Appendix A Production planning, allowing Toyota Motor to coordinate the work of its dealers and auto parts suppliers. Coordination of the work of car makers and dealers.

Manufacturing excellence The first area that a leader can dominate, they identified as manufacturing excellence. A company with such a competitive advantage is able to conduct business so efficiently and well that this ability

"Entrepreneurship" New enterprises are opening today in record numbers. Entrepreneurs receive much greater respect and understanding from the business community than in the recent past. Many Americans hope to someday create their own

Entrepreneurship In the territories of firms like Brooklyn Brine, it's easy to find reasons to laugh. The company sells traditional pickles (I'm serious). Located in Brooklyn. And its employees use expressions like "asparagus with lavender", "stalks of garlic" and

And it is aimed at creating the most necessary products for consumers, goods, values, things and services. The results of production can be exchanged for any other good or sold at a specified value. The basis of this business can be both intellectual, spiritual and material production.

Industrial entrepreneurship is the manufacture of goods, construction work, production of printed materials, training, transportation of passengers and transportation of goods, as well as various (household, utilities, communications).

The technology of this type of activity lies in the fact that the entrepreneur first prepares the basis for his future business: he leases or acquires fixed assets (buildings, equipment), purchases working capital (materials and components), acts as an employer of labor and takes care of the acquisition of information resource.

Implies that after a cycle of certain activities, the resulting product must be sold by the business owner, either to a reseller or directly to the consumer. The main task of all business people is that, after deducting taxes, their incomes significantly exceed their expenses, and the production as a whole pays off. In addition, entrepreneurs should be interested in accelerating the process of monetary circulation, since in conditions of fierce competition, with the appearance of new similar goods and services on the market, it is especially important that the sale of products is established, and funds are invested in a timely manner.

Being one of the forms economic activity, industrial entrepreneurship is based on independent initiative activities of citizens or associations formed by them. Moreover, engaging in any law that is not prohibited by law, an entrepreneur can only under his own responsibility, relying solely on his own peril and risk, to expect profit from the business.

A novice entrepreneur, with planned development, has the opportunity to determine the direction of activity for a period in the long term (short and long) of his future business, to assess the staff, to foresee financial and material support, etc. In addition, based on the business plan, you can most fully imagine the expected efficiency of a project in a specific business sector.

Types of entrepreneurs

Commercial entrepreneurship is one of the most common in modern Russia... This type is based on transactions and operations for the purchase and sale of goods and various services. In view of the fact that a commercial entrepreneur is not a manufacturer of a product, but only acts as a distributor of it, this type of activity can be easily adapted to the most demanded needs of consumers. Profit generated from the difference between costs and revenues is often from 20-30% of profitability (and sometimes even higher).

Farming is a form which should be based on the principle of kinship (according to the Federal Law "On Farming (Peasant) Economy"). In the event of a shortage of labor, it is allowed to hire unrelated citizens, but their total number should not exceed five.

Innovative entrepreneurship is the process of innovative creation and commercial application of advanced technological innovations. It requires colossal R&D and R&D expenditures, which creates a certain amount of risk in entrepreneurship. In economics, there are three main types of such entrepreneurship:

• product innovation;
• technology innovation;
• social innovation.

Manufacturing entrepreneurship can be called the leading type of entrepreneurship. Here, the production of products, goods, works is carried out, services are rendered, certain spiritual values ​​are created. In the conditions of the transition to the market, this sphere of activity was subjected to the greatest negative impact, as a result of which economic ties collapsed, material and technical support was disrupted, sales of products fell, and the financial situation of enterprises deteriorated sharply. As a result, the development of industrial entrepreneurship in the coming years will be given the greatest attention.

Industrial entrepreneurship includes innovative, scientific and technical activities, directly the production of goods and services, their industrial consumption, as well as information activities in these areas. Any entrepreneur who intends to engage in production activities, first of all, must determine what specific goods he will produce, what types of services to provide. Then the entrepreneur starts marketing activities. To identify the need for a product, he enters into contacts with potential consumers, buyers of goods, with wholesale or wholesale and retail trade organizations. The formal conclusion of the negotiations can be a contract concluded between the entrepreneur and the future buyers of the goods. Such a contract allows you to minimize the entrepreneurial risk. Otherwise, the entrepreneur begins production activities for the release of goods, having only a verbal agreement.

In the conditions of the prevailing market relations in the West, an oral agreement usually serves as a reliable guarantee and subsequently, if necessary, can be formalized in the form of a contract or transaction. The situation in our country is much more complicated. In an emerging market environment, the reliability of a verbal agreement is very low, and the risk is significantly high.

The next stage of industrial entrepreneurship is the acquisition or lease (hiring) of factors of production.

Production factors. Factors of production include assets, labor, and information. Production assets, in turn, are subdivided into fixed and circulating assets.

The main production assets (tools) include: buildings and structures; transmission devices; power machines and equipment; working machines and equipment; measuring and control devices and devices; laboratory equipment; Computer Engineering; vehicles; tools and accessories; production equipment, other fixed assets. The main production assets buildings include buildings of production workshops, plant management, laboratories, etc.

The circulating production assets (objects of labor) are: raw materials; basic and auxiliary materials; fuel and energy resources; containers and container materials, low-value and wearing out tools and production inventory, spare parts for repair. It also includes purchased components and semi-finished products, work-in-progress and semi-finished products. self-made, future spending.

An entrepreneur hires labor through advertisements, through labor exchanges, employment agencies, and finds potential employees with the help of friends and acquaintances. When recruiting personnel, one should take into account the education of the candidate for a certain job, the level of his professional skills, experience of previous work, personal qualities.

Calculation of the need for funds. The implementation of an entrepreneurial transaction is associated with cash costs. The total need for money (D p |) for conducting production and entrepreneurial activities can be calculated using the formula

D p = D p + D m + D s + D u + D y,

where D p - the funds required to pay wage earners;

D m - cash payment for the cost of purchased raw materials, materials, semi-finished products, components, fuel, energy;

Дс - cash costs associated with the acquisition and use of funds (fixed assets) - buildings, structures, transmission devices, machines, equipment, computers, tools, Vehicle and etc.;

D and - cash payment for the information acquired by the entrepreneur;

D y - payment for services of third-party organizations and persons ( construction works, transport services, etc.).

To start production activities an entrepreneur needs to have the necessary start-up capital. If there is no such capital, then he applies to a commercial bank or to another owner of free Money for obtaining a loan. You can choose another way: to get the factors of production (premises, equipment, raw materials, materials, information, etc.) on credit. However, in any case, the entrepreneur will have to return to the lender the amount received on the loan or equal to the value of the factors of production taken on the loan plus the interest for using the loan.

Cash subsidies, as a rule, on preferential terms can and should provide an entrepreneur, especially a beginner, state structures... However, in practice, small businesses are not even allocated the funds that are included in the country's budget for these purposes.

Indirect participants in industrial and entrepreneurial activities are federal and municipal financial authorities, tax inspectorate. They perform a purely fiscal function, withdrawing taxes, compulsory payments, deductions, fines, duties, etc. from the entrepreneur to the federal and local budgets.

The effectiveness of production activities. The result of the entrepreneur's production activity is the sale of products (works, services) to the consumer and the proceeds of a certain amount of money, the difference between the monetary proceeds and production costs is the profit of the enterprise.

Distinguish between gross (balance) and residual (net) profit of the entrepreneur. Gross profit is the amount of money that remains with the entrepreneur after he has paid all the costs of production and sales of products, but before taxes. Residual (net) profit is determined by deducting taxes, deductions, various payments, fines, duties, etc. from gross profit. and represents the final result of the activities of a manufacturing entrepreneur.

The general financial assessment of the activities of such an entrepreneur is determined by the "profitability" indicator, calculated as the ratio of residual profit to total production costs. So, if the total total production costs amounted to 4.0 million, and the net profit is 0.6 million rubles, then the profitability will be 15%. For Western entrepreneurs, such profitability would be considered high, for domestic ones - minimal. Obviously in in this case the scale of production also matters.

The most complete picture of the effectiveness of a specific industrial entrepreneurial project is given by the corresponding section of the business plan.

The essence and role of entrepreneurship

In Roman law " entrepreneurship»Was considered as an occupation, business, activity, especially commercial. As a scientific term, the concept of "entrepreneur" appeared in the works of the famous English economist of the early 18th century. R. Cantillon (1680-1734). He developed the first concept of entrepreneurship, and by an entrepreneur he meant a person acting in conditions of risk, due to the fact that traders, farmers, artisans and other small owners buy goods at a certain price, and sell at an unknown one. He noted that an entrepreneur must have a certain intellect, that is, various information and knowledge. Another French economist A. Turgot believed that an entrepreneur should have not only certain information, but also capital, that capital is the basis of the entire economy, and the goal of entrepreneurial activity is profit, which is considered the basis for the development of production.

Business activities - is the organization and combination of factors of production to create material goods and services that can satisfy social needs, the ultimate goal of the implementation of which is the entrepreneur's own material interests. Entrepreneurship- this is a special type of economic activity (by which we mean expedient activity aimed at making a profit), which is based on independent initiative, responsibility and an innovative entrepreneurial idea.

Today, there is no generally accepted definition of entrepreneurship in the world. The American scientist R. Hizrich characterizes entrepreneurship as a process of creating something new that has value, and an entrepreneur as a person who spends all the necessary time and effort on this, invests capital and at the same time takes on all the financial, psychological and social risk ... The reward for achieving success is the profit obtained as a result of entrepreneurial activity and the sense of satisfaction that an entrepreneur experiences from engaging in free enterprise. But along with this, he must assume the entire risk of losses in the event of bankruptcy of his enterprise.

Basic conditions for the existence of entrepreneurial activity:

1. availability of market space;
2. developed commodity-money relations;
3. relative isolation and economic freedom of the entrepreneur.

Businessman Is not only a profession, but also a certain qualitative characteristic a person with his inclinations, habits, intelligence, education. V modern conditions an entrepreneur must be armed with knowledge of many branches of science and practice, must be an intellectual. However, knowledge of economics is completely insufficient to become an entrepreneur. Of course, they become entrepreneurs. At the same time, in a sense, entrepreneurs are born. Therefore, only the combination of certain character traits with the knowledge gained can give the desired effect.

Entrepreneurship requires fixed assets: land, buildings, premises, machines, equipment. They are needed not only directly for production, but also for storage, transportation, sale of products, for business management. Today it is impossible to conduct any serious business without office premises equipped with communication facilities, office equipment, and computers. To do business, you need and consumable working capital, material resources: raw materials, materials, energy.

Needed for business and money capital, and not only the initial one. Moreover, money for business purposes is not needed by itself, physical capital is needed: fixed and circulating assets.

TO factors of entrepreneurship information resources should also be attributed, without which it is unthinkable efficient business... The concept of "information resources", or rather, "scientific and information" resources, includes knowledge about the subject and methods of doing business, data on analogue products, projects, technologies, that is, information of a very different nature, without which the business is simply unrealizable ...

Three leading actors are involved in the implementation of the business: the entrepreneur himself; those who supply him with the resources of entrepreneurial activity in the form of factors of entrepreneurship, that is, the owners of these factors; persons who purchase a product of entrepreneurship in the form of goods and services, that is, buyers.

The result of entrepreneurship is that a businessman doing business manages, with a certain profit for himself, to satisfy the needs of a particular circle of consumers in goods, services, selling them the goods G and getting money in return M from buyers of the goods. The end product of entrepreneurial activity, sold as a commodity, is diverse. I. Schumpeter (1883-1950) in his work "Theory economic development”Draws attention to the fact that an entrepreneur is a businessman who does not do what others do, and not like others do.

FUNCTIONS OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP

In a developed market economy, entrepreneurship as an integrated set of entrepreneurial organizations (companies, firms), individual entrepreneurs, as well as complex associations of entrepreneurial organizations performs the following functions.

The determining factor in a developed market economy is general economic function, which is objectively determined by the role of entrepreneurial organizations and individual entrepreneurs as subjects of markets. Entrepreneurial activity is aimed at the production of goods (performance of work, provision of services) and their delivery to specific consumers: households, other entrepreneurs, the state, which primarily predetermines the general economic function.

The most important function of entrepreneurship is resource. Entrepreneurship development involves efficient use both reproducible and limited resources, and resources should be understood as all material and non-material conditions and factors of production. First of all, these are labor resources (in the broad sense of the word), land and Natural resources, all means of production and scientific achievements, as well as entrepreneurial talent.

Creative search, an innovative function associated not only with the use of new ideas in the business process, but also with the development of new means and factors to achieve the set goals. The creative function of entrepreneurship is closely related to all other functions and is determined by the level of economic freedom of business entities, the conditions for making managerial decisions.

In the making market economy entrepreneurship acquires social a function that is expressed in the ability of each capable individual to be the owner of the business, with the greatest return to show their individual talents and capabilities.

Organizational the function of entrepreneurship is manifested in the acceptance by entrepreneurs independent decision about organizing your own business, diversifying it, introducing intra-firm entrepreneurship, forming entrepreneurial management, creating complex entrepreneurial structures, changing the strategy of an entrepreneurial firm, etc. The organizational function is especially clearly expressed in the rapid development of small and medium-sized businesses.

Types of entrepreneurship:

Industrial entrepreneurship

Some entrepreneurs choose the creation of a material product as the basis for meeting the needs of society as the sphere of application of their abilities. Since one of the main industries where a material product is created is industry, this type of entrepreneurship is usually called industrial, although it also covers other industries (construction, Agriculture etc.).

Industrial entrepreneurship solves the following main tasks:

creates a material product that is able to satisfy the basic needs of people (consumer goods) and serves as capital for all spheres of entrepreneurship (means of production);

implements the main scientific and technical ideas, laying the foundation for the economic progress of society as a whole. Specialization in this type of entrepreneurship allows you to reduce that part of the turnover time that is associated with the creation of a product. It consists of the time spent on the acquired means of production in the form of production stocks, the actual creation of the product, organizational and technological breaks. Reducing the time of production itself and technological breaks (drying of the painted one, cooling the heated one, heating the cold one, etc.) depends on the degree of implementation in the production of new technical and technological solutions. The time of organizational breaks (lunch, absence of a third shift, disruptions in the supply of raw materials, etc.) are determined by the quality of implementation of the organizational function of entrepreneurship. However, here it should be noted, in particular, the need for a balanced approach to solving the issue of introducing night shift... Although this is a positive effect from the point of view of reducing turnaround time, social losses (negative attitudes towards night shifts of workers, reduced attentiveness and quality of work at night, etc.) may turn out to be higher.

It is necessary to especially consider the time spent by means of production in inventories. The ideal case is “working from the wheels”, when the raw materials are not even stored, but immediately go into production. But this is possible only with a high degree of reliability of suppliers, transport links, etc. After all, a small delay in deliveries can cause production interruption and huge losses. Therefore, the reduction in the time spent on the means of production in inventories is largely determined by the level of perfection of another type of entrepreneurship - commercial

There are simpler types of entrepreneurial activity that require a minimum set of knowledge and small investments, for example, commercial or consulting. Along with them, there are more complex types of business operating in the industrial, financial or insurance environment. Also, entrepreneurship can be individual and joint, public and private.

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Classification of entrepreneurship by type of activity

Key classification criterion commercial activities businessmen is a kind of occupation.

It is customary to distinguish the following types of entrepreneurship:

• based on production activities;
• based on activities related to finance;
• based on trading activities;
• built on the provision of intermediary services;
• based on the provision of advisory assistance;
• related to insurance.

This classification is based on the principle that each business is associated to a greater extent with a certain stage of the production cycle. For example, someone manufactures a product and another distributes it. From the presented list of classification there is an item that appeared in Russia and the world quite recently - this is consulting.

Entrepreneurship and examples of its main types

Manufacturing entrepreneurship

This type of business is basic and most important for the economy of any country. Here things, values, goods and many other useful products are created that can be sold or exchanged on the market. The production of material and intellectual goods is the basis of this type of entrepreneurial activity.

Manufacturing business is:

• creation of industrial and agricultural products;
• construction operations;
• transportation of passengers;
• transportation of goods;
• provision of communication services;
• utility and household services;
• information production;
• education;
• printing, etc.

Building bussiness Private school Production of agricultural products Dairy production

Stages of industrial entrepreneurship:

1. Market research and analysis.
2. Purchase or lease of fixed assets (premises and equipment).
3. Purchase of working capital (materials, raw materials and components).
4. Hiring labor.
5. Organization of management.
6. Organization of the production process.

The finished product can be sold to the end consumer directly by the entrepreneur himself or through an intermediary. The main task of a businessman is to build a business in such a way that capital investments pay off as quickly as possible and the main commercial goal of the project is achieved.

The brake on the development of this type of entrepreneurship in Russia is:

• the risk of not selling the finished product;
• high taxes and fees;
• inaccessibility of many resources;
• high tariffs for energy resources;
• availability of alternative and less risky sources of income;
• high competition from foreign manufacturers (both in price and quality);
• low qualifications of future businessmen, etc.

To prevent the risk of not selling a product / service, an entrepreneur must establish sales channels. It is advisable to conclude contracts for the sale of products with regular partners and / or organize your own retail network.

Commercial entrepreneurship

Characteristics of commercial entrepreneurship:

• field of activity - trade enterprises and commodity exchanges;
• based on operations and transactions for the purchase / sale of various products;
• for commercial production, not material resources are acquired, which is characteristic of the production type, but finished goods, for its sale to consumers;
• mobility and flexibility in relation to customer needs;
• for the development of trade entrepreneurship, two key conditions must be met: a stable demand for the products sold and a low purchase price.

This business area actively attracts individual entrepreneurs. To a greater extent, this is due to the fact that in trading you can count on quick returns. Also, in this industry, minimum requirements are imposed on entrepreneurs, they do not require special knowledge and large capital investments.

This video highlights five hot 2019 retail ideas for small businesses. Filmed by channel: "HelloBoss".

Today, along with small and medium-sized businesses, large trading enterprises are increasingly being established. They are mainly focused on the organization of wholesale and retail sales in branded retail outlets throughout Russia.

The prominent representatives of large retail chains are:

• El Dorado;
• M Video;
• Media Markt;
• Penny;
• Pyaterochka;
• Magnet;
• Crossroads, etc.

Many owners of such networks were included in the list of the richest people in the Russian Federation. The profitability of a business in trade on average varies in the range from 20 to 30 percent, and in production - 10-15 percent.

A commodity exchange is a kind of a wholesale food market, which does not provide for preliminary examination by buyers of samples of consignments of goods. Here commercial intermediaries and their representatives work jointly and on a voluntary basis, where trading operations are carried out according to the established rules.

Most often they can be found when selling the following products:

• grain in assortment;
• textile raw materials;
• coal;
• oil;
• metals;
• animals and meat;
• forest, etc.

Globally, these sites account for approximately 20 percent of international trade. There are about 150 trading exchanges in Russia.

The most famous commodity exchanges:

• London - sale of non-ferrous metals;
• Liverpool - sale of cotton;
• New York - selling coffee, cocoa and sugar;
• Singaporean - sale of rubber.

Key functions of commodity exchanges:

• assistance in the conclusion of commercial transactions;
• assistance in resolving trade disputes;
• regulation and control of commodity trade;
• systematization and provision of information on prices and other factors affecting prices.

Stages of organizing commercial activities:

1. Hiring employees who will perform such trade and intermediary services as the purchase of goods, their transportation, sale, marketing promotion, paperwork.
2. Selection of premises for the organization point of sale and a warehouse, and the conclusion of a lease agreement or registration of a transaction for the sale and purchase of a real estate object.
3. Purchase of products for sale.
4. Attraction of borrowed funds to finance the transaction.
5. Receiving services from third-party organizations performing intermediary functions and paying for them.
6. Search for information for planning, regulation and execution of the transaction.
7. Sales of products to customers.
8. Earning income.
9. Paying taxes and making other payments to federal and municipal financial authorities.
10. Return of borrowed capital and repayment of interest for its use.

In order for the trade entrepreneurship to bring the expected income, it is important to know for sure that there is a demand for the product offered for sale in the local market. To study the needs of consumers, their satisfaction, the level of competition, etc., it is necessary to conduct a professional marketing research.

Financial entrepreneurship

The financial component is present in both industrial and commercial business, but at the same time it can be completely independent. For example, banking or insurance activities.

Characteristics of financial entrepreneurship:

• field of activity - circulation and exchange of values;
• the average rate of return is 5-10 percent;
• the main field of activity is stock exchanges, credit institutions.

The following are circulating on the financial market:

• short-term, medium-term and long-term loans / borrowings;
• short-term, medium-term and long-term deposits;
• currency;
• securities.

Medium and long-term products are sold and bought on the capital market, while short-term products are sold on the money market.

Of a kind financial entrepreneurship is a subspecies of commercial, since it involves the sale and purchase of money, currency and securities. Here, one money is exchanged for another in direct or indirect form. Organization approach financial enterprise similar to that described for the commercial. The main difference lies in the object of sale. A businessman who wants to operate in this market needs to start by conducting a thorough analysis of the monetary and financial markets and marketing research.

Financial business forms:

1. Issue of securities into circulation. These can be stocks or bonds, as well as credit tickets.
2. Purchase of securities by an entrepreneur for the purpose of their subsequent resale at a favorable rate.
3. The deal is active. It involves the urgent and indefinite placement of their assets, as well as the return of securities or money for safekeeping.
4. Commodity versus futures trade. The futures contract is passed from the buyer to the seller in exchange for title to the actual product.
5. Arbitration deal. It is the simultaneous purchase and sale of securities in order to profit from the difference in rates through exchange centers.
6. The transaction is banknote. Here, cash is sold for non-cash, while a small commission is charged as a payment for the operation.
7. Other transactions. This form of business includes an exchange transaction, as well as exchange cash, closing, contact and credit.

Business in a financial and credit environment requires special knowledge and experience from an entrepreneur. Otherwise, it will be extremely difficult to succeed. This is one of the most complex species entrepreneurship in the world, the historical roots of which come from usury.

The entrepreneurial activity of financial market participants is regulated by general and special legislative acts, as well as regulations The Central Bank of the Russian Federation and the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation.

Advisory entrepreneurship

Advisory entrepreneurship belongs to the tertiary sector of the economy, which has been actively developing all over the world over the past two decades.

Consulting involves the provision on a commercial basis professional advice and assistance on narrow issues of enterprise management (for example, personnel, finance, promotion). In addition to consultation, the client receives assistance in identifying and assessing the problem, as well as recommendations for its solution.

The services of consulting companies are mainly used by:

• small businesses;
• medium-sized enterprises;
• large enterprises.

Range consulting services very diverse, there are 84 types of operations in total.

Small and medium-sized businesses are more often interested in consulting in the field of:

• audit;
• marketing;
• taxation;
• accounting;
• jurisprudence.

Large business is mainly interested in the following questions:

• company development strategy;
• optimization organizational structure management;
• financial management;
• promotion;
• application of information technology.

Counseling methods:

1. Expert. This is a passive method of consulting, where a specialist independently conducts diagnostics, develops solutions and recommendations for their application. The client will be required to provide the consultant with the necessary information.
2. Process. Here, consultants interact with the customer at every stage of project development.
3. Educational. The goal of the consulting firm's specialists is to educate the client, who will subsequently be able to independently develop solutions to emerging problems. Training is carried out with the help of lectures, seminars, teaching aids.

There are only a few hundred consulting companies operating in the Russian Federation today. At the same time, for example, in Holland there are more than 2000 of them.

Briefly, the process of implementing a consulting project is as follows:

1. An application is received from the client.
2. Contact is established with the customer.
3. It turns out input information from a client on a question of interest.
4. The situation, trends and essence of the problem are determined.
5. A proposal is being developed to solve the problem.
6. A work schedule is being formed.
7. Legal documents are being processed.
8. A report, recommendations or plan of organizational measures is formed.

Intermediary entrepreneurship

Business in the intermediary sphere does not imply the production and sale of products. The entrepreneur acts as a liaison in the exchange of goods, money or in commodity-money transactions.

An intermediary can be a legal entity or an individual.

Types of intermediary business:

• wholesale supply and sales companies;
• brokers;
• dealers;
• distributors;
• exchanges;
• credit organizations.

Insurance business

The essence of insurance business is that a businessman, within the framework of the law and a contract concluded with the client, guarantees the insured compensation for harm.

This harm can be obtained under certain circumstances and is associated with loss or damage to:

• property;
• health;
• values;
• life, etc.

After the conclusion of the insurance contract, the client pays a fee. A businessman receives income, which is the difference between all insurance payments made and all payments for insured events for the period.

The insurance business is high-risk and highly competitive.

The main types of risk of insurance companies:

1. Market risk. It is associated with the likelihood of possible losses or non-receipt of the planned profit as a result of unfavorable changes in market prices.
2. Liquidity risk. The danger for the company is the lack of market liquidity.
3. Credit risk. Losses due to improper performance of obligations by the other party to a financial transaction.
4. Operational risk. It can be caused by errors in the management system of the company during trading operations.

Classification of entrepreneurship by forms

Entrepreneurship can be classified in terms of the number of owners and types of property.

Forms of entrepreneurship by the number of owners

Depending on how many people own the company, the following forms of entrepreneurial activity are distinguished:

• individual;
• collective;
• corporate.

Individual entrepreneurship

This is the primary and most simple form any business. Individual entrepreneurship provides for a situation when the property of the company belongs to only one person. This form of business does not have the status of a legal entity.

Key benefits of individual entrepreneurship:

• complete independence;
• efficiency and freedom in management;
• flexibility and sensitivity to demand;
• the opportunity to start a business with a small start-up capital;
• preferential taxation.

Most often, enterprises of this type are created in the field of trade. A businessman can hire staff, but in a limited number, no more than twenty people.

Collective entrepreneurship

Collective entrepreneurship provides for a situation where the property of a firm is owned by two or more people. The share of each participant depends on their material contribution to the common cause. If shares are allocated in the constituent documents, then this property is called shared. Joint ownership arises in a situation where the shares of each participant are not determined.

Collective ownership implies joint decision-making, ownership, disposal and use of the firm's property.

The established forms of collective business activity in the world:

• business companies;
• business partnerships;
• joint stock companies.

The Russian Civil Code describes the legal status of each organizational form.

Joint entrepreneurship today takes dominant position in large and small businesses.

Corporate entrepreneurship

V modern world more and more often, enterprises of different organizational forms unite to protect joint commercial interests. They coordinate their work, which leads to an increase in the efficiency of the common cause. At the same time, cooperating firms do not lose their independence and legal status, and relations are built on a contractual basis.

Types of corporate entrepreneurship:

1. Concerns. This is the interaction of enterprises for joint activities based on voluntary centralization. They can perform scientific and technical, production, social, financial, environmental and foreign economic functions. Concerns can be both diversified and diversified, not involving attachment to a specific type of economic activity.
2. Business associations. They are also called foundations or unions. The Association is a contractual association of enterprises and organizations with the aim of jointly carrying out one / several functions of a production and economic nature. This format of activity imposes on the participants less stringent restrictions than those suggested by the concern.
3. Consortia. They are created for a while, until the task for which the enterprises were united is solved, and after that the union ceases to function. Often they are created for the implementation of the state program by the efforts of several companies. different shapes property. The consortium also makes it possible to jointly place loans, carry out large financial or commercial transactions, carry out large industrial or other construction.
4. Interindustry and regional unions. They are formed on the basis of enterprises of various departments and producing homogeneous products. They are united by cooperative or scientific and technical ties.

Forms of entrepreneurship by type of ownership

Depending on what form of ownership is observed in the company, the following forms of entrepreneurial activity are distinguished:

• private;
• state;
• municipal.

Private enterprise

Private business allows you to carry out economic activity on behalf of:

• enterprise (legal entity);
• entrepreneur (individual).

The activity of this form of entrepreneurship is aimed at extracting material benefits. A private business is organized with the personal funds of one businessman or their group.

State entrepreneurship

State entrepreneurship allows you to carry out economic activity on behalf of a company established:

1. Government authorities. Special structures manage the property of the country within the framework of the current legislation. Such an enterprise is called state-owned.
2. Local governments. In this case, the company will be called municipal.

Features of state entrepreneurship:

• the property of the enterprise is part of the property of the state or municipality;
• the company is responsible for its obligations with the property that is in their ownership;
• the enterprise is not liable for the country's obligations.

In countries with a capitalist system, this type of entrepreneurial activity occupies those niches that have a strategically important role for it. For example, the extraction and processing of minerals, the manufacture of weapons, aircraft, etc. Also, the state is building a business in areas that require serious investment, with a long return on investment and low profitability.