Official business style features genres. What is this - formal business style of speech: examples of texts

Introduction. 3

1. Features of official business style. 4

1.1.Substyles of official business style 5

1.2.Linguistic features of official business style 6

2. Business communication culture. eleven

Conclusion 17

References 18

Introduction.

It would be wrong and unfair to call the official business style clerical. This is a whole variety of Russian literary language. And this is an appropriate style, which has its own means of expression, ways of naming objects and phenomena, and is even expressive in its own way. By observing the norms of official business speech, we pay tribute not to cliches and bureaucracy, but to the objectively established tradition of constructing speech in accordance with the expressed content, setting and purpose of the statement. Among the bookish styles of the language, the official business style stands out for its relative stability and isolation. Over time, it naturally undergoes some changes caused by the nature of the content itself, but many of its features, historically established genres, specific vocabulary, phraseology, and syntactic turns give it a generally conservative character. A characteristic feature of the official business style is the presence in it of numerous speech standards - clichés. If in other styles stereotyped phrases often act as a stylistic flaw, then in an official business style in most cases they are perceived as a completely natural part of it. Many types of business documents have generally accepted forms of presentation and arrangement of material, and this undoubtedly makes them easier and simpler to use. It is no coincidence that in certain cases of business practice, ready-made forms are used that only need to be filled out. Even envelopes are usually labeled in a certain order (different in different countries, but firmly established in each of them), and this has its advantage for both writers and postal workers. Therefore, all those speech clichés that simplify and speed up business communication, are quite appropriate in it. Modern official business style is one of the book styles and functions in the form of written speech. The oral form of official business speech is speeches at ceremonial meetings, sessions, receptions, reports of government and public figures, etc. The official business style serves purely official and extremely important areas of human relationships: relations between government authorities and the population, between countries, between enterprises, institutions and organizations, between individuals and society. In fact, from birth to death, a person is within the scope of official business speech. The main goal of my work is to consider descriptions, features, and varieties of official business style in modern society, as well as to consider the role of such an important component in everyday work as documentation.

1. Features of official business style.

Modern official business (hereinafter OD) style is a functional variety of Russian literary language, used in the field of public relations. Business speech serves as a means of communication between states, the state with an individual and society as a whole; a means of communication between enterprises, institutions, organizations; a means of official communication between people in production and in the service sector.

The official business style refers to the bookish and written styles of the literary language. It is implemented in the texts of laws, orders, decrees, orders, contracts, acts, certificates, certificates, powers of attorney, and in business correspondence of institutions. The oral form of official business speech is represented by speeches and reports at meetings and conferences, judicial speech, office telephone conversations, and oral orders.

The general extralinguistic and actual linguistic features of this style include the following:

1) accuracy, detail of presentation;

2) standardization of presentation;

3) the properly prescriptive nature of the presentation (voluntariness).

Indeed, the language of laws requires, first of all, accuracy, not allowing any discrepancies; speed of understanding is not important, since the interested person, if necessary, will read the article of the law two or three times, striving for complete understanding. The standardization of the presentation is manifested in the fact that the heterogeneous phenomena of life in a business style fit into a limited number of standard forms (questionnaire, certificate, instructions, statement, business letter, etc.).

Business speech is impersonal, stereotypical, and lacks an emotional element.

A specific property of business speech is the expression of will. Thus, in management documentation we constantly encounter first-person forms of the verb (I ask, I propose, I order, I congratulate), with modal forms, obligation (must, necessary, follows, proposed).

1.1.Substyles of official business style

Depending on the scope of business speech and the stylistic originality of the corresponding texts, they are usually distinguished within OA three substyles:

1)diplomatic(types of documents: international treaties, agreements, conventions, memoranda, notes, communiques, etc.; oral forms are practically not used);

2) legislative(types of documents, such as laws, decrees, civil, criminal and other acts of state importance; the main oral form is judicial speech);

3) managerial(types of documents: charters, contracts, orders, instructions, statements, characteristics, powers of attorney, receipts, etc.; oral forms - report, speech, official telephone conversation, oral order).

Diplomatic style. This variety of OA style serves the field of international relations. The scope of documentation of the diplomatic substyle is law and to a greater extent than in other substyles. - politics, as it is associated with the implementation of the international policy of the state.

Legislative substyle. Legal documents are distinguished by greater stylistic and linguistic homogeneity than documents of other substyles. In these texts one can note the widespread use of legal terminology (appeal, plaintiff, tribunal, immunity, breadwinner). The legislative substyle uses abstract vocabulary and practically no expressive-emotional language means, evaluative vocabulary. Evaluative words of this kind, such as parasite, criminal, acquire terminological meaning in legal texts. There are many antonyms here, since legislative speech reflects opposing interests, contrasts and compares concepts: rights and obligations, work and rest, personal and public, plaintiff and defendant, crime and punishment, marriage registration and divorce, adoption of a child and deprivation of parental rights, voluntarily and compulsorily, withhold and accrue.

The language of laws had a great influence on the formation of the entire official business style; it has originally been the basis of business speech. Of course, the language of laws should be a model for the language of management documentation. But the managerial substyle, like the diplomatic one, has its own norms and linguistic diversity, determined by the content and composition of documents.

Managerial substyle. The scope of application of the managerial substyle is a variety of administrative, departmental, and industrial relations. The types of documents of the management sub-style differ most from each other in compositional, stylistic and linguistic terms.

In the texts of the managerial substyle, along with neutral and book vocabulary words and stable phrases with the coloring of an official business style are used (undersigned, proper, following, housing tax, lump sum, notify). The managerial sub-style has its own administrative and managerial terminology, for example: the names of institutions, positions, types of official documents. Due to the fact that this substyle serves different areas of social and industrial activity (culture, study, trade, agriculture, various industries), a wide variety of terminology is used in the texts of the substyle. In official texts, it is not recommended to use synonyms, replacing with them the direct names of objects and actions. Unlike the legislative substyle, there are few antonyms here. In management sub-style texts, abbreviations, compound words, and various means of codification (names of institutions and enterprises, car brands, etc.) are often used. Only in the texts of the managerial substyle are used verb forms in the 1st person, sometimes personal pronouns. This is due to specification, with a precise indication of the author of the text (I order, I ask you to send me, I inform). In the managerial style, verbs in the imperative mood are not used, and constructions with the words must and must are used relatively rarely. The meaning of obligation is softened in the texts by the use of such phrases as impute, oblige, impose an obligation.

1.2.Linguistic features of official business style

Vocabulary and phraseology. OD speech reveals a tendency towards extremely generalized semantically vocabulary, where everything that is acutely unique, specific, and unique is eliminated, and the typical is brought to the fore. What is important for an official document is not the living flesh of a given phenomenon, but its “legal” essence. OA speech gives preference to generic designations with broad and poor semantics, with a limited number of semantic features:

premises (cf.: apartment, workshop, hangar, lobby, shelter, monastery, apartments), person (cf.: individual, person, man, girl, guy, small, owner, tenant, passerby), parent (cf.: mother , father, father, mother, ancestor), serviceman (cf.: soldier, lieutenant general, artilleryman, recruit, soldier, serviceman, sailor), punishment (cf.: reprimand, fine, arrest, scolding, reprimand), arrive ( cf.: to come, to arrive, to sail, to gallop, to burst in, to arrive, to arrive) and others.

Word formation and morphological features. The word-formation and morphological features of the OA style are inextricably linked with its general characteristics: the desire for accuracy, standardization, impersonal and obligatorily prescriptive nature of presentation.

Of the conjugated forms, the present tense forms are most often used here, but with a different meaning compared to the scientific style. This value is usually defined as the present prescription. The verb form does not denote a permanent or ordinary action, but an action that the law requires to be performed under certain conditions:

"The accused is guaranteed the right to defense."

When naming a person in the OD style, nouns are used that designate the person based on a characteristic determined by some action or attitude, which is intended to accurately indicate the “roles” of the participants in the situation: defendant, tenant, tenant, reader, guardian, adoptive parent, plaintiff, witness, etc.

Nouns denoting positions and titles are used in the masculine form even when they refer to female persons: police officer Smirnov, defendant Proshina and the like.

Among the word-formation models of nouns, verbal formations are widely represented, including na-nie, sometimes with a prefix and non-: non-compliance, non-recognition, decision, execution. For example:

“Children left without parental care and located in educational institutions, medical institutions, social protection institutions and other similar institutions have the right to: maintenance, upbringing, education, comprehensive development, respect for their human dignity, ensuring their interests.... "(Family Code of the Russian Federation, p. 149).

Stringing nouns with the suffix -nie can be considered a clear sign of the OD style:

“Preparation for a crime is the search and adaptation of means or instruments or the deliberate creation of conditions for the commission of crimes...”

The OA style is rich in constructions with a verb that takes on purely grammatical functions. The number of verbs that act as grammatically supporting words and serve to express almost only grammatical meanings amounts to many dozens:

conduct (campaigning, installation, observation, negotiations, preparation, searches, development, investigation...);

make (additions, corrections, clarifications...);

give (consultation, appointment, justification, explanation, refutation, refusal, assessment, instruction, permission, clarification, order, recommendation, consent, instruction...);

undergo (examination, training, testing..) and so on.

Extremely characteristic of official speech are the methods of composite word formation - stem and word composition, fusion, as a result of which in the lexicon of a business language two (or more) root formations are represented by a very extensive collection:

marriage, offense, taxation, land use, passenger transportation, disability, tenant, landlord, dacha owner, paper holder, cultural and entertainment, material and technical, repair and construction, administrative and economic, autumn-winter, bakery, apartment intermediary, knowledge-intensive, transport-intensive, low-paid , low-income, person-ruble, ship-day, passenger-seat-mile and many others.

The business style’s predilection for complex words is easily explained: they are transparent in structure and meaning, and have idiomatic effects. To an even greater extent, the need for semantically clear names is met by the phrase; the number of OA style names created in this way amounts to many thousands of units:

vehicles, wage, official, confectionery, securities, travel document, reception point, executive committee, cashless payment, work injury, personal injury, public places, occupational disease, catering establishment, high-demand goods, on-the-job training, law rest, search warrant, demotion, loss of rights....

The convenience of “analytical” models is expressed with particular clarity in the nomenclature of institutions, professions, positions, etc. that makes up a gigantic layer of official names: chief researcher, deputy regiment commander for engineering service, Moscow State University, St. Petersburg State Mining Institute (Technical University). Transcaucasian Railway, Volyn plant household chemicals, State Duma deputy...

Syntax. From syntactic constructions, having the coloring of the OD style, we note phrases that include complex denominative prepositions: in part, along the line, on the subject, in order to avoid, as well as a combination with the preposition by, expressing a temporary meaning: upon return, upon reaching. For example:

"Civil capacity arises in full with the onset of adulthood, that is, upon reaching the age of eighteen".

Simple sentences in the OA style are often complicated by homogeneous members, the number of which can reach 8-10 or more, due to the need to exhaust the subject of the message. For example:

"The objects of common ownership of a peasant farm are the following property: land plot, plantings, outbuildings or other buildings, reclamation and other structures, productive and working livestock, poultry, agricultural and other machinery, equipment, vehicles, inventory and other property..."

As in the scientific style, passive construction and complex sentences with a conjunctive connection of parts are widely used here, and a large place is occupied by complex sentences with a conditional clause (26% among all complex sentences, which is 4 times higher than their use in scientific speech).

The syntax of the OD style is known for “stringing the genitive case”, i.e. the use of complex combinations with several dependent components in the form of the genitive case (G.p.) without a preposition. Examples: To apply public pressure measures, for the purpose of wide publicity of the work of the Ministry of Higher Education...

Thus, the process of standardization of business speech covers all levels of language - vocabulary, morphology, and syntax. As a result, a stable speech stereotype is formed, perceived by speakers as a special, functionally oriented type of linguistic norming of texts, i.e. special functional style.

Those who see the standardization of business speech as an “impoverishment” and even “damage” of the literary language are completely wrong. The development of business language corresponds to the general laws of the evolution of modern society, for example, the increasing mechanization of labor, the introduction of machine methods for processing, transmitting and storing information.

It is not the standardization of OA style that should be considered a negative linguistic phenomenon, but the use of verbal cliches in oral and written speech. A type of cliche that is increasingly penetrating into lively spoken language is the so-called “bureaucraticism” (according to the apt definition of K.I. Chukovsky), the misuse of stencil expressions from business papers.

The coloring of the OD style is possessed, first of all, by lexical and phraseological units language (notify, forward, plaintiff, protocol, housing rental, prosecutorial supervision, lump sum). The use of the name “bureaucracy” in relation to this vocabulary and phraseology in all cases seems unfair, since this name has a negative emotional connotation. It is more expedient to distinguish between two concepts and, accordingly, two terms: “vocabulary with the coloring of OD style” and “clericalism”.

The first name reflects the place of the corresponding layer of vocabulary in the system of general literary language, its functional and stylistic coloring. The second name, “clericalisms,” refers to the same lexical units, but when they are used in speech with a different stylistic connotation, for example, in colloquial speech, or in the language of a work of art. If they are used unintentionally, by accident, then their use should be regarded as a violation stylistic norm like a speech error.

The OA style itself, like the scientific one, is alien to emotional and expressive coloring. Indeed, in the linguistic means of the OA style there are no additional, additional assessments of the speaker (writer) that would be layered on linguistic units beyond their lexical, nominative or grammatical meaning. On the contrary, the linguistic units selected here, as already mentioned, are designed to convey the relevant concepts and facts as accurately and unambiguously as possible.

2. Business communication culture.

Business conversation is, understood in the broadest sense, oral speech contact between people connected by business interests who have the necessary authority to establish business relationships and solve business problems. Business conversation is primarily oral business speech, which has significant differences with its written form. First of all, a business conversation is a direct communication that involves a specific interlocutor (or interlocutors), which makes it possible to directly influence him (or them). The presence of an interlocutor allows you to use facial expressions, gestures, intonation and other communication techniques, which significantly distinguishes oral business speech from its written form.

Direct communication eliminates the possibility of preliminary thinking, and therefore business conversation is full of relaxed forms of communication, as well as some grammatical and stylistic features. Thus, this type of business speech is characterized by a certain departure from the usual morphological norms of the general literary language, which in business communication are often considered as an excess that does not allow the meaning of the statement to be accurately and concisely conveyed. For speech to be correct, words must be used in strict accordance with their meaning. Meanwhile, errors in word usage are the most common speech flaw among participants in business conversations. Let's take this example: “The weather WAS FAVORABLE for the unloading of the platforms” (instead of “FAVORABLE”). In this case, the word is used without taking into account its semantics. Such errors arise as a result of the speakers’ stylistic negligence, inattention to the word, or poor knowledge of the language.

Using words without taking into account their semantics often changes the meaning of a statement. For example: “The construction of the main building of the plant coincided with a sharp deterioration in CLIMATIC CONDITIONS.” The speaker meant, of course, weather conditions (bad weather), the climate cannot change in the few months during which the construction of the mentioned factory building was carried out.

Using words without taking into account their semantics can cause illogicality and even absurdity in a statement. Thus, in the phrase “A DECADE of a technical book will take FIVE DAYS,” the speaker forgot or did not know that the word “decade” means “ten days.” But more often, incorrect use of words leads to logical errors, which are usually expressed in the substitution of a concept.

Speakers do not always skillfully use antonyms in their speech. Consider the following phrase, which is heard quite often in business conversations: “DUE TO WEAK CONTROL...”. Here, the first of the words of the antonymic pair, acting as a preposition, should not have retained the original lexical meaning, but due to the close proximity of its antonym, this meaning “appeared”, and the combination of incompatible concepts became the reason for the illogicality of the statement.

A careless attitude to language can cause speech failure - missing words necessary to accurately express a thought: “THE DEPARTMENT STARTS at exactly 12 o’clock” (“meeting” is missed). Speech impairment usually occurs when the speaker is in a hurry and does not monitor the correctness of the statement, which causes serious damage to the semantic side of speech.

In some cases, missing words can completely distort the idea: “To speed up the loading of goods, it is necessary to unite all port services” (it is necessary: to unite the EFFORTS of all port services).

The cause of stylistic errors is very often an unsuccessful choice of synonym. For example, in the phrase “It is necessary to PROTECT the goods from shrinkage,” instead of the verb “to protect,” one should use its synonym “PRESERVE.”

If the speaker finds it difficult to give an exact definition of a particular concept, an unjustified string of synonyms may arise that express the idea approximately, giving rise to speech redundancy, for example: “Our employees have recently had a lot of MISSIONS and ABSENCES. We must ensure RHYTHMIC and UNINTERRUPTED work.”

Very often in business conversation there is a confusion of paronyms (i.e. words that are similar in morphological composition and, therefore, in sound, but differ in meaning), which leads to gross lexical errors. Most often this causes a violation of lexical compatibility, for example: BOW your head (must: bow); beautiful and PRACTICAL clothes (necessary: practical).

A lexical error consisting in replacing the right word its distorted version. So, instead of the adjective “extraordinary” they say “unscheduled”, instead of “mutually” - “mutually”.

Gross lexical errors in speech can be caused by false associations, which often arise under the influence of the wrong choice of paronym. The words “statute” and “status” are often confused, “to approve” (i.e. to give official approval based on verification) and “to test” (i.e. to subject to a test, sample before use). For the correct use of words in speech, it is not enough to know their exact meaning; it is also necessary to take into account the lexical compatibility of words, i.e. their ability to connect with each other. Involuntary violation of lexical compatibility is a very common defect oral speech. Thus, they often say: the meeting is convened, the conversation is read, the obligations are completed, the attention is increased, the horizons are broadened. You can often hear the phrase “MEET THE NEEDS OF THE MODERN NEEDS,” which is a mixture of MEETING REQUIREMENTS and MEETING NEEDS. Or another example: “MATERIAL DAMAGES WERE RECOVERED from the supplier in favor of the customer” (material DAMAGES can be COMPENSATED, MONEY can be RECOVERED).

You cannot combine colloquial words with book ones or combine high, solemn phrases with ordinary, neutral ones, for example: “After that, he became an advocate of saving on every operation” (one could say more simply: “He suggested saving on every operation”).

BRIEFS is the most important requirement for any form of business speech, since such speech is characterized, as we have already noted, by a purely applied nature in the presentation of the information being reported. This means that the speaker does not abuse the listener's time and patience, avoiding unnecessary repetition, unnecessary detail and verbal garbage. Every word and expression serves a purpose here, which can be formulated as follows: to present the essence of the matter to the listeners as accurately and concisely as possible. Therefore, words and phrases that do not carry any semantic load should be completely excluded from business speech.

Verbosity, or speech redundancy, most often manifests itself in the use of unnecessary words, which indicate not only stylistic negligence, they also indicate the vagueness and uncertainty of the speaker’s ideas about the subject of speech, which often comes at the expense of information content, obscuring the main idea of the statement.

Verbosity manifests itself in various forms. Thus, very often participants in business conversations obsessively explain well-known truths to everyone or repeatedly repeat the same thoughts, thereby unintentionally prolonging the business conversation.

Speech redundancy can take the form of PLEONASM, which is understood as the simultaneous use of words that are close in meaning and therefore superfluous (anticipate in advance, dark darkness, the main essence, everyday routine, valuable treasure, etc.). Often pleonasms are born by combining synonyms (long and lasting; bold and courageous; only; however, nevertheless). A type of pleonasm is TAUTOLOGY, that is, repetition of the same thing in other words. Everyday conversations of business people are literally filled with repetitions of the same or similar words, for example: “in the MONTH of August”, “SCHEMATIC plan”, “five PEOPLE miners”, “seven PIECES of transformers”, etc.

Tautology can arise when repeating words with the same root (tell a story), as well as when combining a Russian and a foreign word that duplicates its meaning (debuted for the first time, a memorable souvenir). The latter usually indicates that the speaker does not understand the exact meaning of the borrowed foreign word. This is how the combinations “interior”, “break interval”, “young prodigy”, “minuscule little things”, “leading leader”, etc. appear.

However, individual combinations of this type have become so entrenched in speech that they can no longer be classified as speech defects. These include, for example, such as “time period”, “monumental monument”, “real reality”, “exhibitions of the exhibition”, “second-hand book”.

Speech redundancy of business speech should also include the use of unnecessarily foreign words, which duplicate Russian words and thereby unjustifiably complicate the statement. Why, for example, say “nothing extraordinary” when you can say “nothing special”; instead of “ordinary” - “ordinary”, instead of “indifferent” - “indifferent”, instead of “ignore” - “not notice”, instead of “limit” - “limit”, instead of “approximately” - “approximately”, instead of “function” - “act”, instead of “diversification” - “diversity”, instead of “determine” - “define”, instead of “test” - “check”, etc.

Incorrect or parallel use of foreign language vocabulary leads, as a rule, to unnecessary repetitions, for example: “industrial industry” (the word “industry” already contains the concept “industrial”), “to speed up construction at an accelerated pace” (“to force” means “to carry out at an accelerated pace” pace"), "to suffer a complete fiasco" ("fiasco" is a complete defeat).

Conclusion

In conclusion, we summarize the main results of the abstract. During business communication, information, opinions and views are exchanged between people. Communication is interaction. This is a way to get to know other people, the world around. Business communication is based on all moral principles of communication.. You need to be able to emphasize the importance that this or that interlocutor has for you. The concept of communicative culture in business communication is an interaction leading to the establishment of psychological contact with partners, when perception and understanding between them is established. Here, knowledge of the peculiarities of human interaction is important in order to be able to direct the actions of partners towards the result you desire. Generally accepted norms for any type of communication, and business communication in particular, contain requirements for its participants. These include politeness, correctness, modesty, tact, accuracy and courtesy..

Among book styles, the official business style is the most clearly defined. It serves legal and administrative activities when communicating in government agencies, in court, during business and diplomatic negotiations: business speech provides the sphere of official business relations and functions in the field of law and politics. The official business style is implemented in the texts of laws, decrees, orders, instructions, contracts, agreements, orders, acts, in business correspondence of institutions, as well as in legal certificates, etc. Despite the fact that this style is subject to serious changes under the influence of socio-historical changes in society, it stands out among other functional varieties of the language due to its stability, traditionality, isolation and standardization. The analysis showed that standard syntactic phrases, clichéd expressions, structural and compositional features, etc. are the result of intralingual selection, the use of those structural and syntactic capabilities of the language that the best way meet the challenges facing a business letter. And it is these features, which arose under the influence of extralinguistic factors and as a result of the internal laws of linguistic development, that determine the face of the genre business correspondence, distinguishing it from other genres of official business style and maintaining its thematic and genre attachment for decades.

Bibliography

1. Rakhmanin L.V. Stylistics of business speech and editing of official documents: Proc. allowance for the environment. specialist. schools, institutions. 3rd ed., revised - M.: Higher. school, 2004.

3. Leonova G.V. On some features of the use of borrowed words in business speech // Secretarial Affairs. - 2007, No. 4;

4. Basovskaya E.N. Language difficulties associated with the preparation of documents // Secretarial Affairs. - 2007, No. 1

5. Culture of oral and written speech of a business person: Directory. - M.: Flinta, Nauka, 2005. P. 100

6. Rakhmanin L V Stylistics of business speech and editing of official documents Proc. manual for special educational institutions, 3rd ed., rev. -M Higher school, 2004. P. 16.

7. GOST R. 1.5-92 State system standardization of the Russian Federation General requirements for the construction, presentation, design and content of standards P. 4.12. Abbreviations.

8. Culture of Russian speech. Textbook for universities, ed. Graudina L.K., Shiryaeva E.N.

Business. Of course, the language...

Officially - business written speech

Abstract >> Foreign language

Transformations of the Russian state apparatus. Russian officially – business written speech has centuries-old traditions and deep... and patterns of formation of a special style language serving the sphere officially - business relationships, identify features...

Used to compose documents, letters and business papers in institutions, courts and in any type of oral business communication, this is an official business style of speech.

general characteristics

This is a long-established, stable and rather closed style. Of course, it too underwent some changes over time, but they were insignificant. Genres that have developed historically, specific syntactic turns, morphology and vocabulary give it a rather conservative character.

To characterize the official business style, the language must be given dryness, compactness of speech, conciseness and the removal of emotionally charged words. Linguistic means already exist in a complete set for every case: these are the so-called language stamps or cliches.

List of some documents that require official business style:

international treaties;
government acts;
legal laws;
various regulations;
military regulations and charters of enterprises;
instructions of all kinds;
official correspondence;
various business papers.

General characteristics of linguistic style

Genres can be diverse, content can be different, but the official business style also has common essential features. First and foremost: the statement must be accurate. If possible different interpretations, this is no longer an official business style. There are examples even in fairy tales: execution cannot be pardoned. The only thing missing is a comma, but the consequences of this error can go very far.

To avoid such situations, there is a second main feature, which contains the formal business style of documents, is the locale standard. It is he who helps to choose lexical, morphological, syntactic language means when designing business documents.

The order of words in a sentence is particularly strict and conservatistic; here much goes against the direct word order inherent in the structure of the Russian language. The subject precedes the predicate (for example, the goods are sold), and definitions become stronger than the word being defined (for example, credit relations), the control word comes before the controlled word (for example, allocate a loan).

Each member of a sentence usually has a place unique to it, which is determined by the structure of the sentence and its type, its own role among other words, interaction and relationships with them. A character traits official business style - long chains of genitive cases, for example: the address of the Head of the regional administration.

Vocabulary of style

The dictionary system includes, in addition to commonly used bookish neutral words, certain clichés - clericalisms, that is, linguistic cliches. This is part of the formal business style. For example: based on a decision, incoming documents, outgoing documents, upon expiration of a deadline, control over execution, and so on.

Here we cannot do without professional vocabulary, which includes neologisms: shadow business, arrears, black cash, alibi, and so on. The official business style also includes the inclusion of some archaisms in the lexical structure, for example: this document, I certify with it.

However, the use of polysemantic words and words that have a figurative meaning is strictly prohibited. There are very few synonyms and they are included in the official business style extremely rarely. For example, solvency and creditworthiness, supply and delivery, as well as collateral, depreciation and amortization, subsidy and appropriation.

This reflects social experience, not individual experience, so the vocabulary is generalized. The conceptual series prefers generic concepts that fit well into the official business style. Examples: arrive instead of arrive, arrive, fly in, and so on; vehicle instead of a car, plane, train, bus or dog sled; settlement instead of a village, a city, the capital of Siberia, a village of chemists, and so on.

So, the following elements of lexical constructions belong to the official business style.

A high percentage of terminology in the texts: legal - law, owner and property, registration, transfer and acceptance of objects, privatization, deed, lease, and so on; economic - costs, subsidies, budget, purchase and sale, income, expenses, and so on; economic and legal - sequestration, implementation period, property rights, loan repayment, and so on.
The nominal nature of speech construction due to large number verbal nouns, most often denoting a material action: shipment of goods, deferment of payment, and so on.
High frequency of prepositional combinations and denominate prepositions: to the address, by force, in relation to the matter, by measure, and so on.
Changing participles into adjectives and pronouns to enhance clerical meanings: this contract (or rules), current prices, appropriate measures, and so on.
Regulated lexical compatibility: the transaction is only concluded, and the price is set, the right is granted, and the payment is made.

Morphology of style

Morphological features of the official business style include, first of all, the frequency (repeated) use of certain parts of speech, as well as their types, which help in the language’s desire for accuracy and ambiguity of statements. For example, these:

nouns that name people based on action (tenant, taxpayer, witness);
nouns that call people by position or rank, including women strictly in the masculine form (salesman Sidorova, librarian Petrova, sergeant Ivanova, inspector Krasutskaya, and so on);
particle non- in verbal nouns (non-compliance, non-recognition);
the use of derivative prepositions in a wide range (due to, in connection with, to the extent of, by virtue of, on the basis of, in relation to, and so on);
constructions in the infinitive (to provide assistance, to conduct an inspection);
present tense of verbs in a different meaning (a fine will be charged for non-payment);
complex words with two or more stems (employer, tenant, repair and maintenance, material and technical, below-mentioned, above-mentioned, and so on).

Style syntax

The characteristics of the official business style consist of the following syntactic features:

Simple sentences are used with many rows homogeneous members. For example: An administrative penalty may include fines for violations of labor protection and safety regulations in construction, industry, agriculture and in transport in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.
Available passive designs this type: payments are made strictly at the specified time.
Nouns prefer the genitive case and are strung with beads: the results of the activities of customs control units.
Complex sentences are filled with conditional clauses: in cases of subscribers’ disagreement with the processing of their personal data in terms of the methods and purposes of processing or in full, subscribers sign a corresponding statement when concluding a contract.

The sphere of official business style in genre diversity

Here, first, you need to highlight two areas of subject matter: official-documentary and everyday-business styles.

1. Official documentary style is divided into two categories: legislative documents related to work government agencies, - The Constitution, charters, laws are one language (J), and diplomatic acts related to international relations, - memoranda, communiqués, statements, conventions - this is a different language (K).

2. Everyday business style is also subdivided: correspondence between organizations and institutions is the j language, and private business papers are the k language. The genres of everyday business style include all official correspondence - commercial correspondence, business letters, as well as business papers - autobiography, certificate, act, certificate, statement, protocol, receipt, power of attorney, and so on. Standardization, characteristic of these genres, facilitates the preparation of papers, saves language resources and prevents information redundancy.

Standardization of business papers

Specially selected words in an official business style ensure communicative precision, giving documents legal force. Any piece of text must have a single interpretation and meaning. For such high accuracy, the same words, terms, names are repeated many times.

The form of the verbal noun complements the features of the official business style with an analytical expression of actions and processes: instead of the word “supplement” the phrase “make additions” is used, instead of “decide” - “make decisions” and so on. How much harsher it sounds to be “responsible” instead of just “responsible.”

Generalization and abstraction to the highest degree and at the same time the specific meaning of the entire lexical structure are the main features of the official business style. This inconceivable combination, used simultaneously, gives the document the possibility of a single interpretation and, in the totality of information, legal force. The texts themselves are full of terms and procedural vocabulary, and, for example, appendices to contracts contain nomenclature vocabulary. Questionnaires and registers, applications and specifications help terminology to be deciphered.

In addition to emotionally charged text, the use of any swear words, reduced vocabulary, jargon, or colloquial expressions in documents is unacceptable. Even professional jargon is inappropriate in the language of business correspondence. And most of all, because it does not meet the requirements of accuracy, since it is assigned strictly to the sphere of oral communication.

Oral business speech

The unemotional and dry logic of texts, the standard arrangement of material on paper differs significantly from oral speech, which is usually emotionally charged and asymmetrical according to the principles of textual organization. If oral speech is emphatically logical, the communication environment is clearly official.

Features of the official business style are that oral business conversation, despite the professional topic, should take place in the field positive emotions- sympathy, trust, respect, goodwill.

This style can be considered in its varieties: clerical and business style is simpler, but the language of public administration, diplomatic or legal requires special attention. The areas of communication in these cases are completely different, so the style of communication must also be different. Statements, protocols, orders, decrees - everything that is thought out, written down, read, is not as dangerous as oral negotiations, business meetings, public performance and so on. The word, like a sparrow, cannot be caught if it flies out.

The main features of the formal business style of speech are brevity, accuracy and influence. To achieve these goals, you will need an appropriate selection of words, correctly composed structures, correct syntax, and standardization in your mind of entire blocks of prepared speech. Just as in written business text, there is no place for emotionally charged vocabulary in oral speech. It is better to choose a neutral one, to be closer to the standards of clerical language means in order to accurately state what is planned.

Requisites

The most striking characteristic of the official business style is not even the text itself, but all the essential elements of its design - the details. Each type of document has its own information set, provided for by GOST. Each element is strictly assigned to a specific place on the form. The date, name, registration number, information about the compiler and all other details are always located the same way - some at the top of the sheet, others at the bottom.

The number of details depends on the content and type of document. The sample form shows the maximum details and the order in which they are located on the document. This National emblem Russian Federation, emblems of an organization or enterprise, images of government awards, code of an organization, enterprise or institution (All-Russian classifier of enterprises and organizations - OKPO), document form code (All-Russian classifier of management documentation - OKUD) and so on.

Stencilization

Machine processing, computerized office work - a new era in the process of standardization. Economic and socio-political life is becoming more complicated, technical progress is gaining momentum, therefore the features of the official business style are to economically justify the choice of one language option from all possible and consolidate it in practice.

Using a stable formula, an accepted abbreviation, and a uniform arrangement of all material, drawing up a document is much faster and easier. This is how all standard and template letters, tables, questionnaires, etc. are compiled, which allows information to be encoded, ensuring the informative capacity of the text, with the ability to expand its full structure. Such modules are implemented into the text of contracts (lease, work, purchase and sale, etc.)

From fifty to seventy percent of word usage in a document is procedural vocabulary and terminology. The subject of the document determines the unambiguity of the context. For example: The Parties undertake to comply with the above rules. The word “parties”, used outside the document, is very ambiguous, but here we can read a purely legal aspect - the persons who enter into the agreement.

Using language in your Everyday life, all people, depending on the need, resort to various linguistic means. Linguistic style is a set of linguistic means of expression conditioned by the content and purpose of the utterance. Business style is the style of a variety of business papers, and it is characterized by quite significant diversity.

General provisions for writing text

Speech is an invaluable treasure of the people, a complete chronicle of their spiritual life. In the depths of language there is a philosophical mind, a refined aesthetic taste, a truly poetic flair, the work of concentrated thought, the power of extreme sensitivity to the subtlest modulations in natural phenomena, the strictest logic, high spiritual sects.

To cultivate respect for the language you speak and write in is, first of all, to respect yourself, to show respect for your people, their history, and culture.

The first grammar in its modern understanding as the science of forms and the use of words was compiled in Art. to n. e. disciple of Aristarchus Dionysius of Thracia. By that time, grammar meant the art of reading and writing.

Even V. Potebnya emphasized the role of language in the creation and formation of concepts, categories of thought in the logic of thinking processes.

Features of the official business style of documents

A feature of language, manifested in the selection, combination and organization of linguistic means in connection with the tasks of communication, is its style. According to the main functions of the language, the following functional styles are distinguished: scientific, journalistic, artistic, colloquial and official business.

Any information requires a language in which it will be recorded, transmitted and perceived. This difficult process can be carried out using special terminology - the main component of any functional style.

IN various fields economic, socio-political and cultural life - the style of business communication was influenced by the need to present facts with extreme accuracy, brevity, specificity, avoiding ambiguity.

Formal business style- this is a style that serves the sphere of official business relations mainly in written form. Business papers can be varied in genre and content, in volume and linguistic expression. Most business papers in their content are related to business sphere communication, therefore, the individual-personal aspect is not reflected in the language and style of the document.

The language of business papers is characterized by stylistic rigor and objectivity of presentation. In an official business style there should be no emotionality and subjective assessment. This brings the style of business papers closer to a balanced bookish, scientific style, although the impersonality of the manner of presentation is characteristic feature document language.

Since documents are related to legal norms, the objectivity in the style of presentation is emphasized by their affirmative and imperative nature. As a rule, documents are drawn up so that the information presented in them is taken into account, or the corresponding decision is necessarily executed. Such documents are based on scientific analysis of social relations, so they must be precise and concise, and this must be achieved using appropriate linguistic means. Characteristic feature official business style is the use of words in their specific meaning.

The scope of application of business style determines its genre ramifications. The main purpose of the official business style is to regulate business relationship in the above areas and serve the social needs of people in typical situations.

Official business style is a style that appeals to the intellect, to reason, and not to feelings, and therefore stands out among others functional styles with their special characteristics. Features of the written form compared to the oral form are:

The absence of an interlocutor at the moment of expressing a thought, the absence of a language situation;

The number of interlocutors and the qualitative composition of the audience are not always known;

The written form is secondary to the oral one and relies on the oral form as its source;

The presence of texts assigned to forms of existence (not all written texts can be spoken, for example, a passport);

The monologue nature of written texts is potentially unlimited amount copies;

The presence of a system of graphic signs inherent only in written form;

Communication is not direct, but indirect, which in turn predetermines careful work on the selection of means, their clarification, improvement, and hence the strict regulation of the means and structure of the text, traditionalism and conservatism in the structuring and selection of means.

The official business style is characterized by the use of words only in those meanings that are determined by the norm of literary literary usage, as well as the meaning traditional for business documents, which does not violate their stylistic unity and corresponds to the general trend of standardization of business language.

Business style is determined by the following features:

1. Accuracy, consistency and conciseness in the presentation of facts, extreme clarity in the statement. Business style is devoid of imagery, emotionality and individual authorial features.

2. The presence of speech patterns, a certain standardization of the beginnings and endings of documents. These are so-called clichés - stable verbal formulas assigned to a specific situation and are perceived as an ordinary, obligatory component. The presence of standard expressions facilitates and shortens the process of arranging texts, leading to the same type of means in the same situations.

Cliche - These are linguistic constructions that have a constant composition of components, their order and established sound. There are simple, complicated and complex clichés.

Simple clichés - these are language constructions consisting of two words: accordingly, take action, express gratitude, reprimand, participate, etc.

Complex - that have more than two words: take into account, according to the original, take an active part, take strict measures, issue a severe reprimand and the like.

Complex - have in their structure two simple cliches, which are combined into one block: department for combating organized crime, monitoring the execution of the order, I reserve the order to announce to the personnel of the academy and the like.

3. Availability of details that have a certain order. IN various types For business papers, the composition of the details varies; it depends on the content of the document, its purpose, and processing method. Assignment using permanent details places makes documents convenient for visual perception and simplifies their processing.

4. Logical and well-reasoned presentation. This feature of business speech involves reflecting the correct state of things, consistency and objectivity of facts and assessments, and neutrality of tone.

5. Lack of individual style features. Unlike other areas of activity, participants in business communication mainly act as representatives of certain organizations and institutions and express their interests - that is, they are bearers of certain functions. In this regard, manifestations of individuality in business language are considered deviations from the norm, atypical for style in general,

6. Vocabulary is predominantly neutral, used in its literal meaning. Depending on what industry public life serves the official business style, it can contain socio-political, socio-industrial, legal, scientific vocabulary and the like.

New concepts, meanings, their shades, establishing themselves in the human mind, in communication, enter into general use due to their consolidation in the text.

Official business style (ODS) serves the sphere of official relations, in which communication participants perform certain social functions. Situations during such communication are as typical as possible, which gives rise to the standard speech behavior of their participants, therefore many documents are ready-made forms in which you only need to enter the passport data of the document submitter.

The term “official business style” is usually used to designate the peculiarities of the language of official (organizational and administrative) and diplomatic documents. The main function of the official business style is that, requiring a certain form when presenting the content in writing, it gives the text the character of a document and translates the various aspects reflected in this text human relations classified as official business documents.

The main features of ODS are precision of formulation, standard arrangement of material, regulation (limited set of linguistic means), rigor and simplicity, information richness, written form of presentation and impersonality of the statement.

ODS is divided into three substyles - legal, diplomatic and clerical and business. Each of them is reflected in a number of genres. The genres of the legal substyle include the constitution, code, law, charter, resolution; the genres of the diplomatic substyle include a credential, note of protest, declaration, communiqué; the genres of the clerical and business substyle include orders, contracts, notices, orders, as well as all types of documents. of a personal nature (application, complaint, receipt, power of attorney, letter, report / official / explanatory note, autobiography, etc.).

From linguistic features Official business style should highlight the following. To the lexical features of ODS refers to the presence of stable expressions and terms denoting the realities of social life, as well as clericalisms that immediately catch the eye, are imprinted and later emerge in a spontaneous and unprepared form in colloquial speech ( proper, undersigned, hear, plaintiff, individual, consumer and etc.). ODS texts lack emotionally expressive vocabulary, evaluative and introductory modal words ( good, bad, like, want, probably, maybe, etc.). The words used in the texts are characterized by limited lexical compatibility, for example, official letter not written, A is being compiled.

IN morphologically the use of short forms of adjectives with the meaning of must is noted ( obliged, responsible, accountable) and participles ( the decision was made, the candidacy was supported), an abundance of denominate prepositions and conjunctions ( accordingly, in continuation, for purposes, due to the fact that). To express imperativeness, infinitive constructions are used, reinforced by adverbs and modal words ( repairs must be made, I order that measures be taken, it is necessary to begin... etc.).

On syntactic features ODS texts include the active use of passive constructions ( the order is completed, it is not possible, negotiations are completed) and an abundance of sentences with homogeneous members and isolated phrases, various kinds of cliches and cliches with archaic elements ( according to the act, the punishability of the act).

ODS texts are characterized by sentences with inversion - the subject with an objective meaning follows the predicate ( Everyone is guaranteed freedom of conscience). Sentences with participles and participial phrases allow you to make the text information-rich. The texts are dominated by constructions with “stringing” of genitive cases of nouns without prepositions ( Any form of restriction of the rights of citizens of the Russian Federation is prohibited).

Official business texts are characterized by a high degree of segmentation, which allows you to clearly structure the text, dividing it into articles, paragraphs, paragraphs, and subparagraphs. The text is built according to a template (form), which includes all the elements required for a given genre.

ODS texts, or documents, occupy a significant place in life modern man. They regulate our social life, so we feel the need for them every day. That is why each of us must be able not only to correctly interpret a document, but also to draft it correctly. The author composing this or that document must use in it those linguistic means that the genre of the document requires of him, and not “invent” his own phrases that differ from the standard ones.

The document is created in accordance with the genre model of the text with a constant composition, which includes mandatory thematic blocks, i.e. details.

For example, a job application contains the following details:

1) indication of the addressee (name of the manager and enterprise);

2) indication of the addressee;

3) name of the genre of the document (statement);

4) the main content of the request (please accept me...);

5) indication of the date of preparation of the document;

6) signature (handwritten signature).

It is necessary to strictly observe the requirements for the location of details in relation to each other. In the application, the addressee and addressee are indicated in the upper right corner of the sheet. The title of the document (with a capital letter and without a period at the end, if the addressee uses the preposition “from”, or with a lowercase letter and with a period at the end, if the addressee does not have the preposition “from”) is located in the middle, and the main content is along the width of the sheet. The date is placed at the bottom left, and the signature is placed at the right, on the same line as the date. In this case, empty lines are left between the details. Below the date and signature, free space is left for the resolution. Resolutions are also in the top left corner.

The official business style is the most common style that functions not only in clerical work and diplomacy, but also in any official relations, for example, in production, at a university, in medical institutions, in a newspaper, etc.

When drawing up documents, generally accepted stable speech patterns are used: I ask your permission to...; I, who have signed below...; the certificate was given... that... indeed...; let me invite you...; I, who live at the address..., trust...

It is extremely important for documents to use the correct verbs such as trust, assure, guarantee, declare, notify, insist, confirm, notify, offer, order etc. These verbs are used in the first person plural or singular in sentences without a subject, as well as the third person singular when mentioning the addresser, for example: “I ask”, not “I ask”; “we undertake”, not “we undertake”.

The author of the document must be able to accurately and concisely express his point of view on the issue of interest to him. To do this, he must know linguistic means expressing cause-and-effect and other logical relationships, which, first of all, include complex conjunctions and denominate prepositions: for the reason, for the purposes of, on the basis of, in order to avoid, in accordance with, according to, thanks to, in view of and so on.

In official business papers, you should correctly use etiquette formulas of address, indicating the addressee’s respectful attitude towards the addressee: Thank you for..., We kindly ask you..., Unfortunately... It should be kept in mind that in business letter second person pronouns ( You, Your) are written with a capital letter, while in ordinary written speech such spelling contradicts the norms of Russian spelling.

In official business papers, familiar address to the addressee is not allowed ( Expensive…), indication of response time in ultimatum form ( Please answer me immediately...)or refusal to the addressee’s request without specifying reasons.

Typical errors in business speech include the following violations:

1) unmotivated use of foreign words ( prolong instead of extend; appeal instead of address);

2) the use of archaisms ( which instead of which, this year instead of this year);

3) incorrect use of paronyms ( graduated from university instead of graduated from university; introduce the products instead of introduce the products);

4) violation of the norms of using prepositions ( thanks, according to, despite, according to combined with the dative case; as a result, during differ in their spelling from prepositional-case combinations An experienced detective is involved in the investigation; there are rapids along the river).

Here are two options for writing a statement:.

Option 1 (application from whom):

prof. A.M. Shammazov

from a second year student

Faculty of Technology

Nikolaev Denis Yakovlevich.

Statement

Please transfer me to correspondence form training for family reasons. An extract from the academic certificate about the tests and exams I passed is attached.

07/25/2012 Personal signature

Option 2 (whose statement):

Rector of Ufa State

oil technical university

prof. A.M. Shammazov

second year student

Faculty of Technology

Nikolaev Denis Yakovlevich

statement.

In connection with the request of the enterprise, which sent me at its own expense for training, I ask you to transfer me to the specialty “Drilling of oil and gas wells”. A letter from the HR department of Burintech LLC is attached.

The official business style, unlike other book styles, is characterized by relative stability and isolation. Undoubtedly, certain changes have occurred in it over time, but its main features have remained unchanged. This direction is characterized by dryness, conciseness, and the absence of words of an emotionally charged nature.

In the official documentation, the list of used language means is predetermined. The most striking feature of the style is language stamps (clichés). The documentation does not imply the manifestation of the individuality of its compiler. On the contrary, the more cliched the paper, the more convenient it is to use.

Characteristic features of the style

Papers of various genres (state acts, laws, international agreements, instructions, etc.) are drawn up in an official business style. However, despite the differences that exist in them, in general they are characterized by common features: a language standard and accuracy, which exclude the possibility of foreign interpretations.

If the information can be interpreted in different ways, then the document is not written in a business style. For example, in the phrase “confirm cannot be refused,” placing a comma in different places can have serious consequences.

You can avoid such moments by adhering to language standards. They are the ones who allow you to do right choice in syntactic, lexical and morphological language means when compiling important papers.

Particular attention is paid to the order of words in a sentence. In papers written in an official business style, the direct word order characteristic of the Russian-language system is often violated. The controlling concept can precede the controlled one (issue a loan), be subject to the predicate (the goods are released), and the definitions can be more significant than the defined concept (debt obligations).

All members of a phrase, as a rule, have places unique to them, determined by the characteristics of the sentence and interaction with other words. Distinctive features style are chains of words in the genitive case (message from the Head of Agriculture).

Lexical side of official business style

In addition to the commonly used vocabulary, the direction includes clichés and clericalism (required to prove, quality control, according to your order, etc.). The presence of professional vocabulary with the inclusion in the structure of sentences of neologisms (marketing, manager, etc.), archaisms (sowing paper, entrusted department, above-mentioned) is also characteristic.

However, the use of ambiguous words is unacceptable. Synonyms in business style are rare. These include concepts such as cost-effective and profitable, provision and delivery, priority and advantage, incident and incident.

In the official business direction, it is not individual personal experience that is used, but the experience accumulated by society. That is why vocabulary has generalized characteristics. In the conceptual series, generic concepts predominate (technology instead of a computer/TV, a room instead of a workshop/apartment/office, a person instead of a person/woman/guy, etc.).

So, the official style is characterized by such components of lexical constructions as:

A large percentage of terms in the content of texts.
The nominal nature of drawing up proposals due to the many verbal nouns, in most cases reflecting an action of a material nature (signing papers, deferring payment, etc.).
Repeated use of denominative prepositions and prepositional combinations (to the question, to the account, to the extent, etc.).
Converting participles into pronouns/adjectives to enhance the meaning of clericalisms.
Strictly established lexical compatibility (the right is exclusively granted, and payment is made, etc.).

Morphological and syntactic side of the official style

Morphological features of this style include a high frequency of use of certain parts of speech with their types, enhancing the accuracy and unambiguity of statements. These include:

Nouns that name people according to their position/rank in the masculine form (librarian Kuznetsova, lawyer Novikov), based on action (reader, accused, victim, adoptive parent).
The particle non- in the context of verbal nouns (failure to provide, non-compliance).
Widespread use of derivative prepositions (by virtue of, due to).
Phrases in the infinitive (to do a job, to carry out an inspection).
Verb forms of the present tense in a different meaning (a penalty is charged for non-payment).
Compound words with two or more stems (above, employer).

Simple sentences are characterized by the use of several rows of homogeneous members. The nouns in them mostly have the genitive case. Complex type constructions are characterized by the presence of conditional clauses.

Official style in a variety of genres

Official documentary. It, in turn, is divided into the following categories: legislative documentation related to the activities of government agencies and acts of a diplomatic nature relating to international relations.
Everyday businesslike. It is customary to highlight correspondence between various institutions, structures and private business documentation. All correspondence related to official matters belongs to the genres of this direction. The standardization characteristic of it helps to facilitate the preparation of all kinds of documentation, save language resources, and prevent information redundancy.

Oral form of business speech

If everyday speech is characterized by emotional overtones and deviations from the principles of textual construction, then in a business conversation dry logic and the absence of violent emotions predominate. Also business speech is different standard arrangement information on paper, emphasized by logic.

A feature of the official style is that oral business communication, despite the professional bias, should have a positive atmosphere. The conversation should convey notes of goodwill, mutual respect and trust.

This style can be considered in its varieties. Directions related to public administration, legal and diplomatic activities, require particularly close attention. The clerical business variety is a little simpler. The areas of communication in all these cases are different, and therefore the communication styles will also differ. Minutes, decrees and statements (that is, everything that is first thought out and then written down) are not as dangerous as speeches and negotiations orally.

The characteristic features of the oral official style are accuracy, conciseness, and influence. These characteristics can only be achieved by using an appropriate selection of words, correctly constructed structures, syntactic norms and standardization in the mind of a large amount of information. Similar to the written form of a business text, there are no emotionally charged remarks in oral speech. Within this direction, it is worth adhering to neutrality, giving preference to the standards of clerical language means, which will allow you to express your thoughts as accurately as possible.