How the Cossacks fought in Kamchatka
The biography of the Cossack ataman Vladimir Atlasov, who conquered the Kamchatka Peninsula in heavy battles with the Itelmens and Koryaks, is capable of surpassing in the dynamics of the plot the most turbulent biography of any of the conquistadors or conquerors of the Wild West. In just two and a half years, Atlasov annexed to the possessions of Muscovite Rus' the richest lands, an area two and a half times larger than the territory of modern France. The death of the “Kamchatka Ermak,” as the poet Alexander Pushkin called the Cossack pioneer, was predetermined not by his military defeat, but by the incompetent administration of the voivodeship of the Yakut fort.
The feat of Ataman Kamchaty
In St. Petersburg Russia, throughout the entire 18th and half of the 19th centuries, it was somehow not customary to study the national historical heritage of Siberia and the Far East. If they tried to engage in this noble cause, then, oddly enough, they did it either by ethnic Germans, or Ukrainians (called Little Russians at that time), or Russian nobles exiled to Siberia, who finally gained the “Russian spirit” from being in imperial shackles. .
The situation with the study of the historical heritage of Russian Asia begins to change significantly in a positive direction only in the second half of the 19th century. It was during this period that colossal information from the documents of the Razryadny and Siberian orders of Muscovy from the late 16th - first half of the 17th centuries came into scientific circulation.
A huge part of the work on revealing authentic historical sources of late Muscovy for scientific thought was done by the historian-archivist Nikolai Nikolaevich Ogloblin, a descendant of the Zaporozhye colonel Stepan Ogloblin. Having received an education at the Kyiv Theological Academy and Archaeological Institute, Nikolai Ogloblin moved to Moscow and for almost a quarter of a century he worked on compiling inventories and reviews of ancient documents of the Razryadny and Siberian orders.
Mainly thanks to the works of Nikolai Ogloblin, who published the book “On the Biography of Vladimir Atlasov” in 1894 - the first study of the difficult fate of the Kamchatka ataman, we have more or less detailed ideas about how the conquest of the “Kamchatka land” went.
Little is known about the initial biography of Vladimir Atlasov. Different researchers name not only different dates of birth of the great Cossack, but also his different patronymics - Timofeevich, Vasilievich and Vladimirovich. Apparently, only his Don Cossack origin can be recognized as a truly reliable fact. Atlasov was born near the Yakut fort, which was inhabited in the second half of the 17th century by Cossacks who came mainly from the Don.
The Cossacks grew up early: already in his twenties, Vladimir Atlasov began to go with Cossack detachments on tribute and fishing raids on the coast Sea of Okhotsk. From 1682 to 1688 the future pioneer of Kamchatka visited military expeditions several times.
The ataman qualities of Vladimir Atlasov also appeared early. Already in 1688, he was appointed clerk (practically governor) of the Anadyr fort. Here he stayed for six years, and in 1694 he returned to Yakutsk with the tribute treasury. Immediately upon arrival in the prison, Atlasov began to convince the local governor, Ivan Petrovich Gagarin, to send a military expedition to conquer the lands lying along the coast of the Bering Sea south of Anadyr. Atlasov said that according to the information he collected, twenty days’ journey from Anadyr, some large land, very rich in fur and fish, began, going far to the south.
Atlasov was not the first to tell Yakut administrators about the wealth of Kamchatka. Back in the period from 1658 to 1659, the Don Cossack Ivan Ivanovich Kamchaty found a land route to this unknown country. From Okhotsk Gizhiga, Kamchaty walked along the western coast of the peninsula to the Lesnaya River, which flows into Shelikhov Bay. Along this river, the Kamchatsky Cossacks climbed up to the Sredinny Range, crossed its eastern slope and descended along the Karaga River to Karaginsky Bay.
On the coast of this bay, Ataman Kamchaty did not find walrus haulouts (and it was walrus ivory that was being sought), but he received reliable information from local Koryak aborigines about the presence of some rich-water land in the south. Returning to Gizhiga, Ivan Kamchaty immediately began to assemble a new expedition to the southeast.
In 1660-1661, having passed south along the slopes of the Sredinny Range, Ataman Kamchaty discovered a high-water river teeming with fish, with its upper reaches going far into the interior of the peninsula. The Cossacks, in memory of the successful atamanship of Ivan Kamchat, named this river Kamchatka.
Revolt of the Lamut-Evens. Source: Nikolay Fomin / deviantart.com Revolt of the Lamut-Evens. Source: Nikolay Fomin / deviantart.com
It would seem that the path to Kamchatka had already been found, but in the late winter of 1661 a misfortune happened. While suppressing the armed uprising of the Lamut-Evens (according to a widespread, but erroneous opinion, the Yukaghirs), the entire detachment of Ivan Kamchaty was ambushed and exterminated by the Lamuts. The door to Kamchatka, which had been opened, slammed shut again.
“And you took gunpowder potion for bonded receipts...”
Voivode Ivan Petrovich Gagarin was bright man of his time: of a stern disposition, but intelligent, immensely powerful, but able to appreciate equally powerful people of lower social rank, a greedy champion of the interests of his own pocket, but well aware of the state interest. Having questioned Vladimir Atlasov in detail about his “Kamchatka” plans, the Yakut governor promised the Cossack the widest possible assistance.
State support, alas, did not follow. The Moscow administration unexpectedly replaced the Yakut governor. The new governor, Mikhail Arsenyev, was a man of a completely different type: secretive, over-cautious, secretly burdened by his new position in the Asian East and considering it only as a stepping stone to a further career.
Foreseeing the undoubted danger of the Kamchatka campaign, governor Arsenyev constantly fussed, professionally played for time, not prohibiting, but not helping Atlasov’s plan in any way. In principle, this was the traditional policy of relations between the Siberian governors and the Cossacks: if the Cossacks won and presented the authorities with “new lands” and rich yasak, this, of course, was promoted by the next governor. If the Cossacks died in their military raids and there was a “loss in the service people”, then the governor had nothing to do with it, of course, since the Cossacks are free people, sometimes they don’t even ask the governor.
As a result, Mikhail Arsenyev did not give any funds for Atlasov’s military expedition.
The Cossack ataman collected people and equipment for a trip to Kamchatka at his own peril and risk. Already during the organization of this first campaign, Atlasov’s tough style of raising money to organize his raids began to develop.
At first, the ataman tried to verbally interest the Yakut moneybags in the future “great profits” from the Kamchatka lands. Then he began to borrow money for gunpowder, lead and equipment. In his subsequent “reply” about the campaign, Atlasov indicated: “...And many people in that land suffered need - there was a great loss of gunpowder and lead, but shooting was necessary. And then you took gunpowder potion for bonded receipts.”
In preparation for the campaign, the breadth of Atlasov’s soul and the complete absence of stinginess and penny-pinching in his mentality were clearly evident. He borrowed 160 rubles from clerk Ivan Kharitonov against a personal receipt (very large sum according to that time!), bought gunpowder, lead and other necessary supplies with this money and distributed all this to his Cossacks free of charge. Then he borrowed more gunpowder and lead from the merchant Mikhail Ostafiev “in bondage for 120 red foxes,” and again distributed this ammunition to his people. True, this time under the obligation of subsequent compensation in furs. During this period, Vladimir Atlasov apparently developed a persistent hostility towards the Russian merchants; he acquired the desire, and even the skill, according to a long-standing Cossack custom, to forcibly “dumb” their money and supplies for the common Cossack benefit.
Unblocking blow of the Cossack Morozko
At the beginning of 1697, Ataman Atlasov set out on reindeer towards the passes to the Penzhina River. By the standards of the then Cossack campaigns in the east of Russian Asia, this was a large detachment: about 125 people, of which about half were tribal Cossacks, and the rest were Yukaghir reindeer mushers.
The Cossacks moved quickly - after two and a half weeks, having covered nearly 700 kilometers of travel, Atlasov reached the Penzhinskaya Bay and here “kindly and with greetings” took yasak from the local Koryaks. Then the detachment moved south - to the “Kamchatsk nose”.
After some time, in the valley of the Tigil River, Atlasov divided his detachment into two parts: a slightly smaller one went with him along the western coast of Kamchatka, and the other, under the command of foreman Luka Morozko, crossed the Sredinny Range and moved along the eastern coast of the peninsula.
The Koryaks from the surrounding camps immediately took advantage of the ataman’s tactical mistake. In the dead of winter night they attacked Atlasov’s camp, but the Cossack patrol managed to notice the movement of hundreds of teams across the tundra and the Cossacks met the onslaught of the Koryaks fully armed.
A fierce battle took place - three Cossacks were killed, several dozen, including Vladimir Atlasov himself, were injured.
Koryaks under a volley of Cossack muskets. Source: ganjobio.ru
In the morning, the detachment moved to a high ravine near the river and the besieged began to erect walls of a defensive “walk-city” from the crusted snow. The Koryaks launched an attack several times, trying to interfere with construction, but each time they rolled away with heavy losses. By evening, more than two thousand “non-peaceful foreigners” had gathered in the outskirts of the “walk-city.” Some of the Yukaghirs of Atlasov, frightened by the large number of Koryaks, went over to their side.
At night, the Cossacks repelled another assault. Taking advantage of the noise and bustle of the battle, Atlasov sent his faithful Yukaghir friend on a riding deer to find Luka Morozko’s detachment.
In the darkness of the night, the Yukaghir managed to safely pass the line of the Koryak blockade. He drove non-stop for three days and finally saw Morozko’s camp in the upper reaches of the Ivtygvayam River. For another four days, Luka Morozko went to the rescue of his comrades, struggling with an internal premonition that he would no longer see his brothers-in-arms alive. The premonition was deceiving - Vladimir Atlasov held out.
On a full moon - in the bright, deathly light of the “Cossack sun” - Morozko’s detachment attacked the Koryak siege camp from both sides - from the sea and from the river bed. Not expecting an attack, the Koryaks did not have ready-made reindeer teams at hand - the entire thousand-strong mass of Koryak warriors rushed to the river and came under a new volley of Cossack muskets. The defeat of the Koryaks was completed by the foray of Atlasov himself from the “walk-town”.
Being a good diplomat, Vladimir Atlasov, in contrast to the “conquistador” method of Ataman Mikhail Stadukhin, preferred to build relations with Kamchatka aborigines based on the policy of “affection and greetings.”
However, in cases where a peaceful policy did not produce results, the Cossack chieftain took up the saber fearlessly.
In this campaign, Atlasov stormed, captured and burned four Itelmen “towns” - fortresses. And when the reindeer Koryaks stole his riding reindeer - “so that they, the Cossack Volodymer and his comrades, would have nothing to serve the great sovereign,” he immediately chased after the robbers. Already at the very coast of Okhotsk he “tormented” the Koryaks. “We fought day and night,” the ataman later wrote in his report, “and by God’s mercy and the sovereign’s happiness, about a hundred and a half Koryak people were beaten and their deer were recaptured.”
The united Cossack detachment crossed the Sredinny Range and descended into the valley of the Kamchatka River, rounding the highest mountain peak in Russia (outside the Greater Caucasus) - the Klyuchevskaya Sopka volcano (4,835 m). The Kamchatka Valley amazed the Cossacks with the large population and wealth of the local aboriginal settlements.
Vladimir Atlasov with a group of Cossacks erect a cross at the mouth of the Kanuch River as a sign of its annexation to the Russian state. Source: kamlib.ruVladimir Atlasov with a group of Cossacks erect a cross at the mouth of the Kanuch River as a sign of its annexation to the Russian state. Source: kamlib.ru
At the mouth of the Kanuch River (another name is Krestovka), Atlasov’s detachment erected a large wooden cross. This cross still survives 40 years later - I saw it famous explorer Kamchatka Stepan Krasheninnikov. The Cossacks proudly wrote on the cross: “7205, July 18th, this cross was erected by the Pentecostal Volodimer Atlasov with his fellow 65 people.” Only the Cossacks at this time could be in their worldview not “sovereign servants”, not “service men”, but “comrades”.
Having completed his exploration of the Kamchatka River, Atlasov again crossed the Sredinny Range and moved along the Okhotsk coast to the south. He built a fortified fort on the Icha River and spent the winter there. He took a prisoner from the local Itelmen - the Japanese sailor Denbey, who ended up in Kamchatka as a result of a shipwreck.
“In the spring of 1698, taking Denbey with him,” historian Vladimir Dodonov tells about these events, “Atlasov moved south and met the first inhabitants of the Kuril Islands and Sakhalin - the Ainu. There is no exact data about the southernmost point of the peninsula that his expedition reached, but it is known that Atlasov managed to visit near Cape Lopatka, from where the first island of the Kuril ridge, Shumshu, is clearly visible.”
The soullessness of the royal satraps
In the late spring of 1699, leaving a detachment of Cossacks led by Potap Seryuk in the well-fortified Verkhnekamchatsky fort, Atlasov headed back. At the very beginning of July, he arrived with tribute, travel notes and maps of Kamchatka to the Anadyr prison.
The new Yakut governor Dorofey Traurnicht, having received information about the results of Atlasov’s expedition, immediately understood their uniqueness and importance. The smart, energetic German decided to immediately send the Cossack chieftain with a personal report to the Siberian order in Moscow.
At the beginning of February 1701, Atlasov arrived in Moscow and, after discussing his “skate” about Kamchatka in the Siberian Prikaz, on February 15 he received a personal audience with Peter I.
Young Peter, with his lively, albeit eccentric mind, became very interested in information about the new Kamchatka lands and saw the prospects of creating a naval base in Kamchatka for subsequent voyages to America. Atlasov received the rank of Cossack head (actually colonel) and was appointed head of a new expedition to Kamchatka.
The Cossack ataman, having finally seen the sincere interest of the Russian state in acquiring the “Kamchatka land”, submitted an expeditionary petition to Peter I. “We must give this campaign,” Atlasov wrote to the Tsar, “100 Cossack children: 50 from Tobolsk, and 50 from Yeniseisk and Yakutsk; if there are not enough Cossack children, then take Russian industrial people - hunters and into captivity." In addition, Atlasov asked for “100 arquebuses, 4 small cannons, 10 pounds of gunpowder and the same amount of lead for bullets, 500 iron cannonballs, 5 pounds of wick, a regimental banner, and a pound of azure beads and 100 knives for gifts to foreigners.”
Map of Vladimir Atlasov's campaign to Kamchatka in 1696–1699. Source: kamlib.ru
As we can see, Atlasov’s wishes for material support for the expedition to a distant, still unconquered country were the most minimal.
Having become familiar with Atlasov’s petition, the clerks of the Siberian Prikaz acted as the central Russian authorities had done for centuries: having approved the idea of the expedition in principle, the royal nobles decided to shift its actual supply, as they would say now, to the regional authorities. Letters were sent to the Tobolsk, Yenisei and Yakut governors with instructions to assist the new expedition of the Cossack head Atlasov. After this, both Atlasov and Kamchatka were firmly forgotten.
Such an order from the Siberian Order actually made Atlasov a hostage to the goodwill or, conversely, the arbitrariness of the local royal satraps. Atlasov had no doubt about the help of the German Traurnicht, however, in order to get to Yakutsk, it was necessary to safely pass the “area of responsibility” of the Tobolsk and Yenisei governors.
In Tobolsk, Atlasov was lucky - the local governor, Mikhail Cherkassky, was an enlightened, easy-going person, and besides, capital Moscow was not too far from Western Siberia. Cherkassky quickly allocated Atlasov the necessary quota of provisions and equipment, allowed him to quickly recruit willing Cossacks into the expedition, and provided transport.
Having quickly reached Yeniseisk at the beginning of the short northern summer, Atlasov met with a completely different reception. The local governor, Bogdan Glebov, was an old (over 60 years old), sophisticated official from the old Moscow era. He instantly hated the energetic, decisive, healthy Atlasov and, with truly Byzantine cynicism, began to put a spoke in the wheels of the Cossack ataman.
To begin with, Voivode Glebov actually boycotted the recruitment of local Cossacks for the expedition, offering in return some kind of eternally drunken trash. Then the expedition was left without equipment - in Yeniseisk there was not a single extra squeak and not a pound of gunpowder found for Atlasov. All summer, the Yenisei satrap “marinated” Atlasov under various pretexts, and only based on the yellow foliage of the trees, he finally allocated plank ships for the further passage of the expedition to Yakutsk.
The Yeniseisk-Yakutsk stage was the most difficult stage of the expedition’s movement to the place of final formation. The Cossacks had to go up the Yenisei to the Angara, then - again against the current - go all the Angara to Ilimsk, from there cross the Lena River and descend along it to the Yakut fort.
Having begun sailing along the Yenisei, the Cossacks soon discovered that the planks allocated by Voivode Glebov were completely rotten. Water had to be constantly bailed out of one boat. There was not enough food, it was necessary to save gunpowder, since nothing was obtained in Yeniseisk. It became obvious that Glebov clearly hoped that the Cossacks would not have time to reach Yakutsk before the freeze-up, they would be forced to spend the winter somewhere on a remote shore, and then frost, hunger and scurvy would imperiously draw a line under the ambitious dreams of the restless ataman.
It is possible that all this would have happened, but at the mouth of the Angara, Ataman Atlasov met a merchant transport convoy, which included a large, high-quality plank of the eminent Moscow guest Login Dobrynin. The boardwalk was commanded by the merchant clerk Belozerov.
Wanting to save his people and ensure a quick advance to Yakutsk, Atlasov ordered (or the Cossacks may have committed this arbitrarily) to rob the clerk Belozerov and transplant him to that rotten plank that was “generously” allocated to the expedition by the governor Glebov. This, of course, seems to be the ataman’s obvious desire to slap the vile governor in absentia.
When Belozerov, constantly scooping up the frozen water, finally swam to Yeniseisk, governor Glebov probably crossed himself earnestly. Still would! An exceptional opportunity presented itself to quickly put together a detective case against the failed Kamchatka “hero.” A slander about robbery immediately flew to the Siberian Prikaz; detective instructions for “Aunt Volodymera” were immediately sent out to all the governors of the Asian East.
The detective case was quickly developed: in Moscow, the eminent guests of the Dobrynins went where they needed to and with what they needed, and in Yeniseisk the old rogue Glebov went on a rampage in detective activity. What new Kamchatka expedition is there?! The case needs to be developed - a criminal case! Thus, the soulless state machine of late Muscovy enthusiastically crushed into rubbish a valuable idea, both from a material and geopolitical point of view.
“Was questioned with great passion”
The man who gave Russia the territory of two and a half of France - in fact, an entire country abounding in sable, fish, timber, and valuable minerals - was arrested for a dozen scrolls of Chinese cloth and a fragile plank cut down with an ax. In Moscow, in the Detective Prikaz, the heirs of the merchant Dobrynin obtained orders to investigate the crime of the Cossack chieftain “without any restraint or restraint,” that is, through a rack, a whip, or stretching on a wheel.
Among the case masters, that is, in modern terms - investigators, Atlasov's case was going slowly. The investigation showed that from the mouth of the Angara, Ataman Atlasov paid with requisitioned goods from the clerk Belozerov Chinese goods for the supply of provisions for their Cossacks, for carts and horses. The goals of personal enrichment were not visible in Atlasov’s “actions”. Therefore, it was necessary to find these goals after all. And for some reason no one thought to hang up the governor Bogdan Glebov on the rack for sending his fellow Orthodox Christians through the wilds of the north on a rotten boat without provisions, and therefore to death by starvation.
Koryak archers. Photo: rt-assorty.ru Koryak archers. Photo: rt-assorty.ru
The arrested Kamchatka explorer was strung up on the rack in a musty torture chamber. “And Volodimer Otlasov,” Dorofey Traurnicht, who had instantly changed mercy to anger, reported to Moscow, “was questioned with great passion, and put in a belt [torture by strangulation. - N.L.], and pulled up [on the rack. - N.L.], and on his temple was for a long time[compression of the temples with a special torture device resembling a hole punch. - N.L).
Torture, in the end, yielded nothing. Atlasov continued to stand his ground, claiming that he robbed the merchant solely for the purpose of organizing food and quickly advancing the expedition.
“Kamchatsky Ermak” spent more than four years in a Russian prison. How much of his health, hitherto indestructible, was destroyed by the prison - only the great God knows. The chieftain constantly bothered to review his case. At first, no one paid attention to his petitions, but in 1707 Atlasov was unexpectedly released. The reason was not the mercy of the Russian Themis, who suddenly saw the light, but that things went very badly in Kamchatka - the incompetently organized colonization of the region caused a fierce interethnic war on the peninsula and the rise of criminality.
“They caught him sleeping and stabbed him!”
The colonization of Kamchatka, which Atlasov successfully began, simply collapsed in his absence. Cossack Potap Seryuk, left by Atlasov in the Verkhnekamchatsky prison, patiently waited for his chieftain for three years, but he never came. He had practically run out of gunpowder, which meant that he inevitably had to withdraw people to Anadyr.
Seryuk had few military forces: 15 Cossacks and 13 Yukaghirs. In the area of the Tymlat River, this small detachment was attacked by more than a thousand Koryak warriors. Potap Seryuk, having taken up a perimeter defense, successfully fought back for two days, but the gunpowder ran out and all the Cossacks were killed. This disaster was the first result of the “detective case” against Vladimir Atlasov.
The second sad result was complete arbitrariness towards foreigners, which began to be carried out on the peninsula by gangs of all sorts of rabble, coming along the route of Vladimir Atlasov from Okhotsk, Gizhiga and even Anadyr. In 1705-1706, a real insurgent war broke out in Kamchatka, which was started by the plundered different sides"foreigners". In October 1706, out of 29 yasak collectors, not a single one returned to Gizhiga - all were killed by the rebel Koryaks. To the south, in the Kamchatka River basin, the Itelmen burned down the Verkhnekamchatsky fort, killing all its inhabitants, including women.
Under these conditions, the Yakut Voivodeship again needed in Kamchatka the tough hand of an intelligent ataman, who knew well where to use “kindness and greetings” and where only a saber was needed.
The release of Atlasov was the height of cynicism: it suddenly turned out that the ataman had not done anything reprehensible on the Angara. He was returned to the title of Cossack head, confirmed in the position of clerk of Kamchatka, and compensated for financial losses for the years of difficult, meaningless stay in a prison cell.
In 1707, Atlasov again and in last time reached the once blessed Kamchatka. A real war of all against all was raging on the peninsula - against the background of the Kamchatka atrocities, the terry criminality of cowboys in the Wild West would have seemed like child's play.
With the rigidity characteristic of Atlasov, the chieftain began to restore order. His guarantor, the Cossack Ivan Taratin, with a detachment of 70 people, crossed the eastern coast of the peninsula with fire and sword. Everyone got it: the foreigners who killed the tribute collectors, and the local Cossacks, who became the source of evil for the foreigners.
Atlasov’s harshness was not liked by those who were used to long years to complete impunity for the Cossack freemen. In December 1707, the Cossacks gathered a Circle, at which they removed Atlasov from the post of ataman and took him into custody. To Yakutsk, wanting to justify their actions, the Cossacks sent a messenger with an “unsubscribe”, in which they did not spare black paint to describe Atlasov’s “atrocities”.
Vladimir Atlasov did not stay long in the new prison with the rebels; he escaped from there and came to the Nizhnekamchatsky prison.
The voivodeship authorities in Yakutsk, meanwhile, against the backdrop of alarming news constantly coming from Kamchatka, completely lost their heads. In 1709, the Yakut governor sent a new clerk, Pyotr Chirikov, to replace Atlasov, and the next year, instead of Chirikov, another clerk was appointed, Osip Lipin. At the same time, the powers of neither Atlasov nor Chirikov were officially terminated. So there were three clerks on the peninsula at the same time, which, of course, only aggravated the chaos that broke out.
Pyotr Chirikov turned out to be an incompetent military leader. On the way to Kamchatka, he lost 13 Cossacks and all military supplies in battles with the Koryaks. Having finally arrived on the peninsula, he sent 40 Cossacks to the Bolshaya River to pacify the Itelmens. The Cossacks set off without any reconnaissance, were ambushed, and immediately lost eight people killed. After this, Otrad sat under siege for a whole month and only with great difficulty, wounded to the last man, barely managed to escape.
The military failures of Pyotr Chirikov had an extremely negative impact on the reputation of his successor Osip Lipin. In the local Cossack environment, the idea of doing away with the management of clerks altogether, and then creating a kind of military republic with an elected Cossack ataman, was gaining more and more popularity.
In January 1711, a riot occurred in the Verkhnekamchatsky fortress: the Cossacks killed Lipin, and tied up the unlucky Pyotr Chirikov and threw him into an ice hole. The rebels were well aware that their victory was unlikely to be lasting if Vladimir Atlasov found out about their atrocities. It was decided to kill Atlasov, who had a reputation as a fierce and skilled fighter, using deception.
Not reaching half a mile from the Nizhnekamchatsky fort, the rebels sent three Cossacks to Atlasov, who were supposed to introduce themselves as couriers from the Yakut governor. At the moment when the ataman began to read the letter, he should have been dealt a treacherous blow with a dagger.
This is how B.P. describes the death of the great pioneer in his study. Field: Atlasov, having opened the letter, turned to the candle and at that moment received a fatal blow to the back.
Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, who collected material for a book about the conquest of Kamchatka, states in his notes that Vladimir Atlasov was caught sleeping by the killers and immediately stabbed to death in his sleep.
Finally, a “response” from the rebels themselves has been preserved, apparently compiled by their ringleaders - Danila Antsyferov and Semyon Kozyrevsky. “Volodimer began to fight with the service people in his house,” penitent Cossacks wrote to the Yakut authorities, “and grabbed a broadsword from a needle, and with that broadsword rushed at the service people; and the service people, defending themselves, killed Volodimer in his house, with our Cossack council, for this reason: they feared that Volodimer would be killed by him.”
This description of everything is more like the truth. It is unlikely that an experienced military leader in the conditions of internal Cossack turmoil could be found in a deep sleepy oblivion. Equally doubtful is the version about Atlasov’s naivety, who allegedly immediately “bought” the trick with the voivode’s letter. On the contrary, knowing from historical sources about the strong-willed, unyielding character of the great Cossack chieftain, it is easy to imagine that this is how this man could have died: with
Atlasov (according to some documents, Otlasov), Vladimir Vasilyevich (year of birth unknown, ca. 1661/64 - 1711) - Russian explorer, Siberian Cossack. In 1672, Atlasov was taken to “search for new lands” and collect tribute for the “tsar’s service” in Yakutsk. In 1695 he was sent as a “clerk” to Anadyrsk. In 1697-99 he made trips to Kamchatka. Atlasov “explained” (taxed) the local peoples and formalized the annexation of Kamchatka to the Moscow lands.
The descriptions (“skasks”) left by Atlasov, in terms of the value of the geographical and ethnographic materials they contain, far surpass the reports of other explorers. Atlasov’s “skasks” contain the first extensive and reliable information about the nature of Kamchatka and the peoples and tribes inhabiting it, materials about Chukotka, Alaska and the first information about the Kuril Islands and Japan. He was killed in 1711 during a riot of servicemen in Kamchatka.
Named after Atlasov: buh. Atlasova (Kuril Islands), volcano. Atdasov (Kuril Islands).
Vladimir Atlasov occupies a prominent place among Russian explorers. In 1606, at the head of a detachment of Cossacks, he made a trip to Kamchatka and with this basically completed the discovery of Siberia by the Russians, for the first time reporting completely reliable information about the nature and population of the peninsula.
Like most brave Russian explorers, the Atlasovs came from the northern regions of European Russia. It was not because of a good life that Vladimir Atlasov’s family left Usolye Kamskoye and moved to live in Siberia. The harsh land greeted them inhospitably. Necessity drove the Atlasovs further and further into Siberia. Atlasov's young years were spent wandering around the cities and fortresses located along the banks of the great Lena. Before entering the Yakut garrison “in the sovereign service,” he hunted sable in the surrounding area.
In his new field, the young Cossack was distinguished by his endurance, courage, resourcefulness and ingenuity. These qualities, and also his remarkable organizational skills, noticeably distinguished Atlasov from among the Cossacks. More than once he was sent to Moscow to accompany the precious “sovereign sable treasury.” For this trip, in conditions of almost complete impassability, through mountain passes and along rapid tributaries of the Yenisei and Ob, only the strongest and most resilient Cossacks were selected.
V. T. Atlasov also took part in campaigns east of Yakutsk, on the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk, served on the Mae River and along the southern borders of the Yakut Voivodeship, in Dauria, where he collected yasak from the peoples inhabiting this vast region.
The Yakut governor noticed Atlasov and, having awarded him the title of Pentecostal, in 1695 appointed him as a clerk in one of the most remote forts - in the “backbone region” on the Anadyr River. The voivode gave the new chief of the Anadyr region the usual order in such cases: “to find new lands.”
At the head of a detachment consisting of 13 Cossacks, at the end of the summer of 1695, Atlasov set out on a difficult and dangerous campaign to the extreme northeast, to Anadyrsk. The detachment arrived at its destination only eight months later, on April 29, 1696.
From the stories of experienced Cossacks, Atlasov learned that somewhere in the south there was a vast land. Then he collected information about this large and fur-rich country from the local population of the Nymyldns (Koryaks) and Yukagirs, the first rumors about which he brought to Yakutsk. To verify the contradictory information reported by the Cossacks who visited Kamchatka, a detachment of Cossacks was sent under the command, which, having reached Kamchatka and having visited its northern part, collected tribute from the local population and soon returned to Anadyr. Morozko left a small detachment of Cossacks in Kamchatka and thereby laid the foundation for permanent Russian settlements in this region.
Inspired by the successes of Morozko’s reconnaissance campaign, Atlasov gathered a detachment of 60 Cossacks, and also took the same number of Yukaghirs, and on December 14, 1696 he set out on a campaign with the goal of passing and finally annexing the Kamchatka lands to the Russian state. At that time, a detachment of 120 people for the sparsely populated extreme northeast of the country was large military force. By taking most of the Cossacks with him, Atlasov put the Anadyr fort under the threat of attack by the Yukaghirs and Chukchi. And only the success of Atlasov’s Kamchatka campaign prevented the uprising of the tribute population.
Having crossed the Nalgimsky ridge, the detachment reached the Penzhina River and soon reached its mouth. Here there were large Nymylan settlements, and a little further away lived the Olyutors, who had never seen Russians before. Next, Atlasov’s detachment went along the shore of the Penzhinsky Bay along the road already laid by Morozko. At first, the Cossacks moved along the western coast of the peninsula, then some of them moved to the eastern coast and reached the Kamchatka River.
Having reached the Golygina River, Atlasov carefully examined the sea horizon south of Kamchatka and noticed that “there seemed to be islands beyond the crossings.” He saw, in all likelihood, Alaid Island, one of the volcanoes of the Kuril Islands.
With difficulty overcoming numerous rivers, swamps and wooded mountains, Atlasov's detachment then went to the Kamchatka River. Here, in the river valley, there were villages whose inhabitants were at an extremely low cultural level. Atlasov told about them: “And their winter yurts are earthen, and their summer ones are on pillars, three fathoms high from the ground, paved with boards and covered with spruce bark, and they go to those yurts by stairs.”
Atlasov founded a fort on the Kamchatka River, calling it Verkhne-Kamchatsky. Here he left 15 servicemen who, having lived in the prison for about three years and not receiving any help from Anadyrsk, went north, but on the way they all died in battle with the Nymylans.
Returning to Anadyr, Atlasov soon went to Yakutsk, where he arrived in the summer of 1700, reporting to the governor about bringing the new land of Kamchatka “under the high sovereign’s hand.” The governor sent Atlasov, along with the expensive Kamchatka and Chukotka furs he had brought, to Moscow. Here, in the Siberian Prikaz, the importance of the Kamchatka campaign was appreciated: Atlasov was awarded the title of Cossack centurion and generously rewarded.
The Siberian Prikaz recorded Atlasov’s colorful and reliable stories about the nature and riches of the new lands. Since Atlasov was a very observant person, these “skasks” of his have not only historical interest, but are also vivid, not devoid of artistic, geographical descriptions: “and from the mouth to go up the Kamchatka River for a week there is a mountain - like a haystack of bread, much larger and tall, and the other one near it is like a haystack and much taller: smoke comes out of it during the day, and sparks and glow at night. And the Kamchadals say: when a person ascends to half of that mountain, he hears a great noise and thunder there, which is impossible for a person to endure: ... And the winter in Kamchatka land is warmer than in Moscow, and the snow is small, and in the Kuril foreigners there is less snow. .. And the sun in Kamchatka lasts a long time during the day, compared to Yakutsk it is twice as close...
And in the Kamchatka and Kuril lands, berries - lingonberry, wild garlic, honeysuckle - are smaller in size than raisins and sweeter than raisins... Yes, the berries grow on the grass a quarter from the ground, and the size of that berry is a little smaller than a chicken egg, it looks ripe green, and it tastes like raspberries, and the seeds in it are small, like raspberries... But I haven’t seen any vegetables on the trees...
And the trees grow small cedars, the size of junipers, and they have nuts. And there are a lot of birch, larch, and spruce forests on the Kamchatka side, and on the Penzhinskaya side there are birch and aspen forests along the rivers...
The Koryaks are empty-bearded, have a fair complexion, are of average height... but there is no faith, but they have their own brothers, the Shemans - they ask for what they need, beat the tambourine and shout...
But in the Kamchadal and Kuril lands, it is difficult to plow grain, because the places are warm and the soil is black and soft, but there are no livestock, and there is nothing to plow, and foreigners do not know how to sow anything.
But whether there are silver ores or others, he doesn’t know that, and he doesn’t know any ores...”
Atlasov appeared again in Kamchatka only in 1707, when it was already firmly assigned to Russia. He was appointed Kamchatka clerk.
For a long time, Atlasov was considered the “discoverer of Kamchatka.” It was later established that Koch, in his voyage around the northeastern tip of Asia, was off the eastern coast of Kamchatka in 1648 and that Popov wintered here. In addition, it was established that later than Popov, but before Atlasov, Anadyr Cossacks visited Kamchatka, including the aforementioned Luka Morozko.
This does not detract from the merits of Atlasov, who discovered Kamchatka to the fullest, assigning it to Russia and reporting his discovery to Moscow. By the way, Atlasov was the first to report the existence of the northern Kuril Islands.
Atlasov's merits lie not only in the annexation of new Kamchatka lands to Russia, but also in the fact that he was the first explorer of the nature of this unique and rich region. According to , “none of the Siberian explorers of the 17th and early 18th centuries, not excluding Bering himself, gives such meaningful reports as Vladimir Atlasov’s “skasks” provide.”
Bibliography
- Biographical dictionary of figures in natural science and technology. T. 1. - Moscow: State. scientific publishing house "Great Soviet Encyclopedia", 1958. - 548 p.
Solovyov A.I. Vladimir Timofeevich Atlasov / A.I. Solovyov, G.V. Karpov // Domestic physical geographers and travelers. – Moscow: State educational and pedagogical publishing house of the Ministry of Education of the RSFSR, 1959. – P. 39-42.
Atlasov Vladimir Vladimirovich(about 1661–1711), explorer, Cossack leader, first explorer of Kamchatka, one of the discoverers of the Kuril Islands.
He began his service in 1682 in Yakutsk. Until 1689, he collected yasak in the Aldan River basin and along the Uda, Tugur and Amgun rivers (the left tributary of the Amur), until August 1694 - along the Indigirka, Kolyma and Anadyr rivers. From a trip to the eastern part of the Chukotka Peninsula (summer 1692) he brought brief information about Chukotka, Alaska and the Eskimos.
In August 1695, he was appointed clerk of the Anadyr fort. During the Kamchatka campaign (late December 1696 - mid-July 1699), he crossed almost the entire western coast of the Kamchatka Peninsula (1100 kilometers), not reaching 100 kilometers from Cape Lopatka. By the end of the summer of 1698 he reached the coast Pacific Ocean at 51° 21′ N. w. (Cape Inkanyush). He collected the first information about volcanoes, including the highest one in Eurasia and about numerous mineral springs.
In mid-1700 he returned to Yakutsk and was sent with a report to Moscow. In Tobolsk, together with S. Remezov, he compiled one of the first drawings of Kamchatka. In Moscow, Atlasov presented a number of “skazkas” (two have survived) with the first accurate information about the nature and population of Kamchatka, its animals and flora, about the seas washing the peninsula and their ice regime.
For a successful campaign that ended with the annexation of Kamchatka to Russia, Atlasov was awarded the rank of Cossack head and given a reward of 100 rubles. He spent this money on goods taken from the warehouse of a recently deceased merchant. The heirs of the deceased filed a complaint against Atlasov, and he was sent to prison for four years. After his release (1707) he was sent as a clerk to Kamchatka. He stayed in this position for only six months. The rebellious servicemen put Atlasov in prison, from which he escaped and until January 1711 he was in Nizhnekamchatsk, where he was killed during another Cossack revolt.
100 great travelers [with illustrations] Muromov Igor
Vladimir Vasilievich Atlasov (c. 1661/1664–1711)
Vladimir Vasilievich Atlasov
(c. 1661/1664–1711)
Russian explorer, Siberian Cossack. In 1697–1699 he made campaigns in Kamchatka. Gave the first information about Kamchatka and Kuril Islands. Killed during a riot by servicemen.
The secondary discovery of Kamchatka was made at the very end of the 17th century by the new clerk of the Anadyr prison, the Yakut Cossack Vladimir Vasilyevich Atlasov.
He was originally from Veliky Ustyug. From bad life fled to Siberia. In Yakutsk, a poor Ustyug peasant quickly rose to the rank of Pentecostal, and in 1695 he was appointed clerk of the Anadyr prison. He was no longer young, but brave and enterprising.
In 1695, Atlasov was sent from Yakutsk to the Anadyr fort with a hundred Cossacks to collect yasak from the local Koryaks and Yukaghirs. At that time they said about Kamchatka that it was vast, rich in fur-bearing animals, that the winter there was much warmer, and the rivers were full of fish. Russian servicemen visited Kamchatka, and on the “Drawing of the Siberian Land”, compiled back in 1667 by order of the Tobolsk governor Pyotr Godunov, the Kamchatka River is clearly indicated. Apparently, having heard about this land, Atlasov never parted with the idea of finding his way to it.
In 1696, being the clerk of the Anadyr fort, he sent a small detachment (16 people) under the command of the Yakut Cossack Luka Morozko to the south to the coastal Koryaks who lived on the Apuka River. The inhabitants of this river, which flows into the Olyutorsky Bay, apparently knew well about their neighbors from the Kamchatka Peninsula and told Morozko about them. Morozko, a determined and courageous man, reached the Kamchatka Peninsula and reached the Tigil River, running down from the Sredinny Range into the Sea of Okhotsk, where he found the first Kamchadal village. When he returned, he reported a lot of interesting information about the new rich land and the people inhabiting it. The explorers learned from the population of the peninsula that behind the new open land in the ocean there was a whole range of inhabited islands (the Kuril Islands). Morozko finally convinced Atlasov of the need to equip a strong detachment and go to those desired lands himself.
Atlasov gathered at his own peril and risk. The Yakut governor Mikhail Arsenyev, foreseeing the undoubted danger of such an enterprise, gave Atlasov the go-ahead verbally - no written orders or instructions. The governor also did not give money for equipment, and Atlasov obtained it - sometimes through persuasion and promises to return it a hundredfold, and sometimes under enslaving records.
At the beginning of 1697, Vladimir Atlasov himself set out on a winter campaign against the Kamchadals on reindeer with a detachment of 125 people, half Russian, half Yukaghir.
For two and a half weeks the detachment walked on reindeer to the Koryaks living in Penzhinskaya Bay. Collecting yasak from them with red foxes, Atlasov became acquainted with the way of life of the population, which he described as follows: “empty-bearded, fair-haired in face, average in height.” Subsequently, he gave information about the weapons, housing, food, shoes, clothing and trades of the Koryaks.
He walked along the eastern shore of the Penzhinskaya Bay and turned east “over a high mountain” (the southern part of the Koryak Highlands), to the mouth of one of the rivers flowing into the Olyutorsky Bay of the Bering Sea, where he “with kindness and greetings” covered the Olyutor Koryaks with yasak and brought them under "High the king's hand."
Here the detachment split into two parties: Luka Morozko and “30 servicemen and 30 Yukaghirs” went south along the eastern coast of Kamchatka, Atlasov with the other half returned to the Sea of Okhotsk and moved along the western coast of the peninsula.
Everything went well at first - calmly and peacefully, but one day the Koryaks refused to pay yasak and approached from different sides, threatening with weapons. Yukaghirs, feeling dangerous force, betrayed the Cossacks and, uniting with the Koryaks, suddenly attacked. In a fierce battle, three Cossacks were killed, 15 were wounded, and Atlasov himself received six wounds.
The detachment, having chosen a convenient place, sat down in a “siege”. Atlasov sent a loyal Yukaghir to notify Morozko about what had happened. “And those service people came to us and helped us out of the siege,” he reports about the arrival of Morozko, who, having received the news, interrupted his campaign and hurried to the rescue of his comrades.
The united detachment went up the Tigil River to the Sredinny Ridge, crossed it and penetrated the Kamchatka River in the Klyuchevskaya Sopka area. When reaching the Kamchatka River, at the mouth of the Kanuch River, the detachment erected a cross in memory of the exit.
According to Atlasov, the Kamchadals, whom he met here for the first time, “wear clothes in sable, and fox, and deer, and they push that dress with dogs. And their winter yurts are made of earth, and their summer ones are on pillars, three fathoms high from the ground, paved with boards and covered with spruce bark, and they go to those yurts by stairs. And there are yurts nearby, and in one place there are a hundred [hundreds] of yurts, two and three and four. And they feed on fish and animals; but they eat raw, frozen fish... And their guns are whale bows, stone and bone arrows, but they have no iron.”
But the collection of yasak among the Itelmens did not go well - “they did not store animals in reserve,” and they had a difficult time, since they were at war with their neighbors. They saw strong allies in the Cossacks and asked for support in this war. Atlasov decided to support them, hoping that in the lower reaches of Kamchatka things would go better with yasak.
Atlasov's people and the Kamchadals boarded plows and sailed down Kamchatka, the valley of which was then densely populated.
Down the Kamchatka River to the sea, Atlasov sent one Cossack on reconnaissance, and he counted 160 forts from the mouth of the Elovka River to the sea - in an area of about 150 kilometers. Atlasov says that in each prison, 150–200 people live in one or two winter yurts. (In winter, the Kamchadals lived in large family dugouts.) “Summer yurts near the forts on poles - every person has his own yurt.” The valley of lower Kamchatka during the campaign was relatively densely populated: the distance from one great “posad” to another was often less than one kilometer. According to the most conservative estimate, about 25 thousand people lived in the lower reaches of Kamchatka. “And from the mouth to go up the Kamchatka River for a week, there is a mountain - like a haystack, large and much high, and another near it - like a haystack and much high: smoke comes out of it during the day, and sparks and glow at night.” This is the first news about the two largest volcanoes of Kamchatka - Klyuchevskaya Sopka and Tolbachik - and in general about Kamchatka volcanoes.
The richness of the rivers amazed Atlasov: “And the fish in those rivers in the Kamchatka land is a sea fish, a special breed, it looks like salmon and is red in summer, and larger in size than salmon... And for that fish, the animals that keep those rivers are sables, foxes, and species.”
Having collected information about the lower reaches of the Kamchatka River, Atlasov turned back. Beyond the pass through the Sredinny Range, he began to pursue the reindeer Koryaks, who stole his reindeer, and caught them right at the Sea of Okhotsk. “And they fought day and night, and... they killed about a hundred and a half of their Koryaks, and repelled the deer, and ate that. And other Koryaks fled into the forests.” Then Atlasov turned south again and walked for six weeks along the western coast of Kamchatka, collecting yasak “with affection and greetings” from the Kamchadals he met. Even further to the south, the Russians met the first “Kuril men [Ainu], six forts, and there were many people in them...”.
Atlasov walked along the western coast of Kamchatka to the Ichi River and built a fort here. From the Kamchadals he learned that there was a prisoner on the Nana River, and ordered him to be brought to him. This captive, whom the Pentecostal incorrectly called an Indian from the Uzakinsky state, as it turned out later, turned out to be a Japanese named Denbei from the city of Osaka, thrown out during a shipwreck in Kamchatka.
“But the raspberry, which was brought by the sea on a bead by the sea, does not know what language it speaks. And if only a Greek would be as good as he is: lean, with a small mustache, and black hair.” Nevertheless, Atlasov managed to find a common language with him. He found out and wrote down in great detail many interesting and extremely important Russian state information.
Peter I, apparently having learned about Denbey from Atlasov, gave personal instructions to quickly deliver the Japanese to Moscow. Through the Siberian Order, a “memory order” was sent to Yakutsk - an instruction to the service people accompanying Denbey. Arriving at the end of December 1701, the “foreigner Denbei” - the first Japanese in Moscow - was introduced to Peter in Preobrazhenskoye on January 8, 1702. Of course, there were no translators who knew Japanese in Moscow, but Denbey, who lived among the servicemen for two years, spoke a little Russian.
After the conversation with the Japanese, on the same day, the tsar’s “nominal decree” followed, which said “...he, Denbey, should be taught Russian literacy in Moscow, where it is appropriate, and how he learns the Russian language and literacy, and he, Denbey, should be taught There are three or four of the Russians who are shy - teach them the Japanese language and literacy... How will he learn the Russian language and literacy and teach the Russians their language and literacy - and let him go to Japanese land.” Denbey's students subsequently participated in the Kamchatka expeditions of Bering and Chirikov as translators.
Even before the conversation with the tsar, Denbey’s “skask” was also written down in the Siberian Prikaz. In addition to the adventures of Denbey himself, it contained a lot of valuable information on the geography and ethnography of Japan, data on the social life of the Japanese...
But Atlasov no longer recognized all this. From the bank of the Icha he went steeply south and entered the land of the Ainu, completely unknown to the Russians: “... similar to the Kamchadals, only their appearance is blacker, and their beards are no less.”
In the places where the Ainu lived, it was much warmer, and there were much more fur-bearing animals - it seemed that a good tribute could be collected here. However, having captured the village fenced with a palisade by assault, the Cossacks found only dried fish in it. The people here did not store furs.
It is difficult to say exactly how far to the south of Kamchatka Atlasov climbed. They returned to their winter quarters on Ich in late autumn. The deer, on which Atlasov really counted, died, and food was scarce for the people. Fearing hunger, Atlasov sent 28 people west - to the Kamchatka River, to the Itelmens, recent allies, hoping that they would remember the help of the Cossacks and would not let them die of hunger. With the onset of warm weather, he himself moved north - back to Anadyr. The Cossacks were tired of long wanderings, of living from hand to mouth and of waiting for hidden danger. They talked more and more insistently about returning. And although Atlasov was not a gentle person, he gave in. I understood how right the Cossacks were.
On July 2, 1699, only 15 Cossacks and 4 Yukaghir returned to Anadyr. The addition to the sovereign’s treasury was not too large: 330 sables, 191 red foxes, 10 gray foxes, “and 10 Kamchadal sea beavers, called sea otters, and those beavers were never exported to Moscow,” he said in one of his letters to the Yakut governor Anadyr clerk Kobylev. But before that he wrote: “... came to the Anadyr winter quarters from the newly found Kamchadal land, from the new Kamchatka river, Pentecostal Volodimer Otlasov...”
In five years (1695–1700), Atlasov traveled more than 11 thousand kilometers.
From Yakutsk Atlasov went with a report to Moscow. Along the way, in Tobolsk, he showed his materials to S.U. Remezov, who with his help compiled one of the detailed drawings of the Kamchatka Peninsula. Atlasov lived in Moscow from the end of January to February 1701 and presented a number of “sketches,” which were published in whole or in part several times. They contained the first information about the relief and climate of Kamchatka, its flora and fauna, the seas washing the peninsula, and their ice regime. In the "skasks" Atlasov reported some data about the Kuril Islands, quite detailed news about Japan and brief information about " Big Earth"(Northwest America).
He also gave a detailed ethnographic description of the population of Kamchatka. Academician L.S. Berg wrote about Atlasov: “A man of little education, he... had a remarkable intelligence and great powers of observation, and his testimony... contains a lot of valuable ethnographic and geographical data. None of the Siberian explorers of the 17th and early 18th centuries... gives such meaningful reports.”
Atlasov's "skasks" fell into the hands of the Tsar. Peter I highly appreciated the information obtained: new distant lands and seas adjacent to them opened new roads to the eastern countries, to America, and Russia needed these roads.
In Moscow, Atlasov was appointed Cossack head and again sent to Kamchatka. In those days, several more groups of Cossacks and “hunting people” entered Kamchatka, built Bolsheretsky and Nizhnekamchatsky forts there and began to rob and kill the Kamchadals.
When information about the Kamchatka atrocities reached Moscow, Atlasov was instructed to restore order in Kamchatka and “earn the previous guilt.” He was given complete power over the Cossacks. Threatened death penalty he was ordered to act “against foreigners with affection and greetings” and not to offend anyone. But Atlasov had not yet reached the Anadyr prison when denunciations began to fall on him: the Cossacks complained about his autocracy and cruelty.
Kamchatka. Avacha River
He arrived in Kamchatka in July 1707. And in December, the Cossacks, accustomed to a free life, rebelled, removed him from power, elected a new boss and, in order to justify themselves, sent new petitions to Yakutsk with complaints about insults from Atlasov and crimes allegedly committed by him.
Meanwhile, the Yakut governor, having reported complaints against Atlasov to Moscow, sent Pyotr Chirikov with a detachment of 50 people to Kamchatka as a clerk in 1709. Chirikov with 50 Cossacks pacified the eastern Kamchadals and again imposed a tribute on them. By the fall of 1710, Osip Mironovich Lipin arrived from Yakutsk to replace Chirikov with a detachment of 40 people.
So three clerks ended up in Kamchatka at once: Atlasov, who had not yet been formally removed from his post, Chirikov and the newly appointed Lipin. Chirikov surrendered Verkhnekamchatsk to Lipin, and in October he himself sailed on boats with his people to Nizhnekamchatsk, where he wanted to spend the winter. Lipin also arrived in Nizhnekamchatsk on business in December.
In January 1711, both returned to Verkhnekamchatsk. On the way, the rebellious Cossacks killed Lipin. They gave Chirikov time to repent, and they themselves rushed to Nizhnekamchatsk to kill Atlasov. “Before reaching half a mile, they sent three Cossacks to him with a letter, ordering them to kill him when he began to read it... But they found him sleeping and stabbed him to death.”
This is how Kamchatka Ermak died. According to one version, the Cossacks came to Atlasov at night; he leaned towards the candle to read the false letter they had brought, and was stabbed in the back.
Two “Skaskis” by Vladimir Atlasov have been preserved. These first written reports about Kamchatka are outstanding for their time in terms of accuracy, clarity and versatility of the description of the peninsula.
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