Name: Clinical and medical psychology.
Mendelevich V.D.
The year of publishing: 2005
Size: 5.76 MB
Format: doc
Language: Russian
In the publication of V.D. Mendelevich "Clinical and Medical Psychology" examines such issues as research methods in the discipline under consideration, clinical manifestations of norms and psychological pathology, psychological characteristics and pathopsychology of cognitive mental processes, psychology individual differences, the psychology of the patient and therapeutic (medical) interaction, the psychology of deviant behavior are presented, psychological disorders of various types, psychocorrection and psychological counseling are characterized, the basics of psychotherapy are presented.
This book has been removed at the request of the copyright holder
Name: Diagnostics of interpersonal relationships.
Dukhnovsky S.V.
The year of publishing: 2009
Size: 2.97 MB
Format: pdf
Language: Russian
Description: The psychological workshop "Diagnostics of Interpersonal Relationships" examines issues such as the theoretical foundations of the psychology of relationships (definition, classification, development problems) and diagnostics... Download the book for free
Name: Psychological trauma in adolescents with behavior problems. Diagnostics and correction.
Dozortseva E.G.
The year of publishing: 2006
Size: 7.61 MB
Format: pdf
Language: Russian
Description: The manual "Psychological Trauma in Adolescents with Behavioral Problems. Diagnosis and Correction" examines such basic issues as the definition of the concept of psychological trauma, the main points are revealed... Download the book for free
Name: Forensic sexology.
Tkachenko A.A., Vvedensky G.E., Dvoryanchikova N.V.
The year of publishing: 2001
Size: 17.93 MB
Format: pdf
Language: Russian
Description: The book "Forensic Sexology" is an excellent, excellent methodological guide to forensic sexology. The publication covers the methodological foundations of forensic sexology and sexological experiment... Download the book for free
Name: Sexology.
Kon I.S.
The year of publishing: 2004
Size: 8.76 MB
Format: pdf
Language: Russian
Description: The textbook "Sexology" examines basic issues of sexology, covering such issues as sexology as a science, characterizing the concepts of sex, gender and sexuality. The book contains a sexy... Download the book for free
Name: Criminal sexology.
Deryagin G.B., Eriashvili N.D.
The year of publishing: 2011
Size: 4.43 MB
Format: pdf
Language: Russian
Description: The textbook "Criminal Sexology" examines in detail the definition of the concept of sexology and criminal sexology, characterizes sexuality, the concept of gender, gives a classification of forms of sexual... Download the book for free
Name: Criminal psychology.
Pirozhkov V.F.
The year of publishing: 2001
Size: 17.94 MB
Format: pdf
Language: Russian
Description: The book "Criminal Psychology" examines the basic issues of developmental psychology of children and adolescents when they commit criminal acts in theoretical, practical and methodological aspects.... Download the book for free
Name: Introduction to sexology.
Kon I.S.
The year of publishing: 1999
Size: 6.93 MB
Format: pdf
Language: Russian
Description: The textbook "Introduction to Sexology" examines such issues as the definition of the concept and the essence of sexology as a science, presents the anatomical and physiological structure of the genital organs, characterizes... Download the book for free
Name: Experimental methods of pathopsychology
Rubinshtein S.Ya.
The year of publishing: 2010
Size: 5.89 MB
Format: pdf
Language: Russian
Description: The textbook "Experimental Methods of Pathopsychology", edited by Rubinshtein S.Ya., examines the experimental use of methods in clinical practice for the study of psychopathological phenomena...
Mendelevich Vladimir Davydovich - head. Department of Medical and General Psychology with a Pedagogy Course at Kazan State Medical University. Doctor of Medical Sciences. Professor. Corresponding member International Academy of Psychological Sciences.
Member of the interdepartmental commission for the training of clinical (medical) psychologists under the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. Member of the editorial board of "Vestnik" clinical psychology", "Journal of Mental Health of Children and Adolescents". Expert of the World Health Organization and Chairman of the Public Council under the Federal Drug Control Service of the Russian Federation for the Republic of Tatarstan. Vice-President of the Russian Association of Positive Psychotherapy. Scientific director of the Republican Rehabilitation Center for helping patients with drug addiction “Nadezhda” of the Republic of Tatarstan.
Areas of interest: neurosology, clinical psychology, borderline psychiatry, pathopsychology, psychotherapy, psychosomatic medicine, psychology of deviant behavior.
Hobbies: bard song, basketball, tennis.
Marital status: married, has one child.
Books (7)
Clinical and medical psychology
IN textbook The main sections of clinical (medical) psychology are reflected: research methods, principles of differentiation of norm and pathology of mental activity, psychology of individual differences, psychology of the patient and psychology of therapeutic interaction, psychocorrection and the basics of psychotherapy. Each section contains tests for programmed knowledge control.
The benefit is intended for medical and practical psychologists, psychotherapists, psychiatrists, doctors of various profiles, nurses, social workers, and is also intended for students studying clinical (medical) psychology.
Drug addiction and comorbid behavioral disorders
Based on the results of his own clinical-psychopathological and pathopsychological studies and analysis of modern ideas about deviant forms of behavior, the monograph describes in detail the concept of dependent personality and dependent behavior disorders developed by the author.
The position is substantiated that drug addiction is not an isolated psychopathological phenomenon, but is a reflection of a specific personal predisposition to addictive behavior in general.
The book describes characteristic features dependent personality prone to the formation of alcoholism, drug addiction, nicotineism and other comorbid forms of addictive behavior.
Psychiatric propaedeutics
The manual, for the first time in the domestic scientific literature, describes such fundamentally important sections as “psychiatric interviewing” with an accompanying Russian-English diagnostic phrasebook, provides phenomenological principles of psychiatry, describes debatable issues of ethical and legal relations between society and psychiatry, and presents the results of studies of public opinion about psychiatry in Russia. In addition, the manual provides diagnostic psychiatric algorithms and clinical tasks to assess knowledge in the field of diagnosing mental conditions.
The book is intended for psychiatrists, psychologists, sociologists, social workers, and it can also be used by students undergoing training in the field of psychiatry and psychology.
Mental illnesses with a course in narcology
The main sections of psychiatry and narcology are reflected. Psychiatric propaedeutics is described in detail, allowing the nurse to recognize the patient’s mental state and accurately diagnose it.
Particular issues of psychiatry and narcology are considered, individual diseases are described (schizophrenia, bipolar affective disorder, organic, neurotic, somatoform and personality disorders, alcoholism, drug addiction and substance abuse).
The basic principles of therapy and prevention of mental and drug addiction diseases are outlined in detail.
Psychology of deviant behavior
The textbook presents the main sections of the psychology of deviant behavior, covering a description of normative, harmonious, ideal behavior, as well as the structure, types and clinical forms of deviant behavior.
The criteria for five deviant behavioral types (delinquent, addictive, pathocharacterological, psychopathological and based on hyperabilities) are given in the form of aggressive, auto-aggressive behavior, eating disorders, sexual deviations and perversions, alcohol and drug addictions, overvalued psychological and psychopathological hobbies, communicative deviations, etc. .
The book provides the principles of phenomenological diagnosis, rules for identifying and describing the phenomena of human mental life, differentiation of psychopathological symptoms and psychological phenomena themselves. Particular emphasis is placed on the terminological side of the problem; interpretations of psychological and psychiatric synonyms are given, allowing for a scientifically based diagnosis of a person’s mental state.
A thesaurus of emotional, behavioral, expressive, speech, mental, mnestic, individual psychological, as well as phenomena related to the characteristics of sensations, perception, attention, intelligence and abilities is provided.
Http://marsexx.narod.ru/psychology/mendelevich-klinich-psy.html#089 Mendelevich V.D. Clinical and medical psychology: Practical guide . - M.: MEDpress, 2001. - 592 p. The practical guide reflects the main sections of clinical (medical) psychology: research methods (clinical interviewing, pathological and neuropsychological experiments), principles of differentiation of norm and pathology of mental activity, psychology of individual differences, psychology of the patient and psychology of therapeutic interaction, psychology of deviant behavior, neurotic and psychosomatic disorders , developmental and family clinical psychology, psychological counseling, psychocorrection and the basics of psychotherapy, etc. Each section contains tests for programmed knowledge control. The guide is intended for medical and practical psychologists, psychotherapists, psychiatrists, doctors of various profiles, nurses, social workers, and is also intended for students studying clinical (medical) psychology. Psychological counseling Counseling in the process of providing psychological assistance involves a joint discussion of the doctor, clinical psychologist, on the one hand, and the patient or client, on the other, the problems that a person has, possible options for overcoming and preventing them, as well as informing the individual about his individual psychological qualities , specific types of response, methods of self-regulation. Counseling is aimed at developing a person’s active position in relation to psychological problems, frustrations and stress with the aim of teaching ways to restore or maintain emotional comfort in critical life situations. The diagnostic process in the structure of psychological counseling includes clinical interviewing (see Chapter 1) and the use of a battery of experimental psychological techniques to determine the functioning of mental processes and personality parameters. Essential for - 475 counseling in practical terms is the process of informing a person about the objective parameters of his mental activity and the properties of his individuality, as well as teaching methods of mental self-regulation. Informing a client is a rather delicate and complex process, since it involves not only an impartial presentation of facts, but also taking into account a person’s possible reactions to information about himself. There are several communication strategies that differ fundamentally in the degree of use of evaluative categories, focus and terminology used. Considering the fact that a clinical psychologist or doctor receives a fairly large amount of objective data in the process of examining a client (patient), different focusing is possible when informing. You can pay attention to: a) obvious deviations in the functioning of the body and psyche; b) all existing deviations; c) deviations that an individual is able to comprehend and change; d) the entire spectrum of manifestations - both normal and abnormal; e) normative signs and manifestations. There are three known approaches to focusing attention and informing a person: optimistic, pessimistic and neutral. The same information can be perceived as positive, negative or indifferent. A classic example would be communicating the amount of liquid in a glass of water: 1) the glass is half full, 2) half empty, or 3) the liquid in the glass takes up half the volume. It is possible to choose different objects to focus a person’s attention in the process of providing psychological assistance. These can be individual functions or the activity of the entire organism (“Your process of motivational mediation of activity is qualitatively disrupted and the hierarchy of values has been changed” or “You have significant deviations in behavior due to accentuations of character and a violation of volitional regulation of activity”). In the process of informing, there is a different approach not only to focusing, but also to the description and assessment of clinical phenomena identified during interviewing and diagnosis. Evaluative or descriptive approaches are possible. In the first case, information includes evaluative categories (adequate-inadequate, normal-pathological, healthy-sick, defective, etc.). In the second, a psychologist or doctor, when informing, tries to avoid evaluative categories and focuses only on the description of clinical phenomena, providing, if necessary, a multivariate interpretation of the obtained facts. - 476 The terminology used by the clinician (psychologist or doctor) is also essential in the information process. He may use specific scientific terminology and even jargon (“diversity of thinking,” “use of causal attribution,” etc.) that is incomprehensible to the person being examined, or, taking into account the client’s linguistic and other parameters, make a conclusion in everyday language. Training in self-regulation skills in the process of psychological counseling is carried out different ways with a focus on the priority of providing the client or patient with the maximum possible information about the methods and methods of psychological protection and compensation, various pathogenetic patterns of thinking and forecasting, patterns of development, stages and outcomes of interpersonal and intrapersonal conflicts. In the process of counseling, an individual learns the skills of a reflexive style of thinking, common sense and adaptive forms of response exclusively through information, since the training method is part of the structure of another type of psychological assistance - psychocorrection. First of all, the client or patient acquires knowledge of methods of psychological defense. Their essence is to maintain a balance between external forces acting on a person and internal resources. The following variants of psychological defense mechanisms are distinguished: rationalization, projection, repression, identification, compensation, overcompensation, fantasy, dominant ideas (M. Yarosh). Rationalization is the desire for self-justification, the search for the reasons and motives of one’s actions in the external environment. Blaming, for example, surrounding people for the occurrence of an illness or psychological problem. At the same time, the patient tries to find the most convincing and plausible evidence of the external conditionality of his painful statements and inappropriate actions, trying to consciously or subconsciously avoid recognizing the painful fact of his illness. Projection is the attribution of one's unfavorable character traits to others. Such a mechanism personal protection most often observed in patients with borderline mental pathology (with personality disorders and neuroses). The patient consciously or unconsciously tries to give the doctor the impression that his painful breakdown is a consequence negative traits character of people close to him. Repression - manifests itself in forgetting, ignoring obvious facts of incorrect behavior or symptoms of the disease, up to its complete non-recognition. Repression manifests itself most clearly in hysterical disorders - the patient often does not remember the most unpleasant and difficult events for him. Identification - achieving internal mental peace by comparing, identifying oneself with someone else (for example, with one’s children - the desire for them to achieve in life what one has not achieved himself). Compensation is based on the desire to achieve success in one area and, thus, to compensate for failures in another area, caused, for example, by insufficient physical abilities, lack of talents, speech impediment (for example, intensive music lessons in order to be somehow different from someone and to attract attention). Hypercompensation - the desire to achieve success and a sense of significance precisely in the area that has so far been the most difficult (physically weak, with the help of intensive training, tries to be the strongest in any sport, a timid and cowardly person hides behind feigned swagger and rudeness, deceitful a person strives to convince others and is partly even convinced of his exceptional honesty). Fantasizing manifests itself in the form of imagining the fulfillment of impossible desires or the successful resolution of some difficult situation, in identifying oneself with some literary or epic hero. It helps reduce painful intrapsychic tension caused by life failure or illness. Dominant, or overvalued, ideas are beliefs with a strong emotional charge, which are accepted as the most important in life and serve as a motivational incentive to achieve a specific goal, despite the difficulties that arise. At the same time, one’s own inconveniences and insults caused to others are not taken into account. According to P. Leister, the basic protective mechanisms of the individual have both advantages and disadvantages, which is important to inform the client about in the process of psychological counseling in order to form his conscious or unconscious attitude towards psychological problems associated with life difficulties or intrapersonal conflicts (Table 22) . An individual’s assimilation of knowledge about the mechanisms of psychological defense can form a new view of his own psyche, patterns and characteristics of mental response in stressful situations; change these views if they are found to be unacceptable after appropriate analysis. Thus, in the process of counseling and obtaining information about methods of psychological protection, the person himself will be able to choose from the proposed options the ones that suit him. During counseling, the only correct way to solve interpersonal or intrapersonal problems is not imposed on the client or patient, but a multivariate overview of possible behavior is given. Unlike psychocorrection and psychotherapy, the choice of how to resolve problems or personal transformation remains with the individual. Psychological counseling is used for any psychological problems of a person such as First stage therapy and “personal reconstruction”. Its use is often combined with the use of psychocorrection and psychotherapy. The specific target of counseling is psychological phenomena caused by identity crises and other ideological problems , as well as communication disorders. In the field of analysis and assessment of ideological crises and existential problems, the use of psychocorrection or psychotherapy is considered unfounded and ineffective. The only opportunity to provide effective psychological assistance to a person during a period of existential crisis, not accompanied by pronounced psychopathological manifestations, is the use of psychological counseling - joint (client and psycho-479 Table 22 Advantages of psychological protection Advantages and disadvantages of methods Disadvantages Rationalization Looks for justifications for one’s actions that hide the true motives. It serves to preserve Self-respect and self-affirmation against external criticism Business and constructive discussion of the problem is eliminated, the person creates an obstacle for himself in order to look better from the point of view of other people Projection One can “not see the beam in one’s own eye” and criticize it “in the eye of another.” You can fight your own mistakes without doing anything to yourself Self-knowledge and personality maturation are difficult Objective perception of the outside world is impossible Projection is difficult for the personality to discern, this deprives it of realism Repression Unfulfillable and unacceptable are repressed from desire and Repression requires energy to imagine its maintenance. The problem is not solved for the sake of consciousness, it remains, and this is peace of mind, which brings instant liberation to health and becomes a threat to mental health. Identification Thanks to introjection, the formation of the Super-Ego occurs, norms are adopted that bring liberation from conflicts. The Controller (Super-Ego) becomes an internal tyrant. The person becomes a slave to introjected norms and therefore unfree. Through identification with the aggressor and authority, the principle further spreads: what they do to me, I do to others. Sublimation The energy of tension will be fully reacted in socially useful activities: creativity, sports, etc. The causes of tension are missed. Sublimated tension does not disappear, so a more or less conscious state of frustration arises. Formation of reactions Masking of existing feelings. Formation of reactions leads to a decrease in tension due to lies, which delays the most new types of interaction between a person and the people around him. Advantages Disadvantages Flight A person avoids criticism thanks to this frustration and the observer's position reduces a person's productivity and activity, problems with self-regulation arise in the future. Stunning Thanks to alcohol or Dependence on alcohol and narcotic drugs. The change eliminates conflicts, organic structures, illness of frustration, fears, guilt, and a feeling of strength is achieved. This is an escape from a frightening reality. Screening. Fencing off from mental symptoms. Symptoms disappear without eliminating stress and depressive causes. This leads to the accumulation of moods, fears, negative experiences and anxiety that occurs in a short time. There is a transient feeling of peace, stability, relaxation, balance and, as a result, a satisfactory temporary release. Interpretation by powerlessness “I can’t do anything - these are the circumstances” - thus a person avoids solving problems. Psychological problems are not eliminated, but spread further. There is a danger of manipulation. Playing roles. The role mask brings the inability to find oneself for safety. The need for wearing, programmed security is stronger than the mask blocked freedom of expression of individuality. Petrification, dulling of feelings. Business mask, a picture of complete unemotionality and mental equanimity. The shell on feelings does not allow them to manifest themselves outside and get inside. A person is guided by the behavior of an automaton. Interpersonal contacts are impoverished, suppressed feelings put a burden on organs and muscles. Whoever does not allow himself to be emotional becomes sick physically and mentally (log) search for truth, consideration of philosophical issues of existence, life and death from various positions and points of view, as well as emotional support for a person. It should be borne in mind that the choice of method of action in such conditions remains with the individual. A classic example of a collision of different types of psychological influence is an individual’s suicidal intentions caused by interpersonal or intrapersonal conflicts. After excluding psychopathological (unconscious or painful) motives for a person’s desire to commit suicide, a clinical psychologist, as a rule, can choose three well-known ways of psychological influence on a person: “the path of counseling,” “the path of psychocorrection” and “the psychotherapeutic path.” His choice will be based, first of all, on theoretical preferences and understanding of the mechanisms of suicidal behavior, while the individual psychological characteristics of a potential suicide may not be considered at all. Due to theoretical (ideological and professional) views, a psychologist can choose either counseling using joint discussion of existential issues and transferring responsibility for decision-making to the client himself; or psychocorrection, in the conditions of which he will engage in training aimed at maintaining the focus on preserving life with the help of a system for eradicating the “wrong ideological attitude” towards death; or psychotherapy, in which suicidal thoughts and intentions will be considered as a pathology that requires relief, for example, with suggestion. The targets for psychological counseling are also interpersonal conflicts: divorce, betrayal, dismissal, punishment and others, which are viewed by the individual through the prism of ideological and moral problems. External psycho-traumatic events are interpreted by a person as immoral and raise fundamental questions of existence - justice, fidelity, trust, etc. Consequently, in these cases, the use of psychological counseling should be recognized as the most adequate and given preference over other methods of psychological influence. A similar process occurs when a person develops a somatic disease. It also requires not correction or therapy, but, first of all, counseling. The most well-known methods that relate to psychological counseling are rational psychotherapy (P. Dubois), logotherapy (V. Frankl), psychology of self-realization (A. Maslow), positive psychotherapy (N. Peseschldan), cognitive therapy (A. Vesk ), rational-emotive psychotherapy (A.Ellis) and “common sense” psychotherapy. Despite the fact that the name of the methods contains the term psychotherapy, in fact these methods should be considered advisory. This is due, firstly, to the fact that psychological assistance is provided through influencing the worldview; secondly, because the main method is the method of informing the client and thirdly, because of the “therapeutic target”, which in in this case is a person’s worldview and worldview and secondarily psychological problems and neurotic symptoms. Domestic methods, which should also be considered advisory, primarily include the so-called. pathogenetic psychotherapy based on V.N. Myasishchev’s theory of personality relationships. The main task of pathogenetic psychotherapy is to inform the patient or client with the aim of: awareness of the motives of his behavior, the characteristics of his relationships, emotional and behavioral reactions, awareness of the unconstructive nature of emotional and behavioral stereotypes of a number of his relationships, awareness of the connection between various psychogenic factors and neurotic (psychosomatic) disorders of awareness of the measure their participation and responsibility in the emergence of conflict and traumatic situations, awareness of the deeper causes of their experiences and ways of responding, rooted in childhood, as well as the conditions for the formation of their system of relationships, learning to understand and verbalize their feelings. self-regulation training Pathogenetic psychotherapy is carried out in four stages. The first involves overcoming the patient’s misconceptions about his illness; on the second - awareness psychological reasons and disease mechanisms; on the third - conflict resolution and on the fourth - reconstruction of the system of personal relationships. Logotherapy refers to the humanistic direction of psychotherapy in the broad sense of the term and aims to treat noogenic neuroses through the acquisition of the meaning of life that a person has lost for some reason. The mechanism of development of psychological problems and neurotic symptoms is explained in a person’s moral quest, conflict of conscience and, in general, in the “existential crisis”. The task of logotherapy is the restoration or acquisition by a person of lost spirituality, freedom and responsibility, based on the well-known position of A. Einstein, expressed in the following words: “A person who considers his life meaningless is not only unhappy, he is hardly suitable for life at all.” V. Frankl believed that it is possible to restore lost meaning using the method of persuasion. Conviction uses a system of logical justifications for the uniqueness of the values (meaning) of life with the absolute value of transcendence - the essence of existence. The basis of logotherapy is the healing of the soul through the formation of a meaningful desire for meaning and even for the ultimate meaning (super-meaning) as opposed to the desire for pleasure or power. Within the psychology of self-realization, the emphasis is on developing a psychological strategy to make the most of one’s own personal potential in life, which includes: 1. The inner nature of a person, his individual self in the form of basic needs, abilities, and individual psychological characteristics. 2. Potential possibilities, and not real final states, the implementation of which is determined by extrapsychic factors (civilization, family, environment, education, etc.). 3. Authenticity - the ability to recognize your true needs and capabilities. 4. The ability to accept yourself. 5. Need for love. A.Maslow recognized that an individual has values of being (Values) and values that are formed on the principle of eliminating deficits (Values). The values of existence include the following: 1) integrity - unity, integration, desire for homogeneity, interconnectedness; 2) perfection - necessity, naturalness, appropriateness; 3) completeness - finitude; 4) justice - legality, obligation; 5) vitality - spontaneity, self-regulation; 6) completeness - differentiation, complexity; 7) simplicity - sincerity, essence; 8) beauty - correctness; 9) righteousness - rightness, desirability; 10) uniqueness - originality, individuality, incomparability; P) ease - lightness, lack of tension, grace; 12) game - fun, joy, pleasure; 13) truth - honesty, reality; 14) self-sufficiency - autonomy, independence, the ability to be oneself without the participation of other people. Positive psychotherapy is based on the principle that a person has the ability for self-development and harmony. The main goals of positive psychotherapy are: changing a person’s ideas about himself, his current and basic abilities of cognition, traditional mechanisms for processing conflicts for him, his family and culture, expanding the goals of his life, identifying reserves and new opportunities for overcoming conflict situations and diseases For these purposes, a transcultural approach is used to assess certain psychological phenomena and painful symptoms. Its essence is to provide the client or patient with information about attitudes towards psychological manifestations, symptoms, problems or illnesses similar to his existing ones in other cultures. For example, when an individual has a pathological emotional reaction to alopecia (baldness) detected in him, he is given an example of the attitude towards baldness in some African tribes, where the standard of beauty is not thick hair, but a bald voice. Transcultural comparisons are aimed at developing in the client an understanding of the relativity of life values. Another method in positive psychotherapy is a positive interpretation of any problems and symptoms (for example, impotence is interpreted as the ability to avoid conflicts in the sexual sphere, frigidity - as the ability to say “no” with the body, anorexia - as the ability to get by with a minimum of food, etc.). Particular attention in positive psychotherapy is paid to the formation of personal and characterological harmony by providing information about traditional transcultural ways of processing conflicts and forming values (see Chapter 4). Cognitive therapy examines the mechanisms of occurrence of various emotional phenomena in connection with the patient’s deviations in assessing reality in the form of “systematic prejudices.” It is believed that emotional disorders arise due to “cognitive vulnerability” - a predisposition to stress due to the use of cruelly predetermined irrational misconceptions (“cognitive distortions”) when analyzing external events. Among them are: overgeneralization (unjustified generalization based on a single case); catastrophization (exaggeration of the consequences of any events); arbitrariness of inferences (lack of evidence and inconsistency when making conclusions); personalization (tendency to interpret events in the context of personal meanings); dichotomy of thinking (tendency to use extremes) selectivity of abstraction (conceptualization of a situation based on details extracted from the context). The goal of cognitive therapy is to correct erroneous processing of information and modify beliefs towards its rationalization and the development of a common sense life strategy. Regional emotive therapy, which is aimed at eradicating cognitive distortions, etc., is considered to be close in meaning to cognitive therapy. “irrational attitudes and thoughts.” A. Ellis described twelve basic irrational ideas that must be corrected during the counseling process: 1. For an adult, it is absolutely necessary that every step he takes is attractive to others. 2. There are vicious and nasty actions. And those responsible should be severely punished. 3. It's a disaster when everything doesn't go as we would like. 4. All troubles are imposed on us from the outside - by people or circumstances. 5. If something scares or causes concern, be constantly on alert. 6. It is easier to avoid responsibility and difficulties than to overcome them. 7. Everyone needs something stronger and more significant than what he feels in himself. 8. You must be competent, adequate, reasonable and successful in all respects. 9. What greatly influenced your life once will always influence it. -48610. Our well-being is influenced by the actions of other people, so we must do everything to ensure that these people change in the direction we desire. 11. Going with the flow and doing nothing is the path to happiness. 12. We have no control over our emotions and cannot help but experience them. In accordance with the principles of rational-emotive therapy, on the part of the client or patient there must be a “renunciation of demands” on reality and oneself, based on irrational ideas (attitudes), which are divided into four groups: attitudes of obligation (“people should be honest”, “the spouse must be faithful”); catastrophic attitudes (“everything is terrible and irreparable”); setting the mandatory fulfillment of one’s needs (“I must be happy”); evaluation attitude. The main method of therapy is Socratic dialogue - a cognitive debate using the laws of logic. The method of regional psychotherapy is also based on the logical persuasion of the client or patient, aimed at teaching a person to think correctly, avoiding logical errors and misconceptions in order to prevent the appearance of neurotic symptoms. Psychotherapy with “common sense” includes, along with elements of rational psychotherapy, i.e. persuading a person on the basis of logical argumentation and the formation of correct thinking based on certainty, consistency and evidence, the formation of a multivariate way of understanding reality. Oy is contrasted with one-variant (rigid), which is part of the Pathological thought pattern with the so-called. causal attribution. The basis of a personal position in psychotherapy with “common sense” is considered to be “anticipatory consistency” (V. D. Mendelevich) - a person’s ability to anticipate the course of events, build a forecasting process on a multivariate flexible basis, using past life experience. It is believed that harmonious character traits and personality traits, as well as neurosis resistance, can be formed only if such principles are used as: a) renunciation of claims (“nobody owes me anything”); b) refusal to be unambiguous (when interpreting current events - “this can mean anything”); c) refusal of fatality (with -487interpretation of future events - “everything is possible”); d) developing the strategy of “anticipating coping” and “anticipating sadness” instead of “anticipating joy”. Psychological correction Purposes of application psychological correction(psychocorrection) is the optimization, correction and normalization of any mental functions of a person, deviations from the optimal level of his individual psychological characteristics and abilities. There are five types of psychocorrection strategies (Yu.S. Shevchenko): 1. Psychocorrection of individual mental functions and components of the psyche (attention, memory, constructive and verbal thinking, phonemic perception, manual skill, cognitive activity etc.), or personality correction. 2. Directive influence. or non-directive strategy of psychocorrection 3. Correction aimed at the individual or focused on the family. 4. Psychocorrection in the form of individual or group classes. 5. Psychocorrection as a component of clinical psychotherapy in the complex treatment of neuropsychiatric diseases, or as the main and leading method of psychological influence on a person with behavioral disorders and social adaptation. In contrast to psychological counseling, during psychocorrection the role of the client or patient is not so active and even more often passive. Correction involves the development of new psychologically adequate and beneficial skills in the process of specially designed training programs. The activity of the client or patient consists only in the desire to change, but not in existential work on oneself. A person is ready to “hand over himself” to a clinical psychologist or psychotherapist in order for him to make up for existing deficiencies, correct deviations, and instill new skills. Even if we are talking about psychocorrection of personal or characterological properties, it means that the main method of change and psychological help should be the process of learning to effectively accept oneself and reality, and not a philosophical understanding of one’s place in the world, one’s capabilities and abilities. Psychocorrection, in contrast to psychological counseling, uses manipulation, formation and control of a person as its main methods, having clear ideas about the desired state, the level of development of mental functions or individual personal qualities. Standards and ideals are given. A person acts as a material from which an image that is optimal for him or ideal for society is “molded.” Responsibility for psychological changes lies solely with the psychologist. The range of manipulative techniques is classic: from Carnegie advice to neurolinguistic programming and various trainings (feminine charm, personal growth, sexual training, etc.). In clinical psychology, psychocorrection is used for psychological problems identified in the client that arise in connection with characterological deviations and personality anomalies, as well as for neurotic psychosomatic disorders. The development of optimal skills occurs in the process of training, among which the most famous are: auto-training, behavioral (behavioural) therapy, neurolinguistic programming, psychodrama, transactional analysis (E. Bern). Autogenic training (autotraining) is a technique aimed at mastering the skills of mental self-regulation using relaxation methods. Relaxation (relaxation) is understood as a state of wakefulness, characterized by reduced psychophysiological activity, felt either throughout the entire body or in any of its systems. In clinical psychology, especially for psychosomatic disorders and diseases, such varieties as autogenic training itself with the so-called are used. neuromuscular relaxation and biological techniques feedback. With progressive muscle relaxation, a person is trained to control the state of muscles and induce relaxation (relaxation) in certain muscle groups in order to relieve secondary emotional stress. Autogenic training is carried out in several stages, aimed at mastering exercises to relieve neuromuscular tension in a specific muscle or group of muscles, followed by the formation of a “rest habit”. -489The biofeedback technique is built on the principle of conditioned reflex consolidation of the skill to change one’s somatic state while controlling it using various devices (Figure 26). During the training process, the patient independently monitors the biological functioning of his body using the device (from the speed of elementary biochemical reactions to complex activities) and learns to change it using various methods of self-regulation. The following types of biofeedback are distinguished (A.A. Aleksandrov): electromyographic biofeedback temperature biofeedback electrodermal biofeedback electroencephalographic biofeedback With electromyographic biofeedback, the process of relaxation of a specific muscle or muscle groups, as well as general relaxation, is taught. The temperature biofeedback technique allows you to gain skills in dilating and constricting peripheral blood vessels, which leads to changes in the temperature of the limbs and body. Electrocutaneous biofeedback makes it possible to learn to control galvanic skin responses by influencing sympathetic nervous activity. With electroencephalographic biofeedback, the skills of changing the bioelectrical activity of the brain are formed by changing the ratio of waves of different frequencies and, first of all, increasing alpha activity to reduce the level of excitability and calm. Behavioral psychotherapy is replete with techniques based on the development of conditioned reflex activity in order to relieve psychopathological symptoms or develop adequate habits instead of inadequate, neurotic ones. The most well-known techniques are the methods of “systematic desensitization” and “paradoxical intention”, used to treat obsessive fears . With “systematic desensitization,” a person is immersed in a situation that causes fear (imaginary or real) with the formation of a new adequate reaction to the situation and the attenuation of the old painful one. A technique called “paradoxical intention” is aimed at changing the patient’s attitude towards phobias by “reversing” this attitude and bringing the situation to the point of absurdity (with ereitophobia, fear of blushing, learning to set yourself up like this: “Well, show everyone how you You know how to blush. Let everyone see how you can do it." The task of paradoxical intention is to deprive fears of emotionally negative reinforcement, replacing them with irony and humor. Neurolinguistic programming is a system of psychological manipulation based on the study of the linguistic metamodel of a person, the essence of which is the recognition of the pattern for each group of people or one person of the linguistic system of knowing the world and oneself, expressing feelings and solving problems. For this purpose, in neurolinguistic programming (NLP) there is the concept of modality - the most typical and characteristic way for an individual to perceive and reflect the surrounding reality. There are three types of modality: visual, auditory and kinesthetic. After identifying the dominant modality of a person, a correction of his behavior is expected, which may or may not be realized by the person himself. In the first case, we can talk about managing an individual, in the second, about manipulating him using verbal and non-verbal methods. The purpose of programming is to develop a specific behavioral strategy that is desirable for a person or the environment. Within the framework of neurolinguistic programming, several techniques are used: “anchoring”, “wave”, “explosion”, “metaphor”. -491The main thing is considered to be “reframing” - reshaping the personality, giving it a new given form. Reframing is based on the following basic principles of neurolinguistic programming: 1. Any symptom, any reaction, or human behavior is initially protective in nature and therefore useful; they are considered harmful only when used in an inappropriate context; 2. Each person has his own subjective model of the world, which can be changed; 3. Each person has hidden resources that allow him to change his subjective perception, subjective experience, and subjective model of the world. Reframing is most often carried out in six stages. The first is to identify the symptom; on the second, the patient is asked to make a kind of splitting of himself into parts (healthy and pathological, represented by the symptom) and come into contact with the part responsible for the formation and manifestation of the symptom, and comprehend the mechanism of its occurrence; on the third - the symptom is separated from the original motive (intention); on the fourth - the discovery of a new part that can satisfy this intention in other ways with “setting an anchor” (an associative connection between events or thoughts); on the fifth and sixth - the formation of consent of the entire Self to a new connection. In the process of psychodrama, a person plays out roles in order to study the inner world and develop skills of optimal social behavior. As a rule, psychodrama is used when an individual has characterological deviations and an “inferiority complex.” In the process of gaming activity, a person learns stereotypes of behavior in various life situations, tests them, chooses the ones that are most suitable for him, and thereby overcomes communication problems. Transactional analysis considers a person’s personality as a combination of three states of “I”, conventionally called Parent, Adult and Child. Their essence is a genetically programmed pattern of behavior and the manifestation of emotional reactions. The Child manifests himself with infantile character traits and attitude to reality, the Adult shows signs of mature mental activity, and the Parent is characterized by the presence of normative and evaluative behavioral stereotypes. Psychological interaction, from the point of view of E. Bern, occurs in the form of dyadic contact (transaction) when using certain roles. The main goal of transactional analysis is to make the individual understand the peculiarities of his interaction with others using appropriate terminology and teach him normative and optimal behavior. Psychotherapy Psychotherapy is one of the types of providing psychological assistance and psychological influence on a patient in order to relieve psychopathological (primarily neurotic and psychosomatic) symptoms. As shown above, psychotherapy belongs to the field of medical activity because: a) it combines psychological and general medical knowledge regarding indications and contraindications; b) imposes liability (including criminal liability) on the psychotherapist for improper or inappropriate (unqualified) use of methods and techniques of psychotherapy. Traditionally, there are three approaches to psychotherapy: psychodynamic, behavioral (behavioral) and phenomenological: Their differences are presented in table 23 (N. Karasu). The goal of psychotherapy in the narrow sense of the term is to heal the patient from psychopathological symptoms within the framework of neurotic, characterological (personality) or psychosomatic disorders. The choice of a specific psychotherapeutic technique depends on a number of objective and subjective factors. Among the objective ones, the following stand out: the nature of the psychopathological symptom (syndrome) etiopathogenesis mental disorders individual psychological characteristics of the patient Among the subjective parameters important is given to: a) the individual psychological characteristics of the psychotherapist; b) the breadth of his psychotherapeutic knowledge and skills; c) situational issues (availability of time and appropriate place for conducting a psychotherapeutic session). The focus on the selected clinical parameters is justified by the effectiveness of certain techniques practiced by certain psychotherapists for certain mental states and processes of the patient. -493Table 23 Differences in psychotherapeutic approaches Basic Dynamic Behavioral Phenomenological thematic approach approach approach parameters Human nature Moves Product of sexual and social aggressive learning and conditioning instincts; behaves on the basis of past experience Has free will and the ability for self-determination and self-actualization Main problem Sexual repression Mental alienation Concept of pathology Conflicts in the acquired sphere stereotypes of instincts: behavior unconscious early libidinal drives Existential alienation: loss of opportunities, splitting of the “I”, mismatch between thoughts, feelings and behavior (loss of authenticity) Concept of health Resolution of intrapsychic conflicts: victory of the “Ego” over the “Id”, i.e. Ego strength Elimination of symptoms: absence of a specific symptom or reduction of anxiety Personal potential actualization: growth of the Self, authenticity and spontaneity Type of change Deep insight: understanding the early past Direct teaching: behavior in the current present, i.e. action or action in the imagination Direct experience: sensation or feeling at the moment Temporal approach "focus" Non-historical: Lack of historicism: objective phenomenological present moment ("here and now") Historical: and subjective past Anxiety -494 Continuation of table 23 Basic Dynamic Behavioral Phenomenological thematic approach approach approach parameters Therapist's tasks Understand the unconscious mental content and its historical, hidden meaning Program, reinforce, suppress or form specific behavioral responses to eliminate anxiety Interact in an atmosphere of mutual acceptance that promotes self-expression (from physical to mental) Basic techniques Interpretation. Material: free association, dreams, everyday behavior, transference and resistance Conditioning systematic desensitization, positive and negative reinforcement, modeling Encounter: equal participation in dialogue, experiments or games, dramatization or enactment of feelings Therapist's role Neutral . Helps the patient explore the meaning of free associations and other material from the unconscious Teacher (trainer). Facilitator Helps (accelerator) the patient to replace maladaptive behavior with adaptive behavior. Active, action-oriented Nature of the connection between therapist and patient Transference and primary for treatment: unreal relationship Real, but secondary for treatment: no relationship Real and primary for treatment, real relationship Treatment model Medical: doctor-patient. Authoritarian. Therapeutic Alliance Educational teacher-student. Authoritarian. Educational union Existential: communication between two equal people. Egalitarian (equal). Human Union -495- growth The most well-known and widespread psychotherapeutic methods are: contraceptive (hypnosis and other forms of suggestion), psychoanalytic (psychodynamic), behavioral, phenomenologically humanistic (for example, Gestalt therapy), used in individual, collective and group forms. Suggestive methods mean a variety of psychological influences using direct or indirect suggestion, i.e. verbal or non-verbal influence on a person with the aim of creating a certain state in him or inducing him to certain actions. Often, suggestion is accompanied by a change in the patient’s consciousness, creating a specific mood for the perception of information on the part of the psychotherapist. Providing a suggestive effect implies that a person has special qualities of mental activity: suggestibility and hypnotizability. Suggestibility is the ability to uncritically (without the participation of the will) perceive the information received and be easily persuaded, combined with signs of increased gullibility, naivety and other traits of infantilism. Hypnotizability is the psychophysiological ability (susceptibility) to easily and unhinderedly enter a hypnotic state, to succumb to hypnosis, i.e. change the level of consciousness with the formation of transitional states between sleep and wakefulness. There are three stages of hypnosis: lethargic, cataleptic and somnambulistic. With the first, a person experiences drowsiness, with the second - signs of catalepsy - waxy flexibility, stupor (immobility), mugism, with the third - complete detachment from reality, sleepwalking and inspired images. The use of hypnotherapy is justified for hysterical neurotic, dissociative (conversion) disorders and hysterical personality disorders. Suggestion used in the form of heterosuggestion (suggestion made by another person) and autosuggestion (self-suggestion) is aimed at relieving emotional neurotic symptoms, normalizing a person’s mental state in crisis periods, after exposure to mental trauma and as a method of psychoprophylaxis. It is effective to use suggestive methods of psychotherapy to relieve psychological maladaptive types of an individual’s response to a somatic illness. They use indirect and direct methods of suggestion. In case of indirect, they resort to the help of an additional stimulus. Psychoanalytic psychotherapy is based on the unconscious mechanism of the formation of psychopathological symptoms (non-neurotic, psychosomatic) and, as a result, is aimed at translating unconscious drives into human consciousness, their processing and response. In classical psychoanalysis, such psychotherapeutic techniques are distinguished as: the method of free associations, transference reactions and resistance. When using the method of free associations, a person produces a stream of thoughts, childhood memories, without subjecting them to analysis and criticism, and a psychotherapist and psychoanalyst evaluates them, sorting them depending on their significance, trying to identify pathogenic childhood experiences that have been repressed from consciousness. Then the patient is required to respond (catharsis) to significant experiences in order to get rid of them negative influence on mental activity. The process of therapy occurs in a similar way when analyzing dreams, erroneous actions (slips and slips) of a person, behind which, as is believed in psychoanalysis, there is a symbolic designation of symptoms and problems in connection with their displacement from consciousness. The main indication for the use of psychoanalytic psychotherapy is the patient’s analyzability (a phenomenon similar to hypnotizability and suggestibility in suggestive psychotherapy), which depends on the patient’s personal characteristics, primarily on the intensity of motivation for a long-term therapy process, as well as on the ability to remove control over one’s thoughts and feelings and the ability to identify with other people. Contraindications include hysterical personality disorders. Behavioral psychotherapy is described in the section on psychocorrectional measures, since it is not fully therapeutically oriented. Its essence is not cupping, i.e. treatment of psychopathological symptoms, introduction into the process of etiopathogenesis of the disease, but education and training. Cognitive psychotherapy is more accurately classified as a counseling method than as a therapy. This is due to the formation of a personal position to a greater extent through the methods of dialogue and partnership between the patient (client) and the therapist. Of the phenomenological-humanistic areas of psychotherapy, also close to psychological counseling, the most technically developed is Gestalt therapy. The main methods of Geshalttherapy include: exercises aimed at expanding awareness using the principle of “here and now”; the formation of complete gestalts through the integration of opposites; working with dreams, etc. -497-
Clinical (medical) psychology
INTRODUCTIONChapter 1 RESEARCH METHODS IN CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY
Clinical interviewing
Experimental psychological (patho- and neuropsychological) research methods
Pato psychological methods research.
Pathopsychological assessment of attention disorders
Pathopsychological assessment of memory disorders
Pathopsychological assessment of perceptual disorders
Pathopsychological assessment of thinking disorders
Pathopsychological assessment of intellectual impairment
^ Pathopsychological assessment of emotion disorders
Pathopsychological assessment of individual psychological characteristics
Experimental neuropsychological study
Assessing the effectiveness of psychocorrectional and psychotherapeutic interventions
^
Chapter 2 CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF MENTAL NORM AND PATHOLOGY
Principles for distinguishing between psychological phenomena and psychopathological symptoms
^ Diagnostic principles-alternatives
Illness-personality
Nozos-pathos
Reaction-state-development
Psychotic-non-psychotic
Exogenous-endogenous-psychogenic
Defect-recovery-chronification
Adaptation-maladaptation, compensation-decompensation
Negative-positive
Phenomenology of clinical manifestations
^ PROGRAMMED KNOWLEDGE CONTROL:
Chapter 3 PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PATHOPSYCHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF COGNITIVE MENTAL PROCESSES
Semiotics
Feel
Perception
Attention
Memory
Thinking
Intelligence
Emotions
Will
Consciousness
Psychological phenomena and pathopsychological syndromes in mental illness
^ Neurotic disorders
Personality disorders.
Schizophrenia
Epileptic mental disorders
Organic mental disorders
^ PROGRAMMED KNOWLEDGE CONTROL:
Chapter 4 PSYCHOLOGY OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
Temperament
Classification by A. Thomas and S. Chess:
Character
Personality
Personality structure (according to K.K. Platonov)
^ PROGRAMMED KNOWLEDGE CONTROL:
Chapter 5 PSYCHOLOGY OF THE PATIENT
Mental response to illness and psychology of the somatically ill patient
^ Gender
Age
Profession
Features of temperament
Character traits
Personality Features
Psychological characteristics of patients with various somatic diseases
^ Oncological pathology
Obstetric and gynecological pathology
Therapeutic pathology
Surgical pathology
Defects of the body and sensory organs
^ PROGRAMMED KNOWLEDGE CONTROL:
Chapter 6 PSYCHOLOGY OF THERAPEUTIC INTERACTION
PROGRAMMED KNOWLEDGE CONTROL:
Chapter 7 NEUROTIC, PSYCHOSOMATIC AND SOMATOFORM DISORDERS
Neuroses
Psychosomatic disorders and diseases
^ PROGRAMMED KNOWLEDGE CONTROL:
Chapter 8 PSYCHOLOGY OF DEVIANT BEHAVIOR
Aggressive behavior
Auto-aggressive behavior
Abuse of substances that cause states of altered mental activity
Eating disorders
^ Sexual deviations and perversions
Super valuable psychological hobbies
Overvalued psychopathological hobbies
Characterological and pathocharacterological reactions
Communication deviations
Immoral and immoral behavior
Unaesthetic behavior
^ PROGRAMMED KNOWLEDGE CONTROL:
Chapter 9 SPECIAL SECTIONS OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY
Developmental clinical psychology*
Social and biological components of normal and abnormal human development
^ Mental characteristics and psychosomatic disorders during the neonatal period, infancy and early childhood
Mental characteristics and psychosomatic disorders in preschool and younger children school age
^ Psychology and psychopathology of early adolescence
Psychological characteristics and mental disorders of mature, elderly and elderly people
Family clinical psychology
^ PROGRAMMED KNOWLEDGE CONTROL:
Chapter 10 PSYCHOLOGICAL COUNSELING, PSYCHOCORRECTION AND BASICS OF PSYCHOTHERAPY
^ Psychological counseling
Psychological correction
Psychotherapy
Parapsychology and psychic healing
^ PROGRAMMED KNOWLEDGE CONTROL:
APPLICATIONS
APPENDIX to the topic: “PSYCHOLOGY OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES”
Strelyau Questionnaire
Eysenck test
Characteristic questionnaire of K. Leonhard
APPENDIX to the topic: “PATIENT PSYCHOLOGY”
LOBI (Leningrad Bekhterev Institute Questionnaire)
^ APPENDIX to the topic: “NEUROTIC DISORDERS”
Clinical questionnaire for identifying and assessing neurotic conditions (K.K. Yakhin, D.M. Mendelevich)
^ APPENDIX to the topic: “PSYCHOLOGY OF DEVIANT BEHAVIOR”
Pathocharacterological diagnostic questionnaire (PDQ)
APPENDIX to the topic: AGE CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY
Test assessment of knowledge of youth psychology
^ ANSWERS to programmed control
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
The history of the development of clinical psychology is a winding path. Situated on the border between medicine and psychology, the new science continually nailed itself to one side or the other of the river called “human science.” To be fair, it should be noted that to date the location of clinical psychology has not been fully defined, which can be explained by the interdisciplinary nature of this science.The starting point for the emergence of clinical psychology can be considered the call of doctors to “treat not the disease, but the patient.” It was from that time that the interpenetration of psychology and medicine began. Initially, clinical psychology, which was actively developed by psychiatrists, was aimed at studying deviations in intellectual and personal development, correcting maladaptive and delinquent forms of behavior. However, subsequently the scope of interests of clinical psychology was expanded to include the study of the mental state of persons with somatic diseases.
The term "clinical psychology" comes from the Greek kline, which means bed, hospital bed. IN modern psychology Typically, the terms “clinical” and “medical” psychology are used interchangeably. Given this fact, in the further presentation we will use only one of them. However, let us take into account the existing tradition of doctors to designate this area of knowledge as “medical psychology”, and psychologists as “clinical psychology”.
^ Clinical (medical) psychology - a science that studies the psychological characteristics of people suffering from various diseases, methods and methods for diagnosing mental disorders, differentiating psychological phenomena and psychopathological symptoms and syndromes, the psychology of the relationship between the patient and the medical worker, psychoprophylactic, psycho-corrective and psychotherapeutic methods of helping patients, as well as theoretical aspects psychosomatic and somato-psychic mutual influences.
Today there are quite a large number of related psychological disciplines related to clinical psychology: pathopsychology, psychopathology, neuropsychology, psychology of deviant behavior, psychiatry, neurosology, psychosomatic medicine, etc. Each of these disciplines combines medical and psychological knowledge. However, they are all relevant to the clinic and, as a result, can be recognized as components of clinical psychology. In accordance with traditions, clinical psychology includes the following sections:
Psychology of the patient
Psychology of therapeutic interaction
Norm and pathology of mental activity
Pathopsychology
Psychology of Individual Differences
Developmental clinical psychology
Family Clinical Psychology
Psychology of deviant behavior
Psychological consultation, psychocorrection and psychotherapy
Neurosology
Psychosomatic medicine
Clinical psychology is closely related to related disciplines, primarily psychiatry and pathopsychology. The area of general scientific and practical interest of clinical psychology and psychiatry is diagnostic process. Recognition of psychopathological symptoms and syndromes is impossible without knowledge of their psychological antonyms - phenomena everyday life, reflecting the individual psychological characteristics of a person and located within the limits of normal variations in mental response. In addition, the process of diagnosing mental illness cannot do without “pathopsychological verification.”
Clinical psychology borrows methods for studying the mental characteristics of somatically ill people from psychodiagnostics and general psychology; assessment of the adequacy or deviance of human behavior in psychiatry, developmental psychology and developmental psychology. The study of clinical psychology is impossible without medical knowledge, in particular from the field of neurology, neurosurgery and related disciplines. The psychosomatic section of clinical psychology is based on scientific ideas from such areas as psychotherapy, vegetology, valeology.
The most complete list of theoretical knowledge and practical skills of a clinical (medical) psychologist can be gleaned from the qualification characteristics of a specialist in this field. In accordance with the order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation No. 391 dated November 26, 1996, a medical psychologist is required to have the following
^ Theoretical knowledge:
Psychology and its importance for medicine: subject, tasks and interdisciplinary connections of medical psychology, history of the formation of medical psychology as a field of psychological science; medical psychology as a profession; main branches of medical psychology.
^ Main theoretical and methodological problems of medical psychology: brain and psyche, psychosomatic and somatopsychic relationships. The relationship between the biological and the social, the problem of norm and pathology, genetic and acquired, hereditary and personal-environmental, development and disintegration of the psyche, organic and functional, conscious and unconscious, adaptation and maladaptation, deficient and adaptive.
^ Systems approach How theoretical basis understanding the psychological structure of the disease, restorative treatment and rehabilitation of patients.
Basic (fundamental) medical concepts: etiology, pathogenesis and sanogenesis, symptom, syndrome, clinical diagnosis, functional (multidimensional or multiaxial) diagnosis.
^ Related Knowledge: fundamentals of general and private psychiatry, fundamentals of neurology, the doctrine of borderline mental disorders, self-destructive behavior, fundamentals of psychophysiology and psychopharmacology.
^ Psychological (psychogenic) factors in the etiology, pathogenesis and pathoplasty of mental and psychosomatic disorders, the concept of pre-illness, mental adaptation disorders, social stress disorders, crisis conditions.
^ Classification of medical psychology methods, psychological diagnostics as a tool for targeted personality study, methods psychological diagnostics in the clinic, computer psychodiagnostics, psychological correction.
^ The concept of psychological diagnosis, functional diagnosis as a result of the integration of clinical, psychological and social aspects of the disease, the concept of psychological contact.
^ Main categories of medical psychology: mental activity, perception, attention, memory, thinking, intelligence, emotions, will, temperament, character, personality, motivation, needs
Nosti, stress, frustration, consciousness and self-awareness, self-esteem, conflict, crisis, psychogenesis, psychological defense, coping, alexithymia.
^ Theory of experiment, concepts of standardized and non-standardized methods, theory and classification of tests, basic psychometric concepts (validity, reliability, standardization, norm, etc.).
^ Fundamentals of clinical neuropsychology: systemic mechanisms of the brain in the organization of higher mental functions, processes and states, functional specialization of the hemispheres - basic concepts and practice, correlations between the cerebral and local in neuropsychology, nosological specificity of disorders of higher mental functions, specificity of neuropsychological research in childhood; main neuropsychological syndromes and methods of their diagnosis.
Concept of pathopsychology: the relationship between qualitative and quantitative approaches in the analysis of psychodiagnostic data, Pathopsychological phenomenology, patterns and structural features of disorders of cognitive processes, properties and conditions caused by the disease, nosological and syndromological specificity of pathopsychological phenomenology, differential diagnostic and expert significance of the pathopsychological experiment, pathopsychological studies in assessing the dynamics of treatment .
^ Age-related aspects of psychological disorders: age-related characteristics of psychological disorders in various diseases, mental development of an abnormal child, childhood autism, the problem of dysontogenesis and mental retardation, psychological abnormalities of adolescence, characteristics of children and adolescent forms of pathological reaction, psychological aspects of mental infantilism, psychological problems of geriatrics and gerontology.
^ Teaching about character: concept of accentuation and psychopathy, classification of character accentuations, diagnostic methods.
Doctrine of Personality: basic concepts of personality in domestic and foreign psychology, diagnostic methods, the concept of personality defense mechanisms, personality and illness.
^ Basic concepts of psychosomatic relationships. Psychosomatic and somatopsychic. The internal picture of the disease and attitude towards the disease, methodology and research methods, nosological specificity of psychological phenomena and the internal picture of the disease. Theoretical and methodological aspects, methods of psychological diagnostics in various types of examination.
^ Theoretical, methodological and methodological approaches in solving problems of psychoprophylaxis and mental hygiene, the concept of mass
Investigations, psychological screening, risk factors, mental maladjustment and illness.
^ Rehabilitation approach in medicine: concept, concepts, basic principles, forms and methods.
Psychology of extreme and crisis conditions, the concept of traumatic stress, social frustration and social stress disorders.
^ Basic principles of psychological support of the treatment process: organization of a psychotherapeutic environment in medical units. Relationships between doctor and patient, psychologist and doctor and treatment room, etc.
^ Psychological aspects of drug and non-drug therapy, placebo effect, psychological problems of preparing patients for surgery, prosthetics, psychological problems of the chronically ill, disabled and dying.
^ Medical and psychological aspects of social behavior: communication, role behavior, interaction in groups, social normativity, etc.
Features of the work of medical psychologists in inpatient, outpatient and preventive institutions various types, psychological counseling, vocational selection, career guidance.
^ Psychological foundations of psychotherapy, restorative education and rehabilitation.
Basic psychotherapeutic theories: psychodynamic, behavioral, existential-humanistic; person-oriented psychotherapy; medical and psychological models of psychotherapy; main forms of psychotherapy: individual group, family, environmental therapy, psychotherapeutic community, sociotherapy; mechanisms of therapeutic action of psychotherapy; nosological specificity and age-related aspects of psychotherapy and psychological counseling; psychological problems of non-verbal methods of psychotherapy: music therapy, choreotherapy, art therapy, etc.
^ Psychotherapy and psychological counseling in crisis situations.
Legal aspects activities of medical psychologists.
Deontological aspects behavior of a medical psychologist.
Practical skills:
The practical skills and abilities of a medical psychologist must provide a qualified professional solution to problems in the field of psychodiagnostics (including expert), psychocorrection and psychological counseling.
^ In the field of psychodiagnostics:
Ability to conduct a psychological examination taking into account nosological and age specificities, as well as in connection with the tasks of medical and psychological examination; creating the necessary psychological contact and adequate ongoing control of psychological distance; planning and organizing research; selection of an adequate methodological apparatus; ability to carry out quantitative and qualitative analysis of research results in connection with various purposes: differential diagnosis, analysis of the severity of the condition, assessment of the effectiveness of therapy, etc., mastery of basic interpretive schemes and approaches, adequate presentation of available data in a psychodiagnostic report, mastery of basic clinical and psychological methods (psychological conversation, collection of psychological history, psychological analysis of biography, natural experiment);
Mastery of basic experimental psychological techniques aimed at studying mental functions, processes and states: perception, attention, memory, thinking, intelligence, emotional-volitional sphere, temperament, character, personality, motivational characteristics and needs, self-awareness and interpersonal relationships.
Knowledge of basic techniques of neuropsychological research (methods for assessing the state of gnosis, praxis, speech functions, etc.);
Knowledge of the basics of computer diagnostics.
^ In the field of psychological counseling and the use of psychocorrectional methods:
The use of basic methods of psychological correction (individual, family, group) in working with patients and psychological counseling, taking into account nosological and age specificities;
Knowledge of methods of individual, group and family counseling of healthy people, taking into account age specifics in connection with the tasks of psychoprophylaxis;
Mastery of basic techniques of restorative training;
Knowledge of approaches to organizing a psychotherapeutic environment and a psychotherapeutic community;
Possession of skills in conducting personal and professionally oriented trainings.
Picture 1.
| DOCTOR | ||
| ^ NURSE | PATIENT | SOCIAL WORKER |
| CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGIST |
A clinical (medical) psychologist, along with a doctor, nurse and social worker, form the closest circle providing medical and psychological assistance to the patient (Figure 1). At the same time, the role of a clinical psychologist is significant both in diagnostic and in psychocorrectional and psychotherapeutic terms.
The practical guide is intended for doctors (psychiatrists, psychotherapists, neurologists and representatives of other disciplines), medical and practicing psychologists, nurses and social workers, and for students studying clinical (medical) psychology.
