Chapter 6 "Barbarossa": Russia is next in line While Hitler was busy conquering the West in the summer of 1940, Stalin took advantage of this circumstance to enter the territory of the Baltic states, and also moved towards the Balkans. At first glance, the relationship between

CHALLENGES IN RESPECT OF RUSSIA I. Introduction It is obvious that Russia, both as a force in itself and as the center of the world communist movement, has now become a very serious problem for US foreign policy, and in our country there is a deep

III. Main Tasks Our main tasks with respect to Russia are really only the following two: a. Reduce Moscow's power and influence to such an extent that it no longer poses a threat to international peace and stability.

The attack of Nazi Germany on the USSR began at 4 am on June 22, 1941, when German military aviation launched the first strikes on a number of Soviet cities and strategic military and infrastructure facilities. Having attacked the USSR, Germany unilaterally broke the non-aggression pact between the countries, concluded two years earlier for a period of 10 years.

Background and preparation of the attack

In mid-1939, the USSR changed the course of its foreign policy: the collapse of the idea of ​​"collective security" and the impasse in negotiations with Great Britain and France forced Moscow to move closer to Nazi Germany. On August 23, the head of the German Foreign Ministry, I. von Ribbentrop, arrived in Moscow. On the same day, the parties signed a non-aggression pact for a period of ten years, and in addition to it, a secret protocol, which stipulated the delimitation of the spheres of interests of both states in Eastern Europe. Eight days after the signing of the treaty, Germany attacked Poland - the Second World War.

The rapid victories of German troops in Europe caused concern in Moscow. The first deterioration in Soviet-German relations occurred in August-September 1940, and was caused by the provision of foreign policy guarantees by Germany to Romania after it was forced to cede Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the USSR (this was stipulated in a secret protocol). In September, Germany sent its troops to Finland. By this time, the German command had already been developing a plan for a lightning war (“blitzkrieg”) against the Soviet Union for more than a month.

In the spring of 1941, relations between Moscow and Berlin deteriorated sharply again: less than a day had passed since the signing of the Soviet-Yugoslav friendship treaty, as German troops invaded Yugoslavia. The USSR did not react to this, as well as to the attack on Greece. After the defeat of Greece and Yugoslavia, German troops began to concentrate near the borders of the USSR. Since the spring of 1941, Moscow received information from various sources about the threat of attack from Germany. So, at the end of March, a letter to Stalin with a warning that the Germans were transferring tank divisions from Romania to southern Poland was sent by British Prime Minister W. Churchill. Germany's intention to attack the USSR was reported by a number of Soviet intelligence officers and diplomats - Schulze-Boysen and Harnack from Germany, R. Sorge from Japan. However, some of their colleagues reported the opposite, so Moscow was in no hurry to draw conclusions. According to G.K. Zhukov, Stalin was sure that Hitler would not fight on two fronts and would not start a war with the USSR until the end of the war in the West. His point of view was shared by the head of the intelligence department, General F. I. Golikov: on March 20, 1941, he submitted a report to Stalin, in which he concluded that all the information about the inevitability of the imminent start of the Soviet-German war “should be regarded as disinformation coming from the British and even maybe German intelligence.

With the threat of conflict growing, Stalin assumed the formal leadership of the government: on May 6, 1941, he assumed the post of chairman of the Council of People's Commissars. The day before, he spoke in the Kremlin at a reception in honor of graduates of military academies, in particular, saying that it was time for the country to move "from defense to offensive." On May 15, 1941, People's Commissar of Defense S. K. Timoshenko and the newly appointed Chief of the General Staff G. K. Zhukov presented to Stalin “Considerations on the strategic deployment plan armed forces Soviet Union in case of war with Germany and its allies. It was assumed that the Red Army would strike at the enemy at the moment when the enemy armies were in the deployment stage. According to Zhukov, Stalin did not want to hear about a preventive strike against German troops. Fearing a provocation that could give Germany a pretext for an attack, Stalin forbade opening fire on German reconnaissance aircraft, which had been increasingly crossing the Soviet border since the spring of 1941. He was convinced that, by observing the utmost caution, the USSR would avoid war, or at least delay it until a more favorable moment.

On June 14, 1941, by order of the Soviet government, TASS published a statement stating that rumors about Germany's intention to break the non-aggression pact and start a war against the USSR were groundless, and the transfer of German troops from the Balkans to eastern Germany was probably connected with other motives. . On June 17, 1941, Stalin was informed that Soviet spy Schulze-Boysen, an employee of the German aviation headquarters, said: "All German military measures to prepare an armed uprising against the USSR are completely over, and a strike can be expected at any time." The Soviet leader imposed a resolution in which he called Schulze-Boysen a disinformer and advised him to be sent to hell.

On the evening of June 21, 1941, a message was received in Moscow: a sergeant major of the German army, a staunch communist, crossed the Soviet-Romanian border at the risk of his life and said that the offensive would begin in the morning. The information was urgently conveyed to Stalin, and he gathered the military and members of the Politburo. People's Commissar of Defense S. K. Timoshenko and Chief of the General Staff G. K. Zhukov, according to the latter, asked Stalin to accept a directive to put the troops on alert, but he doubted, suggesting that the Germans could have planted a defector officer on purpose in order to provoke a conflict. Instead of the directive proposed by Tymoshenko and Zhukov, the head of state ordered another, short directive, indicating that the attack could begin with a provocation by the German units. On June 22, at 0:30, this order was transmitted to the military districts. At three o'clock in the morning, all those gathered at Stalin's dispersed.

Start of hostilities

Early in the morning of June 22, 1941, German aircraft destroyed a significant part of the Soviet aviation western districts. The bombing of Kyiv, Riga, Smolensk, Murmansk, Sevastopol and many other cities began. In a declaration read on the radio that day, Hitler stated that Moscow allegedly "treacherously violated" the friendship treaty with Germany, as it concentrated troops against it and violated German borders. Therefore, the Führer said, he decided to "come out against the Judeo-Anglo-Saxon warmongers and their assistants, as well as the Jews from the Moscow Bolshevik center" in the name of the "cause of peace" and "the security of Europe."

The offensive was carried out according to a previously developed plan "Barbarossa". As in previous military campaigns, the Germans expected to use the tactics of "blitzkrieg" ("blitzkrieg"): the defeat of the USSR was supposed to take only eight to ten weeks and be completed even before Germany ended the war with Great Britain. Planning to end the war before winter, the German command did not even bother to prepare winter uniforms. The German armies as part of three groups were to advance on Leningrad, Moscow and Kyiv, having previously surrounded and destroyed enemy troops in the western part of the USSR. The army groups were led by experienced military leaders: Field Marshal von Leeb commanded the North Army Group, Field Marshal von Bock commanded the Center Army Group, and Field Marshal von Rundstedt commanded the South Army Group. Each army group was given its own air fleet and tank army, the Center group had two of them. ultimate goal Operation Barbarossa was supposed to be the achievement of the line Arkhangelsk - Astrakhan. The work of industrial enterprises located to the east of this line - in the Urals, in Kazakhstan and Siberia - the Germans expected to paralyze with the help of air strikes.

Giving instructions to the High Command of the Armed Forces, Hitler emphasized that the war with the USSR should become a "conflict of two worldviews." He demanded a "war of annihilation": "carriers of the state political idea and political leaders" were ordered not to be taken prisoner and shot on the spot, which was contrary to international law. Anyone who resisted was ordered to be shot.

By the time the war began, 190 divisions of Germany and its allies were concentrated near the Soviet borders, of which 153 were German. They included more than 90% of the armored forces of the German army. The total number of armed forces of Germany and its allies intended to attack the USSR was 5.5 million people. They had more than 47,000 guns and mortars, 4,300 tanks and assault guns, and about 6,000 combat aircraft at their disposal. They were opposed by the forces of five Soviet border military districts (with the outbreak of the war, they were deployed in five fronts). In total, there were over 4.8 million people in the Red Army, who had 76.5 thousand guns and mortars, 22.6 thousand tanks, and approximately 20 thousand aircraft. However, only 2.9 million fighters, 32.9 thousand guns and mortars, 14.2 thousand tanks and more than 9 thousand aircraft were in the border districts of the above.

After 4 o'clock in the morning, Stalin was awakened by a phone call from Zhukov - he said that the war with Germany had begun. At 4:30 a.m., Tymoshenko and Zhukov again met with the head of state. In the meantime, People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs V. M. Molotov, at the direction of Stalin, went to a meeting with the German ambassador W. von der Schulenburg. Until the return of Molotov, Stalin refused to order counterattacks on enemy units. The conversation between Molotov and Schulenburg began at 5:30. On behalf of the German government, the ambassador read out a note as follows: "In view of the further intolerable threat that has arisen for the German eastern border as a result of the massive concentration and training of all the armed forces of the Red Army, the German government considers itself forced to take military countermeasures." The head of the People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs tried in vain to challenge what the ambassador had said and to convince him of the innocence of the USSR. Already at 5:45, Molotov was in Stalin's office together with L.P. Beria, L.Z. Mekhlis, as well as Timoshenko and Zhukov. Stalin agreed to give a directive on the destruction of the enemy, but emphasized that the Soviet units should not violate the German border anywhere. At 7:15 a.m., the corresponding directive was sent to the troops.

Stalin's entourage believed that it was he who should speak on the radio with an appeal to the population, but he refused, and Molotov did it instead. In his address, the head of the NKID announced the start of the war, noted that the German aggression was the cause, and expressed confidence in the victory of the USSR. At the end of his speech, he uttered the famous words: “Our cause is just. The enemy will be defeated. Victory will be ours!" In order to prevent possible doubts and rumors about the silence of Stalin himself, Molotov added several references to him to the original text of the appeal.

On the evening of June 22, British Prime Minister W. Churchill spoke on the radio. He stated that in the current situation, his anti-communist views recede into the background, and the West should provide "Russia and the Russian people" with all the help it can. On June 24, F. Roosevelt, President of the United States, made a similar statement in support of the USSR.

Retreat of the Red Army

In total, only on the first day of the war, the USSR lost at least 1200 aircraft (according to German data - more than 1.5 thousand). Many nodes and lines of communication were rendered unusable - because of this, the General Staff lost contact with the troops. Due to the inability to fulfill the requirements of the center, the commander of the aviation of the Western Front, I. I. Kopets, shot himself. On June 22, at 9:15 pm, the General Staff sent a new directive to the troops with an order to immediately launch a counteroffensive, “regardless of the border”, encircle and destroy the main enemy forces within two days, and by the end of June 24, capture the areas of the cities of Suwalki and Lublin. But the Soviet units failed not only to go on the offensive, but also to create a continuous defensive front. The Germans had a tactical advantage on all fronts. Despite the enormous efforts and sacrifices and the colossal enthusiasm of the fighters, the Soviet troops failed to stop the enemy's offensive. Already on June 28, the Germans entered Minsk. Due to the loss of communications and panic on the fronts, the army became almost uncontrollable.

Stalin was in a state of shock for the first 10 days of the war. He often intervened in the course of events, several times called Timoshenko and Zhukov to the Kremlin. On June 28, after the surrender of Minsk, the head of state went to his dacha and for three days - from June 28 to 30 - he stayed there without a break, not answering calls and not inviting anyone to his place. Only on the third day, the closest associates came to him themselves and persuaded him to return to work. On July 1, Stalin arrived in the Kremlin and on the same day stood at the head of the newly formed State Defense Committee (GKO) - an emergency governing body that received full power in the state. In addition to Stalin, the GKO included V. M. Molotov, K. E. Voroshilov, G. M. Malenkov, L. P. Beria. Later, the composition of the committee changed several times. Ten days later, Stalin also headed the Headquarters of the Supreme Command.

To rectify the situation, Stalin ordered to send marshals B. M. Shaposhnikov and G. I. Kulik to the Western Front, but the first fell ill, and the second himself was surrounded and with difficulty got out, disguised as a peasant. Stalin decided to shift the responsibility for failures on the fronts to the military command on the ground. Commanding Western Front army general D. G. Pavlov and several other military leaders were arrested and sent to a military tribunal. They were accused of an "anti-Soviet conspiracy", of deliberately "opening the front to Germany", and then of cowardice and alarmism, after which they were shot. In 1956 they were all rehabilitated.

By the beginning of July 1941, the armies of Germany and its allies occupied most of the Baltic states, Western Ukraine and Belarus, approached Smolensk and Kyiv. The Army Group Center advanced the deepest into Soviet territory. The German command and Hitler believed that the main enemy forces had been defeated, and the end of the war was near. Now Hitler was wondering how to quickly complete the defeat of the USSR: continue to advance on Moscow or encircle Soviet troops in Ukraine or in Leningrad.

Version of Hitler's "preemptive strike"

In the early 1990s, V. B. Rezun, a former Soviet intelligence officer who fled to the West, published several books under the pseudonym Viktor Suvorov, in which he claimed that Moscow planned to be the first to hit Germany, and Hitler, having started the war, only prevented the attack of the Soviet troops. Later, Rezun was supported by some Russian historians. However, an analysis of all available sources shows that if Stalin was going to strike first, then in a more favorable situation. As of the end of June-beginning of July 1941, he sought to delay the war with Germany and was not ready for an offensive.

Great Patriotic War

The plan of the German attack on the USSR

Adolf Hitler studying a map of Russia

The Soviet-Finnish war served as a harsh lesson for the country's leadership, showing that our army, weakened by mass repressions, was not ready for a modern war. Stalin drew the necessary conclusions and began to take measures to reorganize and re-equip the army. In the upper echelons of power there was complete confidence in the inevitability of war, and the task was to have time to prepare for it.

Hitler also understood our unpreparedness. In his inner circle, he said shortly before the attack that Germany had made a revolution in military affairs, ahead of other countries by three or four years; but all countries are catching up, and soon Germany may lose this advantage, and therefore it is necessary to solve military problems on the continent in a year or two. Despite the fact that in 1939 Germany and the USSR made peace, Hitler still decided to attack the Soviet Union, as it was a necessary step towards the world domination of Germany and the "Third Reich". German intelligence officers came to the conclusion that the Soviet army was in many ways inferior to the German one - it was less organized, worse prepared and, most importantly, the technical equipment of Russian soldiers left much to be desired. It should be emphasized that the British intelligence service MI-6 also played its role in inciting Hitler against the USSR. Before the war, the British managed to get the German Enigma cipher machine and thanks to this they read all the encrypted correspondence of the Germans. From the encryption of the Wehrmacht, they knew the exact timing of the attack on the USSR. But before Churchill sent a warning to Stalin, British intelligence tried to use the information received to foment a German-Soviet conflict. She also owns a fake that was distributed in the United States - supposedly the Soviet Union, having received information about the impending attack by Hitler, decided to get ahead of him and is preparing a preventive strike against Germany. This disinformation was intercepted by Soviet intelligence and reported to Stalin. The widespread practice of fakes caused him to distrust all the information about the imminent Nazi attack.

Plan "Barbarossa"

In June 1940, Hitler ordered Generals Marx and Paulus to develop a plan to attack the USSR. On December 18, 1940, the plan, codenamed "Plan Barbarossa", was ready. The document was made only in nine copies, of which three were handed over to the commanders-in-chief of the ground forces, the Air Force and the Navy, and six are hidden in the safes of the Wehrmacht command. Directive No. 21 contained only a general plan and initial instructions for waging war against the USSR.

The essence of the Barbarossa plan was to attack the USSR, taking advantage of the unpreparedness of the enemy, to defeat the Red Army and occupy the Soviet Union. Hitler made the main emphasis on modern military equipment, which belonged to Germany, and the effect of surprise. It was planned to attack the USSR in the spring and summer of 1941, the final date of the attack was made dependent on the successes of the German army in the Balkans. Assigning the term of aggression, Hitler declared: “I will not make such a mistake as Napoleon; when I go to Moscow, I will set out early enough to reach it before winter. The generals convinced him that the victorious war would last no more than 4-6 weeks.

At the same time, Germany used the memorandum of November 25, 1940 to put pressure on those countries whose interests were affected by it, and above all on Bulgaria, which in March 1941 joined the fascist coalition. Soviet-German relations continued to deteriorate throughout the spring of 1941, especially in connection with the invasion of Yugoslavia by German troops a few hours after the signing of the Soviet-Yugoslav friendship treaty. The USSR did not react to this aggression, as well as to the attack on Greece. At the same time, Soviet diplomacy managed to achieve a major success by signing a non-aggression pact with Japan on April 13, which significantly reduced tension on the Far Eastern borders of the USSR.

tank group

Despite the alarming course of events, the USSR, until the very beginning of the war with Germany, could not believe in the inevitability of a German attack. Soviet deliveries to Germany increased significantly due to the renewal on 11 January 1941 of the 1940 economic agreements. In order to demonstrate its "trust" to Germany, the Soviet government refused to take into account the numerous reports that had been received since the beginning of 1941 about an attack being prepared on the USSR and did not accept necessary measures on their western borders. Germany was still viewed by the Soviet Union "as a great friendly power".

According to the "Plan Barbarossa", 153 German divisions were involved in the aggression against the USSR. In addition, Finland, Italy, Romania, Slovakia and Hungary intended to participate in the upcoming war. Together they fielded another 37 divisions. The invasion forces numbered about 5 million soldiers, 4275 aircraft, 3700 tanks. The troops of Germany and its allies were united in 3 army groups: "North", "Center", "South". Each of the groups included 2-4 armies, 1-2 tank groups, from the air the German troops were supposed to cover 4 air fleets.

The most numerous was the army group "South" (Field Marshal von Runstedt), which consisted of German and Romanian soldiers. This group was given the task of defeating Soviet troops in the Ukraine and Crimea and occupying these territories. The Army Group "Center" (Field Marshal von Bock) was supposed to defeat the Soviet troops in Belarus and advance to Minsk-Smolensk-Moscow. Army Group "North" (Field Marshal von Leeb), with the support of the Finnish troops, was to capture the Baltic states, Leningrad, the Russian North.

Discussion of the "OST" plan

The ultimate goal of the "Barbaros Plan" was to destroy the Red Army, reach the Ural Range and occupy the European part of the Soviet Union. The basis of German tactics were tank breakthroughs and encirclements. The Russian company was supposed to become a blitzkrieg - a lightning war. Only 2-3 weeks were allotted for the defeat of the Soviet troops located in the western regions of the USSR. General Jodl told Hitler: "In three weeks this house of cards will fall apart." The entire campaign was planned to be completed in 2 months.

German troops were instructed to pursue a policy of genocide against the Slavic and Jewish population. According to the OST plan, the Nazis planned to destroy 30 million Slavs, the rest were planned to be converted into slaves. The Crimean Tatars, the peoples of the Caucasus were considered as possible allies. The enemy army was an almost perfect military mechanism. The German soldier was rightfully considered the best in the world, the officers and generals were excellently trained, the troops had rich combat experience. The most significant drawback of the German army was the underestimation of the enemy's forces - the German generals considered it possible to wage war in several theaters at once: in Western Europe, Eastern Europe, and Africa. Later, already at the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, such miscalculations as lack of fuel and unpreparedness for hostilities in winter conditions would affect.

Gabriel Tsobechia

1

On the evening of December 18, 1940, Hitler signed Directive No. 21 (Plan Barbarossa). It was so secret that only nine copies were made, of which three were handed over to the commanders-in-chief of the ground forces, air force and navy, and six were locked in the safe of the main headquarters of the high command.

The next day, December 19, at 12 noon, Hitler arranged an official reception for the Soviet ambassador to Germany, Dekanozov, on the occasion of his assumption of this position, although the ambassador had already been in Berlin for about a month and was waiting for an appointment to present his credentials. The reception lasted 35 minutes. Hitler was amiable with Dekanozov and did not skimp on compliments. He even apologized that, due to wartime conditions, he could not receive the Soviet ambassador earlier. Hitler, skillfully acting out a scene of mutual trust and understanding between Germany and the USSR, assured the ambassador that Germany had no claims against the Soviet Union.

At the time when Dekanozov was talking peacefully with Hitler, right there, in the imperial office, as well as in the Ribbentrop ministry and in Keitel's headquarters, intense secret work was going on to prepare plans for a war against the USSR. Hitler, having accepted important decision, went to the troops in the West to celebrate the Christmas holidays with them.

The wound up spring military machine did her tricky work. Top secret Fuhrer Directive No. 21 was soon sent to the troops. It outlined the main political and strategic credo of fascist aggression against the Soviet Union. We reproduce this directive in full below.

DIRECTIVE No. 21 (Option "Barbarossa")

The German armed forces must be ready to win even before the end of the war with England. through a fleeting military operation Soviet Russia(option "Barbarossa").

For this army will have to use all the connections at its disposal, with the only restriction that the occupied areas must be protected from any surprises.

A task air force will consist in releasing for the eastern front the forces necessary to support the army, so that a quick ground operation can be counted on, and also that the destruction of the eastern regions of Germany by enemy aircraft would be the least significant.

The main demand is that the areas of combat operations and combat support under our control be completely protected from enemy air attack and that offensive operations against England and especially against her supply routes should by no means be weakened.

Application center of gravity navy remains during the eastern campaign directed mainly against England.

Order about offensive on Soviet Russia, I will give, if necessary, eight weeks before the scheduled start of the operation.

Preparations requiring more considerable time should be started (if they have not already begun) now and completed by 15.V-41.

Particular attention should be paid to the fact that the intention to carry out an attack is not unraveled.

The preparations of the supreme command should be carried out on the basis of the following basic provisions:

common goal

The masses of the Russian army located in the western part of Russia must be destroyed in bold operations with a deep advance of tank units. The retreat of combat-ready units into the expanses of Russian territory should be prevented.

Then, by rapid pursuit, a line must be reached from which Russian aviation will no longer be in a position to carry out attacks on the German regions. The ultimate goal of the operation is to isolate itself from Asian Russia along the common Arkhangelsk-Volga line. Thus, if necessary, the last remaining industrial area in the Urals can be paralyzed with the help of aviation.

In the course of these operations, the Russian Baltic Fleet will quickly lose its strongholds and thus cease to be combat-ready.

Already at the beginning of the operation, the possibility of effective intervention by Russian aviation should be prevented by powerful strikes.

Proposed allies and their tasks

1. On the flanks of our operation, we can count on the active participation of Rumania and Finland in the war against Soviet Russia.

The High Command of the German Army shall timely coordinate and establish in what form the armed forces of both countries will be subordinated to the German command upon their entry into the war.

2. The task of Rumania will be to, together with the group of armed forces advancing there, pin down the enemy forces located against it, and in the rest - to carry out auxiliary service in the rear area.

3. Finland will have to cover the offensive of the German landing northern group (part of the XXI group), which should arrive from Norway, and then operate jointly with it. In addition, the liquidation of Russian forces in Hanko is assigned to the share of Finland.

4. It can be expected that no later than the operation begins, the Swedish railways and highways will be made available for the advance of the German northern group.

Operation

Army in accordance with the above goals:

In the area of ​​military operations, divided by swamps of the river. Pripyat into the northern and southern halves, the center of gravity of the operation should be identified north of this area. Two army groups should be provided here.

The southern of these two groups, which forms the center of the common front, will have the task of advancing from the Warsaw region and to the north with the help of especially reinforced tank and motorized units and destroying the Russian armed forces in Belarus. Thus, a prerequisite should be created for the penetration of large forces of mobile troops to the north so that, in cooperation with the northern army group advancing from East Prussia in the direction of Leningrad, destroy the enemy troops fighting in the Baltic. Only after ensuring this urgent task, which should end with the capture of Leningrad and Kronstadt, should offensive operations be continued to capture the most important center of communications and the defense industry - Moscow.

Only the unexpectedly rapid destruction of the resistance of the Russian army could make it possible to strive for the simultaneous completion of both stages of the operation.

The main task of the 21st group during the eastern operation is still the defense of Norway. The forces available in excess of this should be directed in the north (mountain corps) primarily to provide for the Petsamo region and its ore mines, as well as the Arctic Ocean route, and then, together with the Finnish armed forces, advance to the Murmansk railway in order to interrupt the supply of the Murmansk railway by dry route. areas.

Whether such an operation can be carried out with the help of more powerful German armed forces (2-3 divisions) from the Rovaniemi region and to the south of it depends on the readiness of Sweden to provide its railways for this offensive.

The main forces of the Finnish army will be tasked, in accordance with the successes of the German northern flank, to pin down as many Russian forces as possible by attacking to the west or on both sides of Lake Ladoga, and also to capture Hanko.

The main task of the army group, located south of the Pripyat swamps, is an offensive from the Lublin area in the general direction of Kyiv, in order to quickly advance with powerful tank forces to the flank and rear of the Russian forces and then attack them as they retreat to the Dnieper.

The German-Romanian army group on the right flank will have the task of:

a) defend Romanian territory and thus the southern flank of the entire operation;

c) during the attack on the northern flank of the southern army group, to tie down the enemy forces against it, and in the event of a successful development of events, through pursuit, in cooperation with the air forces, to prevent the organized withdrawal of the Russians across the Dniester.

In the north - the rapid achievement of Moscow. The capture of this city means a decisive success both politically and economically, not to mention the fact that the Russians are deprived of the most important railway junction.

Air Armed Forces:

Their task will be, as far as possible, to paralyze and eliminate the influence of Russian aviation, and also to support the operations of the army in its decisive directions, namely: the central army group and in the decisive flank direction - the southern army group. Russian railways must be cut, depending on their importance for the operation, mainly on their most important nearest objects (bridges over rivers) by capturing them by a bold landing of parachute and airborne units.

In order to concentrate all forces for the fight against enemy aircraft and direct support of the army, attacks on the defense industry should not be made during the main operations. Only after the end of the operation against the means of communication will such attacks become the order of the day, and first of all against the Ural region.

Navy:

The navy in the war against Soviet Russia will have the task of protecting its own coast and preventing the exit of enemy naval forces from the Baltic Sea. In view of the fact that, upon reaching Leningrad, the Russian Baltic Fleet will lose its last stronghold and will find itself in a hopeless situation, more significant naval operations should be avoided before that.

After the elimination of the Russian fleet, the task will be to fully ensure the supply of the northern flank of the army by sea (clearing mines!).

All orders that will be given by the commanders-in-chief on the basis of this instruction must absolutely definitely proceed from the fact that we are talking about precautions in case Russia changes its attitude towards us, which it has adhered to until now.

The number of officers called in for preliminary training should be as limited as possible, later staff should be brought in as late as possible, and initiated only to the extent necessary for the direct activity of each individual. Otherwise, there is a danger that due to the publicity of our preparations, the implementation of which has not yet been decided at all, grave political and military consequences may arise.

I expect reports from the commanders-in-chief about their further intentions, based on this instruction.

On the planned preparations and their progress in all military units, report to me through the Supreme High Command (OKW).

Approved Jodl, Keitel.
Signed: Hitler

It can be seen from the above document that the main strategic plan of the Barbarossa plan was to destroy the Soviet troops stationed in the west of the USSR with a sudden powerful blow, followed by a deep advance of the German tank units to prevent the retreat of the Red Army troops deep into the country.

It should be noted that these plans did not remain unchanged. Hitler, in his numerous speeches and directives that he gave to the Wehrmacht, more than once returned to defining the goals of the war against the USSR, as well as the means and methods for achieving them. He talked about this both before and after the attack. Hitler either clarified or clarified certain military-political and strategic aspects of the plan of attack.

And even when the main forces of the Wehrmacht were involved in the cycle of war, when the Nazi troops had already invaded the territory of the Soviet Union, Hitler continued to "explain" to his generals the goals and objectives of the undertaken invasion. Noteworthy in this regard is his note dated August 22, 1941. It appeared in connection with the disagreements between the command of the OKW (Keitel and Jodl) and the command of the OKH (Brauchitsch and Halder). This prompted Hitler to once again consider the fundamental issues of the war against the USSR.

What was their essence in the interpretation of Hitler?

The purpose of this campaign, he stressed in his note, is to finally destroy the Soviet Union as a continental power. Not to conquer, not to seize, namely, to destroy as a socialist state with all its political and social institutions.

Hitler pointed to two ways to achieve this goal: firstly, the destruction of the human resources of the Soviet Armed Forces (not only the existing armed forces, but also their resources); secondly, the capture or destruction of the economic base, which can serve to rebuild the armed forces. The note emphasized that this was more decisive than the capture and destruction of enterprises engaged in the processing of raw materials, since enterprises could be restored, but it was absolutely impossible to compensate for the loss of coal, oil, and iron.

Speaking about the tasks of waging war against the USSR, Hitler demanded that the Soviet Armed Forces be defeated and prevented from being recreated. To do this, it is necessary first of all to seize or destroy sources of raw materials and industrial enterprises.

In addition, Hitler pointed out, it is necessary to take into account such moments that are important for Germany. Namely: firstly, it is possible to quickly seize the Baltic states in order to protect Germany from Soviet air and naval strikes from these areas; secondly, the speedy liquidation of Russian military air bases on the Black Sea coast, primarily in the Odessa region and in the Crimea. Further, the note emphasized: “This event for Germany, under certain circumstances, can be vital importance, because no one can give a guarantee that as a result of an enemy air raid the only oil fields at our disposal will not be destroyed for the time being (we are talking about the Romanian oil fields. - P.Zh.). And this may just have consequences for the continuation of the war that are difficult to foresee. Finally, for reasons of a political nature, it is imperative to reach the areas where Russia receives oil from as soon as possible, not only in order to deprive it of this oil, but, above all, in order to give Iran hope that it will be possible to receive practical assistance from Russia in the near future. Germans in case of resistance to threats from the Russians and the British.

In the light of the above-mentioned task that we have to perform in the north of this theater of war, and also in the light of the task facing us in the south, the problem of Moscow in its significance recedes significantly into the background. I categorically draw attention to the fact that all this is not a new installation, it was already precisely and clearly formulated by me before the start of the operation.

But if this was not a new installation, then why did Hitler write so extensively and nervously about this to his generals at a time when German troops had already invaded the territory of the USSR?

Here it is necessary to take into account one circumstance. Among the top generals there was no unity in determining the strategic directions and means for solving military-political tasks. If Hitler believed that, first of all, it was necessary to achieve economic goals - to capture Ukraine, the Donets Basin, the North Caucasus and thus get bread, coal and oil, then Brauchitsch and Halder put forward the destruction of the Soviet Armed Forces, hoping that after that there would be it is no longer difficult to carry out political and economic tasks.

Rundstedt, who commanded Army Group South, was convinced that it was impossible to win the war in one campaign in a few months. The war could drag on for a long time, he said, and therefore in 1941 all efforts should be concentrated on one northern direction, to capture Leningrad and its region. The troops of the army groups "South" and "Center" should go to the line Odessa-Kyiv-Orsha-Lake Ilmen.

Such considerations Hitler rejected in the strongest possible terms, as they destroyed the basic concept of the Blitzkrieg doctrine.

But the problem of Moscow remained painful for him. Mastering the capital of the Soviet Union would have a huge international resonance. Hitler understood this very well and strove for this goal in every possible way. But how to reach it? Follow the path of Napoleon? Dangerous. A frontal strike can ruin an army and not achieve the desired results. In military affairs, the direct path is not always the shortest. Understanding this forced Hitler and his generals to maneuver, to look for the most rational way to solve the problem.

The existence of different views testified to serious disagreements among the top generals of the fascist German army on strategic questions of waging war against the Soviet Union. Although the General Staff made the most thorough preparations for the war and everything that could be done before the start of the campaign was done, the very first difficulties led to new clashes between the high command of the armed forces and the command of the ground forces.

The unforeseen course of the war forced Hitler and his strategists to make major changes in initial plans and calculations. After capturing Smolensk, the Nazi command was forced to solve the problem: where to advance further - to Moscow or to turn a significant part of the forces from the Moscow direction to the south and achieve decisive successes in the Kyiv region?

The increased resistance of the Soviet troops in front of Moscow inclined Hitler to the second path, which, in his opinion, made it possible, without stopping the offensive in other directions, to quickly seize the Donets Basin and the rich agricultural regions of Ukraine.

Brauchitsch and Halder were naturally unhappy with this decision. They tried to object to Hitler and in a special report proved to him that it was necessary to concentrate the main efforts on the central direction and achieve the fastest possible capture of Moscow. Hitler's answer followed immediately: “The considerations of the command of the ground forces regarding the further course of operations in the east of August 18 are not consistent with my decisions. I order the following: the main task before the onset of winter is not the capture of Moscow, but the capture of the Crimea, industrial and coal regions on the Don and depriving the Russians of the opportunity to receive oil from the Caucasus; in the north - the encirclement of Leningrad and the connection with the Finns.

Hitler explained to Brauchitsch that the capture of the Crimea was of tremendous importance for ensuring oil supplies from Romania, that only after achieving this goal, as well as encircling Leningrad and connecting with the Finnish troops, sufficient forces would be released and the prerequisites would be created for a new offensive against Moscow.

But the general idea had to be concretely embodied in strategic, operational and tactical plans, so that it would take the form of actions that, according to the calculations of the German strategists, should lead to the successful achievement of their goals.

2

The Barbarossa plan is not only Hitler's Directive No. 21, which outlined only the main political and strategic goals of the war against the USSR. This plan included a whole range of additional directives and instructions from the main headquarters of the Design Bureau and the general staff of the OKH on planning and practical preparations for an attack on the Soviet Union.

Hitler's signing of the Barbarossa plan marked the beginning of the second period of preparations for a war against the USSR. At this time, the preparation of the attack took on a wider scope. Now it included the detailed development of plans for all types of armed forces, plans for the concentration and deployment of military units, and preparation of the theater of operations and troops for the offensive.

The most important of these documents were: directives on the concentration of troops and on disinformation, instruction on special areas to directive No. 21 (Barbarossa plan), instructions on the use of propaganda according to the Barbarossa option, directive to the commander-in-chief of the occupation forces in Norway on his tasks according to plan Barbarossa.

An important planning document was the "Directive on the Concentration of Troops", issued on January 31, 1941 by the High Command of the Ground Forces and sent to all commanders of army groups, tank groups and army commanders. It determined the general goals of the war, the tasks of the army groups and the field armies and tank groups that were part of them, established the dividing lines between them, provided for ways of interaction between the ground forces with the air and naval forces, determined the general principles of cooperation with the Romanian and Finnish troops . The directive had 12 appendices containing the distribution of forces, a plan for the transfer of troops, a map of unloading areas, a schedule for the transfer of forces from deployment areas and their unloading to their starting areas, data on the position of Soviet troops, maps with objects for aviation flights, orders for communications and supply.

The Headquarters of the High Command of the German Ground Forces issued a particularly strict warning about secrecy and the strictest secrecy in all activities related to preparations for an attack on the USSR. The directive pointed out the need to limit the number of officers involved in the development of plans, and they should be aware only enough to be able to solve the specific task assigned to them. The circle of fully informed persons was limited to the commanders of army groups, commanders of armies and corps, their chiefs of staff, chief quartermasters and first officers of the general staff.

Two days after the signing of the Directive on the Concentration of Troops, on February 3, 1941, at a meeting held in Berchtesgaden, Hitler, in the presence of Keitel and Jodl, heard a detailed report from Brauchitsch and Paulus (Halder was on vacation). It lasted six hours. Hitler, in general approving the operational plan developed by the General Staff, declared: "When the Barbarossa operations begin, the world will hold its breath and make no comments."

In the development of the Barbarossa plan, the OKW headquarters developed and on April 7, 1941 issued a directive to the commander of the troops in Norway on the tasks of the German occupation forces and the Finnish army. The directive proposed, firstly, with the beginning of the invasion of the territory of the USSR by the main forces of the German army, to defend the Petsamo region and, together with the Finnish troops, to ensure its protection from attack from air, sea and land, and the importance of nickel mines, which were of great importance for the military, was especially emphasized. industry in Germany; secondly, to capture Murmansk - an important stronghold of the Red Army in the North - and not allow any connection with it; thirdly, to occupy the peninsula of Hanko as soon as possible.

It was pointed out to the commander of the troops in Norway: the Petsamo region, which is a stronghold on the right flank of the northern Norwegian coast, should in no case be left due to the great importance of the nickel mines located there;

the Russian base of Murmansk in the summer, and especially with the beginning of cooperation between Russia and England, acquired more importance than it had in the last Finnish-Russian war. Therefore, it is important not only to cut the communications leading to the city, but also to capture it, because the sea communications connecting Murmansk with Arkhangelsk cannot be cut in any other way;

It is desirable to master the peninsula of Hanko as early as possible. If its capture cannot be carried out without the help of the German armed forces, then the Finnish troops must wait until the German troops, especially ground attack aircraft, are able to help them;

the navy, along with the transportation of troops for the regrouping of forces in Norway and the Baltic Sea, is obliged to ensure the defense of the coast and the port of Petsamo and the maintenance of combat readiness of ships for Operation Reindeer in Northern Norway;

aviation was supposed to support operations carried out from the territory of Finland, as well as systematically destroy port facilities in Murmansk, block the channel of the Arctic Ocean by laying mines and sinking ships.

In accordance with the directive of the main headquarters of the OKW, the command and headquarters of the occupation forces in Norway developed a plan for the concentration, deployment and conduct of operations to capture Murmansk, Kandalaksha and access to the White Sea.

All of these rather elaborate plans for the invasion were approved by Hitler. But one problem still remained unresolved. Hitler was tormented by the question: how to keep the preparations for an attack on the USSR secret? And although the plan "Barbarossa" emphasized the observance of the strictest secrecy and emphasized that "due to the publicity of our preparations ... grave political and military consequences may arise", although instructions were given to the commanders about the secrecy of the transfer of troops from West to East, all this was clearly not enough. After all, it was not about the transfer of a division or corps. It was necessary to pull up to the Soviet borders a multi-million army with a huge number of tanks, guns, vehicles. It was impossible to hide it.

There was only one way out - to deceive, mislead public opinion both at home and abroad. To this end, the main headquarters of the OKW, on Hitler's orders, developed a whole system of disinformation measures.

On February 15, 1941, the General Headquarters of the High Command issued a special "Directive on Disinformation". It noted that disinformation activities should be carried out in order to mask the preparations for Operation Barbarossa. This main goal was the basis of all disinformation activities. At the first stage (until approximately April 1941), the concentration and deployment of troops according to the Barbarossa plan should be explained as an exchange of forces between West and East Germany and the pulling up of echelons for Operation Marita. In the second stage (from April to the invasion of the USSR), the strategic deployment was portrayed as the greatest disinformation maneuver, which was allegedly carried out in order to divert attention from the preparations for the invasion of England.

The directive for the implementation of disinformation stated: “Despite the significant weakening of preparations for Operation Sea Lion, everything possible must be done to maintain in our troops the impression that preparations for the landing in England, even if in an entirely new form, are being carried out , although the troops trained for this purpose are withdrawn to the rear up to a certain point. It is necessary to keep as long as possible in error about real plans even those troops that are intended for operations directly in the East.

The overall management of the implementation of disinformation was entrusted to the intelligence and counterintelligence department of the main headquarters of the armed forces. His boss, Canaris, personally determined the forms and methods of spreading disinformation, as well as the channels through which it should be carried out. He also supervised the production and transmission of useful disinformation information to his attachés in neutral countries and to the attachés of these countries in Berlin. “In general,” the directive noted, “disinformation should take the form of a mosaic pattern, which is determined by the general trend.”

The General Headquarters of the Armed Forces was charged with ensuring the coordination of actions that were carried out for the purpose of disinformation by the main commands of the ground forces, air force and naval forces, with the activities of the information service. By agreement with the main commands and directorates of intelligence and counterintelligence, the main headquarters of the armed forces was to periodically supplement the existing general instructions with new instructions on disinformation, depending on the situation. In particular, he was instructed to determine:

how long should the proposed movement of troops by rail be presented in the light of the normal exchange of troops between West-Germany-East;

which shipments to the West can be used in counter-espionage as "Invasion" disinformation;

how the rumor is to be spread that the navy and air force have lately refrained from acting according to plan, regardless of meteorological conditions, in order to save strength for the great offensive connected with the invasion of England;

how preparations should be made for the activities to be started at the Albion signal.

The High Command of the Ground Forces was charged with the duty to check whether it would be possible to coordinate the activities related to the preparations for Operation Barbarossa - the introduction of a maximum transportation schedule for the purpose of misinformation, a ban on vacations, etc. - to be linked in time with the start of Operation Marita.

Particular importance was attached to the dissemination of misinformation about the airborne corps, which was allegedly intended against England (the secondment of English translators, the release of new English topographical materials from the press, etc.). The directive on disinformation emphasized: “The greater the concentration of forces in the East, the greater the need to try to keep public opinion uncertain about our plans. To this end, the high command of the ground forces, together with the intelligence and counterintelligence department of the main headquarters of the armed forces, must prepare everything necessary for a sudden "cordon" of certain areas on the Channel and in Norway. At the same time, it is not so important to carry out the cordon exactly with the introduction of large forces, but it is important to create a sensation by appropriate measures. By carrying out this demonstration, as well as other measures, such as the installation of technical equipment that enemy intelligence can take for hitherto unknown "rocket batteries", one goal is pursued - to create the appearance of upcoming "surprises" against the English island.

The more intensive the preparations for Operation Barbarossa, the more difficult it will become to maintain the success of disinformation. But, despite the fact that, in addition to classifying, everything possible should be done in this regard in the light of the above instructions, it is desirable that all authorities involved in the upcoming operation show their own initiative and make their proposals.

The intelligence and counterintelligence department of the main headquarters of the armed forces did a great job of spreading false information related to the transfer of troops to the East and their concentration near the Soviet-German border. To deceive the population of Germany and the peoples of other countries, as well as to keep their troops in the dark for the time being, radio, press, diplomatic correspondence, and the dissemination of deliberately false information were used.

It must be admitted that the disinformation carried out on a large scale, combined with the secrecy of the transfer and concentration of troops, allowed the Nazi command to achieve positive results in preparing a surprise invasion of the territory of the USSR.

In the winter and spring of 1941, preparations for an attack on the Soviet Union took on an ever wider scope. It covered all the main links of the military apparatus. Brauchitsch and Halder had continuous meetings. The commanders-in-chief of groups of troops and their staff chiefs were called here every now and then. Representatives of the Finnish, Romanian and Hungarian armies arrived one after another. Plans were coordinated and refined at the headquarters. On February 20, a discussion of the operational plans of the army groups took place at the General Staff of the Ground Forces. They were given a generally positive assessment. Halder wrote that day in his diary: “Our joint discussion had the most top scores» .

In the headquarters of the army groups in February - March, military games were held, at which the actions of the troops and the order of organizing their supply were played out in stages. Big war game with the participation of the chief of the general staff, Halder, the commanders and chiefs of staff of the armies, was held at the headquarters of Army Group A (South) in Saint-Germain (near Paris). The actions of Guderian's tank group were played separately.

After completion, the plans of army groups and individual armies were reported on March 17, 1941 to Hitler. After making general remarks, he pointed out the need to build plans for the operation, taking into account the forces that Germany had at its disposal, since the Finnish, Romanian and Hungarian troops had limited offensive capabilities. "We can only count on German troops with certainty," Hitler declared.

Exercising control over the planning of offensive operations of army groups and armies, the General Staff simultaneously carried out a great deal of work on organizing intelligence and obtaining information about the state of the USSR economy, about the quantity and quality of the Soviet Armed Forces, about the Red Army grouping on the western borders, about the nature of the fortifications. The aerial photographic reconnaissance department of the Air Force headquarters periodically carried out aerial photography of the border areas, reporting data on its results to the OKH general staff and army group headquarters.

However, despite the efforts made by German intelligence, personally by Admiral Canaris and Colonel Kinzel to organize an intelligence network, they failed to obtain the information that the General Staff was interested in.

In Halder's diary, there are often notes indicating the ambiguity of the general picture of the grouping of Soviet troops, the lack of accurate information about the fortifications, etc. General Blumentritt, who was then close to the General Staff, complained that in preparation for an attack on the USSR (Blumentritt in the fall of 1940 was appointed chief of staff of the 4th Army) it was very difficult for them to get a clear picture of Soviet Russia and its army. “We,” he wrote, “had little information about Russian tanks. We had no idea how many tanks per month the Russian industry was capable of producing ... We also had no exact data on the combat power of the Russian army » .

True, according to Halder, by the beginning of March 1941, the grouping of Soviet troops became somewhat clearer for the general staff. But now that the General Staff had some generalized data on the grouping of Soviet troops and aerial photographs, it had no reason to believe that the Soviet troops were preparing to strike first. Halder, as a result of an analysis of all the materials available to him, came to the conclusion that such an opinion was untenable. On April 6, 1941, he wrote in his diary: “The Commander-in-Chief believes that the possibility of a Russian invasion of Hungary and Bukovina is not ruled out. I think it's absolutely incredible."

At the final stage of Germany's preparations for the war against the Soviet Union (May-June 1941), the General Staff dealt with the issues of concentration and deployment of troops. A feature of the strategic deployment of the fascist German army was that it was carried out unevenly. If in three and a half months 42 divisions were transferred from West to East, then in the last month before the start of the invasion (from May 25 to June 22) - 47 divisions. The General Staff developed schedules for the transfer of troops, took care of creating stocks of ammunition, fuel and food, providing engineering and road construction units with engineering, and above all bridge equipment, and organizing stable communications between all army units.

It should be noted another area of ​​activity of the German General Staff, connected with the preparations for the war against the USSR, namely, measures to organize control in the occupied territory and propaganda among the German and Soviet troops and population.

In the special instruction on special areas signed on March 13, 1941 by the Chief of Staff Keitel to Directive No. 21, the provision was determined according to which the captured areas of the Soviet Union should, as soon as the situation allows, be divided into separate states and controlled by their own governments. Reichsführer SS Himmler, on behalf of Hitler, prepared here a system of political administration that arose from the final and decisive struggle between two opposing political systems.

In particular, as Operation Barbarossa developed, it was envisaged to divide the occupied territories, taking into account nationality, first into three regions: Northern (which should include the Baltic republics), Central (Belarus) and Southern (Ukraine). In these areas, located outside the area of ​​hostilities, as soon as they were occupied, their own political administrations were to be organized, headed by Reichskommissars appointed by the Fuhrer and personally subordinate to him. To carry out military activities (mainly the fight against partisans), commanders of the occupying forces were appointed and quite significant police forces were allocated.

The main task of the occupation authorities, as emphasized in special instructions, was to use the economy, all material values, human resources for the needs of the German economy and to ensure and supply the troops with everything necessary. At the same time, measures of military importance were to be carried out in the first place and unquestioningly carried out.

The unified management of the operation of the economy of the occupied regions (robbery of all material values, food, livestock, deportation of Soviet people to Germany, etc.) was entrusted to Goering, who had at his disposal the Directorate of War Economy and Industry for this purpose. A meeting held on April 3, 1941 at the headquarters of the OKW recognized the need to have a general instruction that would define the tasks and rights of the commander in the occupied territory. The participants of this meeting were presented with drafts of the structure and staff of the military organization of the occupied regions of the Soviet Union.

The highest connection was the corps, the composition of which was mainly recruited from the army. The formation of the headquarters of the corps was carried out in Stettin, Berlin and Vienna in advance in the mobilization order and was supposed to end on June 1, 1941.

Executive power in the theater of operations was transferred to the command of the German army. “To carry out all military tasks in the new areas organized in the rear of the theater of operations, commanders of the armed forces are established, who are subordinate to the chief of staff of the supreme command of the armed forces. The Commander of the Armed Forces is the highest representative of the armed forces in the relevant area and exercises supreme military authority.

The commander of the occupying forces was entrusted with the following tasks: to carry out close cooperation with the SS and police, to fully use the economic resources of the region for the needs of the German economy and to provide troops, to protect communications and military facilities, to fight against sabotage, sabotage and partisans. It is known that the Nazis fully enjoyed the rights granted to them. They mercilessly robbed the population, committed massacres and terror.

On May 12, 1941, Keitel signed another directive, in which he demanded the destruction of all captured Soviet political workers.

It is easy to understand how far from the truth are W. Gerlitz's arguments about the deep ideological and political-ideological differences that allegedly arose within the General Staff in connection with the appearance of these documents. “The order on commissars,” W. Gerlitz wrote, “horrified many generals ... they faced a dilemma: fulfilling a duty according to an oath or following the dictates of conscience.” The generals invariably tried to justify the brutal reprisals against communists, the executions and hangings of commissars with the saving thesis: we stood outside politics, but only carried out our soldier's duty.

At present, the researchers have at their disposal another document of the German General Staff, which reveals not military, but its propaganda activities. At the beginning of June 1941, the OKW headquarters issued and sent out "Instructions on the use of propaganda according to the Barbarossa option" signed by Jodl. This document outlined the main lines of anti-Soviet propaganda among the troops and among the population of the occupied territory with the help of the press, radio, leaflets, and appeals to the population. Special propaganda companies were created, formed from experienced Nazi propagandists and military journalists, equipped with technology and equipment (radio transmitters, loud-speaking installations, film installations, printing houses, etc.). Several such companies were assigned to the army groups "North", "Center", "South" and air fleets (17 companies in total). These were independent troops, united in the department of the "head of propaganda units", which was headed by Major General Hasso von Wedel.

The propaganda troops were mainly assigned two tasks: to provide information about military events at the front and to conduct anti-Soviet propaganda among the Soviet troops and the population of the occupied territory. The second task was the main one, and it was given special importance. “The use of all means of active propaganda,” wrote Jodl, “in the fight against the Red Army promises greater success than in the fight against all former opponents of the German armed forces. Therefore, there is an intention to apply it on a large scale.

3

In addition to preparing its armed forces for an attack on the USSR, the German General Staff played an active role in preparing the armies of the satellite countries: Romania, Hungary and Finland for war.

The issue of involving Romania in the war against the Soviet Union and using it as a springboard for offensives was decided in the autumn of 1940. The former Romanian Prime Minister Antonescu confirmed in his testimony that in November 1940, Romania, having joined the Tripartite Pact, began to intensively prepare to a joint attack with Germany on the USSR.

Already the first meeting between Hitler and Antonescu, which took place in November 1940 in Berlin, served as the beginning of a conspiracy between Germany and Romania to prepare for war against the Soviet Union. Antonescu wrote: “Hitler and I agreed that the German military mission located in Romania should continue to work on the restructuring of the Romanian army according to the German model, and also concluded an economic agreement, according to which the Germans subsequently supplied Messerschmidt-109 aircraft and tanks to Romania. , tractors, anti-aircraft and anti-tank artillery, machine guns and other weapons, receiving in return from Romania bread and gasoline for the needs of the German army.

To the question posed whether my first conversation with Hitler can be regarded as the beginning of my collusion with the Germans in preparing for the war against the Soviet Union, I answer in the affirmative.

In September 1940, a military mission was sent to Romania with the aim of reorganizing the Romanian army according to the German model and preparing it for an attack on the USSR. The mission, headed by Generals Hansen and Speidel and consisting of a numerous apparatus of military instructors, was the link between the German and Romanian general staffs.

Upon the arrival of the military mission in Romania, the chief of the general staff of the Romanian army, General Moaniciu, ordered the army to admit German instructor officers to units and formations for reorganization and retraining in accordance with the regulations of the German army. According to the former Minister of War of Romania Pantazi, by the beginning of the war against the Soviet Union, the entire Romanian army was reorganized and retrained.

The German General Staff was active in involving Hungary in the war and preparing its army for this. Back in November 1940, Halder, through the military attaché in Budapest, Colonel G. Krappe, informed the chief of the Hungarian general staff, Werth, about the war being prepared against the Soviet Union, in which Hungary was also to take part.

G. Krappe, who by the end of the war became lieutenant general, commander of the X SS Corps of the Wisla Army Group, said the following:

“At the end of August 1940, I was summoned to Berlin for a meeting of all military attachés. This meeting was convened at the direction of Hitler and was conducted by General von Tippelskirch and the head of the department, Colonel von Melenthin. It took place in the command building of the ground forces. On August 30, all participants in the meeting were received by Hitler in the building of the new imperial chancellery.

Upon my return to Hungary, I informed the head of the operations department of the Hungarian General Staff, Colonel Laszlo, about these reports. With the consent of his chief of staff, General Werth, Laszlo asked me to report on this to the members of the Hungarian General Staff and officers from the War Office. For my part, I received permission to do so from General von Tippelskirch. The report was made by me in one of the halls of the War Ministry in front of 40 specially selected officers and chiefs of departments of the General Staff. Others present were General Werth, Minister of War von Barth, Deputy Chief of the General Staff General Nadai and General Barabash.

In October 1940, I received an order from the OKH to report on the state of fortifications in the area bordering Russia (Carpathian Ukraine). The head of the operations department, Colonel Laszlo, informed me that so far there are only simple anti-tank obstacles located 1-2 km, and that the construction of barracks to accommodate units has begun. The surveys necessary for the construction of concrete pillboxes along the border and roads will be carried out in the winter and in the spring of 1941 it will be possible to begin construction. But first of all, it is necessary to allocate funds for this construction. It was as if it was about 6,000,000 pengos.

General Werth allowed me to travel by car through Mukachevo to the Uzhok pass; I was given an officer with the rank of senior lieutenant to accompany me.

The result of my inspection trip and the information received from Colonel Laszlo, I reported to Berlin. After some time, Colonel Laszlo informed me that the necessary funds had already been allocated for the construction of these fortifications.

After the signing of the Barbarossa plan, Keitel in December 1940 invited the Hungarian Minister of Defense K. Barth to develop a plan for military-political cooperation between Germany and Hungary. The Hungarian commission, which arrived in Berlin in January 1941, consisting of Colonel-General K. Barth, Chief of the Operations Department of the General Staff Colonel Laszlo and Chief of the 2nd Division of the General Staff Colonel Uysasi, conducted lengthy negotiations with Keitel, Kesselring, Halder, Jodl and Canaris. During negotiations with Laszlo, Halder emphasized that the German General Staff would welcome if Hungary took part in the war against the Soviet Union. As a result of these negotiations, an agreement was reached on the allocation of at least 15 divisions for this purpose.

At the beginning of March 1941, Colonel Kinzel, head of the department of foreign armies of the East, visited Hungary, and at the end of March - Lieutenant General Paulus with a group of officers of the General Staff. The military mission, headed by Paulus, negotiated with the Hungarian General Staff to determine the specific military measures necessary for joint action. These negotiations, according to Paulus, took place in a businesslike atmosphere and led to a general quick agreement on both sides.

The German General Staff paid great attention to securing the left wing of the front in the war being prepared against the Soviet Union. Finland played a significant role in the offensive operations in the North.

In December 1940, the Chief of the General Staff of the Finnish Army, Lieutenant-General Heinrichs, was invited to Berlin in order to preliminary probe Finland's position. In Zossen, at a meeting of the chiefs of staff of army groups and individual armies, convened by the OKH General Staff to familiarize themselves with the Barbarossa plan, he made a report on the experience of the Soviet-Finnish war of 1939/40. During his stay in Zossen, Geinrichs had several meetings with Halder , with whom he discussed the problems of cooperation between Finnish and German troops in the event of a German-Soviet war. On January 30, 1941, Halder and Heinrichs discussed more specific issues related to conducting covert mobilization and choosing directions for strikes on both sides of Lake Ladoga.

At the same time, the commander of the occupying German troops in Norway, Falkenhorst, was summoned to Zossen. He was ordered to report his thoughts on conducting offensive operations in the areas of Petsamo and Murmansk and to develop an operational plan for the Finnish-German offensive between Lakes Ladoga and Onega.

The chief of staff of the German occupation forces in Norway, Colonel Buschenhagen, who later became a general, who was present at Zossen at that time, reported the following:

“At the end of December 1940 (approximately the 20th), being the chief of staff of the German troops in Norway with the rank of colonel, I was invited to a conference of the chiefs of staff of the armies that lasted several days in the OKH (High Command of the Land Forces) in Zossen (near Berlin), to in which the Chief of the General Staff, Colonel-General Halder, outlined the Barbarossa plan, which envisaged an attack on the Soviet Union. In the same period, the Chief of the General Staff of the Finnish Army, General Heinrichs, was in Zossen, who negotiated there with Colonel General Halder. Although I did not take part in them, I assume that they concerned joint German-Finnish actions in the German war against the USSR. At the same time, in the OKH, General Heinrichs made a report to senior German officers on the Soviet-Finnish war in 1939.

In December 1940 or January 1941, I negotiated in the OKW with Generals Jodl and Warlimont about the possible interaction of German troops in Norway and the Finnish army with the outbreak of war against the USSR. Then a plan of attack on Murmansk was outlined.

In accordance with these tasks, I was authorized by the OKW in February 1941 to leave for Helsinki to negotiate with the Finnish General Staff on joint operations against the Soviet Union.

Colonel Buschenhagen, on behalf of the main headquarters of the OKW, was sent to Helsinki in February 1941, where he negotiated with the Finnish general staff on joint operations against the USSR. FROM Finnish side the negotiations were attended by: Chief of the General Staff Heinrichs, his deputy General Aire and the head of the operations department, Colonel Topola. At the same time, Buschenhagen, accompanied by Colonel Topol, made a ten-day trip to reconnoiter the area in the border zone and determine the possibilities for deploying troops in an attack on the Soviet Union. As a result of Bushenhagen's visit to Finland, an operational plan for joint operations from Finnish territory was developed, called the "Blue Fox".

Geinriks with a group of officers of the Finnish General Staff in May 1941 was again invited to Hitler's headquarters - Berchtesgaden. The OKW headquarters developed in advance a detailed program of negotiations with representatives of the Finnish General Staff on Finland's participation in preparations for Operation Barbarossa. The program provided for holding meetings with the chief of staff of the operational leadership, familiarizing the Finnish delegation with the general plans of Germany and the tasks of Finland arising from these plans.

The instructions on the scope of the negotiations, signed on May 1, 1941 by Keitel, especially emphasized the need to motivate the preparation of the armed forces by the fact that the large offensive operations allegedly planned by Germany in the West required increased readiness for defense in the East.

In the theses of the negotiations between the chief of staff of the operational leadership and representatives of Finland, they were given the following tasks: to prepare for defense on the Finnish-Soviet border by urgently carrying out covert mobilization; participate in the offensive together with the German troops on both sides of Lake Ladoga; capture the Hanko Peninsula in order to prevent the Baltic Fleet from leaving this stronghold.

Based on the program of negotiations developed on May 25 in Salzburg at a meeting with the participation of Keitel, Jodl and Warlimont, the plans for joint operations of the Finnish and German troops in the war against the USSR, the terms for the mobilization and offensive of the Finnish army were finally established.

And what can be said about Japan? Were any calculations made on its forces, on its participation in the war with the Soviet Union? Japan was the most loyal ally of Germany. Hitler, of course, could not help but take into account the hostility of the Japanese imperialists to the USSR, and, consequently, counted on their active cooperation in aggression. But Japan also had its own predatory goals. Hitler understood this too.

Back in March 1941, in connection with the unfolding preparations for a war against the USSR, Hitler, through Keitel, gave instructions on the basic principles of cooperation with Japan in connection with the implementation of the Barbarossa plan (in connection with this, a special directive No. 24 of March 5, 1941 was issued .).

These instructions boiled down to the following: to force Japan to go over to active military operations in the Far East as soon as possible in order, first, to pin down large British forces there and shift the center of gravity of US interests to the Pacific Ocean; secondly, without disclosing the Barbarossa plan, to strengthen Japan's confidence that the sooner it moves to offensive operations, the more it can count on success. “Operation Barbarossa,” the directive noted, “creates especially favorable political and military prerequisites for this.”

New documents have been published in Japan that make it possible to more clearly present the policy of Japanese imperialism towards the Soviet Union in connection with the German aggression that was being prepared. First of all, it can be seen from the documents that Japanese Foreign Minister Matsuoka, long before April 13, 1941, that is, before the signing of the neutrality pact with the Soviet Union, knew about the impending German attack on the USSR. The head of the Konoe government also knew about this. The conclusion of a neutrality pact with the USSR was only a diplomatic maneuver for the Japanese government. It was ready to break it at any favorable moment.

The Japanese ambassador in Berlin, Oshima, who received first-hand information, informed his government in detail about Hitler's plans. On April 16, 1941, he sent a telegram to Tokyo, in which, referring to a conversation with Ribbentrop, he announced that Germany would start a war against the USSR during that year. Ribbentrop told him directly: “At present, Germany has sufficient forces to attack the Soviet Union. It is calculated: if the war starts, the operation will end in a few months.

Oshima learned even more definitely about the inevitability of a German-Soviet war from a conversation with Hitler and Ribbentrop on June 3 and 4, 1941. Both Hitler and Ribbentrop told him that "the possibility of war had become extremely great." In a telegram, Oshima reported on this conversation: “As for the date for the start of the war, none of them made a statement on this matter, however, judging by Hitler’s actions in the past ... it can be assumed that it will follow within the next time.”

The question of the position of the empire in the conditions of the German-Soviet war began to be vigorously debated in the Japanese government and in the general staff. During the discussion, two positions were determined: the first - as soon as the German-Soviet war begins, immediately oppose the USSR. Its ardent supporter was Foreign Minister Matsuoka; and the second is to adhere to the tactics of waiting for a "favorable opportunity", that is, when a favorable situation is created on Soviet-German front, then oppose the USSR and end the Far Eastern Red Army with one blow. This position was held by the leaders of the military ministry. And in the end they prevailed.

The Japanese imperialists were preparing to invade Soviet territory. The General Staff developed a plan of attack on the USSR (the Kantokuen plan), which determined the deadline for the invasion of Soviet territory - the end of August - the beginning of September 1941. The Japanese aggressors were only waiting for an "opportune opportunity", but they did not wait for it.

Hitler also provided for joint operations in the Pacific by German and Japanese naval forces with the aim of quickly suppressing England and keeping the United States out of the war; holding in the pool Pacific Ocean a trade war, which could support the German trade war; the capture of Singapore, which is the key position of England in the Far East, which would mean a major success for the joint military leadership of the three powers.

In addition, it was planned to attack the system of other strongholds of the Anglo-American naval forces (if it was not possible to prevent the US from entering the war), which was supposed to undermine the enemy system and, when attacking sea lanes, tie up significant forces of all branches of the military. As for the rest, the directive said, Germany in the Far East had neither political nor military-economic interests that would make a reservation about Japan's plans.

At the same time, Hitler gave the order to strengthen military assistance to Japan in every possible way, to fully satisfy her requests for the transfer of military combat experience, for military-economic and technical support. In a word, Hitler ordered that all conditions be created so that the Japanese imperialists could proceed to active hostilities in the shortest possible time.

Thus, in general plan aggression, including in terms of war against the USSR, Japan was assigned an important role both in the direct deployment of armed struggle in the Far East, and in fettering significant Soviet Armed Forces.

The special mutual interest of Germany and Japan in unleashing a war against the USSR was quite definitely stated at a meeting of the Privy Council by Japanese Foreign Minister Matsuoka. “Although there is,” he said, “a non-aggression pact (between the USSR and Germany. - P.Zh.), but Japan will help Germany in the event of a Soviet-German war, and Germany will help Japan in the event of a Russo-Japanese war.

4

Nazi Germany's preparations for an aggressive war against the Soviet Union culminated in a whole series of inspection trips by leaders of the Wehrmacht and the General Staff. On May 6, 1941, Hitler, accompanied by Keitel and officers of the General Staff, went to East Prussia, where he checked the condition of the troops and visited a new headquarters - the Wolf's Lair near Rastenburg.

In mid-May, the troops of Army Groups "Center" and "South" visited Brauchitsch. In the first half of June, accompanied by Heusinger, he again made a trip to the East, checking the readiness of the troops for the offensive. Upon his return to Zossen, Brauchitsch stated: “The overall impression is gratifying. The troops are excellent. The preparation of the operation by the headquarters is generally well thought out. In June, Halder visited the troops of the eastern front twice, who also concluded that they were "all well instructed and in excellent spirits."

On June 14, 1941, the last big military conference with Hitler took place before the attack on the USSR. It heard detailed reports from the commanders of army groups, armies and tank groups on the readiness of troops for the invasion. The meeting went on from early morning until late in the evening. After dinner, Hitler said a big parting speech. He reiterated the "political credo" of the war against the USSR, declaring that this would be the last great campaign that would open the way for Germany to world domination.

And by some fatal coincidence, it was on June 14, when the Nazi generals reported to their Fuhrer that they were fully prepared to attack the USSR, that a TASS message was published in the Soviet press. It said: “... rumors began to be circulated in the English and foreign press in general about the “imminence of a war between the USSR and Germany” ... Despite the obvious senselessness of these rumors, responsible circles in Moscow nevertheless considered it necessary, in view of the stubborn exaggeration of these rumors, to authorize TASS to declare that these rumors are clumsily concocted propaganda of forces hostile to the USSR and Germany, interested in further expansion and unleashing the war.

TASS declares that: 1) Germany did not present any claims to the USSR and does not propose any new, closer agreement, which is why negotiations on this subject could not take place; 2) according to the USSR, Germany also steadfastly complies with the terms of the Soviet-German non-aggression pact, like the Soviet Union, which is why, according to Soviet circles, rumors about Germany's intention to break the pact and launch an attack on the USSR are devoid of any ground, and what is happening recently the time of the transfer of German troops, freed from operations in the Balkans, to the eastern and northeastern regions of Germany is connected, presumably, with other motives that have nothing to do with Soviet-German relations ... ".

Of course, such a responsible government statement could not but have a calming effect on the Soviet people and the army. But, as it soon became quite obvious, it was based on Stalin's deeply erroneous assessment of the military-political situation.

It should be noted that the TASS report was not published in any of the German newspapers, and the dissemination in Germany of information about its publication in the Soviet press was strictly prohibited. Hitler, of course, immediately became aware of the TASS report. And he was certainly satisfied that his disinformation maneuvers had done their job.

During this period, the Nazi command finally formulated the tasks for the troops in the upcoming war against the Soviet Union. They boiled down to the following: to split the front of the Red Army, concentrated in the west of the USSR, into two parts with fast and deep strikes by powerful tank groups north and south of Polesie, and, using this breakthrough, destroy the disunited Soviet troops. It was planned to carry out the operations in such a way that the entire mass of Soviet troops stationed in the western part of the USSR would be destroyed by means of a deep wedging of German tank units. At the same time, the need was emphasized to prevent the possibility of a retreat of combat-ready units of the Red Army into the vast interior regions of the country.

To this end, as a result of a long and painstaking work, comparing various options, three main strategic directions of the offensive of the Nazi troops were chosen: the first - from East Prussia through the Baltic states to Pskov-Leningrad; the second - from the Warsaw region to Minsk-Smolensk and further to Moscow; the third - from the region of Lublin in the general direction to Zhytomyr - Kyiv. In addition, auxiliary strikes were planned: from Finland - to Leningrad and Murmansk and from Romania - to Chisinau.

In accordance with these directions, three army groups of fascist German troops were created: "North", "Center" and "South". In addition, the active participation in the war of the armed forces of Romania and Finland was envisaged.

To ensure the surprise attack on the territory of the USSR, it was planned to carry out the transfer of troops in five echelons. In the first four echelons, troops and military equipment were transferred, which were directly part of the army groups. The 5th echelon transferred 24 divisions, which were part of the reserve of the main command of the ground forces. The directive of January 31, 1941 emphasized that “the advance of concentrated troops to the border should take place, if possible, at the last moment and unexpectedly for the enemy. The formations that are part of the 1st and 2nd echelons, in general, should not cross the Tarnow - Warsaw - Koenigsberg line until April 25, 1941.

In its final form, the grouping of the armies of Germany and its satellites, intended for the invasion of the territory of the USSR, was next.

Two Finnish armies ("South-Eastern" and "Karelian") and the German fascist army "Norway" were deployed on the territory of Finland - a total of 21 infantry divisions. Finnish troops were to advance on the Karelian Isthmus, between Lakes Ladoga and Onega, in order to link up in the Leningrad region with units of Army Group North. Army "Norway" was aimed at Murmansk and Kandalaksha. To support the offensive of the Finnish and Nazi troops, about 900 aircraft were allocated from the 5th German Air Fleet and the Finnish Air Force.

The troops of the armies "North" (16th, 18th armies and 4th tank group - 29 divisions in total) were deployed on a 230-kilometer front from Klaipeda to Goldap. Their task was the destruction of Soviet troops in the Baltic States and the capture of ports on the Baltic Sea. Having concentrated the main efforts on the direction of Daugavpils-Opochka-Pskov and rapidly moving in this direction, parts of the North group had to prevent the withdrawal of Soviet troops from the Baltic states and create conditions for further unhindered advance to Leningrad. The offensive was supported by the 1st air fleet (1070 aircraft).

Army Group "Center" (9, 4th Army and 3, 2nd Panzer Group - a total of 50 divisions and 2 brigades), deployed on a 550-kilometer front from Goldap to Vlodava, with simultaneous strikes by the 2nd Panzer Group in cooperation with The 4th Army in the general direction of Brest-Minsk and the 3rd Panzer Group, in cooperation with the 9th Army in the direction of Grodno-Minsk, was supposed to surround and destroy Soviet troops in Belarus, develop an offensive against Smolensk, capture the city and the area south of it, thus providing Army Group Center with freedom of action to carry out subsequent tasks. Support for the offensive was assigned to the 2nd Air Fleet (1680 aircraft).

The troops of the Army Group "South" (6th, 17th, 11th armies, 1st tank group, 3rd and 4th Romanian armies, one Hungarian corps - a total of 57 divisions and 13 brigades) were deployed from Lublin to the mouth of the Danube on a front with a length of 780 km. They were given the task of breaking through the defenses in the Kovel-Rava Russkaya sector with a strike force (6th Army and 1st Panzer Group) and, rapidly developing the offensive in the direction of Zhytomyr - Kyiv, to capture the Kyiv region and the crossings across the Dnieper. In the future, the 6th, 17th armies and the 1st tank group were to go on the offensive in the southeast direction, prevent the Soviet troops from retreating beyond the Dnieper and destroy them with a strike from the rear. The 11th German, 3rd and 4th Romanian armies were faced with the task of pinning down the Soviet troops opposing them, and then, as the general offensive developed, go on the offensive and, in cooperation with aviation, prevent the organized withdrawal of Soviet units. Air support for the offensive of the Army Group "South" was assigned to the 4th German air fleet and Romanian aviation (about 1300 aircraft).

The German command attached great importance to the Black Sea and the capture of the naval base of Sevastopol and the seaport of Odessa. The Black Sea was given an important place in the plans of Operation Barbarossa because, firstly, German strategists considered it the most reliable communication between the USSR and England, which would inevitably communicate during the war, and, secondly, in the event of the loss of Sevastopol and Odessa, the Black Sea Fleet will be able to leave through the straits to the eastern part of the Mediterranean Sea.

A document drawn up at the main headquarters of the German armed forces on April 28, 1941, which was entitled "The Significance of the Black Sea and the Straits in Operation Barbarossa", set out the following considerations:

1. If Turkey strictly fulfills its obligations, then the Soviet warships of the Black Sea Fleet will not leave through the straits, and British ships will not be able to penetrate the Black Sea to assist them. Passage through the straits against the will of Turkey will be excluded if she puts up serious resistance. Penetration of British warships into the Black Sea is also unlikely for the reason that the British do not have more or less serious objects in the Black Sea. However, it should be borne in mind that the Soviet command will try to withdraw its ships from the Black Sea, using Turkish territorial waters if possible, regardless of the losses, since with the development of Operation Barbarossa, these ships can still be considered lost to the USSR.

2. The Axis countries use the provision on the right of passage through the straits after Operation Marita for communications between the Black and Aegean Seas. In the interests of supplying Italy with fuel, this maritime communication will be of particular importance in the future. During the operation "Barbarossa" German ships will not ply at all, and if they do, then only along the coast until the capture of Soviet naval bases. Proceeding from the interest of the German fleet in the passage through the Dardanelles, as well as from economic and military necessity, the departure of Soviet ships from the Black Sea should not be allowed.

3. It is possible to place minefields in front of the entrance to the Bosphorus, using the Romanian fleet, German aviation and the Italian fleet in order to prevent the departure of Soviet ships. However, by these means, especially if Turkish territorial waters are taken into account, one can only interfere with Russian sea traffic, but not completely stop it. In addition, in this way it is possible to deprive the USSR of ships, while Germany is interested in getting as many ships as possible for its maritime transport.

4. During Operation Barbarossa, Germany's interests in the straits recede into the background before the demand to prevent Soviet ships from leaving the Black Sea. After this operation, the countries of the "axis" need unhindered passage through the straits. From the foregoing, it follows that with the start of Operation Barbarossa, Turkey should be required to close the straits for any kind of maritime communications.

5. The Turkish Government may reserve the right to allow Soviet ships to call at Black Sea ports, including the Bosphorus. But Germany must ensure that after the end of the operation these ships are handed over to her. Such a decision is in the interests of Germany more than if the Soviet ships were destroyed by the Russians themselves before the German intervention.

The less time remained before the invasion of the German armed forces into the territory of the USSR, the more concrete the planning of the operation, the preparation, concentration and deployment of troops became. If earlier it was of a general, fundamental nature, then starting from June 1, 1941, i.e. three weeks before the start of Operation Barbarossa, the main headquarters of the armed forces developed a calculation of the training time for the ground forces, air force and naval forces, as well as the work of the main headquarters. This calculation of time by day, after Hitler's approval, was secretly brought to the command of the branches of the armed forces and army groups. We present it in full (see table below).

The fascist leaders were so confident in the rapid and successful achievement of their political and economic goals that, simultaneously with the development of the Barbarossa plan, they outlined further stages on their path to world domination.

The official diary of the High Command of the German armed forces contains the following entry, dated February 17, 1941: "After the end of the Eastern campaign, it is necessary to think over a plan for the capture of Afghanistan and the organization of an offensive against India." Directive No. 32 of the German High Command of June 11, 1941, outlined even broader plans for the conquest of the countries of the Near and Middle East with a subsequent invasion of England. This document stated that "after the defeat of the Russian armed forces, Germany and Italy will establish military dominance over the European continent ... Then there will no longer be any serious threat to the territory of Europe on land." The fascist leaders hoped that already in the autumn of 1941 they would be able to start seizing Iran, Iraq, Egypt and the Suez Canal. After mastering Spain and Portugal, they intended to capture Gibraltar, cut off England from its sources of raw materials and proceed to the siege of the mother country.

Such were the far-reaching calculations of German imperialism. They testify that the attack on the USSR and the seizure of its territory were considered by the leaders of fascist Germany as the most important, decisive link in the general chain of aggression. The fate of not only the Soviet people, but also the peoples of the whole world depended on the outcome of this struggle.

From time to time, the German General Staff also compiled reports on the state of preparation for Operation Barbarossa. We have at our disposal such reports as of May 1 and June 1, 1941. They are of some interest, primarily for clarifying the General Staff's assessment of the correlation of armed forces.

CALCULATION OF OPERATION BARBAROSSA TIME. Action plan

Transfer of the reinforced 169th Infantry Division in seven echelons. First landing in Finland 8.6.

5-12.6. Traffic between Oslo and the ports of the Gulf of Bothnia. Transfer of the headquarters of the 36th Army Corps with corps units in four echelons. First landing in Finland 9.6.

northern section- German and Soviet forces are approximately the same,

central section- the strong superiority of the German forces,

southern section- the superiority of the Soviet forces.

This report noted the pulling up of a large number of Soviet troops to the western border of the USSR; an assessment was made of a Russian soldier who would fight at his post to the last; the opinion of the commander-in-chief of the ground forces, Brauchitsch, was cited, who believed that stubborn battles with the Red Army would take place during the first four weeks, and in the future one could count on weaker resistance.

The report for 1 June 1941 gives an idea of ​​the general distribution of the German armed forces in the theaters of operations.

In the West there were 40 infantry, 1 motorized, 1 police divisions and 1 tank brigade. In the North, 6 infantry, 2 mountain, 1 security divisions, the SS combat group "North" and 140 batteries of the main command for coastal defense were concentrated. In addition, it was planned to send one reinforced infantry division with corps units from Germany to Norway and Finland. After the start of operations, it was planned to bring up another 1 infantry division for an offensive on the Hanko Peninsula. In the Balkans, in addition to the formations provided for the final occupation, there were 8 infantry and 1 tank divisions, which were the reserve of the high command. In the future, they were to be transferred to the Barbarossa concentration area.

In the East, the total composition of the troops increased by 76 infantry, 1 cavalry and 3 tank divisions. Army groups and armies assumed command of their sectors, partly through camouflaged work headquarters. The group "North" was given security units received from the West. The 3rd Air Fleet took command of the air war against England. The 2nd Air Fleet was reorganized and transferred to the East. The 8th Aviation Corps, intended for Operation Barbarossa, was transferred as quickly as possible to the East.

In the part of the report that reported on the state of camouflage, it was emphasized that from June 1, the second phase of disinformation of the enemy (Operations Shark and Harpoon) would begin in order to give the impression of preparing an amphibious landing from the coast of Norway, the English Channel and the Pas- de Calais and from the coast of Brittany. The concentration of forces in the East was seen as a disinformation maneuver to cover up the landing in England.

It should be noted that activities related to the disinformation maneuver throughout the preparation of Operation Barbarossa were at the center of attention of Hitler and the High Command and were widely carried out through various channels.

And although the general meaning of these disinformation measures was to deceive public opinion about the actual nature of the activities of the Wehrmacht and create a "mosaic picture", nevertheless, the main camouflage actions were carried out in two directions.

The first is to convince the people and the army that Germany was really seriously preparing for a landing in England and was generally preparing to start a big war against her. True, Hitler, as early as July 1940 and later, in a narrow circle, repeatedly expressed the idea that a landing operation was a very risky undertaking. It could have been carried out only if no other way had been found to do away with England. Hitler had long ago refused to conduct a landing in England, but as a means of disinformation, it was promoted on a large scale. This was believed both in Germany itself and beyond its borders.

The second is to create a false public opinion about the threat from the Soviet Union, whose armed forces were allegedly preparing to deliver a preemptive strike, and in connection with this, Germany was forced to strengthen and strengthen the defense in the East. It was precisely such instructions that Hitler, Keitel and Jodl gave to those who negotiated with the military representatives of Romania, Hungary and Finland. The instructions on the scope of negotiations with foreign states regarding their participation in the preparation of Operation Barbarossa dated May 1, 1941, signed by Keitel, said: experience of past wars) high readiness for defense in the East. Therefore, the purpose of the negotiations is to demand from the named states (Finland, Hungary, Romania) to carry out defensive measures, the preparation of which they must begin now.

The purely defensive measures of these states were also discussed at a meeting with the head of the country's defense on April 30, 1941. But Jodl, who negotiated with representatives of Finland, was recommended to state something else, namely: that the USSR had offensive plans, which forced Germany to take countermeasures, prevent the plans of the Soviet Union by launching an offensive in which Finland was to take an active part.

Such instructions were given in the directive of May 1, 1941. And a month later, in a report on the state of preparation for an attack on the USSR on June 1, it was noted that Romania, on the instructions of the commander of the German troops in Romania, began a secret mobilization in order to be able to protect its border from the alleged Red Army offensive. Army.

This version was persistently spread by Hitler right up to the invasion of the Nazi troops in the USSR. This is evidenced by the testimony of Goering, Keitel and Jodl. This idea was inspired by Hitler and the Duce in a message sent a few hours before the start of the operation.

Finally, there is another document of the same kind. On May 25, 1941, a top secret telephone message was sent from Hitler's headquarters to the commanders-in-chief of the ground forces, the air force, the navy, the commander of the German troops in Norway and the German military mission in Romania. This document stated: "The Führer once again draws attention to the fact that in the coming weeks, preventive actions may be taken by the Russians and therefore it is necessary to fully ensure their prevention."

The lie about the threat from the Soviet Union and its wide dissemination were badly needed by Hitler. And here he achieved considerable success. Even now, a quarter of a century later, this thoughtful and cleverly tossed version is still in circulation in Western anti-Soviet literature.

Thus, fascist Germany, which had been preparing for a war against the Soviet Union for a long time, by mid-June 1941, had concentrated enormous armed forces near the western borders of the USSR, numbering 190 divisions (together with satellite troops). The total number of personnel of the German armed forces deployed to invade the territory of the USSR was 4,600 thousand people, and with the troops of the allies - up to 5.5 million people. The fascist army had the latest military equipment. 4950 aircraft, 2800 tanks and assault guns, over 48 thousand guns and mortars were aimed against the Soviet Union. AT navy there were 193 warships and boats.

And all this 5 millionth mass of troops, a huge number of tanks, guns, transport had to be secretly brought to the borders of the USSR for a very short term, mostly at night.

A formidable military armada, ready to unleash deadly blows on peaceful Soviet cities and villages, occupied the starting lines along the entire western border of the USSR. She waited only for Hitler's order.

One question remained unresolved: when to start the invasion of the territory of the USSR? Initially, by Directive No. 21, the readiness of the troops for the invasion was determined on May 15, 1941. But then changes took place. Mussolini did not succeed in capturing Greece, where the Italian troops met with serious resistance. Hitler decided to help his partner in aggression and send part of the troops to Greece, intended to attack the USSR. In addition, and this is the main thing, Hitler sought to seize Yugoslavia by a sudden blow and thereby firmly secure his strategic positions in South-Eastern Europe. This was all the more necessary for him, since the Yugoslav people, having overthrown the pro-fascist government of Cvetkovic, forced the new government to conclude on April 5, 1941, a treaty of friendship and non-aggression with the Soviet Union.

Events in Yugoslavia developed as follows. On March 4, 1941, Hitler summoned the Yugoslav Prince Regent Paul to Berchtesgaden and demanded that Yugoslavia join the Tripartite Pact and allow German troops to enter Greece. Under pressure, Paul agreed to comply with these demands of Hitler. On March 25, 1941, Yugoslav Prime Minister Cvetkovic and Foreign Minister Zintsof-Markovic signed an agreement in Vienna on joining the Anti-Comintern Pact. But when they returned to Belgrade, they found themselves out of power. On March 27, the Yugoslav people overthrew the pro-fascist Cvetković government. Events in Yugoslavia were completely unexpected for Hitler. They disrupted his aggressive plans.

On March 27, 1941, Hitler called an emergency strictly secret military conference attended by Goering, Ribbentrop, Keitel, Jodl, Brauchitsch, Halder, Heusinger and 10 other military staff officials. At this meeting, Hitler, irritated that the Belgrade coup had confused his cards, furiously attacked the Yugoslav government, Serbs and Slovenes, who, in his opinion, had never been friendly towards Germany. He called this meeting not to discuss the situation, but to announce his decision. He stated that,

firstly, if a government coup in Yugoslavia had taken place after the start of Operation Barbarossa, this would have had much more serious consequences;

secondly, the coup in Yugoslavia radically changed the situation in the Balkans. He jeopardized the success of Operation Barbarossa, and in this regard, its launch should be delayed by about four weeks, and, finally,

thirdly, it is urgent to break up Yugoslavia and destroy it as a state.

Hitler demanded quick and decisive action. Italy, Hungary, and in some respects even Bulgaria were tasked with providing military support to Germany in the struggle against Yugoslavia. Romania was supposed to provide rear cover from the USSR.

Politically, Hitler attached particular importance to the inexorable cruelty in striking at Yugoslavia and its lightning-fast military defeat. The task was to accelerate all preparations and appointments for the action of large forces in such a way as to achieve the defeat of Yugoslavia in the shortest possible time.

The conference also considered the main strategic and operational issues of the use of ground forces and aviation. To carry out this event, it was decided to take from among the formations concentrated for Operation Barbarossa the necessary sufficiently powerful forces.

Commander-in-Chief of the Ground Forces Brauchitsch said that Operation Marita could begin on April 1, according to weather conditions, and that other strike groups could start between April 3 and 10. The Commander-in-Chief of the Air Force Goering reported that raids by the 8th Air Corps from Bulgarian territory could be launched immediately, but it would take another two or three days to concentrate larger air forces.

On the same day, March 27, Hitler signed Directive No. 25, the first paragraph of which read: “The military putsch in Yugoslavia has caused changes in the political situation in the Balkans. Yugoslavia, even if she makes a declaration of her loyalty, must be regarded as an adversary, and therefore must be defeated as quickly as possible.

Then came the order: with a concentric strike from the Fiume-Graz region, on the one hand, and from the Sofia region, on the other, adhering to the general direction of Belgrade and to the south, invade Yugoslavia and inflict a devastating blow on its armed forces, in addition, cut off the extreme southern part of Yugoslavia from the rest of the territory and seize it as a base for the continuation of the German-Italian offensive against Greece.

Thus, at the moment when the preparations for the attack on the Soviet Union were in full swing and were close to completion, and there was a month and a half left before the scheduled invasion date (May 15), Hitler was completely unexpectedly forced to cancel the previously scheduled invasion date (later, some considered this is his fatal mistake) and to abandon part of the forces to capture Yugoslavia, especially tanks from the grouping aimed against the USSR.

The fact that Hitler rushed into the Balkans in April 1941 was, of course, the main reason for the postponement of the attack on the Soviet Union. In an order issued by Keitel on April 3, it was indicated that "the time for the start of Operation Barbarossa, as a result of the operation in the Balkans, is postponed by at least four weeks." At the same time, Keitel warned that, despite the postponement of the invasion, all preparations should continue to be disguised and explained to the troops as a cover for the rear from the USSR. All measures, he pointed out, which are directly related to the offensive, will be delayed as far as possible. Rail transport must continue to operate according to the peacetime schedule. And only when the campaign in the Southeast is over will the railroads move to the busiest schedule for the last wave of strategic deployment. The high command was asked to submit the relevant new data for the table for calculating the time, order and timing of the concentration of forces on the border with Soviet territory.

When was the day of the invasion finally fixed? In the documents that we have, the date of June 22 as the day the operation "Barbarossa" began was first named on April 30, 1941 at a meeting with the head of the German defense department, that is, when the operation in Yugoslavia and Greece was, in fact, already completed. In the record of the issues discussed at this meeting, the first question was about the timing of Operation Barbarossa. It said: "The Fuhrer has decided: to consider June 22 as the day of the start of Operation Barbarossa."

This date was not chosen by chance. June 22, 1941 was Sunday. The Nazis understood that after a week of work, Soviet people would rest in peace. In order to take the Soviet troops by surprise, the Nazis also chose the appropriate time for delivering the first blows. Brauchitsch, after visiting the troops, considered it desirable to launch an offensive at dawn - at 3 hours 5 minutes. Some of the corps commanders insisted on the same. However, soon a dispute arose between the command of Army Groups "North" and "Center" about the time of the start of the offensive. Then the main headquarters of the OKW, once again considering this issue, finally determined the time of the invasion, setting it for 3 hours 30 minutes on June 22, 1941.

The fateful hour "H" was approaching. Hitler awaited him with impatience and anxiety. And when there were already a few hours left before the start of the offensive, the Fuhrer sent a special courier von Kleist to Rome with a message to Mussolini, his partner in aggression.

This letter is of particular interest. It began with the words: “I am writing this letter to you at a moment when months of hard thinking, as well as eternal nervous waiting, ended with the adoption of the most difficult decision in my life” (to invade the Soviet Union. - P.Zh.).

And then there were false arguments about why Hitler was forced to take such a step. He painted a gloomy picture of the alleged danger looming over Europe caused by the Bolshevik tendency to expand the Soviet state. To eliminate this danger, Hitler wrote, there is only one way - to start an invasion of the USSR, since "further waiting will lead to disastrous consequences at the latest this or next year."

Hitler sought to impress on the Duce that he had taken on the historic mission of defending Europe against Bolshevism, or, as he put it, "decided to put an end to the hypocritical game of the Kremlin." But what this hypocritical game consisted of, Hitler did not say, and could not say, since he had no justification for treachery.

How did Hitler imagine the general situation then and how did he assess it? The most important thing for him was that Germany managed to avoid a war on two fronts - against England and the Soviet Union at the same time. This is what Hitler feared most. After the defeat of France, England lost any ability to fight, since she could only wage war with the help of continental countries. Now she hoped only for the Soviet Union, which, in Hitler's opinion, was pursuing a cautious and intelligent policy of pinning down the German armed forces in the East in order to prevent the German command from venturing into a major offensive in the West.

Of course, Hitler reasoned, the Soviet Union had enormous forces. And if Germany began to continue the air war with England, then the USSR could move them against Germany. Then the most unpleasant thing would happen - a war on two fronts. In addition, it must be borne in mind, Hitler noted, that in the pose of an instigator there is also the United States, which will carry out mass deliveries of military materials. “Therefore,” he concluded, “after much deliberation, I have come to the conclusion that it is better to break this noose before it is tightened. I believe, Duce, that by doing so this year I will render our joint conduct of the war, perhaps, the most great service which is even possible."

It seemed to Hitler that the general situation for an attack on the USSR in the summer of 1941 was the most favorable. He reasoned like this: France is crushed and can be discounted. England, with the desperation of a drowning woman, clutches at every straw that can serve as an anchor for her salvation. Who is she counting on? For the USA and the USSR. It is impossible to eliminate the United States of America, "but to exclude Russia is in our power." The liquidation of the Soviet state would at the same time mean an enormous relief of Japan's position in East Asia.

In this regard, attention should be paid to some of Hitler's statements in Mussolini's message related to the war against the USSR. He wrote:

“As for the struggle in the East, Duce, it will definitely be difficult. But I don't doubt for a second that it will be a big success. First of all, I hope that as a result we will be able to secure a common food base in Ukraine for a long time. It will serve as a supplier of those resources that we may need in the future. I dare add that, as we can now judge, the current German harvest promises to be very good. It is quite possible that Russia will try to destroy the Romanian oil sources. We've built a defense that I hope will keep us from that. The task of our armies is to eliminate this threat as quickly as possible.

If I am only now sending you this message, Duce, it is only because the final decision will be made only today at 7 pm. Therefore, I ask you cordially not to inform anyone about this, especially your ambassador in Moscow, since there is no absolute certainty that our coded reports cannot be deciphered. I ordered my own ambassador to be informed of the decisions taken only at the last minute.

Whatever happens now, Duce, our situation will not worsen from this step; it can only get better. Even if I were forced to leave 60 and 70 divisions in Russia by the end of this year, it would still be only a part of the forces that I must now constantly keep on the eastern border. Let England try not to draw conclusions from the terrible facts before which she finds herself. Then we will be able to free our rear, with triple strength to fall on the enemy in order to destroy him. What depends on us, the Germans, will, I dare to assure you, Duce, done.

In conclusion, I would like to tell you one more thing. I feel inwardly free again after I have come to this decision. Collaboration with the Soviet Union, with all the sincere desire to achieve final detente, often weighed heavily on me. For it seemed to me a break with all my past, my outlook and my former obligations. I am happy that I have been freed from this moral burden.

These are the basic principles of the message of Hitler Mussolini. There was both candor and disguised lies in them, which consisted primarily in the assertion that the Soviet Union threatened Germany and Western Europe as a whole. Hitler needed such a version in order, firstly, to portray himself as a "savior from the communist threat", and, secondly, to justify the preventive nature of the attack on the USSR. Hitler was intensively preparing for the spread of such a version. In the same message to Mussolini, he wrote: “The material that I intend to gradually publish is so extensive that the world will be more surprised at our patience than our decision, if it does not belong to a part of society hostile to us, for which arguments have no advance any values."

The lie also consisted in the fact that by attacking the USSR, Hitler allegedly, first of all, sought to undermine the hopes of Great Britain to organize a war against Germany on two fronts and deprive her of her last chance in the struggle.

This version is meaningless. However, it is still in use today. There are people who spread it and try to claim that the attack on the USSR supposedly was of secondary importance for Hitler, and that England was the main target. With such a thesis, he spoke in Moscow in 1965 at the International Conference dedicated to the 20th anniversary of the victory over Nazi Germany, West German historian G. Jacobsen. He stated that Hitler decided to attack the USSR not for an aggressive purpose, but because he wanted to achieve victory over England, bring her to her knees and deprive her of any opportunity to have an ally. Although further G. Jacobsen spoke about Hitler's desire to destroy Bolshevism, and about the exploitation of the Soviet economy, all this was allegedly subordinated to the main thing - the victory over England. It is not difficult to guess where such statements come from. They feed on the lies that Hitler spread.

By June 21, all German troops took up their original positions. Hitler was in the new underground headquarters near Rostenburg, which received the very appropriate name "Wolf's Lair". The commanders of army groups, the commanders of all formations and units led the troops from command and observation posts. So, the observation post of the 2nd Panzer Group of Guderian was located opposite the Brest Fortress on the opposite bank of the Bug. Guderian, who visited here in 1939, knew the area well and was afraid that the tanks would not be able to seize the Brest Fortress on their own. The Bug River and ditches filled with water presented an impenetrable barrier for tanks.

From observation posts, German officers could establish that ordinary life was going on in the garrison: the soldiers were engaged in drill training and played volleyball. A brass band played in the evenings. On June 22, at 2:10, when it was still dark, Guderian, accompanied by a group of staff officers, arrived at an observation post located northwest of Brest. And an hour later, when dawn broke a little, the first volleys of the German artillery pieces, the rumble of engines and the rattle of tank tracks rang out. The first Messerschmitts and Junkers swept over the Bug.

The name of the operation to invade Yugoslavia.

For those who are not particularly aware of what kind of plan this is, who developed it and why, we inform you that the Barbarossa plan is a plan for Germany to attack the USSR, the actual planning to seize Russia as the main enemy, preventing world domination.

Recall that by the time of the attack on the USSR, Germany, led by Adolf Hitler, had already passed half of Europe in a victorious march. Only England and the USA snapped. In fact, the Second World War began on September 3, 1939, when England and France declared war on Germany in response to the fact that she invaded Poland on September 1.

For the USSR, these events became significant because Western Ukraine, which was part of Poland, as well as Western Belarus, was annexed to the huge country.

By signing the Non-Aggression Pact with the leadership of the USSR, Hitler secured a certain head start for himself, because the Soviet Union fulfilled its part of the agreement. If only they knew that already at that time the Wehrmacht was developing the Barbarossa plan, summary which can now be found in all school textbooks, and an attack on a great country was carefully planned.

Hitler reasoned that as long as Russia stands, England will not surrender, and as long as England stands, the United States will not surrender. Moreover, his hands itched to seize America, because in the event of the fall of the USSR, Japan would become much stronger, which was in tense relations with the United States, to put it mildly.

Apparently, the experience of wars of previous centuries was not in vain, although it was acquired from a stranger, so Germany preferred to lull the vigilance of the USSR than to fight in the winter, so the attack was scheduled for May 1941. Information about the military forces of the enemy was painstakingly collected, disinformation was thrown and spies from among the inhabitants of the territories newly annexed to the USSR. Luftwaffe pilots flew so high that the Soviet fighters could not reach, and photographed the location of the flight hangars and the amount of equipment. Disinformation was launched that it seemed that Germany and the USSR had agreed to completely reduce the influence of England in the Middle East. Recall that England had many colonial lands, where the cultural heritage of the stiff English is still felt.

In general, the work was carried out enormous, preparation at the highest level. Germany was diverted from the attack in May by the Balkans, where she carried out the Yugoslav and Greek operations. Therefore, instead of May 15, the second date of the attack was June 22, 1941.

According to the German plan, everything should have happened like this:

First, the German troops with precise blows smash the main forces of the USSR in Western Ukraine, finish off individual enemy units. They were going to pass Ukraine in less than a month.

From the Balkans to strike at Leningrad and Moscow, it was especially tasked to capture the latter, as an important political and strategic point. At the same time, it was planned that Moscow would flock to defend the remnants of the Soviet army, which would be easy to finish off, thereby completely subjugating the USSR.

The military operation was planned for a maximum of one summer, that is, 5 months were given to conquer a huge country. Such arrogance of the Nazi Wehrmacht was not without reason, because Europe was conquered in a matter of months.

But, as is known from history, it did not work out to pass a victorious march. The mentality of the Russian people, who do not agree to live under someone else's command, played a role, unlike the Europeans, who were conquered a myriad of times.

On June 22, 1941, the Great Patriotic War began for the USSR, which lasted 4 years, and it was the Soviet flag that flew over the Reichstag on May 9, 1945.