Zhloba Dmitry Petrovich, active participant Civil War. Member CPSU since 1917. In the Soviet Union. Army since 1918. Graduated from Moscow. aviation school with a military specialty. mechanic (1917). In the Revolution of 1905-07 he was a member of the workers’ fighting squad in Nikolaev. In May 1916, for participating in the Gorlovsko-Shcherbinovskaya strike, he was arrested and sent to the army. Junior non-commissioned officer. Being a member of Moscow. Council, in the days of Oct. armed uprising of 1917 led by the Red Guard. detachment fought against the cadets entrenched in the Kremlin. At the end of 1917, a military man was sent. Commissioner to the Donbass, created a Red Guard from the miners. detachment, with the Crimea participated in the liberation of Donbass, Kyiv, Rostov. From May 1918 he commanded a regiment, then a brigade and the Steel Division in the North. Caucasus. Important in the fight against counter-revolution in the South had an 800-km march Steel Division from the village of Nevinnomysskaya to Tsaritsyn and its impact on October 15. 1918 to the rear of Krasnov’s White Cossacks. In 1919 J. commanded the Special Partisan. detachment and group of troops of the Caspian Caucasus. front near Astrakhan, Cav. brigade, region as part of the con. Corps B. M. Dumenko participated in the liberation of Novocherkassk. From Feb. 1920 commanded the 1st Cavalry Corps and Cavalry. group that fought against Denikin’s and Wrangel’s troops. In March 1921, the 18th Cav. The division under the command of Zh., in difficult conditions, overcame the Goderz Pass and liberated Batumi from the tour. occupiers. Since 1922, housing has been owned. and owls work in the North Caucasus. Awarded 2 Orders of the Red Banner: the first - for skillful leadership of units of the 1st Cavalry Corps and personal courage, the second - for military distinction, demonstrated. in the struggle for the establishment of the Soviet Union. authorities in Georgia. For bravery and courage he was awarded a golden weapon.
Materials from the Soviet Military Encyclopedia in 8 volumes, volume 3 were used.
Literature:
Saenko Ya. D. Dmitry Zhloba. Ed. 2nd. Krasnodar, 1974.
To the south of the Chernigov possessions lay another part of the land of the Northerners - the Principality of Pereyaslavl, located on the border with the Polovtsian steppe. The Pereyaslavl land in those days was called Ukrainian. It is known that according to the division of Yaroslav, this land, together with the remote Rostov-Suzdal region, went to his third son Vsevolod, whose offspring it was approved at the Lyubetsk Congress. With the reign of Monomakh's house on the Kiev table, the fate of Pereyaslavl became even more closely connected with the fate of Kyiv, and, like Turov Polesie, Pereyaslavl Ukraine for some time constituted only a specific region Kyiv princes. Pereyaslavl was, as it were, the second table after Kyiv in the Monomakh family, and from here the princes often moved to the great Kiev table. Such movements and changes from hand to hand prevented the Pereyaslavl land from becoming isolated and getting its own separate dynasty. This region, even less than the Turov region, could be isolated in its own way. geographical location, that is, due to the close proximity to the Polovtsian hordes: she could not defend herself on her own, and the defense of this Ukraine was the constant concern of the Grand Dukes of Kyiv. They tried to keep the bravest among their close relatives on the Pereyaslav table.
Around the half of the 12th century, while the senior line of the Monomakhovichs reigned in Volyn and Smolensk, the younger line, that is, Yuri Dolgoruky with his offspring, established itself in the Pereyaslav inheritance. Thus, this inheritance again found itself in the same hands as the distant Rostov-Suzdal table, but with a clear predominance of the latter. Yuri gave Pereyaslavl to his son Gleb; and when the Suzdalians took Kyiv, Andrei Bogolyubsky, as you know, transferred his younger brother Gleb to the Kiev table. Pereyaslavl passed to Gleb's son, young Vladimir. Having matured, Vladimir became one of the most daring princes of his time and distinguished himself by feats of arms in the fight against the Polovtsians. This is the same Vladimir Glebovich who, after the defeat of the Seversky princes on the banks of Kayala, with his courageous defense saved Pereyaslavl, besieged by Konchak and other khans in 1186. In a desperate sortie, he received many wounds; but already in next year we meet him in the united militia that went against the Polovtsians. Vladimir, as usual, asked the senior princes, Svyatoslav and Rurik, to “ride in front with the Black Cowl,” that is, to lead the vanguard of the Tork cavalry. On the way back he fell ill and died. He was brought to Pereyaslavl and buried in the cathedral church of St. Mikhail. For his generosity and courage he was loved by his squad and people; According to the chronicler, “Ukraine” cried a lot about him. The Pereyaslav table at this time was dependent on the strong Suzdal prince Vsevolod III, who was Vladimir Glebovich’s uncle. For some time, Vsevolod held the Pereyaslav region with one of his sons (Yaroslav). But from 1207 it again began to change hands, especially after the death of Vsevolod III, when the struggle for Kyiv between the Monomakhovichs and Olgovichs resumed in the south.
The Pereyaslavl land was limited to the north by Semi and Ostrom, to the west by the lower reaches of the Desna and the left bank of the Dnieper approximately to the mouth of the Sula; and from here its borders ran along the Khorol, a tributary of the Psel, crossed the Psel and the Vorskla and approximately extended to the upper Donets. From this side, i.e. in the south and east, they merged with the steppe, from which they were slightly separated by lines of earthen ramparts, long since built by Russia for protection from nomads. The chronicle news of a similar rampart, called Sholomya and running along the Khorolu River, is found in Konchakov’s description of the invasion in 1184. The surface of the Pereyaslavl land is a flat and even low-lying strip, only slightly elevated and wavy in its eastern part. Almost all the rivers of this strip, together with their tributaries, head to the Dnieper and for the most part have a quiet flow with banks overgrown with reeds, meadow grasses and deciduous groves (Trubezh, Supoy, Sula, Psel and Vorskla). Between the river valleys lie layers of rich black soil, which, in a very moderate climate, makes this region very fertile. Agriculture, gardening and cattle breeding could flourish here to a high degree, if not for the Ukrainian location of the region. The constant danger from predatory nomads did not favor development Agriculture and forced the inhabitants to seek refuge inside the ramparts and walls. From here we see in the Pereyaslavl land a very significant number of cities compared to its rather sparse population. Already Vladimir the Great, to protect himself from the Pechenegs, built new cities along the Desna, Trubezh and Sula. The construction of fortified places continued under his successors, especially with the advent of the Polovtsian hordes. At first, the Polovtsians greatly pressed and devastated the southern Russian Ukraine; but over time, Rus', in turn, again began to gain the upper hand over the nomads and gradually moved its fortified lines to the south, i.e. towns connected to each other by ramparts, palisades, fences, outposts; for which they used steep river banks, ravines, burial mounds, forest wilds and other local conditions.
The princes tried to recruit military men from everywhere to the Ukrainian cities; residents were transferred here from other Russian regions, especially prisoners taken in internecine wars; Captured Poles were also settled there. Consequently, the population of this strip was quite mixed. In addition to the Russian guard squads, as is known, horse-drawn torks, or berendei, served for defense against nomads. They were settled not only on the Kyiv side of the Dnieper, on Porosye, but also on Pereyaslavl. Some of them were found even in the Chernigov region under the name of Kouevs. Yaroslav Vsevolodovich Chernigovsky, as we know, gave several thousand of this cavalry to Igor Svyatoslavich for his famous campaign against the Polovtsians. It is not known exactly where the Chernigov torches were placed, probably in the strip between Semi and Ostro, i.e. behind the Oster fortified line. In the same way, we cannot indicate the places of settlements of the Pereyaslav Torki with the same certainty with which they spoke about the Kyiv Torki, or Black Klobuki. Based on some signs, we only believe that the Pereyaslav Torki, once called Turpei in the chronicle, were settled on Posul, i.e. on both sides of the Sula River, mainly in the corner formed by the Dnieper and Sula, therefore, near the main fortified line of the Pereyaslav Principality. IN war time families and herds of these semi-nomadic peoples took refuge behind the ramparts of the Russian towns of Posulya, such as: Baruch, Bronknyazh, Serebryany, Polkosten, Popash, Vyahan, Lukoml, Romen (aka Romov), Lubno, Zhelny, etc. The last three, like most of the Posuls cities, lay on the right, more elevated bank of the Sula: Romen on its upper reaches, Lubno on the middle, and Zhelny not far from the mouth. Monomakh's son Yaropolk, when he was the prince of Pereyaslavl, built or re-fortified the city of Zhelny and populated it with captured Druchans, therefore, Krivichi from the Polotsk land. Between the cities that extended further into the steppe beyond the Khorol and Psel rivers to the banks of the Vorskla, Ltava is known from the chronicle, in which the later Poltava is seen.
Inside the Postal Line, i.e. in the northwestern part of the Pereyaslavl land, the following are known: Priluk and Perevoloka, both on the upper Uday, a tributary of the Sula on the left side, Nezhatin - somewhere on the Sula or Trubezh, Sakov - on the left bank of the Dnieper and, finally, the capital city of Pereyaslavl itself. Russian. It is located on a flat, low-lying area in the corner formed by the confluence of the Trubezh with the small but historical tributary Altoya, several miles from the confluence of the Trubezh and the Dnieper. Along with Kiev and Chernigov, Pereyaslavl was the most important trading city Ancient Rus'; his merchants traveled along the Dnieper and the Black Sea to Tsaryrad; as is clearly evidenced by trade agreements with the Greeks. Trubezh itself, now an insignificant river overgrown with reeds, was once a navigable river. The Kremlin, or inner city, of Pereyaslavl occupied the top of the aforementioned corner; the outer city was adjacent to its base. And behind the walls of the latter and across the district there were scattered suburbs with gardens and vegetable gardens; they were also protected by several lines of ramparts. Together with numerous mounds, these ramparts, resting on the Dnieper, remind of the past significance of the city. The prosperity of Pereyaslavl was also revealed in the era when Vladimir Monomakh reigned here. The then well-known tonsure of the Kiev-Pechersk Monastery, Ephraim the Skopets, who was appointed bishop of Pereyaslavl and in some chronicles called metropolitan, became especially famous for his construction activities. He completed the cathedral church of St. Mikhail; laid the stone city wall and over its gates he built the Church of St. Theodora; This is probably the gate that is called “Bishop’s” in the chronicles. He erected several more stone churches and that bathhouse structure, which “had never existed in Rus' before.”
These buildings, however, were not always distinguished by their strength, probably due to the lack of experience of the native workers, who were accustomed to building everything from wood. So, St. Michael's Cathedral, about thirty years after its completion, collapsed; but then it was renewed. Vladimir Monomakh himself also made several remarkable buildings in Pereyaslavl. In 1098, he founded a stone church in the name of the Dormition of the Virgin Mary; it was a court church, located in the courtyard of the prince's tower. Probably, near it there were those city gates that were called Princes; and the gate facing the field was called “Kuznechikh”. When Vladimir Monomakh sat on the great Kiev table, he did not forget his native Pereyaslavl and, as is known, built a stone temple in the name of Boris and Gleb on the bank of the Alta, about three miles from the city, at the very site of Boris’s murder or not far from it. His Red Court was probably located here too. In addition, Pereyaslavl monasteries are known from the chronicle: firstly, St. John, in the city itself; the unfortunate Igor Olegovich was imprisoned in the log of this monastery; and outside the city there were the monasteries of the Nativity and St. Savva; Boris and Gleb Church, apparently, also had a monastery. Although the country monasteries were located within a space protected by the lines of ramparts from the raids of nomads; but these shafts did not always turn out to be reliable protection, especially during princely civil strife, when the Polovtsians appeared within Russian borders as allies of any side. This is exactly what happened in 1154 during the struggle for Kyiv between Rostislav Mstislavich and Izyaslav Davidovich: the Polovtsians, allies of David, burned villages and monasteries around Pereyaslavl; Moreover, the beautiful Boris and Gleb Church, the building of Vladimir Monomakh, also burned down.
Of the Pereyaslavl cities, we will also mention Ostersky Gorodets, whose fate is quite curious. It was located on the left bank of the Ostra, near its confluence with the Desna, and gained particular fame during the struggle of Izyaslav II with Yuri Dolgoruky; since it served as Yuri’s main stronghold in his enterprises against Kyiv. Here he took refuge in case of failures on right side Dnieper; here he was close to his allies, the princes of Chernigov-Seversky; and if necessary, he could easily go from here to his Suzdal volost. After the famous defeat on Ruta, Yuri was besieged in Gorodets by his lucky rival, with whom the Chernigov-Seversk squads also united this time. Izyaslav demanded that Yuri be content with Suzdal and abandon the Pereyaslav region. Not receiving help from anywhere, Yuri resigned himself and swore an oath to fulfill the required conditions. However, when leaving, he left his son Gleb in Gorodets with the obvious intention of returning to Southern Rus' as soon as he gathered new strength. Then Izyaslav II in the next 1152, together with the Prince of Chernigov, again came to Gorodets and put it to flames. At the same time, the cathedral St. Michael's Church also burned down; it was built of stone, and its top was “cut” of wood. For more than forty years Gorodets was desolate. Finally, Yuri's son Vsevolod Bolshoye. Nest in 1195 sent his tiun Gyurya with the required number of people, who restored the walls and temples of Oster Gorodets.
The manuals for reviewing the Pereyaslavl land are the same as those given above. I will also point out “Notes on the Poltava Province.” Lease. Part III. Poltava. 1852. Monograph by V. Lyaskoronsky “History of the Pereyaslavl land from other times to the half of the 13th century.” Kyiv. 1897. In addition, Maksimovich “About the city of Pereyaslavl” (Kievlanin. III. M. 1850) and Lyaskoronsky “Remains of the ancient Lukoml settlement” (Kyiv. Starina. 1893. September). See also the description of the Ostersky Castle in 1652. (Archive of South-West Russia. Part VII, vol. I. 592). The Old Oster settlement is mentioned here. Storozhenka "Essays on Pereyaslavl antiquity." Kyiv. 1900. Prof. Zavitnevich "Did the Slavic tribe Sulichi exist?" (Proceedings of the VII Architectural Congress. T. I. M. 1890).
Regarding the “bath building” built in Pereyaslavl by Bishop Ephraim, above I cited Karamzin’s opinion that it was a baptismal building at the cathedral church. I will also draw attention to the literal interpretation of this passage in the chronicle of Kyiv. prof. Ternovsky, who by bathhouse means public stone baths, or baths, built in the image of Byzantine ones; it is known that Ephraim stayed in Constantinople for a long time. This innovation did not take root in Rus'; it did not correspond to the habits of the people in a country where, with an abundance of forest material, almost every family had its own bathhouse at its home. "The study of Byzantine history and its tendentious application in Ancient Rus'" Ternovsky. Issue, I. Kyiv. 1875.
