Sewage diagram in a private house. How to develop a sewerage scheme in a private house with your own hands Domestic sewerage in a private house

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Have own house- This is the dream of many people. There is nothing better than your own corner, provided with all the amenities. However, everyone wants to surround themselves with comfort, and outdoor toilet, along with the need to carry water from a well, are becoming a thing of the past. In this regard, the question became relevant: “How to create a sewerage system in a private house with your own hands?”

Creating a sewer system for a private home is not as difficult as it seems

Before starting construction, you need to decide on the type of sewerage system in a private house. With your own hands you can create several varieties that will have their own pros and cons.

The most popular varieties are:

• Drain well. Simply put, an ordinary pit that accumulates all waste and wastewater. Such a structure is inexpensive and does not take much time to construct. The sequence of actions is simple - dig a hole at a distance of twenty meters from the house. The calculation of its volume is based on 0.7 cubic meters per person. To strengthen walls it is recommended to use brickwork or concrete rings. After this, for additional sealing, the seams are coated with bitumen. The bottom of the pit can be filled with concrete so that wastewater does not poison the soil. Upon completion of construction, install a hatch for subsequent removal of liquid. This simplest scheme sewer systems in private houses, created by the owner himself. However, such an arrangement is more relevant for country houses than for a full-fledged living space;

• No less known method is digging in a closed container. This structure operates on the same principle as drain hole. A special tank is buried in the ground, the volume of which is calculated according to the number of people living. The main waste lines are connected to the tank hatch. Drain water accumulates in the tank without polluting the surrounding area. A significant disadvantage of this method is the need for constant cleaning.

• A septic tank is difficult to construct, but at the same time the most reliable sewerage system in a private house, the layout, depth of installation and components of which can guarantee effective work on long years. During construction you need to choose appropriate place future well. The distance from the house should not be less than twenty meters. Next, the walls of the pit are securely reinforced with bricks; the recommended masonry thickness is twenty-five centimeters. We carefully concrete the bottom, after which we proceed to laying the drain. Place its level above the water. Do not forget to provide a hole through which the liquid will be removed.

Helpful information! You should decide which option to choose based on the funds you expect to spend during construction. The examples given differ in both the high cost of the elements and the time required.

In addition, installing a sewer system in a private house with your own hands depends on the layout of the home and the number of people regularly living in it. Experts recommend placing rooms such as the kitchen, bathroom and toilet nearby. This configuration makes it possible to allocate a single collector for their maintenance, through which the waste liquid will flow into a septic tank or waste pit.

If the house turns out to be too large, and its layout involves a significant distance between the kitchen and other rooms with drainage, it will be necessary. It is necessary to take care of separate drainage, and also provide the possibility of pumping out waste water. Owners should take care to install risers to provide water to the upper rooms.

Related article:

In the article we will look at options for drainage installation, how to do it reliable system do it yourself, the average cost of specialist work.

Components that make up a sewer system for private houses with your own hands

The drainage system consists of basic elements, each of which performs its own functions. The first place on the list is occupied by the communications of the premises. Pipes and hoses located in rooms and performing the function of drainage. Laid in rooms with running water, at the outlet they are combined by a collector, through which the waste liquid leaves.

Next, the main functions are taken over by external communications. A pipeline installed outdoors is most often dug into the ground or protected by a casing. Separate drains from utility rooms can be connected to it, for example. The main task of this unit is to deliver wastewater to the receiving device.

The final stage in the chain is the storage tank, main function which is used for storing water and other waste. Depending on the complexity of the system, the receiving device can either simply be filled with water or filter sewage.

Do-it-yourself sewer installations in private houses: video tips and more

At the first stage, you should carefully examine the soil layer for special characteristics. When looking for a site for installing a drain well, you need to pay attention to:

• Slopes, potholes and other natural depressions on your site;
• Free access for vehicles for cleaning storage tank;
• Distance from utility buildings and fences.

In most cases country houses They are used seasonally and do not live there regularly. Therefore, do-it-yourself sewerage in private houses can be done with a small receiving tank.

Helpful information! If you adhere to sanitary building standards, the waste pit must be located at a distance of at least five meters from other buildings. Experienced builders recommend increasing this distance as much as possible to isolate the house from unpleasant odors.

It is best to dig a hole in a low-lying area of ​​the surface, thereby providing a natural slope for drainage. Try to avoid such an arrangement to prevent accidents.

This video will help you understand how to draw up a diagram and plan for a drainage system:

Selection of parts and fittings for sewerage

The next step in construction is the selection of components. The durability and quality of operation of the entire system will depend on the quality of the fittings and other parts you choose.

When going to a specialized store, you need to know that the pipeline is divided into external and internal. The first combines high conductivity, resistance to high and low temperatures, as well as chemical and biological substances. These communications must allow water to pass freely and be hermetically connected to the outlet manifold.

The external pipeline has the same qualities, with the addition of specific features. Its surface can withstand the load of the earth, because such communications are buried to a depth of up to two meters. In addition, these pipes are absolutely sealed and meet international technical parameters.

When choosing communications, pay attention to the material from which they are made. The following types exist:

• Cast iron;

• Steel;

• Copper;

• Reinforced concrete;

• Asbestos-cement;

• Ceramic;

• Plastic.

Each material has specific characteristics suitable for certain conditions.

In addition to the main "arteries" important have fittings. These parts are used to connect laid pipes into a drainage system.

To perform various functions, the following varieties are provided:

• Couplings - used to connect pipe sections;

• Reductions – for connecting ends of different diameters;

• Inspections - to remove blockages and dirt;

• Tees - for creating branches;

If desired, even a private house in rural areas can be arranged. The first thing a resident of the country faces is the lack warm toilet in the house. Without sewerage, a person is deprived of many amenities. This is not a luxury, it is a necessity. Laying sewerage in a private house - difficult process, which requires taking into account every little detail. How to do this?

External and internal

Work related to the installation of a sewer system in a private house begins with the design of the internal and In the first case, the installation of a drain pipe, a riser, as well as pipe distribution to all rooms where it is required is required: kitchen, toilet, bathroom, and so on. Concerning external system, then this is everything that is located outside the house. Its arrangement requires connecting pipes to the septic tank. You can also connect the sewer system to a deep cleaning station.

The task is greatly simplified if it is possible to discharge wastewater into centralized system. If the house is located in an isolated area, then you should create a system with a homemade septic tank. It can be with or cumulative. Cesspool in in this case doesn't fit.

Layout diagram in a private house

Before starting work, you should draw up a plan for laying pipes inside a private house. The process is greatly simplified if everything wet areas will be located in close proximity. The scheme is drawn up strictly individually. In the process, you should take into account all the features of the house and the location of the premises. Ready option can look anything.

When designing a sewer system inside a house, it is necessary to accurately calculate the location of the collector pipe. Only after this can you determine where the remaining parts of the system will be laid.

How to make the right diagram

The scheme for laying a sewer system in a private house is an important stage. The quality of the system and its reliability depend on how well the plan is drawn up. Stages of drawing up a diagram:

1. On a piece of paper, preferably in a box, you need to recreate the house plan. When drawing up a plan, it is worth considering the scale.
2. Then you need to decide on the location of the riser or collector pipe.
3. At all levels of the building, the location of plumbing fixtures must be noted. At this stage, you should learn about how to connect it.
4. From the plumbing it is necessary to lay pipes on paper to the riser. In this case, all connecting elements, tees, bends and corners should be taken into account.
5. It is necessary to measure the length of each element internal system and summarize the data. The result will be required amount pipes In this case, the diameter of the material must be taken into account.

The final stage is drawing up a diagram of the external system: releasing pipes and laying them to the septic tank. In this case, it is necessary to take into account all the requirements specified in SanPiN 2.1.4.1110-02, as well as SNiP 2.04.03-85.

What to consider when arranging the internal system

Pad internal sewerage in a private house begins after drawing up approximate diagram. At this stage, several nuances should be taken into account:

1. For withdrawal Wastewater The toilet requires pipes with a diameter of 10-11 cm. Their total length must be at least 100 centimeters.
2. For gray drains that enter the common riser from the kitchen and bathroom, pipes made of PP or PVC are required. The diameter of the material should be 5 centimeters.
3. To arrange turns in the system, it is necessary to use several plastic elbows made at an angle of 45°. This allows you to reduce the risk of blockages during sewer use.
4. It is best to use polypropylene for arranging sewage systems inside the house. This material is more durable, reliable and relatively inexpensive. When using such pipes, laying sewerage in a private house is simplified.

Choosing pipes

Laying a sewer system in a private house requires careful preparation. After drawing up the scheme and carrying out necessary calculations, purchase of materials required. Pipes are used for wiring inside the house gray. To install an external system, orange-colored pipes are required. The difference in color can be explained based on logic. Orange hues are best seen in the ground. In addition, pipes have differences in properties. First of all, this concerns the material. Pipes located underground must withstand more severe loads. The material for their manufacture must be more rigid.

To ensure successful sewer installation in a private house with your own hands, you can use two-layer corrugated pipes. But, as practice shows, their use is often inappropriate. After all, the depth of sewerage in a private house is from 2 to 3 meters. It is much cheaper and no less effective to use orange pipes. Most often, a material with a diameter of 11 centimeters is used for arranging the external system. This is quite enough for normal wastewater drainage.

How to lay pipes? It's simple!

Laying a sewer system in a private house with your own hands requires certain skills and patience. The most difficult stage is the placement of pipes and their fastening. It is almost impossible to do this alone. Therefore, you will need an assistant for the job. This will not only speed up the process, but also improve quality.

The simplest option for laying sewerage is to use PVC or PP pipes. A fairly wide range of such products is produced. If necessary, you can purchase material required diameter, tees, elbows and revisions. It is worth noting that each part is equipped with a special rubberized insert - a cuff. Thanks to this element, laying a sewer system in a private house takes little time. The joints are connected easily and securely. If desired, you can process the seams additionally. Silicone-based plumbing sealant is suitable for this.

Things to consider

When laying pipes, it is necessary to take into account some nuances:

1. If pipes run through walls or ceilings, they must be placed in special sleeves that reduce the load on parts of the system.
2. Slope of elements sewer system depends on their diameter and is prescribed in SNiP 2.04.03-85. For example, for a material whose diameter is 5 centimeters, this figure should be 3 cm/m, and for a diameter of 10 to 11 centimeters - 2 cm/m.

Sewer outlet installation

If a problem arises and the internal system does not correspond to the external one, then the laying of sewer pipes in a private house should begin with the outlet. This is the border zone between systems. At this point, the riser is connected to a pipe leading to a wastewater collection tank.

The outlet must be installed through the foundation wall. The depth of its laying should be below the depth of soil freezing. Otherwise in winter period Difficulties may arise during the operation of the sewerage system. If the outlet hole was not specified during the construction of the building, then it will have to be punched. Its diameter must correspond to the dimensions of the pipe located in the sleeve. The latter should be longer than the hole. At each edge, the sleeve should cover the pipe by more than 15 centimeters. These are the basic requirements for sewerage release.

Installation of the riser and further wiring

The size of the pipe from the riser to the toilet should be 1000 mm. This allows you to determine its location. It is better to install the riser in the toilet itself. The installation can be hidden or open. It all depends on where the pipe will be installed. You can install the riser close to the wall. To do this, you should use pendants and clamps. You can also install the pipe in a niche, in a channel or in a box.

To connect the riser and other parts of the system, you can use oblique tees. If the pipes are different in diameter, then adapters should be used to connect them. They allow you to avoid using sealant. In those places where there is an intersection of elements coming from the shower, sink or bathtub, it is necessary to install a collector pipe. Its diameter should be from 10 to 11 centimeters. Don't forget about water seals. These elements do not allow unpleasant odors to penetrate into the living space.

On each floor, a revision is installed in the riser - a kind of tee designed to clear the system in case of severe blockage.

What is a fan pipe

By following the rules for laying sewerage in a private house, you can create an external and internal system without any problems. In addition to installing the riser, a drain pipe is also required. This is its continuation, which is displayed on the roof of the house. This part is installed on the riser. A revision is installed at the connection point. After this, the vent pipe is led into the attic at an angle. Do not connect it to the building ventilation system or chimney.

Types of septic tanks

Laying an external sewer system in a private house is no less important than installing an internal system. If the arrangement is incorrect, problems may arise not only with comfort, but also with environmentalists. One mistake can turn your drain into a big, smelly problem that will take a lot of time and money to fix.

You should start with the installation of a septic tank. Settlement type structures are most often used. This is a container or a combination of them through which wastewater passes. Gradually they are cleared. This occurs due to the precipitation of heavy inclusions. Afterwards, the wastewater undergoes additional purification in a filtration well or in the field. In this case, both mechanical and biological method cleaning.

There is another, simpler type of septic tank - storage. In this case, a closed container of sufficiently large volume is installed. All waste is collected in it. To empty such a septic tank, sewage pumping is required, which is carried out using this method of arrangement outdoor system easier to implement. Plus it's cheaper.

How to calculate the required volume

Calculating the dimensions is not that difficult. The volume is determined based on settling for 3 days. In this case, the average consumption per person per day is 200 liters. If desired, this indicator can be calculated individually. If two people live in a house on a permanent basis, then the volume of the septic tank should be:

2 x 200 x 3 = 1200 liters or 1.2 cubic meters.

Stages of installation of an external system

The installation of sewerage in a private house does not end after the complete installation of the internal system. After all, the arrangement of the external part is required. Stages of arranging an external system:

1. First you need to prepare the materials: a ready-made container of the required volume made of PP or a ring made of reinforced concrete. If desired, you can lay it out of brick or fill it with a monolith.
2. The next stage is definition suitable method wastewater treatment.
3. Afterwards, excavation work is carried out: a pit is dug for the container and trenches for laying pipes.
4. All structural elements must be connected. At the same time, do not forget about comfortable service septic tank
5. Pipes should be installed at a certain slope. This indicator should be 2 cm/m. The joints must be sealed.
6. The septic tank should be equipped with a ventilation system.
7. After carrying out work on the heat and waterproofing of individual fragments of the system, you can fill the structure with soil.

When placing a septic tank, it is worth considering the location of buildings on personal plot. You should not place a waste container near a recreation area or playground.

In conclusion

Now you know how to sewer a private house. If you follow all the rules, you will get a reliable system. Before starting to operate the sewer, it is worth running it. To do this, the system needs to be flushed clean water. This will allow you to identify all the shortcomings and correct them. Only after this can the operation of the sewer system begin.

In fact, the process of editing individual fragments is not special labor. The main thing is to avoid mistakes when drawing up a sewerage diagram, and also to make the correct slope of the pipes. Otherwise, the system will not function normally.

Installation of a drainage system is an important stage in the construction of a private house. For equipment autonomous system drainage, lay a network delivering sewage to the drainage well. Installing a sewer system in a private house is a labor-intensive task, but independent execution the work should not cause any major difficulties. You will need to resort to the help of specialists in difficult sections of the sewer system.

Sewerage- This engineering system, the creation of which begins at the design stage of the house. By the time sewer installation begins, its design must be ready, and the locations of plumbing fixtures must be determined.

Technical documentation on their connection and operation should also be collected.

General information

The sewerage system in a private house includes internal And external sewerage, as well as prefabricated well. In houses consisting of two floors or more, with their own bathrooms on each floor, the sewer system is additionally equipped fan pipe.

Laying a sewer network involves the following steps:

• Preparation of a pipeline project, taking into account all connected devices, and calculation of the amount of building materials.
• Purchase of pipes, connecting elements and fittings.
• Cutting pipes into sections following the design.
• Carrying out internal wiring and bringing the sewer pipe outside.
• Installation of a drain pipe.
• Laying external sewerage.
• Arrangement of a prefabricated well and connection to it.

Rules

Rules for performing internal wiring:

• For each device and functional area sewerage requires pipes of various diameters: for the riser and toilet - 11 cm, for showers, bathtubs, kitchen sink– 5 cm, for others 3.2 cm is enough. The diameter of the pipe to which several devices are connected at the same time should be from 7.5 cm.
• The pipeline is made at an angle of 2-3 cm.
• The pipes must be connected tightly and not interfere with the free movement of liquid. They are connected in the direction of the flow. There should be no roughness, unevenness or burrs at the junction of the pipes.

It is better to exclude right angles, since this is where blockages appear. To perform a turn, several pipes with smaller angles are used.

• To prevent sewer backflow and infiltration unpleasant odor In the house, an S-shaped curved pipe is attached to the branch pipe of each device, which acts as a water seal.
• If the house consists of several floors, and each floor has plumbing fixtures, it will have a common riser.
• Toilets are installed closer to the riser than other household and plumbing fixtures.
• Sewage units are not installed in walls or ceilings.
• When leading pipes through walls and ceilings, sleeves are used to insert or cut wider pipes.
• At the points of connection to the riser and at pipeline turns, tees with inspection windows closed with plugs are installed. Through these windows, pipes are cleaned in case of blockage.
• The riser is located as close as possible to the place where the sewer drains to the outside.

Removing pipes from the house is done as follows:

• a hole with a diameter of 13-16 cm is made in the foundation or basement of the house or left during construction.
• a sleeve is inserted into the hole, along the walls of which insulation is laid.
• a pipe is pulled through the insulated sleeve connecting the house with the rest of the internal sewerage system.

In a house that has several bathrooms or a swimming pool, the pipeline is equipped with a drain pipe. A vent pipe is a special sewer ventilation system. It is responsible for removing gases from the sewer and, in the event of rarefaction of gases in the pipes, air intake.

The riser is extended upward and placed 30 cm above the roof. The part of the sewer pipe that runs outside is installed vertically upward so that gases from the sewer network escape into the atmosphere. The top of the fan pipe is covered with an umbrella nozzle.

Important!!! Fan pipe are not released into the ventilation system. Since sewer odors will penetrate through the ventilation into the house.

Wastewater is collected in a collector or septic tank - a well into which sewage also flows from the sewer network. It is positioned so that it is at the very bottom of the drainage system.

The well must be located at a certain distance from other objects that are located on the site.. To non-residential outbuildings at least 1 m, to residential buildings - at least 5-7 m, to a water intake well - at least 50 m, to the fence between plots - at least 2 m, to open reservoirs - at least 15 meters.

One of three well options will be installed for your home:

• a storage well is a sealed container in which wastewater accumulates. When the well is full, the water is removed;
• well with post-treatment – ​​a container made of combined chambers. Sewage is filtered in it, the sediment is processed by microorganisms, and water enters the last chamber and from there goes into the soil;
• wastewater biotreatment station – well with filters and bioreactor. Here wastewater is purified from dangerous microorganisms and released safe ones. Purified water goes into the ground, and separated organic compounds used as fertilizer.

Installation of sewerage in the house

Sewer PVC pipes when installing a drainage system:

• Easy to connect. The entire system is assembled like a construction set;
• The materials are light in weight;
• The mounting method is simple, even on a vertical surface.
• The disadvantage is that maximum length 6 m.

How to properly install a sewer system in a private home so that it lasts for many years? It is advisable to involve professionals in this matter, but if you have some skills, you can do everything yourself. Also, despite the fact that the basic requirements for the sewer system are individual, specialists must be involved in its design. Only compliance with all technological and technical standards will provide a private home with high-quality drainage.

What does the sewer system consist of?

How to make a sewer system in a private house, taking into account all the requirements regulatory documents in the construction industry? For a one-story or two-story building, it is necessary to manufacture a system that will consist of the following components:

• Ready or homemade septic tank(cesspool). Designed for storing and filtering wastewater. It is installed outside the home and has a rather complex layout.
• Pipes for laying external sewerage. Any home septic tank must be connected to the building, which is done using these elements. Such pipes withstand temperature changes well and are characterized by increased strength and wear resistance, which allows them not to collapse under water and soil pressure.
• Pipes and fittings for internal sewerage wiring. Consists of elements having a diameter from 40 to 110 mm. Fittings are also necessary for arranging sewerage in a house, since they are used to create bends, revisions and turns.
• Thermal insulation for pipes. Installing a sewer system in a private house with your own hands is impossible without modern insulation materials. They are used to insulate pipes, which prevents them from freezing. Installation of pipe thermal insulation should be carried out not only outside the building, but also inside in unheated rooms (basement, basement of the building).

Types of septic tanks

When installing sewerage for country house, what to choose as a septic tank? There are many options for the design of this element of the system.

Cesspool without bottom

Sewerage installation in a country house using cesspool has its advantages:

• low cost. A cesspool is a kind of well that has no bottom. Its walls can be made of monolithic or prefabricated reinforced concrete, brick;
• simple operating principle. After sewage enters the cesspool pure water seeps into the soil, and solid waste settles at the bottom;
• no difficulties during installation of the structure. There is no need to carry out extensive excavation work.

The disadvantages of this design diagram They say that it is suitable only for those houses where the average daily volume of wastewater does not exceed 1 cubic meter. m. Otherwise, the surrounding soil and groundwater are polluted by household waste.

Hermetic tank

Do-it-yourself sewerage for a country house can be formed from large-volume sealed tanks made of plastic, metal or other materials. You can buy them ready-made or make them yourself. In this case, a sewerage project in a private house involves the use of prefabricated ones. The bottom of such a septic tank will be formed from monolithic concrete, and the lid is made of metal.

The disadvantage of this design is that over time the container will fill up. After a certain amount of waste has accumulated, it is necessary to call a special machine that pumps it out. The advantage of a hermetic tank is that it can be used in the presence of a high level groundwater.

Single chamber septic tank

Installation of sewerage in a private house very often occurs using single-chamber septic tank. It is a cesspool, the bottom of which is filled with 30 cm of crushed stone and sand of the same thickness. The advantage of this design is that water penetrating through the so-called “filtration field” is purified by approximately 50%.

Two-chamber septic tank

How to properly install sewerage to prevent contamination of the site with household waste? In this case, it is recommended to use a system of overflow settling wells.

Such a sewage system in a private house includes two tanks. One of them is hermetic, the other is without a bottom, but sprinkled with a layer of crushed stone and sand.

Waste from the house goes into the first container. After some time they settle there. All solids sink to the bottom of the septic tank, and grease rises to the top. The waste that lies in the middle is relatively clean. They are the ones who end up in a well without a bottom. This occurs through a pipe that connects two containers and is placed under slight slope at the level of 2/3 of the height of the septic tanks.

Over time, too much waste accumulates in the first well that needs to be pumped out. This should be done once every 5-6 months.

DIY septic tank

What is the easiest way to make a septic tank?

How can you make a sewer system in a private house with your own hands so that it works as efficiently as possible? First of all, you need to take care of the septic tank. For arrangement local sewer In a private home, you should adhere to the following instructions:

1. Digging a pit. The dug hole should have a size that is slightly larger than the dimensions of the tanks. It is necessary to expect that a layer of crushed stone and sand should be poured onto the bottom of the septic tank, and a clay castle should be installed on the sides. If sewerage for a country house is intended for small quantity people (1-3), then the pit can be dug manually. Otherwise, it is recommended to use the services of an excavator.
2. Arrangement of the base. When installing a sewer system in a private house, the bottom of the dug hole must be leveled, then covered with sand and compacted. The area where the first tank (sump tank) will be installed needs to be waterproofed. For this purpose, clay or a concrete disc should be used.
3. Installation of containers. Do-it-yourself sewerage in a private house should consist of two separate tanks, which are formed from concrete rings. In order for the system to work effectively, all joints must be sealed. Such a sewerage scheme in a private house will prevent wastewater from entering the soil and groundwater.
4. Arranging the bottom of containers. This sewerage scheme provides that the bottom of the first tank must be sealed. To do this, it is concreted and the top is treated bitumen mastic and lay a layer of roofing material. Also, in order to build an effective sewer system, the bottom of the second well is covered with crushed stone or pebbles.
5. Overflow design. In order for the sewage system of a country house to work correctly, the installed tanks must be connected to each other by an overflow pipe. It is installed at a distance of 1.5 m from the bottom. A T-fitting is also mounted on the pipe. It allows you to collect the liquid itself, which is separated from organic matter.
6. Floor installation. For device local sewerage for a private house, reinforced concrete slabs are installed on top of each tank.
7. Installation of hatches and ventilation. To prevent an unpleasant odor in the area, they install in the ceiling of the tanks ventilation pipe. Also, each well is closed with hatches, which must be opened if necessary.

Laying pipes on the street

Should be carried out according to the following scheme:

1. Digging a trench. A small ditch is made from the septic tank to the house. Its depth should be greater than the freezing depth of the soil (the water pipeline is also laid). When constructing a trench, it is necessary to ensure a slope from the house to the storage tanks for good outflow of liquid (about 2 cm 1 m).
2. Pipe laying. How to install sewerage in a private house, which pipeline to choose? It is recommended to choose one that has a diameter of at least 110 mm.
3. Thermal insulation. If the pipes are laid shallow, then freezing can be prevented by insulation.
4. The final stage. One end of the pipe is inserted through a concrete wall, carefully sealing the joints. Also, in order to install a sewer system in a private house with your own hands, you need to remember to leave a small hole in the foundation or base during its construction. A pipe is inserted through it, after inserting a metal washer.

Internal network rules

Installing an internal network is considered an important step in installing a sewer system for a private home, how to do everything correctly? Do-it-yourself sewerage installation in a private house involves the installation of the following structural elements:

• riser. This is a central pipe with a diameter of 110 mm, which is installed in a vertical position. It connects all the existing contours in the house together. For a small building, one riser is usually enough;
• . Installed on the top of the riser. Such a pipe is necessary for drainage into environment accumulated gases;
• main branches. Pipes with a diameter of 50 mm are used to connect plumbing fixtures to the riser. This system does not have forced circulation, therefore, it is necessary to provide for drainage (3 cm by 1 m);
• supply pipes. Used to connect device outlets to highways;
• revisions. They are a tee, where one outlet is closed by a hatch. Audits are necessary to carry out various types of repair and maintenance work. They are usually installed at all turns, branches, at the base and end of the riser.

If you adhere to this scheme for the design of the sewer system, it will work efficiently and without failures.

An urgent question that plagues everyone who wants to live in private country houses without the possibility of connecting to a central water supply and sewerage system, how to make an autonomous sewer system. After all, without it it is not possible to fully use such benefits of civilization as a bath, shower, kitchen sink, washing machine and much more. Sewerage in a private house can be equipped different ways, which we will talk about in this article. Choosing the right system that suits your individual conditions and needs is even more important than implementing it.

What kind of sewerage system can there be - a private house with permanent and temporary residence

The option for arranging a drainage system in private homes is selected depending on several conditions:

• House with permanent or temporary residence.
• How many people permanently live in the house?
• What is the daily water consumption per person in the house (depends on the number of water consumers, such as a bathtub, shower, toilet, sink, washbasin, washing machine, etc.)
• What is the groundwater level?
• What is the size of the site, how much space can be used for treatment systems.
• What is the structure and type of soil on the site.
• Climatic conditions of the area.

You can learn more about the requirements in the relevant sections of SanPin and SNiP.

Conventionally, all sewerage systems in a private house can be divided into only two types:

• Storage systems(cesspool without bottom, sealed container for waste).
• Wastewater treatment plants(the simplest single-chamber septic tank with soil purification, a two-chamber septic tank - overflowing wells with natural purification, a two-three-chamber septic tank with a filtration field, a septic tank with a biofilter, a septic tank (aeration tank) with a constant air supply).

The most ancient method of arranging a sewer system, proven over centuries and even millennia, is a cesspool. Some 50 - 70 years ago there was no alternative to this method at all. But people did not use as much water in private homes as they do today.

A cesspool is a well without a bottom. The walls of the cesspool can be made of brick, concrete rings, concrete or other material. Soil remains at the bottom. When wastewater from a house enters a pit, more or less clean water seeps into the soil, purifying itself. Fecal matter and other solid organic waste settles to the bottom and accumulates. Over time, the well becomes filled with solid waste, and then it needs to be cleaned.

Previously, the walls of the cesspool were not made waterproof; then, when the hole was filled, they simply buried it and dug a new one in another place.

I would like to immediately note that installing a sewer system in a private house using a cesspool is possible only if the average daily volume of wastewater is less than 1 m3. In this case, soil microorganisms that live in the soil and feed on organic matter have time to process the water that penetrates the soil through the bottom of the pit. If the volume of wastewater is greater than this norm, the water does not undergo sufficient purification, penetrates into the soil and pollutes groundwater. This risks contaminating wells and other water sources within a radius of 50 m. Adding microorganisms to the cesspool somewhat reduces the unpleasant odor emanating from it, and also speeds up the process of water purification. But, nevertheless, it is not worth the risk.

Conclusion. A cesspool without a bottom can be built if the house is visited 2-3 days a week and does not consume a lot of water. In this case, the groundwater level must be at least 1 m below the bottom of the pit, otherwise contamination of the soil and water source cannot be avoided. Despite the lowest cost of arrangement, a cesspool is not popular in modern country houses and cottages.

Sealed container - storage tank

A sealed container is installed on the site near the house, into which wastewater and waste from the entire house flow through pipes. This container can be ready-made, store-bought, and made of plastic, metal or other material. Or it can be assembled independently from concrete rings, the bottom is made of concrete, and the lid is made of metal. The main condition when installing a sewer system in a private house of this type is complete tightness. Pragma corrugated pipes are suitable for sewerage.

When the container is full, it must be cleaned. To do this, a sewer truck is called, the call of which costs from 15 to 30 USD. The frequency of emptying the container, as well as the required volume, depends on the amount of waste. For example, if 4 people permanently live in a house, use a bath, shower, sink, toilet, washing machine, then the minimum volume of the storage tank should be 8 m3, it will have to be cleaned every 10 - 13 days.

Conclusion. A sealed cesspool is one of the options for installing sewerage in a private house if the groundwater level in the area is high. This will completely protect the soil and water sources from possible contamination. The disadvantage of such a sewage system is that you will often have to call a sewer truck. To do this, from the very beginning it is necessary to correctly calculate the location of the container to ensure convenient access to it. The bottom of the hole or container should not be deeper than 3 m from the soil surface, otherwise the cleaning hose will not reach the bottom. The lid of the container must be insulated to protect the pipeline from freezing. For such a sewer system in a private house, the cost depends on the material of the container. The cheapest option would be to purchase used Eurocubes, the most expensive would be concrete pouring or brick. In addition there are monthly cleaning costs.

Single-chamber septic tank - the simplest option for soil treatment

A single-chamber septic tank is not far from the cesspool; it is often called that. It is a well, the bottom of which is filled with crushed stone in a layer of at least 30 cm, and on top of coarse sand in the same layer. Wastewater flows through pipes into a well, where the water, seeping through a layer of sand, crushed stone, and then soil, is purified by 50%. Adding sand and crushed stone improves the quality of water purification and partly feces, but does not radically solve the problem.

Conclusion. Sewerage in a private house using a single-chamber septic tank is impossible when permanent residence and large volumes of waste. Only for houses with temporary residence and low groundwater levels. After some time, the crushed stone and sand will need to be completely replaced, as they will silt up.

Two-chamber septic tank - overflow settling wells

As one of economical options sewerage system, which can be installed independently, the installation of overflow settling wells and filter wells is universally popular.

This sewage system in a private house consists of two wells: one with a sealed bottom, the second without a bottom, but with powder, as in the previous method (crushed stone and sand). Wastewater from the house flows into the first well, where solid organic waste and feces sink to the bottom, fatty waste floats to the surface, and more or less clarified water is formed between them. At a height of approximately 2/3 of the first well, it is connected to the second well by an overflow pipe, located slightly at an angle so that water can flow there freely. Partially clarified water enters the second well, where it percolates through a sprinkle of crushed stone, sand and soil, purifies even more and leaves.

The first well is a settling tank, and the second is a filter well. Over time, a critical mass of feces accumulates in the first well, to remove which it is necessary to call a sewer truck. This will have to be done approximately once every 4 - 6 months. To reduce the unpleasant odor, microorganisms are added to the first well that decompose feces.

Overflow sewer in a private house: photo - example

You can make a two-chamber septic tank yourself from concrete rings, concrete or brick, or you can purchase a ready-made (plastic) one from the manufacturer. In the finished two-chamber septic tank, additional cleaning will also occur using special microorganisms.

Conclusion. It is possible to install a sewer system in a private house from two overflow wells only if the groundwater level, even during a flood, is 1 m lower from the bottom of the second well. Ideal conditions are sandy or sandy loam soil on the site. After 5 years, the crushed stone and sand in the filter well will have to be replaced.

Septic tank with filtration field - biological and soil treatment

We move on to a description of more or less serious cleaning systems that allow you not to worry about environmental pollution.

This type of septic tank is one container divided into 2 - 3 sections or several separate well containers connected by pipes. Most often, having decided to install this type of sewer system, a factory-made septic tank is purchased.

In the first container, wastewater settles, as in the previous method (settling well). Through the pipe, partially clarified water flows into a second container or section, where anaerobic bacteria decompose organic residues. Even more clarified water reaches the filtration fields.

Filtration fields are areas underground where wastewater undergoes soil treatment. Thanks to large area(about 30 m2), the water is purified by 80%. The ideal case is if the soil is sandy or sandy loam, otherwise you will have to equip an artificial filtration field made of crushed stone and sand. After passing through the filtration fields, the water is collected in pipelines and discharged into drainage ditches or wells. Trees or edible vegetables cannot be planted above the filtration fields; only a flower bed is allowed.

Over time, the fields become silted and need to be cleaned, or rather replaced with crushed stone and sand. You can imagine how much work will have to be done, and what your site will turn into after this.

Conclusion. Laying a sewer system in a private house, which requires the presence of a filtration field, is only possible if the groundwater level is below 2.5 - 3 m. Otherwise, this is quite constructive solution provided there is sufficient free space. Also, do not forget that the distance from the filtration fields to water sources and residential buildings should be more than 30 m.

Septic tank with biofilter - natural treatment station

A deep cleaning station allows for complete installation of sewerage in a private house, even if the groundwater level is very high.

A septic tank is a container divided into 3 - 4 sections. It is better to purchase it from a trusted manufacturer, after consulting with professionals about the required volume and equipment. Of course, the price for such a sewer system in a private house is not the lowest, starting from 1200 USD.

In the first chamber of the septic tank, water settles, in the second, organic matter decomposes by anaerobic microorganisms, the third chamber serves for water separation, since in the fourth, organic matter decomposes with the help of aerobic bacteria, which need a constant flow of air. To do this, a pipe is mounted above the chamber, rising 50 cm above the ground level. Aerobic bacteria are added to a filter installed on the pipe leading from the third section to the fourth. In essence, this is the filtration field - only in miniature and concentrated. Thanks to the small area of ​​water movement and the high concentration of microorganisms, the water is thoroughly purified up to 90 - 95%. This water can be safely used for technical needs - watering the garden, washing the car and much more. To do this, their fourth section is given a pipe leading either to a container for storing purified water, or to a drainage ditch or well, where it is simply absorbed into the ground.

Sewage treatment in a private house - operation diagram:

Conclusion. Septic tank with biofilter - good decision for a private home with permanent residence. Microorganisms can be added to the septic tank by simply pouring them into the toilet. There are no restrictions for using this treatment plant No. An undeniable advantage is that it does not require electricity. The only drawback- sewerage installation in a private house requires permanent residence, since without the constant flow of wastewater, bacteria die. When new strains are introduced, they begin active activity only after two weeks.

Septic tank with forced air supply - artificial treatment station

An accelerated treatment station where natural processes occur artificially. Construction of a sewer system in a private house using an aeration tank will require supplying electricity to the septic tank to connect an air pump and air distributor.

Such a septic tank consists of three chambers or separate containers connected to each other. Water enters the first chamber through sewer pipes, where it settles and solid waste precipitates. Partially clarified water from the first chamber is pumped into the second.

The second chamber is actually an aeration tank; here water is mixed with activated sludge, which consists of microorganisms and plants. All microorganisms and bacteria in activated sludge are aerobic. It is for their full functioning that forced aeration is needed.

Water mixed with sludge enters the third chamber - a settling tank for deeper cleaning. The sludge is then pumped back into the aeration tank using a special pump.

Forced air supply provides quite quick cleaning wastewater, which can then be used for technical needs.

Conclusion. An aeration tank is an expensive but necessary pleasure in some cases. The price starts from 3700 USD. There are no restrictions on the installation of such sewerage. Disadvantages are the need for electricity and permanent residence, otherwise the activated sludge bacteria die.

Water supply and sewerage of a private house - general rules

The location of sewerage facilities is subject to certain restrictions.

Septic tank should be located:

• no closer than 5 m from a residential building;
• no closer than 20 - 50 m from the water source (well, borehole, reservoir);
• no closer than 10 m from the garden.

House must be remote:

• 8 m from filter wells;
• 25 m from filter fields;
• 50 m from aeration treatment plants;
• 300 m from drainage wells or stations.

The pipes leading to the septic tank must be insulated so that they do not freeze in winter. To do this they are wrapped heat-insulating material and are inserted into asbestos-cement pipes. External sewerage distribution in a private house is carried out with pipes with a diameter of 100 - 110 mm, the slope should be 2 cm by 2 m, i.e. 2°, in practice they do a little more - 5 - 7° (with a margin). But you shouldn’t joke with this matter, since a larger slope will lead to water quickly passing through the pipes, and feces will linger and clog them, and a smaller slope will not ensure the movement of wastewater through the pipes at all. It is advisable to lay the pipes so that there are no turns or corners. For internal wiring sewer pipes 50 mm diameter is enough. If the house has more than one floor, and upper floors Baths, sinks, and a toilet are also installed, and a riser with a diameter of 200 mm is used to drain wastewater down.

If you decide that you can do the sewerage of a private house with your own hands, be sure to take into account all the restrictions of SanPin and SNiP regarding the location and design of the sewerage system. In order not to spoil relations with your neighbors, consider the location of their water sources and other buildings.

The sewerage project for a private house is extremely important; you should not try to do without it. Sewerage is not a system that tolerates approximateness. Contact design bureaus or architects, and let the professionals create a working design for you, taking into account all the characteristics of the soil, site, climate and operating conditions. It is better if this project is completed together with the project of the house itself before its construction begins. This will make installation much easier.

If you are interested in the question of how to make a sewer system in a private house at high level groundwater, then based on all of the above, these could be the following options:

• Sealed container for waste accumulation.
• Septic tank with biofilter.
• Aeration treatment station (aeration tank).

The actual work of installing a sewer system in a private house is not that difficult. It is necessary to install pipes throughout the house that will collect wastewater from different sources, connect them into a collector and run them through the foundation or under it along the ground to the septic tank. Excavation You can do it yourself, or you can hire an excavator. But choosing the right sewerage system and drawing up a project is much more important.

Sewerage in a private house: video - example