volatile substance
Alternative descriptionsState of matter
Both argon and nitrogen
And the make of the car, and the rampant drinking
Neon, methane, krypton (general)
Natural fuel
A natural companion for oil
A plain-weave silk or cotton fabric made from finely spun cotton in which two warp threads are intertwined with one weft thread without being compacted.
Silk sheer fabric
. "blue gold"
Fuel
This word appeared in the 17th century and comes from the Greek word Chaos
A car pedal that you can hit
. “and in our kitchen...! And you?"
You can't see it, but you can smell it
The wealth of the Yamal Peninsula
What does the rheometer measure?
What will iron turn into when heated to 5000 degrees?
Molecules in flight
Pedal in a car
Brand of Russian cars and trucks
Neon, methane, krypton
One of the states of matter
Physical substance that fills the entire volume
Silk fabric
Mustard or mustard
Molecule in flight
Right foot pedal
. "Volga"
Plant producing Volga
Burns with a blue flame
What is argon?
. “and in our apartment...”
You can hit this pedal
What is ammonia?
Apartment fuel
Iron at 5000 degrees
. « blue flower" in the kitchen
You can't see it, but you can smell it
Car with Volga registration
Truck made in Russia
Truck arriving from Oka and Volga
Accelerator in a car
Brand of lorry
Fuel in cylinders
Truck from the banks of the Oka and Volga
The truck comes from Russia
Russian native truck
Tear "weapons"
State of matter
One of the states of matter
Lightweight translucent fabric
Gaseous discharge from the stomach and intestines
. "And in our apartment..."
. “And in our kitchen...! And in yours?”
. "Blue Gold"
. "blue flower" in the kitchen
What will iron turn into when heated to 5000 degrees?
Russian truck. origin
Plant producing Volga
Or it went out. airy liquid, body or substance, in the form of air. Bodies in general are: solid, liquid, steam, gas, and maybe also ethereal, weightless. The lightest, thinnest, rarest silk fabric for women's clothing. Others in the first meaning. They write gas, in the second there is gas. Braid, braid; gold, silver or tinsel braid, especially with towns along the edge. Gus, Ryaz. strongman, hero? Gas, gas, related to gas, in all meanings. or consisting of it. Gas lighting, or gas lighting cf. the light of a burning gas, usually a hydrocarbon. Gas lamp, in which, instead of oil or blubber, a flammable gas, hydrogen, burns; This is also called an alcohol lamp, where alcohol and turpentine burn in vapor; also a hydrogen flint, where the gas is ignited by spongy platinum. Gasometer, gas meter m. projectile for measuring the amount of gas, air; also gas, gas storage cf. a device for accumulating and storing flammable gas for lighting. Gaseous, gaseous, gaseous, similar to gas, i.e. air, or gas, rare tissue. Gas consumer m. -nitsa f. who burns gas, who replaces all other lighting with gas. Gas pipeline, a tube used for gas flow. Gas-carrying, -carrying, serving for distribution, delivery, transfer of gas, and not for wiring
Which pedal do you press when accelerating?
What does the rheometer measure?
Tear "weapons"
What is ammonia
What is argon
Which pedal do you press when accelerating?
Many parts of our planet have become so polluted that government agencies and research institutions are making desperate attempts to reduce sources of pollution and return to proven methods that previously existed. The auto industry has not escaped the impact of these strict regulations, and experts have had to work hard to reduce the release of pollutants from solvent spraying and evaporation.
These are chemical substances that rise into the atmosphere when paint is sprayed, when solvents evaporate, combining with nitrogen oxide and ozone. Ozone is the main component of smog. Volatile organic compounds(VOC)- those elements in paint containers that evaporate. If the pigment and binders (resins) harden to form a film on the surface, then the VOC in in this case are chemical solvents. Solvent is a general designation for all materials in paint that allow the mixture to remain liquid; the varnish contains its own thinner, enamel and urethane paints - a reducing agent. Each gallon of paint can contain up to 90% solvent. Thinners and reducing agents are 100% solvent.
It should be noted that in addition to pollution environment, volatile organic compounds have an extremely negative impact on human health, causing diseases of the upper respiratory tract.
States such as California, New York, Texas and New Jersey have passed new laws to reduce the use of VOCs by local businesses, including auto paint stores. In addition to requiring stores to be equipped with high-tech paint booths with ventilation systems, the law insists on having a special filter system that would burn or otherwise destroy volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
To reduce emissions into the atmosphere volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in spraying, many companies such as DeVilbiss have developed high volume low pressure (HVLP) paint sprayers. These units are capable of producing 64 psi (cubic feet per minute) of air at 5 psi (pounds per square inch). They also warm the air to approximately 90° Fahrenheit. Such systems can reduce the consumption of paints and varnishes by a quarter.
Companies producing paints have directed all the efforts of their laboratories to develop new types of paints that would contain a minimum amount of ) evaporating daily into the atmosphere. Paints have been developed with varying degrees of success water based, but research will continue until everything has been studied possible options. Bob Inglis, director of new developments at BASF-Refinish, said: “By 1992 we will have either a solid system or a water system. The way I see it, it will most likely be a water based base coat paint, a high density one step paint system, dense basic foundation and transparent paints. Since all variants of varnishes have already been invented and it is impossible to reduce the content in them volatile organic compounds (VOCs)) to the level dictated by the new laws, then manufacturers will have to gradually reduce their production, and stores will have to accept this fact.”
No matter how dubious this path may be, the best way Always be informed about new products - maintain a relationship with a nearby auto paint store. Their employees are always the first to learn about global changes in the auto industry. They are also the first to receive new and updated technical materials about new paints and systems that are compatible with previously produced products that need adjustment. Rest assured, any technological innovation is developed with an eye on previously released products and tries to be compatible with it so that customers do not have difficulties with repairs.
Volatile organic compound (VOC) are chemical substances whose initial boiling point, measured at a standard pressure of 101.3 kPa, is less than or equal to 250 °C.
Organic solvents are volatile organic compounds used alone or in combination with other chemicals to dissolve or dilute materials, paints or wastes, or used as a cleaning agent in the dissolution of contaminants, or as a viscosity corrector, or as a dispersion medium, or surface corrector. tension, preservative or plasticizer.
The recent use of the term “volatile organic compounds” is associated with the ratification of DIRECTIVE 2004/42/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL on the reduction of emissions of volatile organic compounds caused by the use of organic solvents in certain paints and varnishes, as well as in repainting agents. Vehicle.
Chlorofluorocarbons (freons) are widely used as volatile components (propellants) in aerosol packages. For these purposes, about 85% of freons were used and only 15% in refrigeration and artificial climate installations. The specificity of the use of freons is such that 95% of their quantity enters the atmosphere 1-2 years after production. It is believed that almost all of the produced amounts of fluorotrichloro- and difluorodichloromethane (5.27 million tons and 7.75 million tons, respectively, in 1981) should sooner or later enter the stratosphere and enter the catalytic cycle of ozone destruction.
In emissions ventilation systems residential buildings More than 40 toxic and foul-smelling substances have been identified: mercaptans and sulfides, amines, alcohols, saturated and diene hydrocarbons, aldehydes and some heterocyclic compounds. When 1 m3 of natural gas is burned in a kitchen stove burner, up to 150 mg of formaldehyde is formed, and in total 22 different components were found in the gas combustion products.
Treatment facilities serve as sources of odorants Wastewater and solid waste dumps. Wastewater contains up to 0.025% organic matter. After settling and primary treatment, the water is sent to installations for bacterial degradation of organic components. Cleaning, which lasts about a week, is accompanied by the release of odorants, primarily sulfur- and nitrogen-containing derivatives. From the mineral components of wastewater, including salts of heavy metals, during microbiological methylation, dangerous volatile organic toxicants are formed, such as methyl and dimethylmercury (CH 3 HgCH 3 and CH 3 HgCl), tetramethyl lead (CH 3) 4 Pb, dimethyl selenium ( CH 3) 2 Se.
Another component of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), ethylene, has high biological activity. Studies have shown the effect of ethylene on the rate of fruit ripening, as well as leaf fall. This made it possible to call ethylene the ripening hormone. As a result of its action on some cellular structures, a decrease in the intensity of metabolic processes occurs, growth slows down, leaves fall and the plant goes into a dormant state. It is believed that ethylene is produced by all terrestrial foliage plants. Biosynthesis has not been sufficiently studied and understood biological role other light hydrocarbons released by plants, homologues of methane and ethylene. It has been established that ethane, propane, butane and pentane are products of the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids that are part of the lipids of cell membranes. Experiments on plants and individual elements plant cells indicate low biological activity of ethane and propylene, even less pronounced in their higher homologues. The same is true with the problem of isolation of lower alcohols. The exogenous protective functions of lower aliphatic alcohols are hardly significant: at the concentrations that plants are capable of creating, methanol and ethanol exhibit a weak effect as bactericidal and fungicidal agents. Lower carbonyl compounds have a strong toxic effect on the organelles that produce them. Like alcohols, they change the permeability of cell membranes and inhibit metabolism. Carbonyl compounds, especially lower aldehydes (formaldehyde and acetaldehyde), exhibit fungicidal properties even at low concentrations.
The action of VOCs can be directed not only against microorganisms, but also against higher plants other types. In this case, they most often act as chemical inhibitors that suppress the germination of seeds of competing plants. These substances are called colines. A striking example This kind of interaction is the distribution of vegetation in thickets of hard-leaved shrubs (chaparral) in the mountains of California. The foliage of chaparral plants releases a large amount of volatile compounds into the atmosphere, which have an inhibitory effect on other species.
Some of the compounds released into the atmosphere are also involved in the interactions of plants with animals. They serve to attract pollinating insects (attractants) and repel pests (repellents). For example, a_pinene is an attractant of pine beetles. The same role for pollinating insects of many orchid species is played by the terpenes 3_cineole and eugenol. At the same time, a- and b_pinenes act as repellents for the bark beetle, and menthol acts as a repellent for the silkworm. Thus, the data accumulated in the world literature suggests that VOCs emitted by plants into the atmosphere are an important factor in the formation of biocenoses.
The role of VOCs in plant thermoregulation is important. Many components, especially intensively released into the atmosphere in hot weather (for example, terpenes), have a high heat of evaporation, and therefore their release is accompanied by the removal of a large amount of heat from tissues and protects plants from overheating.
The role of VOCs in global geophysical processes is important. First of all we're talking about about the oxidation of some phytogenic organic compounds, which leads to the formation of atmospheric aerosols. In particular, the bluish haze over coniferous forests, observed in summer time on the slopes of the Rocky Mountains in the western United States are associated with precisely this process. The homogeneous gas-phase oxidation of terpenes initiated by ozone and radicals has a complex mechanism and leads to the formation oxygen-containing compounds(CO, aldehydes, ketones, acids). The flow of toxic CO due to the oxidation of terpenes is estimated at 222 million tons/year. The total flow of carbon monoxide during the oxidation of biogenic non-methane hydrocarbons is 560 million tons/year. Formation of VOCs by oxidation large quantities lower carboxylic acids affects acidity atmospheric precipitation. For example, rainwater in the forested region of Australia had a pH of 4-5, which was caused by the presence of HCOOH and CH 3 COOH (the same data were obtained for unpolluted areas in the Amazon basin).
An important aspect of VOC exposure is related to ozone removal and ozone formation processes. In an unpolluted atmosphere, ozone can react with phytogenic olefins and thus be neutralized. This is important, since ozone is one of the strongest phytotoxicants and mutagens. On the contrary, during periods of increased photochemical activity, the concentration of ozone in the urban plume increases due to the interaction of technogenic nitrogen oxides with extremely reactive phytogenic unsaturated hydrocarbons. Processing of observational data at the Monsour Observatory in France (1876-1910) and in northern Italy (1868-1893) indicates a more than twofold increase in average O 3 concentrations at the end of the 80s compared to the end of the 19th century.
Some other products of gas-phase oxidation of phytogenic VOCs have a significant negative effect. In particular, hydroperoxide components are formed under the forest canopy: hydrogen peroxide H 2 O 2 and alkyl peroxides (ROOH). According to observations in pine forest in Sweden, the maximum level of hydrogen peroxide occurred during daylight hours. Natural and cultivated plantings are greatly affected by the formation of such phytotoxicants. IN last years attracts increasing attention from researchers new type damage to forest vegetation in Central and Eastern Europe- the so-called Waldschadensyndrome, manifested in yellowing and premature falling of needles and magnesium deficiency in foliage.
The earth's crust contains various gases in a free state, sorbed different breeds and dissolved in water. Some of these gases reach the Earth's surface through deep faults and cracks and diffuse into the atmosphere. The existence of hydrocarbon respiration in the earth's crust is indicated by an increased (sometimes 3 times) methane content in the ground layer of air above oil and gas basins compared to the global background.
It can be assumed that degassing of the planet's interior occurs over its entire surface, but most intensely along countless crustal faults. In this regard, the study of spontaneous gases from hydrothermal sources in areas of seismic activity is of great interest. As a result of such studies, more than 60 inorganic and organic compounds were identified in gas samples. The latter are represented by hydrocarbons, highly volatile carbonyl compounds and alcohols, halogenated hydrocarbons.
The data obtained for the first time on the presence of volatile halocarbons in geological segregations are of the greatest interest. They show that the concentrations of CFC1 3 and CF 2 Cl 2 in volcanic gases are 2.5-15 times higher than their content in sea air. For chloroform and CCl 4 this difference reached 1.5-2 orders of magnitude. Unfortunately, reliable data on the overall extent of geological emissions of halocarbons, as well as other VOCs, including methane, are not yet available.
The survival of any population ultimately depends on its genetic diversity. The existence of differences between individual members of a population makes it possible to adapt to changes occurring in the environment, and thereby ensure the survival of the species. Over time, the most adaptable specimens and species become dominant, and can be considered as stable components of the ecosystem.
The genetic diversity of a population is the reason that environmental changes lead to the emergence of advantages of some individuals over others. Under conditions of stress caused by very heavy pollution air, all plants may die, but such phenomena are extremely rare.
In cases where the seed population has developed a certain resistance to the effects of pollutants, a new generation of plants grows from the seeds. However, the development of organs responsible for sexual reproduction may be impaired due to the presence of high concentrations of SO 2 in the atmosphere. As a result, plants that reproduce asexually, for example through underground stolons, root or creeping shoots, have great advantages. Thus, clones, that is, the vegetative offspring of resistant specimens, can settle and reproduce in areas with high levels of pollution. Pollutants resulting from photochemical processes also have an impact on forest ecosystems. Death of the most sensitive specimens, chlorosis and premature leaf fall are observed.
AIR CLEANING PROCESSES
The air that people breathe at home, at work, and in transport continues to deteriorate. During the day, each person inhales and passes through his lungs 15...18 kg of air, i.e. much more than food and drink combined. Even if the impurities in the air do not exceed the maximum permissible concentration, i.e. on average are at the level of 1...5 mg/m 3, this means that in 1 day each of us consumes from 15 to 100 mg of poisons such as carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, benzopyrene and other compounds that are not at all necessary for our health.
This number increases tenfold in large cities. Our immune system does not know how to react to their presence, since during the course of evolution, no living thing has encountered such purely anthropogenic substances as, for example, methanol. The reactions of the immune system are the most unexpected: from allergies and asthma, childhood diathesis and eczema - to fatigue, headaches and neuroses.
That is why humanity spends billions of dollars on air purification in rooms, airplane cabins, and tunnels. Today, the most effective and economical method is the photocatalytic oxidation of organic and some inorganic environmental pollutants at pollutant concentrations up to 100 MAC and, as scientists believe, will become the main method of molecular air purification in the 21st century.
A photocatalytic air purifier is based on a special photoactive substance - a photocatalyst, on the surface of which organic compounds decompose (oxidize to CO and HO) under the influence of ultraviolet light, and pathogenic microorganisms, even those with increased resistance to ultraviolet radiation, die. Most odors are caused by organic compounds, which are also completely decomposed by the cleaner and therefore disappear.
In the period from 1993 to 1999 Five international conferences were devoted to the method, at which air purification in:
production plant explosives(USA)
in the workshops of a microelectronics enterprise (USA)
in the cabins of Boeing aircraft
in showrooms of new Japanese cars (Japan)
in urban residential premises and tunnels (Japan) serially.
in hospitals to suppress pathogenic microflora in the air (USA)
in the treatment of allergic diseases and asthma (USA).
In 1998, the Japanese company Toshiba began serial production of household FKO cleaners. In one year, more than 1 million units were sold on the domestic market for a total amount of about 1 billion USD.
In Russia, research on photocatalytic air purification is carried out at two institutes of the Russian Academy of Sciences - the Institute of Catalysis in Novosibirsk and the Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics in Chernogolovka.
In practice, this method was first implemented in devices of the Aerolife series by the Information Technology Institute, Moscow.
In terms of basic consumer properties, the Russian device is not inferior to the Japanese one and, naturally, is significantly cheaper. The device has all the necessary certificates: hygienic certificate N 077.МЦ.03.346.Т.07352Г8 dated 02/13/98 certificate of conformity N ROSS RU. ME64.B03042 and is protected by Utility Model Certificate N 8634 dated June 16, 1998.
The high efficiency of Aerolife devices for cleaning from all major environmental pollutants has been confirmed by tests in the Independent Laboratory INLAN (PO Khimavtomatika).
To date, the devices have been installed and successfully fulfill their purpose:
State Enterprise Laser Surgery Center "ASTR" (operating room)
Ministry of Science of the Russian Federation
Moscow City Hall
City Clinical Hospital N 59 (orthopedic department)
junior grades of school No. 610, Moscow
It is advisable to use devices of the Aerolife series in the following cases:
1. If the apartment or workroom are located near highways or industrial enterprises.
2. If the apartment has been renovated or purchased New furniture, which emits noticeable odors.
3. If a person has a tendency to allergies and an acute reaction to various odors, especially during periods of exacerbation.
4. If an air conditioner is used, the room is not ventilated and molecular contaminants of various nature accumulate.
5. If your work area is visited by a large number of people and you want to reduce the risk of contracting diseases transmitted by bioaerosols.
Volatile chemical compounds (VCC)
In addition to chemically inert nitrogen (N 2) and vital oxygen (O 2), at the time of the birth of humanity, there were also small quantities harmless argon (Ar) and carbon dioxide (CO 2). Today in the urban atmosphere the following can already be detected in measurable quantities:
| Major air pollutants |
| One of the reasons why air pollution is of widespread concern is the toxic particles, dust and aerosols that enter the human body through breathing and can cause various diseases. Airborne particles are generally divided into two categories: fine and coarse. Fine aerosol particles consist of substances such as carbon, lead, fluorine, sulfur and nitrogen compounds released into the atmosphere as a result of human activity. Coarse particles consist of natural substances that are formed due to natural erosion and during various stone crushing operations. The most common coarse particles include gypsum, limestone, marble, calcium carbonate (chalk), silicon, and silicon carbide (carbide used in welding). Primary fine impurities - soot, fly ash, metal particles and vapors - enter the atmosphere as a result of physical or chemical processes. Secondary fine impurities are formed due to reactions between various gases in the atmosphere. Secondary contaminants account for sixty to eighty percent of all fine particles recorded in cities. The human nose naturally filters out large dust particles, but does not protect against fine particles, and substances such as sulfuric acid, arsenic, beryllium or nickel can enter the lungs. Some substances (benzopyrenes, benzanthracene supertoxicant, metal compounds) that enter the body through inhalation have carcinogenic properties. One study found that sulfuric acid salts released into the atmosphere by vehicles, as well as by burning oil and coal, caused twenty-one thousand premature deaths in the region where this study was conducted. Experts believe that these substances aggravate respiratory diseases - asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema - and cause intermittent breathing and irritation of the mucous membrane of the eyes. Nitrogen oxides (NOx), mainly resulting from secondary reactions nitrogen compounds are also associated with respiratory and vascular diseases. As (arsenic). Sources of release into the atmosphere: coal and oil furnaces, glass production. Causes destruction of vegetative nervous system, paralysis of the circulatory system, metabolic disorders. Long-term exposure can lead to lung and skin cancer. C 6 H 6 (benzene). Sources of release into the atmosphere: oil refineries, automobile exhausts. Exposure over a long period of time can cause leukemia. Cl 2 (chlorine). Sources of release into the atmosphere: chemical production. Causes irritation of mucous tissues. CO (carbon monoxide). Sources of emissions into the atmosphere: motor transport, combustion of coal and oil, steelmaking. Causes suffocation, amazes cardiovascular system, disrupts the functioning of the circulatory system. H x C y (hydrocarbons). Sources of release into the atmosphere are vapors from unburned gasoline. On sunlight reacts with nitrogen oxides and forms photochemical smog. HCHO (formaldehyde). Sources of release into the atmosphere: road transport, chemical production. Irritates mucous membranes of the eyes and nose. HCl (hydrogen chloride). Sources of release into the atmosphere: waste incineration plants, chemical production. Irritating to mucous membranes of eyes and lungs. HF (hydrogen fluoride). Sources of emissions into the atmosphere: production plants mineral fertilizers, steel production. Irritating to skin, eyes, mucous membranes. HNO 3 (nitric acid). Source: reactions of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in the atmosphere. In high concentrations it leads to acid rain. Causes respiratory diseases. HONO (nitrous acid). It enters the atmosphere as a result of reactions between nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and water vapor. Causes respiratory diseases. H 2 S (hydrogen sulfide). Sources of emissions into the atmosphere: oil refineries, wastewater treatment plants, pulp and paper production. Causes nausea, irritates eyes. H 2 SO 4 (sulfuric acid). Source of release into the atmosphere: formed in sunlight during the reaction of sulfur dioxide and hydroxyl ions (-OH). Causes respiratory diseases. Mn (manganese). Sources of emissions into the atmosphere: metallurgical production, power plants. Exposure over a long period of time can cause Parkinson's disease. NO (nitric oxide). Sources of release into the atmosphere: motor vehicles, combustion of coal and oil. Easily turns into nitrogen dioxide (NO2). NO 2 (nitrogen dioxide). Source of release into the atmosphere: formed in sunlight from NO. At the same time, ozone is formed in the troposphere, which is a pollutant in the lower layers of the atmosphere. When nitrogen dioxide enters the upper atmosphere - the stratosphere - it destroys the earth's ozone layer. Nitrogen dioxide causes bronchitis and reduces the body's resistance to respiratory diseases. O 3 (ozone). Sources of release into the atmosphere: formed in sunlight during the reaction of nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons. Irritates the mucous membranes of the eyes, aggravates asthma. PAN (peroxyacetyl hydrogen nitrate). Sources of release into the atmosphere: formed in sunlight during the reaction of nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons. Irritates the mucous membranes of the eyes, aggravates asthma. SiF 4 (silicon tetrofluoride). Sources of release into the atmosphere: chemical production. Irritates the lungs. SO 2 (sulfur dioxide). Sources of release into the atmosphere: combustion of oil and coal, steelmaking. Sulfur dioxide is the cause of acid rain. Reduces resistance to respiratory diseases, irritates the mucous membranes of the eyes. |
According to Moskompriroda, in residential areas near the highway, the level of air pollution for carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides exceeds the maximum permissible concentration (MPC) by 10...15 times. This means that exactly the same concentration of pollutants can be found in your home. From street LHS it is forbidden hide behind any sealed double-glazed windows - clean air simply has nowhere to come from. But that's not all.
In the apartment we are “met” by our own sources of air pollution. Not expensive modern furniture made from inexpensive ones modern materials- plywood, chipboard. These materials use phenol-formaldehyde resin as a binder. This polymer compound has many advantages: it is convenient to use, very inexpensive to produce, and almost does not burn. It also has a drawback: it gradually decomposes into phenol and formaldehyde, but both of these compounds are considered toxic to humans. MPC phenol and formaldehyde - 0.03 mg/m3 and 0.003 mg/m3, respectively.
Errors in construction are associated with the appearance of " ammonia houses"When constructing a building in winter time so as not to freeze masonry mortar, they add to it urea(urea). This harmless substance decomposes to form ammonia. As a result, the housing acquires a characteristic unpleasant odor. The odor can only be eliminated by using air purifiers.
Air purification methods
The main purpose of household air purifiers is to clean indoor air from suspended particles, certain gases and odors. Household air purifiers based on the principle of air filtration can be divided into 4 groups:
- Photocatalytic filters
- Adsorption filters
- Dust filters
- Ionizing purifiers or electrostatic precipitators
PHOTO CATALYTIC FILTER- a novelty in the field of air purification.
The principle of operation is based on the fact that on the surface of the catalyst, under the influence of ultraviolet radiation, all organic substances are oxidized to harmless components of clean air. Today, this method is the most effective and economical. According to scientists, it will become the main method of molecular air purification in the 21st century.
In the automotive industry, "catalysts" are used - thermocatalytic afterburners of vehicle exhaust gases. In these devices, toxic impurities are oxidized on the surface of the catalyst, usually platinum, under high temperature. Photocatalytic air purification is somewhat similar to these processes. FKO essentially repeats the natural photochemical processes of air purification in nature.
The essence of the PCO method is the decomposition and oxidation of toxic impurities on the surface of the photocatalyst under the influence of ultraviolet radiation. Reactions occur at room temperature, in this case, impurities do not accumulate, but are destroyed to harmless components, and photocatalytic oxidation does not make a difference between toxins, viruses or bacteria - the result is the same. Most odors are caused by organic compounds, which are also completely decomposed by the cleaner and therefore disappear.
The phenomenon was discovered more than 20 years ago, but household appliances began to be mass-produced only recently. In the period from 1993 to 1999 Five international conferences were devoted to the method, at which air purification was reported as examples of its pilot industrial application:
At an explosives production plant (USA)
In the workshops of a microelectronics enterprise (USA)
In the cabins of Boeing aircraft
In the showrooms of new Japanese cars (Japan)
In urban residential areas and tunnels (Japan) serially.
In hospitals to suppress pathogenic microflora in the air (USA)
In the treatment of allergic diseases and asthma (USA).
Aerolife™ air purifiers are based on this principle.
Advantages:
· The size of destroyed particles is up to 0.001 microns.
· The service life of replacement filters is from 4 to 7 years.
· Cleaning efficiency is 500 times higher than that of carbon filters.
· The cleaning efficiency is consistently high, regardless of filter output, and amounts to 95%.
· During the process of photocatalysis, harmful impurities do not accumulate in the filter, but under the influence of titanium dioxide (photocatalyst) and ultraviolet radiation, they decompose into absolutely harmless components of the natural air environment.
· Viruses and bacteria are deactivated.
· No ozone is formed.
· Low noise level.
· Low power consumption due to the use of an inverter motor.
Flaws not identified.
ADSORPTION CARBON FILTERS capture almost all toxic air impurities with a molecular weight of more than 40 atomic units. However, research and practice of using adsorption carbon filters have shown that coal practically does not adsorb light compounds, which include such typical urban air pollutants as carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide, and formaldehyde. Thus, air purifiers using carbon filters have proven to be ineffective in removing major environmental pollutants from urban indoor air.
A significant disadvantage of any adsorption filters is their limited capacity and untimely replacement adsorbent, they themselves become a source of toxic organic substances and pathogenic bacteria that pollute the surrounding atmosphere. Adsorption filters are used in devices from Philips (Holland) and Honeywell (USA), as well as in a number of domestic air purification systems.
ADVANTAGES:
Captures almost all toxic impurities with a molecular weight of more than 40 atomic units, and captures dust well.
Removes odors.
FLAWS:
Not effective for major urban air pollutants.
High operating costs.
If filters are not changed in a timely manner, the air purifier becomes a source of harmful substances.
Companies: Philips, Honeywell, VENTA
DUST FILTERS– are a special fabric made from various fibers that can trap dust particles ranging in size from 0.3 microns and above. The principle of their operation is quite simple: a fan forces air through the fabric and thereby frees it from dust particles. The technology of using dust filters in industrial and household air purifiers is widespread in the West and is called HEPA ( High Efficiency Particulate Air ) . This principle of dust collection is used in air purifiers from Bionaire (Canada) and Honeywell (USA), and in Russia - in Petryanov air purifiers.
ADVANTAGES:
The size of the retained particles is up to 0.03 microns.
The cost of the purifier is cheaper than the photocatalytic purifier.
When installing a new HEPA filter, cleaning up to 95% is possible.
FLAWS:
Cleaning only from medium-disperse dust particles; volatile environmental pollutants remain in the air. Effective dust removal is achieved only with a pre-filter.
High operating costs
The filter quickly becomes dirty and needs to be replaced.
The HEPA filter traps microorganisms, but does not inactivate them, and therefore, with a certain accumulation, can be released back into the air
Bionaire; Honeywell; HEPA; VENTA
IONIZING CLEANERS, or ELECTRIC FILTERS, clean the air well from dust and soot, without eliminating such toxic pollutants as carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide, formaldehyde and other harmful organic compounds present in the air of household and production premises. In addition, during operation, ionization purifiers themselves generate nitrogen oxides and extremely dangerous ozone gas, which is 5 times more toxic than carbon monoxide.
Ozone- the same gas that forms in the air after a thunderstorm, the smell of which we smell during strong electrical discharges. And, although the presence of this smell causes a subjective feeling of freshness, we must remember that ozone is a strong oxidizing agent and, interacting with various substances, can lead to the formation of compounds that are far from safe. And for some people with asthma, the presence of ozone can trigger asthma attacks.
The reason for the formation of ozone is the use of an electrical voltage of several thousand volts in the ionization chamber of an air purifying device.
Ionization filters are used in a number of air purifier models from Bionaire (Canada) and Honeywell (USA). Today on the domestic market there are household models of air purifiers equipped with ionization filters from Daikin (Japan) and the Russian Super-Plus model.
Air purifying devices that use the principle of air ionization include the Chizhevsky Chandelier, popular in our country. Its difference from the above-mentioned ionization filter is that The depositing surface in the air purification scheme is the ceiling and walls of the apartment . This principle of cleaning the air from dust is quite effective, but as a result of its operation, black spots may form on the ceiling and walls.
ADVANTAGES:
Easy to use, average cost.
FLAWS:
Cleaning only dust particles, organic and toxic pollutants remain in the air atmosphere.
During the operation of air purifying devices, nitrogen oxides and an extremely hazardous gas, ozone, are generated.
Bionaire; Honeywell; Super-plus; Daikin; Ovion-S
3.3.2.1. Photocatalytic air purification
Unique technology photocatalysis gives high level purification, destroys harmful substances not through absorption (accumulation inside, for example, a carbon filter or HEPA) but through the breakdown of particles at the molecular level and, accordingly, without accumulating them. The principle of operation of the photocatalytic filter is based on the unique property of titanium dioxide (photocatalyst) in the presence of ultraviolet light to break down toxic substances into harmless components, as well as deactivate viruses and bacteria.
Modern concept "photocatalysis"sounds like" speed change or excitement chemical reactions under the influence of light in the presence of substances - photocatalysts, which, as a result of their absorption of light quanta, are capable of causing chemical transformations of reaction participants, entering into intermediate chemical interactions with the latter and regenerating their chemical composition after each cycle of such interactions."
Essence of the method consists of the oxidation of substances on the surface of the catalyst under the influence of soft ultraviolet radiation of the A range (with a wavelength of more than 300 nm). The reaction takes place at room temperature and toxic impurities do not accumulate on the filter, but are destroyed into harmless air components, carbon dioxide, water and nitrogen.
Any photocatalytic air purifier includes a porous carrier coated with TiO 2 - a photocatalyst, which is irradiated with light and through which air is blown.
Fig.1 – Schematic diagram photocatalyst
Harmful organic and inorganic pollutants, bacteria and viruses, are adsorbed on the surface of the TiO 2 photocatalyst applied to a porous media (photocatalytic filter). Under the influence of light from a UV lamp, range A, their organic and inorganic components are oxidized to carbon dioxide and water.
Actually photocatalysis provides a unique opportunity to oxidize organic compounds to form harmless components.
3.3.2.2. Theoretical basis photocatalysis
TiO2- semiconductor connection. According to modern concepts, in such compounds electrons can be in two states: free and bound.
In the first case, electrons move through the crystal lattice formed by cations Ti and oxygen anions O 2.
In the second case, basically, electrons are bound to some ion crystal lattice and participate in education chemical bond. To transfer an electron from a bound state to a free state, it is necessary to expend energy of at least 3.2 eV. This energy can be delivered by light quanta with a wavelength 320…400 nm.
Thus, when light is absorbed in the particle volume TiO2 a free electron and an electron vacancy are created. In semiconductor physics, such an electron vacancy is called a hole.
Electron and hole- quite mobile formations and, moving in a semiconductor particle, some of them recombine, and some come to the surface and are captured by it. The processes occurring are shown schematically in Figure 2:
Fig. 2 – Operating principle of a semiconductor photocatalyst
The electron and hole captured by the surface are very specific chemical particles. For example, the electron is Ti 3+ on the surface, and the hole is localized on the lattice surface oxygen, forming O 2-. In this way, extremely reactive particles are formed on the surface of the oxide. In terms of redox potentials, the reactivity of an electron and a hole on the surface of TiO 2 is characterized by the following values: electron potential ~ - 0.1 V, hole potential ~ +3 V relative to a normal hydrogen electron.
In this case, powerful oxidizing agents such as O- and OH - radical. The main channel for electron disappearance is reactions with oxygen. The hole reacts either with water or with any adsorbed organic (in some cases inorganic) compound. OH- radical or O- are also capable of oxidizing any organic compound. And thus the surface TiO2 under the influence of light it becomes a strong oxidizing agent.
Harmful organic and inorganic pollutants, bacteria and viruses, are adsorbed on the surface TiO 2 photocatalyst, deposited on a porous carrier (photocatalytic filter). Under the influence of light from a UV lamp, range A, they are oxidized to carbon dioxide and water.
3.3.3. Comparison table of the main characteristics of air purifiers*
| Air purifier name | Principle of operation | Productivity cubic m/hour | Power, W | Household dust | Volatile molecular pollutants | Viruses, bacteria | Operating costs per year (USD) | Retail cost of the device (USD) |
| Philips HR 4320/B Holland | Filtration | + | - | - | ||||
| Philips HR 4320/AHolland | Filtration, adsorption | + | + | - | ||||
| Bionair FE-1060, Canada | Adsorption, electrostatic filtration | + | - | - | ||||
| Bionair LC-1060, Canada | Filtration, adsorption | + | + | - | ||||
| Honeywell Clean Air, USA | Filtration, adsorption | + | + | - | ||||
| "Super Plus", Russia | Electrostatic filtration | + | - | - | ||||
| Aerolife™ "Sevezh 45" | Filtration, photocatalysis | + | + | + | ||||
| Aerolife™ "Sevezh 60" | Filtration, photocatalysis | + | + | + | ||||
| Aerolife™ "Sevezh 300" | Filtration, photocatalysis | + | + | + | ||||
| Daikin MC704, Japan | Filtration, electrostatic filtration, Photocatalysis | + | + | + | ||||
| Daikin ACEF3AV1-C(H), Japan | Filtration, Photocatalysis | + | + | - |
Air purifier Aerolife series Siewierz combines HEPA dust filtration technology, carbon adsorption filters and the most modern way molecular air purification - photocatalytic oxidation of molecular air pollutants. Today, one of the most effective and economical methods for purifying indoor air from organic and inorganic environmental pollutants is the photocatalytic oxidation method used in air purifier Aerolife, which, according to scientists, will become in the 21st century main method of molecular purification air.
Model Sevierzh-45, does not require special maintenance, the photocatalyst is applied to a porous glass filter that does not need to be replaced. Great appearance Suitable for both apartments and offices.
This model is ideal for premises where a large number of people are constantly present and the risk of spreading various infections is high. Siewież - 45 copes well with tobacco smoke, unpleasant odors and harmful chemicals.
| Characteristics: | test results |
| 40 / 45 cubic meters/hour | |
| Supply voltage: | 220 V |
| 40 W | |
| 320 nm - 400 nm | |
| 24 / 32 dB | |
| dimensions: | 540x140x140 mm |
| Weight: | 3.2 kg |
| Recommended operating mode: | continuous |
| 45 cu. meters | |
| From molecular contaminants | more than 45% |
| From dust up to 4 microns in size | - |
| From dust larger than 4 microns | 90 % |
| From bacteria and viruses | more than 90% |
Model " Siewierz-60 ", combines high degree of purification, sufficient performance And low noise level. Sevezh - 60 is intended for use in apartments and offices.
The combination of a HEPA dust filter and photocatalytic cleaning allows you to achieve the most effective air purification. Research results show very high levels of air purification from dust, allergens and tobacco smoke.
The dust filter should be replaced every 3-4 months, depending on the dustiness of the room. The photocatalytic cleaning unit has a 7-year warranty. Upon request, the model is made in glowing And non-luminous option.
| Characteristics: | test results |
| Performance night/day mode: | 45/60 cubic meters/hour |
| Supply voltage: | 220 V |
| Rated power consumption: | 40 W |
| UV lamp emission range: | 320 nm - 400 nm |
| Noise level night / day mode: | 24/34 dB |
| Dimensions: | 540x140x140 mm |
| Weight: | 2.8 kg |
| Recommended operating mode: | continuous |
| Recommended room volume: | 60 cu. meters |
| Degree of cleaning per pass: | |
| From molecular contaminants | more than 40% |
| From dust up to 4 microns in size | more than 94% |
| From dust larger than 4 microns | 99 % |
| From bacteria and viruses | more than 90% |
Air purifier Sevezh-200 designed for air purification in residential and office premises from harmful emissions, dust, tobacco smoke, viruses and bacteria.
This is the most modern and effective air purifier that combines 2-stage photocatalytic air purification system, dust and carbon filter.
Thanks to the carbon filter Sevezh-200 allows you to effectively combat burst emissions of air pollutants, for example, during intensive smoking.
The dust filter should be replaced every 6 months, depending on the dust level of the room. The warranty on the photocatalytic cleaning unit is 7 years.
| Characteristics: | test results |
| Performance night/day mode: | 120 / 200 cubic meters/hour |
| Supply voltage: | 220 V |
| Rated power consumption: | 95 W |
| UV lamp emission range: | 320 nm - 400 nm |
| Noise level night / day mode: | 24/35 dB |
| Dimensions: | 450x433x154 mm |
| Weight: | 7.8 kg |
| Recommended operating mode: | continuous |
| Recommended room volume: | 200 cu. meters |
| Degree of cleaning per pass: | |
| From molecular contaminants | more than 55% |
| From dust up to 4 microns in size | more than 94% |
| From dust larger than 4 microns | 99 % |
| From bacteria and viruses | more than 95% |
DAIKIN MC707VM is a new generation air purifier. Its purpose is to purify the air in apartments and offices from any pollution using new advanced technology Flash Steamer And its saturation with air ions(refreshing) in order to prevent diseases and create a healthy atmosphere in the room.
In 2006, the Japanese company Daikin developed a new air purifier, the Daikin MC 707 VM. During development of this device Daikin Corporation has applied its tradition of innovation for which it is known in the domestic and commercial climate control markets. New technology from Daikin gives the user clean air, high consumer properties, aesthetic design of the purifiers, as well as silent and quiet operation.
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(in fossil fuels) - gas and vapor products released during the decomposition of org. substances when heating fossil fuels under standard conditions at t about 850 °C (GOST 6382 - 65, for anthracites 7303 - 54). Hygroscopic moisture and carbonate carbon dioxide are not included in this concept. Increased content minerals that release volatile products when heated introduce distortion into the VL yield figures; solid residue after removal of V. l. called non-volatile residue. With an increase in the degree of carbonization, the yield of V. l. falls. Humolites differ in reduced yield of V. l. compared with sapropelites And liptobiolites. Gelified components give a lower yield of VL than lipoid components, and higher than fusainized components. Exit V. l. in Claren varieties of humus coals, starting with lower gas ones, it is used as one of the most important indicators of the degree of their carbonification.
- - a genus of fruit bats. Dl. body 10-40 cm, wingspan up to 1.7 m. The largest representative is kalong. There is no tail. The muzzle is extended...
- - suborder of bats. Known since the Oligocene. Unlike fruit bats, they are smaller in size and have more advanced adaptations for flight...
Biological encyclopedic dictionary
- - suborder of mammals neg. bats. Dl. bodies from 2.5 to 14 cm. Approx. 700 species, widely distributed, numerous in the tropics and subtropics...
Natural science. encyclopedic Dictionary
- - in the coals - in-va. released from fossil coals when heated. Composition of the drug: volatile organic. parts of coal, decomposition products of certain minerals. Contents of L. v. in coals ranges from 50% to 4%...
Big Encyclopedic Polytechnic Dictionary
- - Flying shear - ...
Dictionary of metallurgical terms
- - gaseous and vaporous substances released from solid mineral fuel when heated without air access or with insufficient air supply...
Technical railway dictionary
- - the same as fruit bats...
Modern encyclopedia
- - mammals. Body length from 2.5 to 14 cm. About 800 species, distributed wherever there is woody vegetation, especially numerous in the tropics and subtropics...
Modern encyclopedia
- - see Volatile substances...
Geological encyclopedia
- - substances released from carbon-containing materials when heated. The content of volatile substances in coals ranges from 50% to 4%...
Encyclopedic Dictionary of Metallurgy
- - moisture and hydrocarbons contained in the fuel and released from it during dry distillation in the form of vapors and gases. The amount of L.V. in T. depends on the type of fuel and varies from 10 to 50% ...
Marine dictionary
- - ".....
Official terminology
- - see Essential oils...
- - or chiroptera - an order of mammals with the following main distinctive features: the bones of the forelimbs are greatly elongated...
Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron
- - a genus of mammals of the suborder fruit bats of the order Chiroptera; same as Flying Dogs...
- - suborder of mammals of the order Chiroptera...
Great Soviet Encyclopedia
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author Wallace Alfred RussellThe bats
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From the book Encyclopedic Dictionary (L) author Brockhaus F.A.Flying fish Flying fish are fish that, thanks to their extremely developed pectoral fins, have the ability to fly more or less significant distances over water. This ability is possessed by representatives of two genera belonging to different orders.
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Lesson 3: “Nerve agents and technical chemicals that affect the generation, conduction and transmission of nerve impulses”
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