What is an adverbial phrase: specific examples. Participial turnover

The syntax of the Russian language is a perfect and harmonious system. Its main units are considered to be phrases and sentences. Among the latter, the most frequently used are sentences with participial and participial phrases.

What's happened participial, schoolchildren usually learn it easily, and it’s worth talking about participles in detail. What kind of construction is this, what are its features, how to correctly compose a sentence with it?

Participial turnover(TO) is syntactic unit, which includes such a part of speech as the words dependent on it. The specified part of speech, as a component of the turnover, indicates that the subject performs not only the main, but also an additional action.

This main member most often expressed by independent parts of speech, for example, a noun or pronoun.

The participle includes the characteristics of the verb and, therefore it is logical that it is necessary to ask the questions of circumstance: How? How? Where? and so on.

For convenience, you can ask special questions: What are you doing? What did you do? The turnover answers these same questions.

As a member of a sentence, the adverbial phrase is a circumstance. When parsing, it is underlined with a dash-dotted line. When characterizing the construction, it is necessary to indicate that the proposal is complicated by a separate circumstance.

Examples of structures that include subsidiaries:

1. Having finally left the north, forgetting the feasts for a long time, I visited Bakhchisarai, a dormant palace in oblivion. (A. Pushkin)
2. Jumping on his horse, the prince galloped into the field, crossed the bridge over Kaya, and behind him, his slaves flew, rattling their weapons. (A. Tolstoy)
3. She pronounced the words of her own role, when she left the room, she bowed from the waist, laughed, covering herself with her sleeve, and earned Marfushi’s approval. (A. Pushkin).

Participial phrases are studied in the classical Russian language course. school curriculum in the 7th grade. Below are some exercise options.

Assignment: Copy in your notebook, placing commas in in the right places, underline BEFORE.

Assignment: Read the instructions for the exercise carefully. Rewrite the sentences, correcting any grammatical errors.

Assignment: Fill in the missing punctuation marks. Choose the appropriate participles from the brackets.

1. 1. I vegetated as a hooligan (chasing, chasing) pigeons and (playing, playing) in the towns with my peers, of whom there were a great many living in the area.
   2. One autumn, my mother was making honey jam in the living room and I (licking my lips, licking my lips) looked at the seething foam.
   3. (Waking up, waking up) quite late in the morning, I looked out the window and noticed that there was not a trace left of yesterday’s bad weather.
   4. (Arriving, having arrived) in Vladivostok, I arrived straight from the station to my aunt and uncle.

Commas in sentences with DO

In a sentence, the participial phrase is always isolated, that is, it is highlighted in writing with commas.

The rule is easy to remember, since there are only three types of commas:

• First, DO can come at the beginning of a sentence, in which case the punctuation mark is placed after it.
• Secondly, DO can stand in the middle, then commas are placed on both sides.
• Thirdly, DO may end the sentence. If so, then the sign must be placed in front of it.

It is important to know! Sometimes an adverbial phrase can be represented by a phraseological unit. In this case, the turnover is not isolated. For example: He rushed through the puddles at breakneck speed.

Use of participial phrases in a sentence

Constructing sentences with participles often causes problems for schoolchildren. In order to prevent speech errors, it is necessary to remember that the gerund in a sentence denotes an additional action that is performed by the subject. In other words, the subject is the person who must perform both the main and additional action.

For example: Having risen from the face, the miner squinted for a long time, looking at the sunset.

Considering grammatical meaning gerunds, it is not recommended to use it as part of a phrase in the cases described below:

• One-part impersonal sentence. For example: While watching the program, I couldn’t sleep.
• The predicate in the sentence is expressed by the short passive participle.
• The main action expressed by the verb and the additional action refer to different persons. For example: While running non-stop around the school stadium, the boy’s legs began to give way.

How to find the participial phrase in a sentence correctly? To do this, a number of conditions must be met:

1. First, find the participle. Its formal indicators are the morphemes -а/-я, -в/-shi/-вшы.
2. Secondly, determine the predicate and ask a question from it, since DO always refers to the predicate verb.
3. Thirdly, participial phrases in writing are separated by commas, and in oral speech stands out intonationally.

How to correctly compose an adverbial phrase and a sentence with it

Forming a grammatically correct sentence with DO is not an easy task. To avoid mistakes, you must follow the rules:

• The action expressed by a gerund cannot refer to the subject and to any other member of the sentence.
• In sentences with a passive connotation, gerunds cannot be used.
• In sentences where the predicate verb is expressed in the future tense, it is undesirable to use the participial phrase.

• Leaning out the window, my hat flew off.
• Leaving the apartment, the citizen was frightened by the unexpected barking of a dog.
• Once I start cooking dinner, I will definitely watch the evening news.

Important! It is rare that the use of an adverbial phrase is appropriate in a one-part construction, but in the case where its main member is an infinitive. For example: When planning a lesson, you need to consider age characteristics students.

The place of the participial phrase in a sentence is not strictly regulated. But in some cases you need to follow a strict procedure:

If DO is placed before the predicate, then it must denote what came before in relation to the meaning of the predicate. – Having collected the notebooks, the girl put them on the teacher’s desk.

After the predicate there must be a DO, the meaning of which is the subsequent action. “Boiling water splashed out, scalding my leg.

The type of participle is important. Imperfect species This part of speech is combined with a verb that denotes an action that occurs simultaneously with the additional one. – Laughing, the girl caught rainbow splashes.

Participles perfect form go well with predicates, the meaning of which precedes the additional action. – Laughing, the little girl clasped her hands.

Useful video

Conclusion

Now the question of how to find an adverbial phrase will not take the student by surprise. Correct use of such constructions in writing indicates high level education and allows you to more accurately express your thoughts.

As many people know, the participial phrase has the meaning of an additional predicate, therefore it is isolated and separated by commas. This usually does not cause difficulties for students. However, there are cases when the participial phrase does not need to be isolated. We will now consider these cases in more detail.

1. Participial phrase(most often this is a turn with the meaning of an adverbial manner of action) does not denote an additional action, but on the contrary, being closely connected with the predicate, it itself becomes the semantic center of the statement. In this case, it cannot be removed or moved without distorting or losing the meaning of the sentence.

He stood with his neck slightly craned, sad and thoughtful(the main thing is that he didn’t just stand, but stood with his neck slightly stretched).

She usually read with her head bowed and the tip of her tongue sticking out.(the point is how she read, not what she read at all).

This exercise must be done while sitting on the floor.(the point is exactly how this exercise is performed).

2. The participial phrase is a phraseological unit.

The boy hurried headlong to call the rescuers for help.

The printer worked tirelessly.

After receiving the news, the girl spent the night without closing her eyes.

Here are some of these phraseological units: carelessly, barely taking a breath, scream without taking a breath, rush with your tongue hanging out, lie staring at the ceiling, sit with bated breath, work with your sleeves rolled up, rush around without remembering yourself, listen with your ears hanging open, etc.

Some adverbial phraseological combinations act as introductory ones, then they are isolated.

To be honest, the exercise could have been done much better.

Apparently, you can already hit the road.

3. When there is an intensifying particle I before the participial phrase.

It was possible to report this without starting to quarrel.

A humble person remains humble even after defeating a strong enemy.

You can go home without waiting for the exam result.

4. If the participial phrase is broken by the word included in subordinate clause or as part of a simple sentence. This usually applies to subordinate clauses with a conjunctive word which. Also, similar cases can be found in some poetic texts.

There was a door to the left, through which it was possible to get into the dressing room.

Jim Jarmusch's new film was released yesterday, and after watching it it is not difficult to understand his creative growth.

Raven, perched on the spruce tree, was just about ready to have breakfast, but became thoughtful... (I. A. Krylov).

But Shibanov, keeping his slavish loyalty, gives his horse to the governor (A.K. Tolstoy).

5. A gerund may lose its verbal meaning, then it is not separated by commas. Usually in such cases it can be omitted without affecting the meaning of the sentence.

The post office is located not far from Vosstaniya Square.

Universities have been accepting applicants under new rules since the end of last year

You can start the task starting tomorrow(the word starting can be omitted, the structure and meaning of the sentence will not change).

However, if the turn with the word beginning is not associated with the concept of time or serves to clarify, clarify, then it is isolated.

Everything seemed suspicious to us, starting with his intonation

Captain since Crimean War, participated in all military operations except Japanese(the word starting cannot be omitted, the structure and meaning of the sentence will change).

Revolutions based And depending on in most cases they are not included in the participial construction and are not isolated.

The task is compiled based on your wishes.

We will act according to the circumstances.

6. The participial phrase appears together with the usual non-isolated circumstance and they are homogeneous. In this case, the participial phrase is not separated by commas.

We will teach you how to solve examples and problems with ease and without resorting to reference books.

The boy ran quickly and without looking back.

The second lieutenant answered inwithout embarrassment.

However, in in this case isolation is possible if the author wants to put a semantic emphasis or give a passing explanation.

A little guilty and sobbing, mother psaid goodbye to Alyosha.

IN dark sky, tiredly and not sparkling, yellow droplets of stars appeared (M. Gorky).

As you can see, not everything is simple with punctuation marks in adverbial phrases, but we hope our explanations helped you. If something remains not entirely clear, you will always find help from our tutors!

Good luck to you and a beautiful, competent, understandable Russian language!

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The opinions of linguists about what a gerund is are divided. Some believe that it refers to a special form of the verb, others suggest that it is an independent part of speech. We will support the second option.

The participle represents independent part speech. It contains the signs of an adverb and a verb, shows when, why and how an action is performed by a predicate verb, and has an additional effect. If the participle in a sentence is not alone, but has words dependent on it, then this set of words is called an adverbial phrase. The article will tell you how and when to separate gerunds in a sentence.

What is separation?

In Russian, the concept of isolation is a way of clarifying and highlighting a certain set of words in a sentence. Only members of a sentence that are secondary can be isolated; this is how they differ from non-isolated members. Isolations are necessary so that the reader can more accurately understand the described picture of the action taking place. Not only lonely gerunds, but also participle phrases can be isolated.

Examples of single gerunds

If an isolated adverbial clause does not have dependent words in the sentence, then it is called a single gerund. When writing a sentence, this part of speech is always highlighted with commas on both sides.

The location of the gerund in a sentence can be anywhere. Here are examples of correctly separating single gerunds with commas:

1. Staring, she could not utter a word.
2. When I returned, I found my sister at home.
3. Without training, you cannot achieve success in sports.

Accordingly, the following gerunds were highlighted with a comma:

• staring;
• having returned;
• without training.

In the letter you can find several repeated participles. They are called homogeneous. At the same time, they are separated by commas and separated by this punctuation mark as separate parts of speech. Examples of such sentences:

1. Laughing, humming and spinning, Natasha hurried to her first date.
2. Chuckling and winking, Pasha closed the door.
3. She was silent, angry, but cowardly.

Homogeneous gerunds in a sentence can refer to different predicates. For example: Playing and laughing, she, inspired, rushed towards her dreams.

Separating single gerunds with commas

Isolation of single gerundial participles occurs in the following cases:

1. If the gerund plays the role of the second predicate in a sentence. Preserves the meaning of the verb. Indicates the condition, cause or time of an action, but not its image. Having run away, Marina lost her purse. After the holiday, the guests left without calming down.
2. If in your mind you can check the sentence by replacing the gerund with a verb, or make a complex one from a simple sentence. When Marina ran away, she rubbed her purse. The guests, although they did not calm down after the holiday, left.

Isolation of single gerunds does not occur if:

1. A single gerund has lost its verbal meaning or has a close connection with the predicate. Masha ran into the room without knocking. Zhenya climbed down from the tree silently and slowly.
2. If gerunds are circumstances of the manner of action and they cannot be replaced by verbs. Zhenya got down silently and took his time.
3. If a single gerund can be replaced with a noun. Masha ran into the room without knocking.

Identification of single gerunds depending on their location in a sentence

The separation of gerunds may not occur if they are at the beginning or end of the sentence, but in the middle they are separated by commas. Let's compare two sentences:

1. Tanya tried on the slippers slowly.
2. On the way, slowly, Tanya admired the flowers.

In the first sentence, the participle is not separated by commas, since it is represented by a circumstance of the manner of action. It can be replaced with the word “leisurely”.

In the second sentence, the gerund represents the adverbial reason (“since I was in no hurry”).

How is an adverbial phrase formed?

If a sentence contains a part of speech that answers the questions “by doing what?”, “by doing what?” and called a gerund, with dependent words, then this set of words is usually called a participial phrase.

In a sentence, this phrase always performs the function of an adverbial circumstance and relates to the verb, as it denotes an additional action. Additional actions are performed by the same person, phenomenon or thing that performs the main actions.

Examples of participial phrases

The separation of gerunds and participial phrases occurs regardless of where they stand in relation to the predicate verb. For example:

1. All day long, dark clouds walked across the sky, first revealing the sun, then covering it again.
2. Walking next to his mother, the baby looked at her in surprise and fascination.
3. Joy, while bringing happiness to some people, gave others inescapable grief.
4. I looked at the sunrise without taking my eyes off.
5. The baby, following his mother's hand, made the same movements.

What do you need to remember when using gerunds and participial phrases in a sentence?

The basic rules for using participial phrases when writing text are as follows:

1. Expressed by a predicate verb, the main action and the additional action, expressed by the participial phrase, must relate to one person, object or phenomenon.
2. Most often, the isolation of circumstances expressed by gerunds and participial phrases is used when writing a one-part, definitely personal sentence, as well as with a verb in the imperative mood.
3. If the sentence is impersonal in the infinitive, then it is also possible to use the participial phrase.
4. The isolation of gerunds and the isolation of circumstances are one and the same, since the gerund expresses a sign of circumstance in a sentence.

In what cases are gerunds and participial phrases not separated by commas?

Isolation of circumstances expressed by gerunds and participial phrases is not carried out if:

1. Circumstances are connected by the conjunction “and” with a non-isolated circumstance or predicate. She hated him and accepted his signs of attention. Dasha played noisily and screamed with joy.
2. Circumstances come closer to adverbs. They lose their additional meaning and acquire the value of a sign of action. This:

• gerunds that have become phraseological units (without closing your eyes, rolling up your sleeves, headlong, opening your mouth, and others). For example: Petya worked carelessly. But, rolling up her sleeves, she washed her hands in the bath. It should be remembered that phraseological introductory phrases (apparently, in other words, in fact, others) are separated by a comma.
• participles that carry the main semantic load. Without them, the predicate does not fully express the thought. This part of speech usually comes after the predicate. The “adverbiality” of these gerunds is obvious in sentences where there is a group homogeneous members- participles and adverbs. For example: He answered me without embarrassment and frankly. Without being embarrassed- this is a gerund, and frankly- adverb.

Commas do not distinguish gerunds containing the dependent word “which” in all their variations. He wanted to get rid of the letter, reading which he recalled his recent grief.

What should we distinguish from gerunds?

Isolating gerunds, many do not think that these could be adverbs or prepositions.

The following adverbs are distinguished:

• happily;
• sneaking;
• joking;
• silently;
• sitting;
• standing;
• lying down and others.

The gerunds that are the same as these words retain an additional effect. This occurs during formation and connection with other gerunds. Anya rode standing all the way. He will do this job jokingly (easy). These sentences use adverbs.

Standing at the top, Anya looked down. All the way, having fun and playing, Yana did not close her mouth. In these sentences, commas separate the participial phrase in the first sentence and homogeneous participles in the second sentence.

Prepositions include: starting from, based on. Commas are not used, since the adverbial part can be removed from the sentence and its meaning will not change. It's been snowing since night (it's been snowing since night).

Isolation of participles and gerunds: what is the difference?

Participial and adverbial phrases perform different functions in a sentence and have the following morphological differences:

1. A participial phrase or single participle refers to the word (noun or pronoun) being defined. The gerund or participial phrase is closely related to the predicate verb. In this case, the participle changes according to numbers, gender, cases, has a full and short form, and the gerund is an unchangeable word form.
2. The participial phrase and the participle serve as a definition in a sentence, and the gerund and participial phrases act as various circumstances.
3. Participles and gerunds are distinguished by suffixes. Participles have suffixes such as -ush-(-yush-), -ash-(-yash)- -vsh-, -sh- y active participles and - om-(-em-), -im-- -enn-, -nn-, -t- for the passive. While gerunds have the following suffixes: -a-, -ya-, -uchi-, -yuchi-, -v-, -lice-, -shi-.

1. If a sentence contains a conjunction next to an adverbial phrase, they are separated by a comma. Unions are not included in circulation. For example: He smiled at his friend and, jumping over the puddle, ran home. The exception is the conjunction “a”, which comes before the participial phrase. In this case, it is included in circulation. For example: A person needs to understand what the meaning of life is, and having understood this, he will tell others.
2. If a sentence consists of several participial phrases or single participles, then commas are placed between them as when listing homogeneous members of the sentence. For example: She approached, staggering and holding her friend by the shoulder with one hand and holding the other on her belt.
3. If one sentence contains several participial phrases relating to different predicates, then each of them is separated by commas. For example: Pushing the gate with his foot, he ran out onto the road and, not paying attention to the people, rushed away.
4. The participial phrase is always separated by commas on both sides.

Isolating participles will not cause problems if you learn to correctly identify this part of speech in any sentence.

How to help your child consolidate the material he has learned?

After the child has learned theoretical material, you should invite him to consolidate it with practical exercises.

Initially, children must work orally with sentences and learn to find participial phrases and single gerunds in them. After this, students should be asked to write sentences and place them. In addition, the child should explain his choice in placing commas.

After children have mastered simple sentences, you can give them sentences with conjunctions and allied words. At the same time, before finding an adverbial phrase or a single participle, the grammatical basis should be highlighted.

Complicate the task with complex compound sentences that have several grammar basics and homogeneous participial phrases.

Participles are one of the the most difficult topics In russian language. Many people cannot even see the error in the construction of a sentence with an adverbial phrase and a gerund.

I’ll tell you a secret, even great writers made these mistakes in participles; or rather, errors in the use of gerunds in a sentence. Do you want to write better than some famous writers? Then read this article.

First, a few definitions

These are not official definitions, they are given only so that you understand what I mean by this or that word. What is a member of a sentence, what is a part of speech, and what is neither one nor the other, is not important now.

• Verb (predicate) – expresses the main action. Answers the question: What does it do? (did, will do, etc.).
• Subject (subject) – performs this main action. Answers the question: Who? Or What?
• Participle - denotes an additional action that is performed by (attention!) THE SAME SUBJECT. Answers the questions: What are you doing? What did you do? The participle is formed from verbs, so we can always easily turn it back into a verb. For example, when walking, he walks; when he smiles, he smiles.

Note! This is extremely important: the same subject performs both the main (verb) and additional (adverbial) action within the framework of one simple sentence.

And a rule that will help you see violations in the construction of sentences with participles and participles:

In other words,

A verb and a gerund in one sentence must refer to the same subject.

Do you understand? If a frog is sitting, then it’s the one that winks:

A frog sat on the path, winking slyly.

This is all. If you understand this, the lesson is over. But still, check yourself with the suggestions below.

For those who don’t understand, I want to help them hear the music of sentences that use gerunds. Then you will see. Then you will begin to cringe from incorrectly composed phrases, as if from false notes.

Most often, mistakes are made when the author himself does not clearly understand what or who is the subject of the action. Therefore, let's begin to train this understanding. I suggest you practice like this: below I will give sentences with adverbial phrases and ask you to parse them according to the following scheme:

More parsing examples:
IMAGINING MYSELF AS A POET, I SANG INDEPENDENT SONGS (Tasha Sun).

1. Main action: singing.

2. Who sang? - I.
3. Additional action: imagining. What else have I done? – imagined.

4. 1) I sang and 2) I imagined

5. Everything seems to be logical.

“APPROACHING THIS STATION AND LOOKING AT NATURE OUT THE WINDOW, MY HAT FELL OFF. I. Yarmonkin" (A.P. Chekhov)

1. Main action: flew off.

2. What flew off? - Hat.

3. Additional action: Driving up and looking. What else did the hat do? - she drove up and looked.

4. Two simple sentences with one subject: 1) The hat flew off. 2) The hat drove up and looked.

5. What's wrong with her? 🙂

I hope this gives you some fun.

And here are examples of sentences with participial phrases and participles:

1. Having said this, he left.
2. The car rushed by and left a lot of smoke.
3. Entering the room, we can see a luxurious office.
4. While reading a lot of texts, I began to notice...
5. Sliding through the morning snow, dear friend, let’s indulge in running...
6. Once you overcome resistance, you will experience incredible breakthroughs in all areas.
7. By purchasing a ticket, you have a chance to win a trip to the sea!
8. (I couldn’t make an appointment.) And having finally made an appointment, they called me back.
9. Wanting to increase the influx of money, this is done to the detriment of other components of this energy, such as luck, luck and health.
10. Having put on the dress, it sat as if sewn according to patterns.
11. By violating instructions, the efficiency of your work drops significantly.

You have studied the section of morphology that examines special form verb - gerund. During the lesson you will be able to repeat the morphological features of a gerund, which combines the features of a verb and an adverb. You will also remember the rules for isolating and using participles, writing participles with the particle NOT and the stylistic use of participles.

An adverbial phrase may not denote the action of the subject:

a) if it refers to an infinitive indicating the action of another person: He asked to talk about the trip, giving as many details as possible.

b) if it is used in impersonal offer with the infinitive: Moving on to new topic, you should start by explaining the basic concepts.

Rice. 2. Particle NOT with in different parts speech()

Participles are written with a negative particle NOTapart, except in cases when the gerund is not used without NOT.

For example: perplexed, indignant, hating.

Participle despite written with NOT separately, but a pretext despite written with NOT together.

Compare:

He spoke without raising his eyes and despite on those present. He came out despite indignation of those present.

Participial phrases are mainly accessories book speech. They are characterized by great expressiveness, due to which they are widely used in the language fiction. This feature of adverbial constructions is visible from the following example:

Writer Dmitry Vasilyevich Grigorovich, talking about his literary endeavors, recalls a conversation with F.M. Dostoevsky. “I had it written like this: When the organ grinder stops playing, the official throws a nickel from the window, which falls at the feet of the organ grinder. “Not that, not that,” Dostoevsky suddenly spoke irritably, “not that at all!” You sound too dry: the nickel fell at your feet... You should have said: the nickel fell on the pavement, ringing and bouncing...” This remark - I remember very well - was a revelation for me. Yes, indeed, ringing and bouncing - it turns out much more picturesque, it completes the movement...”

Homework

№ 181; № 184; № 185 (Baranova M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A. and others. “Russian language. 7th grade". Textbook.- M.:Education, 2012 ) .

Exercise: Copy the text by inserting the missing commas and opening the parentheses. Underline the participial phrases.

That winter, a young she-wolf walked in the pack, having (not) forgotten her childish amusements. During the day, the wolves curled up into balls and dozed, and she jumped up, spun around, trampling the snow and waking up the old people. The wolves (reluctantly) got up and poked their cold noses at her, and she playfully snapped, biting their legs. The old she-wolves curled up and without raising their heads looked at the young prankster.

One night the she-wolf got up and ran into the field, and behind her, the old men, sticking out their tongues, began to shake. The wolves then remained lying down and they ran after the pack.

The wolves ran along the road and shadows glided behind them, breaking in the snow. The snow sparkled like diamonds in the moonlight. The ringing of bells was heard from the village. It seemed as if the stars that had fallen from the sky began to ring as they rolled along the road. The wolves, stuck up to their bellies, retreated into the field and lay down with their muzzles turned to the village. (125 words) (According to I. Sokolov-Mikitov)

Didactic materials. Section "Communications"

Rules of the Russian language. Participle.

Lectures and electronic textbooks. Participle.

4. Website about Russian language and literature ().

Stylistics of parts of speech. Participle.

Literature

1. Razumovskaya M.M., Lvova S.I. and others. “Russian language. 7th grade". Textbook. 13th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2009.

2. Baranova M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A. and others. “Russian language. 7th grade". Textbook. 34th ed. - M.: Education, 2012.

3. “Russian language. Practice. 7th grade". Ed. Pimenova S.N. 19th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2012.

4. Lvova S.I., Lvov V.V. "Russian language. 7th grade. At 3 o'clock." 8th ed. - M.: Mnemosyne, 2012