuge in it relatively safely. The latter primarily applies to residents upper floors. It is necessary to worry about the safety of children, the elderly, and the disabled.
The following places are relatively safe in homes:
1. doorways and openings in main walls;
2. corners formed by permanent internal walls;
3. Places near the columns, under frame beams, under sturdy tables.
On the street.
First of all, you need to protect yourself from falling debris, glass, and heavy objects. You must immediately move to an open place; When you are near a building, you must move away from it at a distance no less than the height of the building. You should stay away from water-carrying communications, power lines, and gas pipelines.
In transport.
The driver should stop, driving away from buildings and communications. You should not stay on or under a bridge. It is advisable to wait out the earthquake by remaining in the vehicle and opening the doors.
NOT ALLOWED IN EARTHQUAKES
In a buiding:
1. create crowding and traffic jams in the doors;
2. use the elevator;
3. be close window openings, glass partitions, mirrors, stoves, unstable furniture;
4. jump out of the window, being above the 1st floor;
5. light matches, candles, use open fire.
On the street:
1. approach dilapidated houses, broken wires;
2. enter houses;
3. continue driving in and out of the car.
ACTIONS AFTER AN EARTHQUAKE
1. Examine yourself and those around you to see if there are any wounded. If necessary, help those in need medical care.
2. Free those trapped in easily removable rubble.
3. Try to calm children, the sick, and the elderly.
4. Check the water supply, gas and electrical networks. If you smell gas, open windows and doors, leave the room immediately (take care of those around you) and notify emergency services. If the water supply is damaged, turn off the water supply if possible.
5. Keep calm and order. Be prepared for possible aftershocks.
PREVENTIVE MEASURES
Try to think through your course of action in case of an earthquake in advance. different conditions: at home, at work, on the street; during the day and night. This will help you more effectively ensure your safety in an extreme situation.
1. Determine in advance safe places in your apartment or work area.
2. Keep passages and passages clear landings furniture, things, etc.
3. Firmly attach cabinets, shelves, or shelves to the walls or floor. Furniture should be placed so that it cannot fall on the sleeping areas or block exits from the premises.
4. Do not place heavy objects on high cabinets or shelves. Do not arrange shelves above the sleeping places.
5. Do not place sleeping areas near large window openings or glass partitions.
6. Containers containing toxic, caustic and flammable liquids must be securely sealed and stored so that they cannot fall and break during an earthquake.
7. Try to psychologically prepare yourself for an emergency.
8. Teach children to use sturdy tables and beds to protect themselves from falling objects and debris.
9. Learn to provide first aid.
10.Learn to turn off water, gas and electricity supplies.
At home you must have:
1. A first aid kit with a supply of dressings.
2. A supply of canned food and drinking water for 3-5 days.
3. Electric flashlight.
4. It is also recommended to assemble and keep ready a backpack with the following items in advance: knife, flashlight, hatchet, matches (lighter), first aid kit, woolen blanket, piece polyethylene film, spare clothes and shoes (according to the season) for all family members.
An earthquake is a powerful destructive natural disaster, the effect of which occurs suddenly and occurs instantly.
Earthquakes are tremors and vibrations of the earth's surface resulting from sudden displacements and ruptures in earth's crust or in the upper part of the mantle and transmitted over long distances in the form of elastic vibrations.
During earthquakes, people die, houses, roads, bridges, canals, dams and other engineering structures, water pipelines, pipelines, sewers, power lines are destroyed, communications are disrupted, avalanches, rockfalls, mudflows, collapses and landslides, cracks in rocks occur, people are seized by panic. During underwater and coastal earthquakes, as a result of seabed shifts, sea gravity waves - tsunamis - occur, which cause devastating destruction on land.
In order to increase your chances of staying alive and protecting yourself from injury during an earthquake, every person in a building or structure must determine in advance a relatively safe place where they can wait out the tremors, and after they are over, quickly leave the room.
Practice has proven that relatively safe place- these are capital openings interior walls, corners formed by internal main walls, places near internal main walls, near columns and under frame beams, openings entrance doors, durable tables, workbenches, etc.
During the Spitak earthquake, which occurred on December 7, 1988, six people who were in the bathrooms remained alive.
Most dangerous places in buildings during an earthquake there are large glazed openings of external and internal walls, corner rooms, especially top floors, elevators, landings and flights, balconies.
Try to think in advance about how you need to act in case of an earthquake in various conditions: at home, at work, on the street and in other places. The action plan at home and at work should be especially detailed.
First of all, you need to proceed from the degree of seismic resistance of the buildings in which you live or work.
Taking into account the strength of your building, the location where you are within the building, and the time limit of only 15-20 seconds, you can pre-select a reasonable behavior for you during strong earthquake: either try to quickly leave the building, or take a relatively safe place inside it.
Having a plan in advance will help you act more quickly and intelligently. But be prepared to also change it depending on the circumstances.
After shocks and strong swaying of the building you are inside, destruction may begin, and individual floor slabs or blocks of main walls may fall. In this case, trying to leave that building during an earthquake may be less risky than staying inside the building. Please note that neither the destruction of partitions (non-permanent walls) nor the fall of curtain walls wall panels frame buildings do not indicate that the building is imminently about to collapse.
HOW TO PREPARE FOR AN EARTHQUAKE
Anyone who lives in a seismic area must get used to the idea that a strong earthquake can occur at any moment. The consciousness of this should not interfere with us, distract us from our daily activities at work, at school, at home and other places. (We get used to the risk when driving on highways and streets!). However, we can significantly reduce this risk by preparing for earthquakes by learning in advance what to do if one occurs.
What to do BEFORE an earthquake?
Compose family action plan during an earthquake in which you must reflect:
- information about telephone numbers and addresses of emergency medical assistance, fire and emergency services, apartment owners cooperative (AOC), civil protection;
- general information about family and loved ones;
- medical information about family and loved ones;
- names, addresses, telephone numbers of closest friends, relatives, contact persons who can help both inside the disaster zone and outside it;
- plan for coordination and interaction within the family and with neighbors, incl. every family member (especially children) should know where they should go if they cannot return home;
- who, where and how should turn off electricity, water, gas;
- how will you manage without engineering support your home - without water, electricity, gas, sewerage for at least 2-3 weeks;
- if your family has children, old people, disabled or seriously ill people, especially think about their life support;
- If you have pets, don't forget about food and water for them.
Coordinate your family plan with the collection and evacuation plan for your children at daycare and school, and with the emergency plans of other family members at work. In addition, you must know exactly: how long your children will be protected at school until their parents arrive, where to pick up their children from if the school is damaged, where the children will be if parents cannot come.
Don't forget to give a copy of the most important parts of the family plan to your children's school teacher or kindergarten teacher; write down your blood type and Rh factor in your passport or other document; write into the plan chronic diseases family members and health problems, as well as corresponding prohibitions, restrictions, necessary medications, especially those without which you cannot live.
Firmly attach cabinets, shelves, racks, and shelves to the walls and floor. Don't place beds near windows. Do not place shelves above beds, doors, or stoves. Place furniture so that it cannot block exits from rooms or block doors.
Do not block corridors, passages, staircases, doorways with furniture and property.
Learn to turn off electricity, gas and water supply in the apartment or the entrance of the house.
Have at home a supply of canned food and water, a bucket of sand, a portable electric flashlight, a fire extinguisher (car), and a first aid kit. Learn first aid techniques.
Store hazardous substances (toxic chemicals, flammable liquids) in a safe place where they cannot break or spill.
Keep documents in a designated place. Store a backpack with spare clothes, shoes (according to the season), a flashlight, a hatchet, a first aid kit, candles, personal hygiene items, a transistor radio, spoons, knives, matches, and food at the exit from the apartment.
To protect your home in the event of damage, have several sheets of plywood and heavy-duty plastic ready to cover broken windows and other holes.
Agree with your neighbors on mutual assistance and joint actions in case of emergencies.
Know the assembly point and evacuation procedures.
A garage or cottage can be used as a temporary shelter in the first days after a strong earthquake. Keep food supplies and spare items there.
As a family, periodically conduct conversations and training in case of an earthquake.
When there is a threat of an earthquake
In the event of a threat of an earthquake, electric sirens, production horns and other means of warning will be turned on, which means the warning signal “Attention everyone!” At this signal, you need to turn on the radio and television receivers, listen carefully to the message about the emergency situation and strictly follow the instructions of local authorities and emergency management authorities.
If you are at home:
Check the fire extinguisher, fill the bathtub and buckets with water;
Dress in clothes and shoes that can protect you;
Turn off gas, water and electricity in the apartment, turn off the stove;
Take with you a pre-prepared bag, a backpack with things, documents, notify your neighbors, help lonely, sick people, leave the building, follow the established place collection, wait for further instructions;
Returning to normal activities should follow the instructions of local authorities or emergency management authorities.
If you are in public places:
Behave calmly, do not create panic, do not rush to the exit and do not create traffic jams in the way of people, help the sick and disabled;
Follow the instructions of the administration.
DURING an earthquake:
At the first shock, residents of the 1st floor need to quickly, but without panic, leave the building, and those living above need to take relatively safe places, covering their heads with their hands.
As soon as the shaking subsides, immediately leave the building via the stairs, pressing your back against the wall. Try to turn off the gas, water, electricity, take with you documents, money, a backpack with things, a first aid kit, lock the door.
If there are children and elderly people in neighboring apartments, help them get out into the street and provide first aid to the victims there.
While driving, stop in an open place and do not get out of the car until the shaking stops. In public transport, remain in your seats, asking the driver to open the doors; after shocks, calmly, without crowding, leave the cabin.
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AFTER a strong earthquake:
Provide first aid to those in need.
Free those trapped in easily removable rubble.
Take care of the safety of children, the sick, the elderly, reassure them.
Before entering a building, make sure that it does not threaten the collapse of stairs, walls and ceilings; do not approach clearly damaged buildings. Do not use open flames.
When you return to your apartment, do not turn on the electricity, gas or water supply until the utility service has checked their serviceability.
Don't use your phone unless absolutely necessary.
Assist in clearing debris and carrying out rescue operations in damaged buildings.
In this case, the following rules must be observed:
Begin any search for people immured in ruins by listening. Why create a regime of as complete silence as possible. Spread out across the ruins. Listen, notice places where at least some suspicious sound is coming from.
If a narrow gap leads to a buried person, first try to push some hollow pipe or dense hose to his face, so that when dismantling the rubble, accidentally filling his shelter with small gravel and dust, you do not deprive him of air and, therefore, life.
Debris must be cleared very carefully, first removing upper layer debris, then the one below, then the next one. It is extremely dangerous to try to pull out beams or large pieces building structures from under a pile of rubble, etc. The heap can simply settle, burying the people below. It is necessary to first free the entire beam and only then lift it.
When releasing the limbs of victims pinched by stones or beams, it is imperative to first apply a tourniquet above the place of compression. Otherwise, the victim, who is under the pressure of the rubble for many hours, will die.
When clearing rubble, it is extremely dangerous to pull at fragments that rest at one end on lopsided, shaky, but still standing walls destroyed building. This could cause another collapse, depriving the victims of a chance of salvation.
If you are nevertheless covered with fragments of walls or earth:
Try not to lose heart, breathe deeply and evenly, get ready to endure hunger and thirst. Use your voice and knock to attract people's attention, move any metal object(ring, keys, etc.) to make it easier to find you;
If the space around you is relatively free, do not light matches or candles, save oxygen. Move carefully, trying not to cause a new collapse, be guided by the movement of air coming from outside. When crawling into a narrow hole, relax your muscles, press your elbows to your sides, pushing off the floor with your feet. If you have the opportunity, use available items (boards, bricks, etc.) to strengthen the ceiling from collapse and wait for help;
If you are pinned down, try to roll onto your stomach to relieve the pressure on your chest and abdominal cavity. Rub pinched arms and legs more often to restore blood circulation. If you are very thirsty, put a small smooth pebble or a piece of handkerchief in your mouth and suck on it, breathing through your nose;
If you find yourself trapped, try to carefully free your arms and legs. At the same time, under no circumstances try to knock out, swing or undermine stones, bricks, pieces of wood or other objects that are in your way. It may turn out that they are the ones who keep the blockage in balance. Remove such “garbage” and hundreds of kilograms will fall down. Trapped arms and legs should be dug up from below. Once free, you need to lie on your side, bending over, pulling your legs to your chest, placing your hand under you. This position provides the least contact with cold soil. You can also lie bent over, face down, leaning on your knees and elbows;
If you hear that rescue work is underway above, you should not try to clear the rubble yourself. This is a difficult and dangerous matter.
The main thing in such extreme situations- do not lose composure. A person’s survival period depends decisively on his moral state, willpower, and confidence in a successful outcome. A person who has fallen into despair is doomed! A man who continues to fight for life in the most difficult conditions, preserves the chance of salvation!
This instruction was developed by specialists from the Republican State Enterprise “Republican advanced training courses for management personnel in the field of emergency situations and civil defense.”
