(Italian - sogpo, French - sog, German - Waldhorn, Horn, English - french horn)

The horn traces its origins to the hunting horn (German— Waldhorn- forest horn). At the end of the 17th century. in France, as a result of improvements, the instrument received a cylindrical shape with a cone-shaped extension at the bottom, ending in a wide bell.

It was possible to produce 16-17 natural sounds with a beautiful, soft timbre. In fact, it was already a horn. In 1681 it appeared in the Czech Republic, and soon in Germany.

The limited scale of the horn was the reason for the creation of instruments of different sizes. At the beginning of the 18th century. The orchestras used horns in the following tunings: B-flat (bass), C, D, E-flat, E, F, G, A, B-flat (alto). Instruments of low tunings were bulky and had a weak sound. Instruments of high tunings, on the contrary, had an unpleasant, harsh sound. The most expressive instruments sounded in the order E-flat, E, F, G.

The main direction in improving the horn was the desire to chromatize it. In 1750, the Dresden horn player A. J. Hampel proposed the use of closed sounds on the horn using a special position of the performer’s hand in the bell of the instrument: by inserting the fingers of the right hand put together into the bell at different depths, it was possible to lower the natural sounds by a semitone or tone. As an effect, this technique is still used today. Its German designation is stopfen (shut up), the English one is stopping. The use of this technique during the game required a change in the position of the instrument in relation to the performer: the horn had to be turned to the right and down, as a result of which its timbre was significantly softened.

The connection of variable crowns to horns dates back to the same time. Ring-shaped tubes (crowns) of various lengths were inserted between the mouthpiece and the beginning of the tube. Thanks to this, the number of natural horn tunings increased to 16. With the help of variable crowns, it was possible to change different horn tunings during performance. Then Hampel introduced inventions instead of crowns - arched tubes of different sizes. The invention of variable crowns and the use of closed sounds were major milestones on the path to the creation of the chromatic horn.

In 1760, horn player of the St. Petersburg court orchestra F. Kölbel designed a chromatic horn from a signal hunting horn using a valve system. But this instrument, while possessing technical advantages, was inferior to the natural instrument in terms of sound quality and purity of intonation.

In 1814, German musical masters F. Blumel and G. Stölzel invented a two-valve horn. The valve mechanism significantly enriched the instrument's scale, but it was impossible to obtain a full chromatic scale with it. The three-valve horn, invented in the late 20s of the 19th century, became a fully chromatic instrument. However, due to shortcomings in the design of the valve instrument, the natural horn was superior in purity of intonation and sound quality. Therefore, composers were very careful in using the chromatic horn in a symphony orchestra. Later, as a result of further improvements, the chromatic horn gradually replaced the natural one.

Of the numerous tunings of chromatic horns by the end of the 19th century. The middle horn, F, stood out. The chromatic horn has been part of the brass band since its invention. The instrument used was in E-flat, which has now almost completely been replaced by the horn in F.

Modern horn It has a long (3.74 m), narrow, double-shaped cylindrical barrel, which turns into a conical one near the wide bell. The deep and narrow mouthpiece has a funnel shape. Unlike other brass instruments, the horn is played with the left hand. The right hand supports the instrument and is also used to produce closed sounds.

The horn in F is a transposing instrument. Her parts are usually recorded in treble clef and sound a perfect fifth below. The sounds of the instrument's lower register can be recorded in the bass clef. In this case, they sound a perfect fourth higher. But in symphonic scores (and more often in pedagogical literature) there are horn parts recorded in the bass clef a perfect fifth higher than the real sound (as in the violin clef). Sometimes used in a brass band, the horn in E-flat transposes down to a major sixth.

At the beginning of the 20th century. a double horn appeared. This instrument has a double row of crowns and a quarter valve, with the help of which the instrument is tuned in F to B-flat. The quarter valve of the horn differs from the quarter valves of the trombone, baritone and tuba in that by turning it on, the length of the overall tube of the instrument does not increase, but decreases. This invention made it much easier to produce sounds in the upper register. At the same time, switching the horn to B-flat tuning expanded the range of the instrument in the lower register - from the fundamental tone of the natural scale (B-flat counter-octave in sound), it became possible to obtain several more pedal sounds in the counter-octave.

However, the presence of two independent crown systems for the double horn made the instrument more bulky, so its design improvements continued. The result is a combined horn, which also has two rows of smaller crowns, which act interconnected during playing. When playing in f formation, the air stream passes through both small and large (additional) crowns. When playing in B-flat tuning (with quarter-fan), the air stream passes only through large crowns. On some modern instruments there is a fifth valve that switches the horn in F mode to E, and the horn in B-flat (with a quarter valve) to A. It serves primarily to extract closed sounds without transposing.

Of all the brass instruments, the horn has the widest range. With a narrow scale and a long tube, the instrument has a natural scale from the second to the sixteenth (sometimes up to the eighteenth) overtone. The valve mechanism allows you to fill all the intervals between the overtones, and also makes it possible to obtain intonationally purer 7th, 11th, 13th and 14th overtones. Full range and fingering of double horn (see example 90).

The design features of the instrument significantly influenced its timbre and dynamics. In terms of richness of timbre and dynamic colors, none of the brass instruments can compare with the horn. Its sound can be both soft and brilliant. The use of closed sounds creates a spectacular change in timbre. In the lower register (up to the first octave), the instrument sounds soft and gentle, but the lowest sounds are rough and somewhat reminiscent of a trombone in timbre. Higher sounds of the lower register (from small octave G and higher) have a light, expressive character. But the horn sounds most brightly and expressively in the middle register (up to the first - D of the second octave), sound production is possible in a wide dynamic range - from pp to ff. The upper register of the instrument is characterized by brightness and concreteness, but as it rises, the sound acquires a tense character. The highest sounds (from A-flat of the second octave and higher) are difficult on p, sharp on f and ff.

The horn has great technical capabilities. On this instrument, various diatonic and chromatic passages are possible at a fast tempo, jumps (best at intervals of no more than an octave), double, triple staccato, lip trills in the upper register (valve trills sound less distinct). However, the most characteristic of the horn is a calm, melodious sound.

Mutes are rarely used on the horn, since the timbre of closed sounds is similar to the sound of a muted instrument. A type of closed sound is a stopped sound, produced through sforzando with the simultaneous insertion of the hand into the bell. The result is a sharp, ringing sound. To create a bright, powerful sound on the horn, the effect of playing with the bell up is used (Italian - campana in aria, French - pavilion en Fair, German - Schalltrichter in die Hohe).

The large range of the instrument is not completely used not only in the orchestra, but also in solo practice, with rare exceptions. Typically, in a symphony orchestra, the volume of the instrument is distributed among four (sometimes six) horn parts. In this case, the first, third and fifth parties are assigned higher sounds, and the second, fourth and sixth – lower ones.

French horn- brass musical instrument of the bass-tenor register. Derived from a hunting signal horn, it entered the orchestra in the middle of the 17th century. Until the 1830s, like other brass instruments, it had no valves and was natural instrument with a limited scale (the so-called “natural horn”, which Beethoven used). The horn is used in symphony and brass orchestras, as well as as an ensemble and solo instrument. Currently, it is used mainly in F (in the Fa tuning), in brass bands also in Es (in the E-flat tuning). The actual sound range of the horn is from H1 (B counter octave) to f (F second octave) with all intermediate sounds along the chromatic scale. Notes for the horn are written in the treble clef a fifth higher than the actual sound and in the bass clef a fourth lower than the actual sound without key marks. The timbre of the instrument is somewhat rough in the lower register, soft and melodious on the piano, light and bright on the forte - in the middle and upper register. The horn is good at playing long notes and wide breathing melodies. The air consumption of this instrument is relatively low. The most famous horn players: Joseph Ignaz Leitgeb (Austria, 1732-1811), Anton Ivanovich Usov (Russia, 1895-1981), Hermann Baumann (Germany), Anatoly Sergeevich Demin (Russia) and many others.

Natural horn also called hand horn. Let's consider its main components. The main part of the instrument is the main tube. On one side it ends with a bell, and on the other with a mouthpiece. These two parts are characteristic of all wind instruments. The main tube is twisted. In the middle of this circle there are attachments in the form of a hook. The tube circle is connected to the parts at the bell and mouthpiece using jumpers...

is a musical instrument with a name reminiscent of the word “serpentarium”. However, you should not think that snakes were used in the manufacture of the instrument; this is a fantasy. The instrument got its name due to its external resemblance to a snake. The serpent belongs to the family of pipes, which is famous for its large number and diversity. The trumpet is a brass musical instrument of the alto-soprano register, the highest in sound among brass instruments. The natural trumpet has been used as a signaling instrument since ancient times, and from around the seventeenth century it became part of the orchestra. With the invention of the valve mechanism, the trumpet received a full chromatic scale and from the middle of the 19th century became a full-fledged instrument of classical music. The instrument has a bright, brilliant timbre, and is used as a solo instrument, in symphony and brass orchestras, as well as in jazz and other genres. The serpent is also a wind instrument, the ancestor of several modern wind instruments.

The main part of the instrument is a tube with a serpentine curved shape. The tube is wide and cone-shaped. This shape is not accidental: it is what contributes to the soft sound that distinguishes the serpent. The playing holes are located on the tube. They are located approximately in the central part of the body, so that the musician can play comfortably by closing the holes with his fingers. The instrument originally had six playing holes arranged in groups of three; later three to five holes with valves were added. Without completely closing the holes, the performer produced chromatically altered sounds. The pipe is crowned with a cup-shaped mouthpiece, which is characteristic of all wind instruments. A musician blows into it while performing various melodies.

The tonal range of the instrument is quite extensive - about three octaves. This allows you to perform on the serpent not only program works, but also various types of improvisation, which significantly increases the rating of the instrument.
The material from which the instrument is made is mainly wood as the body is made of wood. The mouthpiece is made from animal horn or Ivory. In later designs, the mouthpiece began to be made of metal...

Belongs to the tuba family. Tuba is a wide-bore brass musical instrument, the lowest in register. Modern model The instrument was designed in the second quarter of the nineteenth century by Adolphe Sax. The tuba has a harsh, massive timbre; the sound of the tuba is difficult to intonate. It is used mainly in a symphony orchestra, where it plays the role of a bass instrument in a brass section. It is actively used in brass bands, relatively less often in various jazz and pop orchestras and ensembles. The tuba appears relatively rarely as a solo instrument.

The sousaphone is a type of tuba. This is a bass-sounding brass instrument. The instrument is designed in such a way that it fits over the player's body and is held on the left shoulder, making it easy to play while moving. It received its name in honor of the American bandmaster and composer John Philip Sousa (1854-1932), who popularized it by using it in his brass band. D. F. Souza, contrary to popular belief, conceived the instrument not so much as a marching instrument, but rather as a concert instrument, convenient for the musician and with a full, rich sound. The sound was achieved by widening the bell and neck of the instrument, as well as by directing the bell upward.

The main tube is fundamental to the instrument. The valve tubes and valves are also located here. The main tube ends with a wide bell, which, however, is typical for a tuba. The main tube also contains the mouthpiece necessary for playing the sousaphone. The tonal range of the sousaphone is quite extensive, covering up to two octaves. This allows you to perform not only software programs on the instrument. classical works, but also resort to improvisation, thereby introducing variety into long-known works...

A brass wind instrument, which is a type of wide-bore instruments of the saxhorn family (alto, tenor, tuba), originating from signal and post horns, bugelhorns and flugelhorns. In 1845, the famous Belgian music master A. Sax created a family of saxhorns - brass instruments with an improved scale and a more advanced valve mechanism, which today constitute the main group of brass bands. All instruments in the group differ from each other only in size.

In its name, the tenor tuba speaks of its close relationship to the tuba itself, which is now an indispensable tool in all symphony orchestras. Tuba is a wide-bore brass musical instrument, the lowest in register. The tuba has a harsh, massive timbre; the sound of the tuba is difficult to intonate. It is used mainly in a symphony orchestra, where it plays the role of a bass instrument in a brass section. It is actively used in brass bands, relatively less often in various jazz and pop orchestras and ensembles. The tuba appears relatively rarely as a solo instrument.

The tenor tuba consists of several tubes. They are called the first, second and third valve tube. The biggest one, however, is the main tube. Like any instrument in the tuba family, the tenor tuba has a bell, a mouthpiece, and a valve mechanism. Distinctive feature tenor tubas is the presence of a condensate output key.

The tonal range of the tenor tuba is quite extensive - about three octaves. This allows you to perform on the instrument not only classical classical works, but also to resort from time to time to various kinds of improvisations, which further embellishes the melody being performed. Despite such an abundance of tubes in the design of the tenor tuba, it is not bulky. The total length of the instrument is approximately sixty centimeters. If you straighten the bent tubes, their length can reach three meters, but, fortunately, they are compactly “laid” inside the curls, which allows you to transport the instrument to any distance...

The trumpet is a wind musical instrument from the family of mouthpiece (embouchure) instruments, alto-soprano register, the highest in sound among brass instruments.

The natural trumpet has been used as a signaling instrument since ancient times, and became part of the orchestra around the 17th century. With the invention of the valve mechanism, the trumpet received a full chromatic scale and from the middle of the 19th century became a full-fledged instrument of classical music.

The instrument has a bright, brilliant timbre, and is used as a solo instrument, in symphony and brass orchestras, as well as in jazz and other genres.

Nowadays, the trumpet is widely used as a solo instrument, in symphony and brass bands, as well as in jazz, funk, ska and other genres.

Among the outstanding solo trumpeters of various genres are Maurice Andre, Louis Armstrong, Dizzy Gillespie, Timofey Dokshitser, Miles Davis, Wynton Marsalis, Sergei Nakaryakov, Georgy Orvid, Eddie Calvert.

Types of pipe

The most common type of trumpet is the trumpet in B flat (in B), sounding a tone lower than its written notes. American orchestras often also use a trumpet in C (in C), which does not transpose and has a slightly brighter, open sound than a trumpet in B. The actual volume of the trumpet sound used is from e (minor octave E) to c3 (up to the third octave) , V modern music and jazz, it is possible to produce higher sounds. Notes are written in treble clef, usually without key marks, one tone higher than the actual sound for a trumpet in B, and in accordance with the actual sound for a trumpet in C. Before the advent of the valve mechanism and for some time after that, there were pipes in literally every possible tunings: in D, in Es, in E, in F, in G and in A, each of which was intended to facilitate the performance of music in a certain key. As the skill of trumpeters improved and the design of the trumpet itself improved, the need for so many instruments disappeared. Nowadays, music in all keys is performed either on the trumpet in B or on the trumpet in C.

Alto trumpet in G or in F, sounding a perfect fourth or fifth lower than the written notes and which is intended for playing sounds in a low register (Rachmaninov - Third Symphony). Nowadays it is used extremely rarely, and in works where its part is included, the flugelhorn is used.

Bass trumpet in B, sounding an octave lower than the normal trumpet and a major note lower than the written notes. It fell out of use by the second half of the 20th century; currently its part is performed on the trombone, an instrument similar to it in register, timbre and structure.

Trumpet piccolo(small pipe). The variety, developed at the end of the 19th century, is currently experiencing a resurgence due to renewed interest in early music. It is used in B-flat tuning (in B) and can be adjusted to A tuning (in A) for sharp keys. Unlike a regular pipe, it has four valves. Many trumpet players use a smaller mouthpiece for the small trumpet, which, however, affects the timbre of the instrument and its technical flexibility. Among the outstanding trumpet players are Wynton Marsalis, Maurice Andre, Hawken Hardenberger.

Baritone:

Tenor:

Cornet:

Pipe arrangement

Pipes are made of brass or copper, less often - of silver and other metals. Already in antiquity, there was a technology for making an instrument from one single sheet of metal.

Essentially, a pipe is a long tube that bends solely for compactness. It narrows slightly at the mouthpiece, widens at the bell, and in other areas has a cylindrical shape. It is this tube shape that gives the trumpet its bright timbre. When making a pipe, an extremely accurate calculation of both the length of the pipe itself and the degree of expansion of the bell is important - this radically affects the structure of the instrument.

The basic principle of playing the trumpet is to obtain harmonic consonances by changing the position of the lips and changing the length of the air column in the instrument, achieved using a valve mechanism. The trumpet uses three valves that reduce the sound by a tone, a semitone and a tone and a half. Simultaneous pressing of two or three valves makes it possible to reduce general system instrument up to three tones. Thus, the trumpet receives a chromatic scale.

On some types of trumpet (for example, the piccolo trumpet) there is also a fourth valve (quart valve), which lowers the tuning by a perfect fourth (five semitones).

The trumpet is a right-handed instrument: when playing, the valves are pressed right hand, left hand supports the tool.

A list of them will be given in this article. It also contains information about the types of wind instruments and the principle of extracting sound from them.

Wind instruments

These are pipes that can be made of wood, metal or any other material. They have different shape and produce musical sounds of different timbres, which are produced through air flow. The timbre of the “voice” of a wind instrument depends on its size. The larger it is, the more air passes through it, which makes its vibration frequency lower and the sound produced low.

There are two ways to change the output of a given type of instrument:

• adjusting the air volume with your fingers, using rockers, valves, valves, and so on, depending on the type of tool;
• increasing the force of blowing an air column into the pipe.

The sound depends entirely on the flow of air, hence the name - wind instruments. A list of them will be given below.

Varieties of wind instruments

There are two main types - copper and wood. Initially, they were classified in this way depending on the material from which they were made. Nowadays, the type of instrument largely depends on the way the sound is extracted from it. For example, the flute is considered a woodwind instrument. Moreover, it can be made of wood, metal or glass. The saxophone is always produced only in metal, but belongs to the woodwind class. Copper tools can be made from various metals: copper, silver, brass and so on. There is a special variety - keyboard wind instruments. The list of them is not so long. These include harmonium, organ, accordion, melodica, button accordion. Air enters them thanks to special bellows.

What instruments are wind instruments?

Let's list the wind instruments. The list is as follows:

• pipe;
• clarinet;
• trombone;
• accordion;
• flute;
• saxophone;
• organ;
• zurna;
• oboe;
• harmonium;
• balaban;
• accordion;
• French horn;
• bassoon;
• tuba;
• bagpipes;
• duduk;
• harmonica;
• Macedonian gaida;
• shakuhachi;
• ocarina;
• serpent;
• horn;
• helicon;
• didgeridoo;
• kurai;
• trembita.

You can name some other similar tools.

Brass

Brass musical instruments, as mentioned above, are made of various metals, although in the Middle Ages there were also those made of wood. The sound is extracted from them by strengthening or weakening the blown air, as well as by changing the position of the musician’s lips. Initially, brass instruments were played only in the 30s of the 19th century, valves appeared on them. This allowed such instruments to reproduce a chromatic scale. The trombone has a retractable slide for these purposes.

Brass instruments (list):

• pipe;
• trombone;
• French horn;
• tuba;
• serpent;
• helicon.

Woodwinds

Musical instruments of this type were initially made exclusively from wood. Today this material is practically not used for their production. The name reflects the principle of sound production - there is a wooden reed inside the tube. These musical instruments are equipped with holes on the body, located at a strictly defined distance from each other. The musician opens and closes them while playing with his fingers. Thanks to this, a certain sound is obtained. Woodwind instruments sound according to this principle. The names (list) included in this group are as follows:

• clarinet;
• zurna;
• oboe;
• balaban;
• flute;
• bassoon.

Reed musical instruments

There is another type of wind instrument - reed. They sound thanks to a flexible vibrating plate (tongue) located inside. The sound is produced by exposing it to air, or by pulling and plucking. Based on this feature, you can create a separate list of tools. Reed wind instruments are divided into several types. They are classified according to the method of sound extraction. It depends on the type of reed, which can be metal (for example, as in organ pipes), freely slipping (as in Jew's harp and harmonicas), or beating, or reed, as in reed woodwinds.

List of tools of this type:

• harmonica;
• Jew's harp;
• clarinet;
• accordion;
• bassoon;
• saxophone;
• kalimba;
• harmonic;
• oboe;
• hulus.

Wind instruments with a freely slipping reed include: button accordion, labial. In them, air is pumped by blowing through the musician’s mouth, or by bellows. The air flow causes the reeds to vibrate and thus produce sound from the instrument. The harp also belongs to this type. But its tongue vibrates not under the influence of an air column, but with the help of the musician’s hands, by pinching and pulling it. Oboe, bassoon, saxophone and clarinet are of a different type. In them the tongue is beating, and it is called a cane. The musician blows air into the instrument. As a result, the reed vibrates and sound is produced.

Where are wind instruments used?

Wind instruments, the list of which was presented in this article, are used in orchestras of various compositions. For example: military, brass, symphonic, pop, jazz. And also occasionally they can perform as part of a chamber ensemble. It is extremely rare that they are soloists.

Flute

This is a list related to this has been given above.

The flute is one of the oldest musical instruments. It does not use a reed like other woodwinds. Here the air is cut through the edge of the instrument itself, due to which sound is formed. There are several types of flutes.

Syringa - single-barreled or multi-barrel instrument Ancient Greece. Its name comes from the name of the bird's vocal organ. The multi-barreled syringa later became known as the Pan flute. This instrument was played by peasants and shepherds in ancient times. IN Ancient Rome Syringa accompanied the performances on stage.

Block flute - wooden instrument, belonging to the whistle family. Close to it are the sopilka, pipe and whistle. Its difference from other woodwinds is that on its back there is an octave valve, that is, a hole for closing with a finger, on which the height of other sounds depends. They are extracted by blowing air and closing the 7 holes on the front side with the musician’s fingers. This type of flute was most popular between the 16th and 18th centuries. Its timbre is soft, melodious, warm, but at the same time its capabilities are limited. Such great composers as Anthony Vivaldi, Johann Sebastian Bach, George Frideric Handel and others used the recorder in many of their works. The sound of this instrument is weak, and gradually its popularity declined. This happened after the transverse flute appeared, which is by far the most used. Nowadays, the recorder is used mainly as a teaching instrument. Beginning flutists master it first, only then move on to the longitudinal one.

The piccolo flute is a type of transverse flute. It has the highest timbre of all wind instruments. Its sound is whistling and piercing. Piccolo is half as long as usual. Its range is from “D” second to “C” fifth.

Other types of flutes: transverse, panflute, di, Irish, kena, flute, pyzhatka, whistle, ocarina.

Trombone

This is a brass instrument (the list of those included in this family was presented in this article above). The word "trombone" is translated from Italian as "big trumpet". It has existed since the 15th century. The trombone differs from other instruments in this group in that it has a slide - a tube with which the musician produces sounds by changing the volume of air flow inside the instrument. There are several types of trombone: tenor (the most common), bass and alto (used less frequently), double bass and soprano (practically not used).

Khulus

This is a Chinese reed wind instrument with additional pipes. Its other name is bilandao. He has three or four pipes in total - one main (melodic) and several bourdon (low-sounding). The sound of this instrument is soft and melodic. Most often, hulus are used for solo performance, very rarely - in an ensemble. Traditionally, men played this instrument when declaring their love to a woman.

Basic information The viola (althorn) is a brass wind musical instrument from the saxhorn family. Due to its rather dull and inexpressive sound, the scope of use of the viola is limited to brass bands, where it usually performs middle voices. The range of the alto is from A to b1 (A of the major octave - B-flat of the first). Video: Viola (altohorn) on video + sound Thanks to these videos you

Basic information The horn (German: waldhorn (forest horn), Italian: corno, English: french horn, French: cor) is a wind brass musical instrument of the bass-tenor register. The horn is used in symphony and brass orchestras, as well as as an ensemble and solo instrument. Origin The French horn came from a hunting signal horn and entered the orchestra in the middle of the 17th century. Until the 1830s, like other copper

Basic information Helikon (from the Greek helix - twisted, curved) is the lowest sounding brass musical instrument. Helikon is used only in military bands. It is convenient for use in the army because a musician can play it, for example, while sitting astride a horse - the curved tube of the helicon is hung on the left shoulder, and the player’s hands remain free.

Basic information Horn (from German horn - horn) is a brass wind musical instrument, the ancestor of all brass instruments. The Horn device resembles a trumpet, but it lacks a valve mechanism, which is why its performance capabilities are sharply limited: the Horn can reproduce notes only within harmonic consonances. The pitch of the sound when playing the bugle can only be adjusted using the embouchure.

Basic information Karnai is an Uzbek folk wind brass musical instrument, related to brass based on the principle of sound production. Widely distributed in Iran, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. Karnai is a long, sometimes more than two meters, usually unbent pipe. In register and timbre it is close to the trombone. Karnai is characterized by the performance of military or ceremonial signals. The instrument has a powerful and strong sound. IN

Basic information Cornet (Italian cornetto - horn) or cornet-a-piston (French cornet a pistons - horn with pistons) is a brass wind musical instrument that resembles a trumpet, but has a wider and shorter tube and is equipped not with valves, but with pistons . Design, application The range of the actual sound of the cornet coincides with the range of the trumpet - from e (minor octave E) to c3

Basic information A postal horn is a cylindrical wind copper or brass musical instrument with a mouthpiece, without valves or vents, used to signal the arrival or departure of a postman on foot or on horseback and has become an international symbol of mail. The post horn was the predecessor of the cornet-a-piston. Origin, history The postal horn goes back to the horn of butchers (herdmen), who, by blowing on the horn, announced

Basic information Saxhorns are a family of brass musical instruments with a wide scale. These are oval-shaped chromatic instruments in which the tube gradually widens from the mouthpiece to the bell (unlike traditional brass instruments, which have a mostly cylindrical tube). Saxhorns were designed by Adolf Sax in the second quarter of the 19th century. Saxhorns form a family that includes: alto; tenor;

Basic information Serpent (French serpent - snake) is an ancient brass musical instrument, the ancestor of several modern wind instruments. It got its name due to its curved shape. Design The serpentine barrel with a conical bore without a bell, usually with 6 finger holes, is covered with leather. The serpent was made from a variety of materials: wood, copper, zinc. Had a mouthpiece very similar to the mouthpieces of modern brass

Basic information Trombone (Italian trombone - large trumpet) is a brass wind musical instrument of the bass-tenor register. The trombone has been known since the 15th century. It differs from other brass instruments by the presence of a backstage - a special movable U-shaped tube, with the help of which the musician changes the volume of air contained in the instrument, thus achieving the ability to perform sounds of the chromatic scale (on the trumpet, horn and