Н-НН in adverbs, adjectives and participles, full and short
1. With one letter n are written:
1. Adjectives with a non-derivative base: red, young, blue. There is no suffix in such adjectives. Letter n is part of the root.
2. Denominate adjectives with suffix -n: winter n th(from: winter), years n th(from: summer).
3. Denominate adjectives with suffixes -an, -yan: sandy, silver (adj. meaning “name of material, substance”), and -in: mouse, passerine (adj. meaning “accessories”).
Exception:
wooden, tin, glass write with two letters NN.
4. Verbal adjectives, if there is no prefix and explanatory word: heat fresh meat .
Exception:
Write with two letters NN words from the list:
given, arrogant, abandoned, desired, bought, seen, made, cutesied, captivated, deprived, sacred, read, desperate, minted, cursed, unheard of, unseen, unexpected, unforeseen
Do not confuse:
The list of exceptions does not include words uninvited, uninvited, named, which are consistent with the data above. Write them according to the rule: unsolicited advice, uninvited guest ,sworn brother.
5. Short adjectives in the masculine singular form: advice is valuable - (m.r.), as well as short adjectives in all other forms if they are formed from full adjectives with one letter n: red girl (from the full form with one letter n: red), the sun is red, the girls are red.
6. Adverbs on -O And -e formed from adjectives with one letter n: windy, neat.
2. With two letters NN are written:
1. Denominate adjectives with suffix -n, if the root of the noun ends in a letter n:autumn, spring, sleepy.
2. Denominate adjectives with the suffixes -enn, -onn: letter, portion.
Exception:
flighty man, windmill , chicken pox, But windless day,leeward side.
3. Verbal adjectives with suffix -nn : korcheva nn y plot, Brakova nnth thing.
Figure out how the word is formed: defective ← reject + NN .
Suffix -nn write in verbal adjectives formed from a generating stem with suffixes: - Eve//-ova,-Eve: uprooted←uproot, formed←form.
It’s easier to remember this way: adjectives on Eve+nn + th,ova +nn +y, eva +nn+ y.
4. Adjectives-exceptions from clauses:
1.3.Exception: wood, tin, glass write with two letters - NN .
1.4.Exception: the, swaggering, abandoned, desired, bought, seen, made, cutesy, captive, deprived, sacred, read, desperate, embossed, damned, unheard of, unprecedented, inadvertent, unexpected.
5. Passive past participles, if there are prefixes or explanatory words: a written essay, mittens knitted (by whom?) by grandmother, as well as participles and verbal adjectives formed from perfective verbs without prefixes: bought, abandoned, given (the latter are included in the list words to remember in paragraph 5 along with other examples).
6. Short adjectives formed from the full form with two letters NN(except for the form m.r. singular, in which there is always one letter n): night without moon n a, adviсe prices.
7. Adverbs on -O And -e, formed from adjectives with two letters NN: sincerely, thoughtfully, calmly.
So, in order not to make mistakes in the exam, you need to know all the points. Be sure to include examples, because examples are samples that help you act by analogy.
Do not forget about the exceptions in paragraphs: 1.3., 1.4., 2.2.
Attention:
To expand your language experience, you can refer to the section.
This is a constructor dictionary. Set the parameters you are interested in and get the necessary lists of words.
It is now useful for you to turn to the Correct Dictionary, as well as to the Grammar Dictionary. Don’t forget, you can connect the following parameters: “New”, “Easy”, “Difficult”, “Important”. You can add or, on the contrary, exclude words for grades 5-8. Create your own dictionary configuration on the topic tasks 14.
Spelling –Н- and –НН- in suffixes various parts speeches
This activity requires knowledge of how words are formed!
Clue. You can find information about them in task B1.
Rule.
Depending on the part of speech, the rule is divided into three parts.
Full adjectives and participles.
Remember! Both parts of speech in the initial form answer the question: Which?
Remember!
| unexpectedlyNNth
slowerNNth countryNNth sacredNNth wowNNth checkNNth wishedNNth okayaNNth affairsNNth invisibleNNth unheard ofNNy unexpectedlyNNth unexpectedlyNNth bad luckNNy jamNNth |
rdyaNth
straightNth greenNth sviNOuch barNth siNth blushingNth crimsonNth YuNth smarterNth nameNy (brother) plantingNy (father) |
Distinguish!
Short adjectives and participles.
To cope with this part of the rule, you need to know the signs of each part of speech.
Nouns and adverbs.
There are as many N written in adverbs as in the words from which they were formed:
looked madly - madly (see part No. 1 of the rule: formed from the verb to enrage imperfect form, without prefix and suffixes –OVA/-EVA = mad = mad)
Remember!
Before you apply a rule, see if this word is an exception! These include:
MosheNNik harderNIR
tribeNNik pridaNoh
putNNIR
YesNNIR
lawlessnessNNitza
Algorithm of actions.
1. Determine what part of speech are the words in which –Н- or –НН- are missing. This is necessary in order to know which part of the rule to use.
2. Remember if this word is an exception.
3. Think about what word the words being analyzed are formed from.
4. Determine the spelling according to the rule.
Analysis of the task.
Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers in whose place NN is written?
His manners were not simple, but rather sophisticated. In the labyrinth of crooked, narrow and feeble streets, people were always sneaking around. The drivers argued with the loaders that the car was underloaded (3).
1) 1,2 2) 1,3 3) 1,2,3 4) 1
Manners are (what?) sophistication(1). This is a short adjective as it can be replaced with the full form exquisite. Determine the spelling of the full form: exquisite derived from the verb find, in which there is a prefix from-. Thus, we write two NNs in both full and short form.
Weak(2)th (which?) streets. This full adjective, formed from an imperfective verb pave. The prefix ne- does not affect the spelling, there are no suffixes –OVA/-EVA, and there are no dependent words either. We write one N.
The machine is underloaded (3) (what has been done?). This is a short participle because it can be replaced with a verb underloaded. In short participles one N is written.
Thus, correct option– answer No. 4.
Practice.
1. Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers in whose place NN is written?
The house stood somewhat away from the forest; its walls here and there were renovated (1) with fresh wood, the windows were painted (2) white, a small porch on the side, decorated (3) with carvings, still smelled of resin.
Spelling N and NN in nouns
In derived nouns n or nn is written depending on the morphemes with which the nouns are formed, or in accordance with the stem from which they are derived.
nn is written:
1) if the root of the word ends in n and the suffix begins with n: elder-nick (elderberry), druzhin-nik (druzhina), birthday-nick (name day), raspberry-nick (raspberry), swindler-nick (moshna), aspen-nick (aspen), rowan-nick (rowan); besdorn-nits-a (dowry), besson-nits-a (sleep), zvon-nits-a (ringing), log-nits-a (log);
2) if the noun is formed from an adjective having nn, or from a participle: bolno-ost (painful), agitation (excited), hryvnia-ik (griven), power of attorney (trusted), zheman-itsa (cute), spoiled- ost (spoiled), chosen-ik (chosen), expelled-ik (expelled), kon-itsa (horse), koren-ik (indigenous), larch-itsa (deciduous), accident (accidental), education (educated), obshchestven-ik (public), organized-ist (organized), plen-ik (captive), envoy-ik (sent), privileged-ik (privileged), proizvodstven-ik (productive), millet-ik ( millet), artisan-ik (craft), sovremen-ik (related), priest-ik (sacred), seed-ik (seed), sovrem-ik (own), sovremen-ik (modern), consistency (agreed ), nebula (foggy).
2. N is written in the words: crimson-itsa (crimson), varen-ik (boiled), windy-ost, windy-ik, windy-itsa (windy), gostin-itsa (living room), drovyan-ik (wood-burning), hemp-ik (hemp), smoked-ost (smoked), kostyan-ika (bone), maslen-itsa (oily), wiser-ost (sophisticated), oatmeal-itsa (oatmeal), peat-ik (peaty), smart -ost (smart), etc., as well as in the words alder-nik, omshan-ik.
Spelling N and NN in suffixes denominative adjectives
Nn is written:
1) for adjectives formed from nouns using the suffixes -enn-, -onn-: artificial, cranberry, straw, operating, session, station, etc.; This also includes adjectives formed from nouns ending in me (time, flame, etc.): temporary, fiery, seminal, nominal, tribal, etc.
In the adjective windy, one n is written, since it is formed not from the noun wind, but from the verb wind with the help of the suffix -n-, which does not contradict the spelling rule n in verbal adjectives: weathered, weathered, winded - formed from verbs;
2) for adjectives formed from adjectives using the suffix -enn-, indicating a large measure of the attribute: tall, hefty, wide, etc.;
3) for adjectives formed from nouns with a stem ending in n (the second -n- suffix of the adjective): long (length), true (true), millionth (million), ancient (old), canvas (canvas), etc.
Adjectives such as ram, carp, seals are written with one n, since they are formed from nouns with a stem in n by adding the suffix -j-.
The words spicy, ruddy, young are written with one n (non-derivative adjectives); in words derived from them, one n is also written: spice, rosy, rouge, youth (but: yunnat, since this word is formed from the combination young naturalist).
2. N is written for adjectives formed from nouns using the suffixes -in-, -an-, -yan-: pigeon (dove), goose (goose), chicken, eagle, swan, leather (leather), sandy (sand) , waxed (wax), linen (canvas), silver, wood-burning, etc.
Exceptions: glass, tin, wood.
It is necessary to distinguish between adjectives, the spelling of which depends on their meaning:
a) windy - “accompanied by the wind, with the wind” (windy weather), “frivolous” - transl. (fickle girl, youth); wind - “driven by the force of the wind” (wind engine, pump, mill); in the combination chickenpox, the adjective is written with the suffix -yan-, cf.: chickenpox - clear;
b) buttery - “soaked in oil, greased, stained with oil” (buttered pancakes, porridge, hands), trans. (oily eyes, oily voice, also: Shrovetide week - Maslenitsa); buttery - “for butter, from butter, in butter” (butter cookies, Oil paint, oil motor, pump, etc.); compare: oil bottle (“intended for oil”) and oil bottle (“stained with oil”);
c) silver - “subjected to silver, covered with silver” (silver spoon); silver - “made of silver” (silver spoon);
d) salty - “containing salt” (salted fish); salt - “consisting of salt” (salt mines, salt column). In the combination hydrochloric acid, the adjective is written with the suffix -yang-.
Spelling N and NN in verbal adjectives and participles
Full forms. Full form suffixes are written with nn passive participles past tense: -nn- and -yonn- (-enn-). Adjectives correlative to them in form are written in some cases also with nn in the suffix, in others - with one n.
1. Participles and adjectives in -ovanny, -yovanny, -evanny (formed from verbs in -ovat, -evat) are written with nn, for example: pampered, uprooted, lined, painted, organized; uprooted, spoiled, painted on, lined, reorganized.
2. Also written with nn are the participles not on -ovanny (-evanny, – evanny) of perfective verbs and their correlative adjectives; the vast majority of such verbs contain a prefix.
a) Examples of forms formed from prefixed verbs: bleached, washed, knitted, fried, written on, dyed, peeled, scolded, dyed, counted, unraveled, made.
b) A list of forms of native verbs without prefixes, as well as some verbs in which the prefix can only be distinguished etymologically: abandoned, given, finished, bought, deprived, captured, forgiven, released, decided, captured, revealed; met, started, offended, acquired, obliged, visited, supplied.
According to this rule, the forms of two-type (meaning both perfect and imperfect) verbs are written: crown, bequeath, promise, execute, give birth: married, bequeathed, promised, executed, born.
Exceptions. Adjectives that are correlative with participial forms are written in the following stable combinations: finished man, named brother, named sister, imprisoned father, imprisoned mother, Forgiveness Sunday.
3. Participles not on -ovanny (-ёванный, -еванный) of imperfective verbs (they are formed only from unprefixed verbs) and their correlative adjectives are written differently: participles with nn, adjectives with one n, for example: carts loaded with firewood , fish fried in oil, oil painting, hair cut by a barber and short-cropped hair, dyed green paint benches, a floor that has not been swept for a long time, walls that have not yet been whitewashed, money that has been counted more than once, an offer made many times; but: a loaded barge, fried fish, a painted beauty, cropped hair, painted benches, a swept floor, whitewashed walls, a few minutes, feigned indifference; likewise knitted and knitted, ironed and ironed, braided and braided, brushed and brushed; they are also written: chewed and chewed, pecked and pecked, forged and forged.
According to this rule, the forms of the two-type verbs shell, baptize and wound are written. Compare: a shell-shocked soldier, a seriously wounded soldier, a soldier wounded in the leg, a newly baptized baby, but: a shell-shocked commander, a wounded soldier, a baptized child.
As can be seen from the examples, the participle is recognized by the presence of dependent words. There are, however, rare cases when the dependent word is not a sign of the participle. For example, you should write: his mustache is clearly dyed (obviously artificial, where the word is clearly used with an adjective); the walls, formerly whitewashed, are now covered with green paint (walls, formerly white).
In words with the prefix not-, in complex words and in some combinations? repetitions, the forms of participles and adjectives are written in the same way as in separate (without a prefix and not as part of a complex word or repetition combination) use. Examples:
1. Words with the prefix not-:
Written with nn: uneducated, unlined, untested, unfinished, unbought, unforgiven;
Written with n: unbleached, unironed, uninvited, unforged, unfed, unpainted, unmeasured, unpaved, unplowed, uninvited, uncounted.
2. Difficult words:
Written with nn: highly qualified, fully stamped, acquired, freshly painted, purposeful, born blind, insane;
Spelled with n: plain-dyed, homespun, finely crushed, impostor, seriously wounded, whole-cut.
3. Repeat combinations with the prefix re- in the second part, which have an intensifying meaning. In them, the second part is written in the same way as the first (with nn or n), for example:
Written with nn: mortgaged-remortgaged, resolved-resolved;
Written with n: patched-re-patched, washed-re-washed, mended-re-fixed, read-re-read, darned-re-darned.
Exceptions. Written with nn instead of n:
a) adjectives desired, expected and (as part of stable combinations) has it been seen?; Is it unheard of? They are formed from imperfective verbs to wish, to wait and to see, to hear.
Special cases: adjectives put on and (as part of a stable combination) spilled sea; they are formed from imperfect prefixed verbs to put on, pour out, i.e. from verbs with the suffix -va-, which naturally do not form passive past participles;
b) adjectives with the prefix un-: unknown, unseen, unforeseen, unwanted, unexpected, undressed, unexpected, unheard, unintentional and (as part of a stable combination) an unsleeping eye;
c) complex adjectives long-awaited, home-grown and (as part of a proper name) Andrei Pervozvanny.
The second parts of these prefixed and compound adjectives also correspond to imperfective verbs.
Short forms. Short forms of passive past participles are written with one n, for example: read, read, read, read; read, read, read, read; tagged, tagged, tagged, tagged; marked, marked, marked, marked. Neuter forms are also written in impersonal use, for example: smoky, dirty, ezzheno, khozheno, ezzheno-moved, khozheno-crossed.
Short forms (except for the masculine form) of adjectives with a qualitative meaning, coinciding in form with the passive past participles of perfective verbs, are written with nn, for example: brought up, brought up, brought up (from the adjective brought up ‘discovering the results of good upbringing’); spoiled, spoiled, spoiled (from the adjective spoiled ‘accustomed to fulfilling one’s whims’); sublime, sublime, sublime (from the adjective sublime ‘full of high content’). Such adjectives have comparative forms: more educated, more spoiled, more elevated.
Compare the following examples in pairs with short forms of participles and adjectives: She was raised by a distant relative. – She has good manners, she is well-mannered. She's spoiled good conditions- She is capricious and spoiled.
Brief adjective forms na -nny are written with one n if these adjectives require dependent words and do not have a comparative form. Examples: attached to someone ‘attached’ – She is very attached to him; filled with something ‘full, imbued’ – The soul is filled with sadness; having heard about something ‘well-informed’ - We have heard a lot about his tricks.
Some adjectives have different meanings short forms spelled differently. For example, different spellings of the short forms of the word devoted: She is kind and devoted and She is dedicated. In the first example, devoted is the same adjective as well-mannered, spoiled, exalted, it has a comparative degree of more devoted; in the second - the same as attached, fulfilled, heard (requires dependent words: to someone, to something).
Short forms of adjectives expressing various emotional states can be written with n or with nn, depending on the conveyed shades of meaning. For example: She is excited (she experiences excitement) – Her speech is excited (her speech reveals, expresses excitement). In the first case, it is possible to write excited (which would emphasize that her appearance expresses excitement), but in the second case, writing excited is impossible (since speech cannot ‘experience excitement’).
IN difficult cases To distinguish between such short forms, you should refer to the academic “Russian Spelling Dictionary”.
Short forms of complex adjectives, the second parts of which coincide with participles starting with -nny, are written with n or nn depending on the meaning. Adjectives expressing characteristics that can be manifested to a greater or lesser extent, i.e. forming forms of the comparative degree, have short forms (except for the masculine form) with nn; adjectives that do not allow comparative forms in meaning have short forms with one n, For example:
Well-mannered, -no, -nny; landscaped, -no, -nny; self-confident, -no, -nny; purposeful, -no, -nny; purposeful, -no, -nny (there are forms of the comparative degree who are more well-mannered, more comfortable, more self-confident, more purposeful, more purposeful);
Interconnected, -but, -us; interdependent, -but, -us; generally recognized, -but, -us; contraindicated, -but, -ny (no forms of comparative degree).
Short forms of adjectives with a qualitative meaning, the full forms of which are expressed in writing with one n, are written in the same way as the full ones. For example: done, done, done (from done ‘unnatural, forced’); confused, confused, confused (from confused ‘illogical, confusing’); learned, learned, learned (from learned ‘knowing something thoroughly’). Forms of the comparative degree are also written (more done, more confused, more learned) and adverbs ending in -o (done, more confused, more learned).
Such adjectives are few in number; the overwhelming majority of adjectives correlative with participles in -н have no qualitative meaning; these are boiled, boiled, soaked, dried, chiseled, etc.
SPELLING N-NN IN ADVERB SUFFIXES
Adverbs ending in -o formed from adjectives/passive participles are written with nn or n depending on how the corresponding adjective/participle is written. For example:
Written with nn: accidentally, unheard of (from unexpected, unheard), excitedly, excitement (excited), confidently;
Written with n: confused (reasons confusedly), confused, confused (from confused), learned (expressed very learnedly), windy (it’s windy outside today).
Spelling N and NN in nouns
In derived nouns n
or NN
written depending on the morphemes with which nouns are formed, or in accordance with the stem from which they are derived. 1. NN is written:
1) if the root of the word ends in n and the suffix begins with n: elder-nick (elderberry), druzhin-nick (druzhina), malin-nick (raspberry), swindler-nick (moshna), aspen-nick (aspen), rowan-nick (rowan); besdorn-nits-a (dowry), besson-nits-a (sleep), zvon-nits-a (ringing), log-nits-a (log);
2) if the noun is formed from an adjective with nn, or from a participle: soreness (painful), agitation (excited), hryvnia (kryvnia), power of attorney (confided), cutesy (prissy), spoiled (spoiled), izbn-ik (chosen), exiled (exiled), konn-itsa (horse), koren-ik (indigenous), larch-itsa (deciduous), accident (accidental), education (educated), obshchestven-ik (public), organization ( organized), plenn-ik (captive), possan-ik (sent), privileged-ist (privileged), proizvodstven-ik (productive), millet-ik (millet), crafts-ik (craft), sotsanny-ik (related ), sacred-ik (sacred), seminal-ik (seminal), sov-ik (own), sovrem-ik (modern), coherence (coordinated), nebula (foggy).
2. N written in words: bagryan-itsa (crimson), varen-ik (boiled), windy-ost, windy-ik, windy-itsa (windy), gostin-itsa (living room), drovyan-ik (wood-burning), konoplyan-ik (hemp) , kopchen-ost (smoked), kostyan-ika (bone), maslen-itsa (oily), wiser-ost (sophisticated), ovsyan-itsa (oatmeal), peat-ik (peaty), smyshlen-ost (smart) and etc., as well as in the words alder-nik, omshan-ik.
Spelling Н and НН in suffixes of denominal adjectives (formed from the name of a noun)
1. Nn is written:1) for adjectives formed from nouns using suffixes -enn-, -onn-: artificial, cranberry, straw, operating, session, station and etc.; This also includes adjectives formed from nouns ending in mya (time, flame, etc.): temporary, fiery, seed, nominal, tribal etc.
In an adjective windy one is written n , since it is formed not from the noun wind, but from the verb wind using a suffix -n- , which does not contradict the spelling rule n in verbal adjectives: weathered, weathered, windswept- formed from verbs;
2) for adjectives formed from adjectives using a suffix -enn-, indicating a large measure of a sign: tall, hefty, wide and etc;
3) for adjectives formed from nouns with base on n(second -n- adjective suffix): long (length), true (true), millionth (million), ancient (antique), canvas (canvas) and etc.
Adjectives like mutton, carp, seal are written with one n , since they are formed from nouns with a stem in n by adding a suffix -j- .
Words spicy, rosy, youthful written with one n (non-derivative adjectives); in words derived from them, one n is also written: spice, ruddy, blush, youth(But: youth, since this word is formed from the combination young naturalist).
2. N is written on adjectives formed from nouns using suffixes -in-, -an-, -yang- : pigeon(pigeon), goose(goose), chicken, eagle, swan, leather(leather), sandy(sand), cereous(wax), linen(canvas), silver, wood-burning and etc.
Exceptions: glass, tin, wood.
It is necessary to distinguish between adjectives, the spelling of which depends on their meaning:
A) windy- “accompanied by the wind, with the wind” (windy weather), “frivolous” - transl. (fickle girl, youth); wind- “powered by the force of the wind” (wind engine, pump, mill); in combination chickenpox the adjective is written with a suffix -yan- , cf.: chickenpox- decomposition;
b) buttery- “soaked in oil, lubricated, stained with oil” ( butter pancakes, porridge, hands), trans. ( oily eyes, oily voice, also: Shrovetide week - Maslenitsa); oil- “for oil, from oil, in oil” ( oil cookies, oil paint, oil engine, pump and so on.); compare: oil bottle(“intended for oil”) and buttery bottle(“stained with oil”);
V) silver- “subjected to silvering, covered with silver” (silver spoon); silver- “made of silver” (silver spoon);
G) salty- “containing salt” ( salty fish); salt- “consisting of salt” ( salt mine, salt pillar). In combination salt acid is written as a suffix on the adjective -yan- .
Spelling N and NN in verbal adjectives and participles
Full forms
Written with NN suffixes of full forms of passive past participles: -nn- And -yonn- (-enn- ). Adjectives correlative to them in form are written in some cases also with NN in a suffix, in others - with one n .
1. Written with NN participles and adjectives -ovanny, -evanny, -evanny(formed from verbs in -ow, -eat), For example: pampered, uprooted, lined, painted, organized; uprooted, spoiled, painted over, lined, reorganized.
2. Also written with NN communion not on -ovated(-evanny, – evanny) verbs perfect form and correlative adjectives; the vast majority of such verbs contain a prefix.
a) Examples of forms formed from prefixed verbs: bleached, washed, knitted, fried, written on, dyed, peeled, scolded, dyed, counted, unraveled, made.
b) A list of forms of native verbs without prefixes, as well as some verbs in which the prefix can only be distinguished etymologically: abandoned, given, finished, bought, deprived, captured, forgiven, abandoned, decided, captured, revealed; met, started, offended, acquired, obliged, visited, supplied.
Forms are also written according to this rule. two-species(having the meaning of both perfective and imperfective forms) verbs to marry, bequeath, promise, execute, give birth: married, bequeathed, promised, executed, born.
Exceptions. Are written with one n adjectives correlative with participial forms in the following stable combinations: finished man, named brother, named sister, imprisoned father, imprisoned mother, Forgiveness Sunday .
3. Participles are not on -ovated(-evanny, -evanny) verbs imperfect form(they are formed only from prefixless verbs) and the adjectives correlative with them are written differently: participles with NN , adjectives – with one n , For example: carts loaded with firewood, fish fried in oil, an oil painting, hair cut by a barber And short-cropped hair, green-painted benches, a floor that has not been swept for a long time, walls that have not yet been whitewashed, money that has been counted more than once, an offer made many times; But: loaded barge, fried fish, painted beauty, cut hair, painted benches, swept floor, whitewashed walls, a few minutes, feigned indifference; similarly knitted And knitted, ironed And ironed, woven And braided, brushed And cleaned; also written: chewed And chewed, pecked And pecking, forged And forged.
According to this rule, forms of two-type verbs are written concuss, baptize And injure. Wed: a shell-shocked soldier, a seriously wounded soldier, a soldier wounded in the leg, a newly baptized baby, But: shell-shocked commander, wounded soldier, baptized child.
As can be seen from the examples, the participle is recognized by the presence of dependent words. There are, however, rare cases when the dependent word is not a sign of the participle. For example, you should write: his mustache is clearly dyed(obviously artificial, where is the word obviously used with an adjective); the walls, previously whitewashed, are now covered with green paint(walls that used to be white).
In words with the prefix not-, in compound words and in some combinations? repetitions, the forms of participles and adjectives are written in the same way as in a separate (without a prefix and not as part of a compound word or repetition combination) use .
Examples:
1. Words with a prefix Not- :
Written with NN : uneducated, unlined, untested, unfinished, unbought, unforgiven ;
Written with n : unbleached, unironed, uninvited, unforged, unfed, unpainted, unmeasured, unpaved, unplowed, uninvited, uncounted.
2. Difficult words:
Written with NN : highly qualified, fully stamped, acquired, freshly painted, purposeful, born blind, insane;
Written with n : plain dyed, homespun, finely crushed, impostor, seriously wounded, whole-cut .
3. Repeat combinations with a prefix re- in the second part, having an intensifying meaning. In them, the second part is written in the same way as the first (with NN or n ), For example:
Written with NN : mortgaged-remortgaged, resolved-resolved ;
Written with n : patched-re-patched, washed-re-washed, mended-re-fixed, read-re-read, darned-re-darned.
Exceptions. Written with NN instead of n :
a) adjectives desired, awaited and (as part of stable combinations) has it been seen before?; Is it unheard of? They are formed from imperfect verbs wish, wait And see, hear .
Special cases: adjectives put on flooded sea; they are formed from imperfect prefix verbs put on, pour out, i.e. from verbs with a suffix - va- , which do not naturally form passive past participles;
b) adjectives with a prefix not-: unknown, unseen, unforeseen, unwanted, unexpected, unexpected, unexpected, unheard of, unexpected and (as part of a stable combination) watchful eye;
c) compound adjectives long-awaited, home-grown and (consisting of own name) Andrew the First-Called.
The second parts of these prefixed and compound adjectives also correspond to imperfective verbs.
Short formsShort forms of passive past participles are written with one n , For example: read, read, read, read; read, read, read, read; tagged, tagged, tagged, tagged; marked, marked, marked, marked. Neuter forms are also written in impersonal use, for example: smoked, polluted, driven, walked, driven-crossed, walked-crossed .
Short forms (except for the masculine form) adjectives with a qualitative meaning, coinciding in form with the passive participles of the past tense of perfective verbs, written with nn , For example: brought up, brought up, brought up(from adjective well-mannered‘discovering results’ good upbringing’); spoiled, spoiled, spoiled(from adjective spoiled‘accustomed to fulfilling one’s whims’); sublime, sublime, sublime(from adjective exalted‘full of high content’). Such adjectives have comparative forms: more educated, more spoiled, more elevated.
Compare the following examples in pairs with short forms of participles and adjectives: She was raised by a distant relative . – She has good manners and is well-mannered. She is spoiled with good conditions – She is capricious and spoiled.
Short forms of adjectives na-ny are written with one n , if these adjectives require dependent words and do not have a comparative form. Examples: attached to someone‘attached’ – She is very attached to him; full of something‘full, imbued’ – The soul is filled with sadness; heard about something‘well-informed’ – We've heard a lot about his tricks.
Some adjectives have different short forms with different meanings. For example, different spellings of short forms of the word devotee: She is kind and loyal And She's dedicated. In the first example devoted- same adjective as educated, spoiled, sublime, it has a comparative degree more faithful; in the second - the same as attached, fulfilled, heard(requires dependent words: to anyone, anything).
Short forms of adjectives, expressing different emotional states, can be written with n or with NN depending on the conveyed shades of meaning. For example: She's excited(she feels nervous) – Her speech is excited(her speech reveals, expresses excitement). In the first case, it is also possible to write excited(which would emphasize that her appearance expresses excitement), and in the second case the writing excited impossible (since speech cannot ‘experience excitement’).
In difficult cases of distinguishing such short forms, one should refer to the academic “Russian Spelling Dictionary”.
Short forms of complex adjectives, the second parts of which coincide with the participles on -ny, written with n or NN depending on the value. Adjectives expressing characteristics that can be manifested to a greater or lesser extent, i.e. forming comparative forms, have short forms (except for the masculine form) with NN ; adjectives that do not allow comparative forms in meaning have short forms with one n , For example:
well-mannered, -no, -nny; landscaped, -no, -nny; self-confident, -no, -nny; purposeful, -no, -nny; purposeful, -no, -nny(there are comparative forms more well-mannered, more comfortable, more self-confident, more purposeful, more purposeful);
interconnected, -but, -us; interdependent, -but, -us; generally recognized, -but, -us; contraindicated, -but, -we(no forms of comparative degree).
Short forms of adjectives with a qualitative meaning, the full forms of which are conveyed in writing with one n , are written in the same way as complete ones. For example: done, done, done(from made‘unnatural, forced’); prostitute, confused, prostitutes(from confused‘illogical, confusing’); scientist, scientist, scientists(from scientist‘knowing something thoroughly’). Comparative forms are also written ( more elaborate, more confused, more learned) and adverbs -O(done, confused, learned).
Such adjectives are few in number; the vast majority of adjectives correlative with participles -ny have no qualitative significance; these are boiled, boiled, soaked, dried, chiseled and so on.
SPELLING N-NN IN ADVERB SUFFIXES
Adverbs on -O , formed from adjectives and passive participles, are written with double n or one n - depending on how the corresponding adjective or participle is written.
For example:
Written with NN : unexpected, unheard of(from unexpected, unheard of), excitedly, excitement(excited), confident;
Written with n : confusing(talks confusedly), confusion, confusion(from confused), learned(very learnedly expressed),windy(It's windy outside today).
The suffixes -н- and -нн- are among those difficulties of Russian grammar that require memorizing a large amount of material and mastering not only the rules, but also exceptions to them. The bulk of these rules concern adjectives, as well as adverbs and participles. The writing of these suffixes in nouns also has its own characteristics.
Spelling n and nn in adjective suffixes
If an adjective is formed from a noun using suffixes such as -an-, -yan- and -in-, then it is written with one n, for example, as in the word clay. And there are three exception words to this grammatical rule: tin, wood, glass. If suffixes such as -onn- and -enn- were involved in the formation of the adjective, then you need to write double n, as in the word related.
But from this rule there is exceptions- these are two words, windy And buttery.
If an adjective is formed from a word with a stem in -n using the suffix -n-, then the result is a word with a double n, although one letter is part of the stem, and the second is a suffix - picture.
Adjectives can also be formed from verbs - and this makes them similar to participles, so the spelling rules n and nn in suffixes in in this case will be common.
So, if an adjective or participle has a prefix or dependent word, then the suffix should be doubled: plowed, boiled in water. The same applies to cases when the word contains suffixes such as -ova-, -eva-, -irova-: marinated.
In addition, if a word is formed from a verb without a prefix, but it refers to perfect view, and should also be doubled: deprived.
Exception from this rule is the word wounded.
At the same time, in short participles one n will always be written, and in short adjectives there are as many of these letters as in full ones, with the exception of one form - this singular masculine, in which, as in participles, one n is written.
It is necessary to distinguish between a participle and an adjective, which often coincide. For example, the word “well-mannered” can be both, but if the participle has a short form in feminine will be brought up, then the adjective – brought up. This is not difficult to do - you need to put the word more in front of “suspect”. If it is inappropriate, then it is a participle, and if it is appropriate, then it is an adjective.
Other difficulties with the suffix -n-
This word-forming unit is used in different parts speech. Thus, in adverbs and nouns formed from adjectives, the same number of letters n are written as in the original word: pupil (from educated), organized (from organized).
What have we learned?
The main difficulties in choosing between n and nn in suffixes concern adjectives. It is on their spelling that the spelling of those nouns and adverbs that are formed from them is based. Adjectives can be formed from nouns and verbs different ways, which explain the use of n or nn. It is necessary to distinguish between verbal adjectives and participles.
