It is often very difficult to determine which parts of speech belongs to one or another member of the sentence. The question most often faced is: “ How to distinguish an adjective from a participle" To understand the similarities and differences between these parts of speech, it is necessary to understand what role they play in the sentence.
Necessary:
— Russian language textbooks;
- a little patience and practice.
Instructions:
- Adjective - This independent part speech, denotes a non-procedural feature of the subject. Answers the questions “which”, “which”, “which” and “which”. In sentences, as a rule, it is associated with a noun and therefore inherits its characteristics. It follows that it changes according to numbers, genders and cases. In a sentence it usually acts as a determiner, but can also be a subject and a predicate.
- Participle as part of speech – this is an unconjugated form of a verb; it has the properties of both a verb and an adjective. A verb property is the ability to denote a characteristic of an object by its action. Just like an adjective, this part of speech answers the questions “ Which», « which», « which", but besides this it has the properties of a verb and answers the question " what is he doing" A question for him can be formulated more correctly using interrogative phrases “ what did he do», « what did he do».
- To figure out what similarities and differences between adjectives and participles , let’s take these two parts of speech for comparison: “ yellow" And " yellowing" First, let's try to find similarities in these words. Both bow according to gender: “ yellow leaf», « yellow paint" And " yellowing leaf», « yellowing foliage" They bow by numbers: “ yellow leaves», « yellowing leaves" They also decline according to cases: “ yellow leaf " (Genitive), " yellowing leaf» ( Instrumental case). Like an adjective, a participle can have a full and short form. For example, " painted"(from painted") – participle; " cheerful"(from cheerful) - adjective. In a sentence, both of these parts of speech are definitions.
- Now let's try to find differences . As already mentioned above, a participle as a part of speech is characterized by the presence of features of a verb. It has perfect (“ blue") and imperfect (" turning blue") view. Returnable (“ rotating") and irrevocable form (" rotating"). Time - " reading"(present tense), " read" (past tense). Active and passive meaning. Active participle- this is a form that denotes a feature created by the object itself. For example, " reading», « writing" etc. Passive participle - denotes a sign of the object to which the action is directed (“ read», « built»).
- In the Russian language there are adjectives formed from participles. They're called verbal and it is necessary to be able to distinguish them. Verbal adjectives can be formed from verbs, but not perfect form, they do not have dependent words.
- It is quite easy to distinguish an adjective from a participle. In the sentence you are studying, try after the one you doubt, insert a word that would fit it in meaning. For example, " We saw birds flying", after the word "flying" you can insert the phrase " across the sky». « We saw birds flying across the sky" IN in this case word " flying" is a participle. But in the sentence - “ She approached us with a flying gait"we will not be able to substitute a word that would fit the meaning, since in this case " flying” is an adjective and is directly related to a noun.
You will need
- Text with participles and adjectives;
- Knowledge of the rules for forming participles;
- Knowledge of the similarities and differences in both parts of speech;
- Knowledge of formations of adjectival adjectives;
- Knowing the exceptions to the rules.
Instructions
A part of speech that denotes a property, accessory or attribute of another part of speech - a noun, but is not connected with it by any process. An adjective is a part of speech dependent on a noun, therefore it inherits all its characteristics. This means that it has three genders: masculine, feminine and neuter, numbers: singular and plural, and also changes according to the noun to which it refers. The adjective answers the question “which?” or “whose?”
« Oil paint"(R.p.)
“An oiled pancake” (TV.p.)
4. Also, a participle can have a short form like an adjective. For example: “made” (from “made”) – participle, “light” from “light”.
5. As members of a sentence, participle and adjective are .
Differences between participles and adjectives
Now, using an example, let’s look at participles from adjectives, which characterize the presence of verb features in them (participles):
1. The perfect form is “running”, “running” is the imperfect form.
2. Reflexive form – “rotating”, “rotating” – non-reversible form.
3. Time – “running” (present time), “running” (past time).
4. Active or passive meaning tearing a shirt, tearing a shirt.
5. Transitivity: a reading person reading a book.
There are adjectives formed from participles. They are called verbal adjectives or adjectival adjectives.
Such adjectives are formed for the following reasons:
The emergence of a new meaning for the subject of action, for example, “driving force”;
The occurrence of a figurative meaning in a word that is a participle, for example, “brilliant performance”;
If the participle denoted the intended purpose of performing some action and became a constant accompanying word for a noun, for example, “condensed milk.” Please note that in this example even the spelling of the word changes, because... in the case of a participle, it would be correct to write “condensed”;
If the participle is the ability of an object to be subject to any influence, for example, “indeclinable adjective.”
You can easily distinguish a participle from an adjective in a simple way. Try inserting a word in a sentence after the intended participle or adjective that matches its meaning. For example, in the sentence “We saw birds flying,” you can insert the word “across the sky” that has the appropriate meaning. “We saw birds flying across the sky.” The word “flying” in this case is a participle.
In the sentence “She approached us with a flying gait,” we cannot insert a suitable word for the word “flying,” because this is an adjective and is directly dependent on the noun “gait”
The second way to distinguish an adjective from a participle is quite difficult, because is based on knowledge of the formation of participles and adjectives. In most cases, participles have a double "n" in their suffix, unlike adjectives, but there are exceptions to both of these rules that you need to know.
Video on the topic
Currently, there are many software products in the form grammar dictionaries, allowing you to check your spelling, as well as parse a sentence into parts of speech and identify both participles and adjectives.
In order to find participle among other parts of speech, you need to know what distinguishes it from them. Firstly, this special shape verb denoting the attribute of an object by action. Secondly, it has the characteristics of a verb and an adjective.
You will need
- 1. Words
- 2. Participles
Instructions
Look what it has given word. If these are real present participles, then you will encounter –ush-, -yush-, -ash-, -yash. For example, issuing. If this passive participles present tense, then these are the suffixes -em-, -im-. For example, produced.
Correctly identify active past participles. They are characterized by the suffixes –vsh-, -sh-. For example, the one who read, who brought. For past passives, the characters are the suffixes –nn-, -t-, -enn-. For example, drawn, offended, sung.
Sources:
- “Modern Russian language”, Beloshapkova V.A. 1989.
Participles and participles, as well as participial and participial phrases, perform different functions in a sentence, play different roles. They also have pronounced morphological differences.
Instructions
Participle(turnover) necessarily refers to the word being defined - a noun or pronoun, depends on it, changes in numbers, genders and, has a full and - some - short form.
For example: smiling person; us, who have signed this document, ...
Other nominal parts of speech can also act as a defined word if they are in the meaning of a noun.
For example: tidy dining room; “154th”, who asked to board, ... (about). Participle or participial turnover refers only to the predicate verb and denotes an additional action with the main action expressed by the verb. Unlike the participle, the gerund is an unchangeable word form.
For example: lying motionless; froze standing in the wind.
Participle and the functions of definition - single or widespread, agreed or inconsistent, isolated or not isolated.
For example: Those who had calmed down silently and obediently dropped the yellow ones.
Participles in short form are used only as a nominal part of a compound predicate.
For example: The hair is silvered with early gray hair. The participle and participial phrase act as different circumstances.
Paler, the dawn subsides (I. Nikitin).
Formal features distinguishing participles and participles, are suffixes.
In school classes, all information about suffixes is summarized in tables that are posted on. For convenience, they can be written down, for example, on the cover of a notebook.
Derivational suffixes of active participles: -ush-(-yush-), -ash-(-yash); -vsh-, -sh-; passive: - om-(-eat-), -im-; -enn-, -nn-, -t-.
Derivational suffixes of imperfect and perfect gerunds: -a-, -ya-, -uchi-, -yuchi-, -v-, -louse-, -shi-.
A participle is a special verb form that has both the properties of a verb and an adjective. From the verb, the participle has aspect, transitivity, reflexivity and voice, and from the adjective - change in cases, numbers and genders, as well as agreement with the noun. A participle, like an adjective, denotes a characteristic of an object.
Types and methods of forming participles
Lexical meaning - a sign of an object by action - consists of grammatical features this part of speech. For example: “singing birds” (those that are singing now), “singing birds” (those that sang in the past), “the issue under discussion” (the one that someone is discussing now), “the issue under discussion” (the one which has already been discussed).
Accordingly, there are 4 forms of participles: active present and past tense, passive present and past tense.
The first group of participles (actual present tense) are formed from the present tense stem using the suffixes -ush- (-yush-), -ash- (-yash-). The choice of suffix depends on the verb. For example: “cry-ut - cry-ush-y”, “kol-yut - kol-yush-y” - I conjugation; “lech-at – lech-ash-y”, “kle-yat – kle-yash-y” – II conjugation.
Active participles in the past tense are formed from the infinitive by replacing the suffixes –т, -ти with the suffixes –вш-, -ш-. For example: “run - run - run”, “carry - carry”.
Present passive participles are formed from verbs in the present tense using the suffixes –em- (I conjugation) and –im- (II conjugation): “cherish-em – cherish-em-yy”, “kran-im – stored” -im."
Passive past participles are formed from the stem indeterminate form verb using the suffix –nn-, if the verbs end in –at, -et. Verbs ending in –it receive the suffix –enn-, just like verbs ending in –ti, -ch, and verbs ending in –ot, -ut-, -ity- receive the suffix –t-. For example: “write - write-nn-y”, “capture - captured-nn-y”, “save - save-y”, “forget- forget-y”.
Short participles, like short adjectives, are the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate in a sentence.
Passive participles have a short form with truncated ones: -а, -о, -ы. For example: “sent, sent-a, sent-o, sent-s.”
How to distinguish an adjective from a participle? What are their differences, why are they so similar? This question is and will be asked by all schoolchildren. In fact, this is quite easy to do, you just need to know a few tricks.
So, why are adjectives and participles confused? Firstly, this is due to the fact that both of them are emotional, that is, they act as an adjective. Secondly, in the sentence they are the same members - definitions. How to distinguish an adjective from a participle in a text? Instructions will be presented below.
First of all, you need to remember that an adjective most often explains a noun, and a participle explains a verb. Seemingly similar questions are connected with this. If for an adjective we ask the question “what?”, that is, we explain an animate/inanimate object, then for a participle we ask the question “what is doing?”, that is, we explain and reveal the emotional coloring of the action itself - the verb. How to distinguish an adjective from a participle by suffix? Here, too, you can quickly and easily find differences: an adjective will never have in its suffix such letters and combinations as “sh, sch, vsh, yushch, ushch.” Most often, adjectives are formed using the suffixes n, an, yan. This is worth paying special attention to, since single participles are confused with adjectives.
The "no" rule with adjectives. Explanations and exceptions
Remembering how to spell “not” with adjectives is very easy. To do this, it is worth understanding just a few points. Firstly, “not” is written separately when there are oppositions with conjunctions a/no - for example, “not big, but small.” Secondly, when this denial is implied, but not clearly visible: “Oleg is not a neat child.” Thirdly, when next to the adjective itself there are words: not at all, not at all, not at all. And when are adjectives written with “not” together? Firstly, when the word is not used without this particle (“inclement, sloppy”). Secondly, when a word can be replaced by a synonym without this particle (bad - bad).
One and two “n” in adjectives and participles are written according to an easy rule. So, for adjectives, a single “n” in suffixes is written when the word has the meaning of belonging to something (ant - ant). Secondly, in suffixes that have the meaning “made of something”: -an-, -yan-. For example, oil-oil. There are a few exceptions to this. The main ones are: glass, tin, wood. The double “n” is written in adjectives with the suffixes -onn- and -enn- (public). The same writing conditions are typical for participles, but you need to remember some exceptions: “nn” is written in combination with the suffixes -ova-, -eva-, and also when the word has a prefix other than the particle -not-. One “n” is written in words with the suffixes -ova, -eva, -irova.
How to distinguish an adjective from a participle? In this article, the easiest and most quick ways, and also proposed basic rules for spelling Russian speech.
Very often in Russian, participles turn into adjectives (they are called verbal adjectives).
Moreover, if these are passive participles of the past tense, then we must take into account that when they turn into adjectives, their spelling changes. Choice NN or n often depends on what part of speech the verb is: a participle or an adjective. And vice versa, if we know how many n in a verbal word ( NN or n), you can determine what part of speech it is.
Signs by which a part of speech can be determined ( verbal adjective or participle):
1) Verbal adjectives are formed only from verbs imperfect form : boiled milk from boil, burnt cork from burn.
But there are a number of verbal exception adjectives: made, affected, seen, desired, arrogant, minted, cursed, slow, sacred, unprecedented, unheard of, unexpected, unexpected, accidental, counted, watchful eye.
If the form is formed from a perfective verb, then this is a participle: solved problem from solve, abandoned things from throw. Exceptions: smart, named - with one n.
2) For verbal adjectives no consoles: fried cutlet, confusing answer. If the prefix not- is added to an adjective, then it remains an adjective and is written with one n: slaked lime - quicklime; ironed linen - unironed linen.
Participles can have prefixes: fried meat, confused traces.
3) For verbal adjectives no dependent words: dried mushrooms, sauerkraut. Participles can have dependent words: dried in the sun mushrooms, pickled for the winter cabbage.
4) Verbal words on -ovanny, -evanny- adjectives, they are always written with two n (pressed, uprooted).
Adjectives forged, chewed, are written with one n, since -s And -ev are included in the root, as we are convinced of by analyzing the words according to their composition.
Hence, if we are considering a form formed from a verb that does not have a prefix or dependent word, then before deciding whether it is a participle or an adjective, we must determine the type of verb from which this form is formed.
It is useful to compare the mixed forms:
oil(paints) is an adjective formed from the noun oil using the suffix -yan;
buttery(pancake) is a verbal adjective formed from the verb oil; oiled (apron) - a participle formed from the verb to oil.
IN short adjectives as many n are retained as were in full ones, and short passive participles always written with one n.
Exercises for training:
1. Turn adjectives into participles by adding dependent words or prefixes.
Pickled apples, salty fish, wounded bird, quilted jacket, confused answer.
2. Turn participles into adjectives.
Cabbage pickled in a barrel, a whitewashed ceiling, melted butter, a paved street, an overloaded car, potatoes fried in oil.
3. From these verbs, form verbal adjectives or participles, and select nouns for them.
Praise, decide, mow, deprive, let go, captivate, sharpen, weave.
4. Turn adjectives into participles, and participles into adjectives:
a sawn log is sawn sugar, a forged sword is chained.
A woven tablecloth, a knitted scarf, an etched wolf, a mended sleeve, an untrodden path.
5. Form full and short participles from adjectives, select nouns for them: broken line - broken pencil, broken toy.
Frozen fish, boiled egg, sown herbs, confused story, unironed shirt.
6. Explain the spelling of N and NN.
a) Cleared path, cleaned boots, cleaned shoes today, unpeeled potatoes, uncleaned shoes.
b) Painted floors, painted walls, unpainted tables, white-painted windows, painted shelves.
c) Dinner party, student called, uninvited guest guests invited to dinner.
7. Insert H or NN.
1) Bunches of dried herbs, bundles of wrinkled roots and kitchen utensils hung on the walls (K. Paustovsky).
2) The patched cab driver's coats with tin plates sparkled in the eyes (K. Paustovsky).
3) Our brigade entered a Turkish village abandoned...by its inhabitants, ravaged and half-burned out (V. Garshin).
4) On large tables without tablecloths they placed several wooden, beautiful and golden bowls with liquid wheat porridge (V. Garshin).
5) At this strange hour of the bright and dim... oh autumn night, the desolate park seemed sad and mysterious, like an abandoned cemetery (A. Kuprin).
6) The walls, painted with oil... paint, grabbed... with dirty fingers, turned yellow (K. Paustovsky).
7) They were overtaken by a man in a ragged coat and a straw hat (A.N. Tolstoy).
8) On an empty street a strange figure of a frightened man appeared (A.N. Tolstoy).
9) The palaces looked into the Neva with their empty... windows (A.N. Tolstoy).
10) He was lying in someone's sheep's coat, surrounded by a whole crowd of people (A. Kuprin).
11) The army melted like tin soldiers thrown into an oven (A.N. Tolstoy).
12) The walls are whitewashed with lime, and the bottoms are painted with brown oil paint (A. Kuprin).
Source:
- pack-me.ru - “Transition of participles into adjectives.”
Additional sources:
- rosental.virtbox.ru - § 52 “Spelling N and НН in participles and verbal adjectives” in the “Handbook of Spelling and Stylistics”, ed. D.E. Rosenthal (1997);
- traktat.com - “Spelling N and NN in participles and verbal adjectives”;
- hi-edu.ru - “N and НН in participles and verbal adjectives.”
Additionally on the site:
Participles and verbal adjectives
Both participle forms and verbal adjectives can be formed from the same verb. If suffixes of different sound (letter) composition are used to form participles and adjectives, it is not difficult to distinguish them: from the verb burn using a suffix -box- a participle is formed burning, and using the suffix -yuch-- adjective combustible. If both participles and adjectives are formed using suffixes that have the same sound (letter) composition (for example, -enn- or -them-), it is more difficult to distinguish them.
However, there are differences between participles and adjectives in this case as well.
1. Participles denote a temporary attribute of an object associated with its participation (active or passive) in an action, and adjectives denote a permanent attribute of an object (for example, “arising as a result of an action,” “able to participate in an action”), cf.:
She was raised with strict rules (=She was raised with strict rules) - participle;
She was brought up, educated (=She was well-mannered and educated).
2. The word in full form with the suffix - n-(-nn-), -en-(-enn)- is a verbal adjective if it is formed from the verb NSV and has no dependent words, and is a participle if it is formed from the verb SV and/or has dependent words, cf.:
unmown meadows(adjective),
unmown meadows(participle, because there is a dependent word),
mown meadows(participle, because SV).
3. Since only transitive verbs of the NSV can have present passive participles, words with suffixes - im-, -eat- are adjectives if they are formed from a verb SV or an intransitive verb:
waterproof boots get wet intransitive in the meaning “to let water through”),
invincible army(adjective, because verb win SV).
For the teacher. Changing words into adjectives
The use of different parts of speech as adjectives is called adjectivation (from Latin adjectivum - adjective). A significant number of participles move into the category of adjectives, especially passive ones with the suffixes -nn; -enn- and -t-: suppressed voice, high spirits, shabby dress, etc. When turning into adjectives, participles lose their main verbal features: tense, type and ability of verbal control (see § 199 about this). Passive participles with the suffix -m- sometimes also become adjectives: invisible tears, indeclinable nouns, favorite flower. There are relatively few adjectives formed from passive participles using the suffix -m- (-im-). Already in the second half of the 18th century. qualitative adjectives were formed directly from verb stems of the perfective and imperfective forms using the suffix -m- (-im-), bypassing the stage of formation of participles. In modern Russian, they are most often used with the prefix particle non-: indestructible, insoluble, elusive, etc. Participles that have become adjectives sometimes acquire characteristic grammatical features of qualitative adjectives: the ability to have full and short forms (the mood is high, the result unexpected), as well as the ability to form forms of degrees of comparison (this invitation was more unexpected than that), etc. There are cases of transition into the category of adjectives and active participles of the present tense (brilliant answer, knowledgeable student, amazing news, next day, blooming health, etc.) , which also lose verbal features and sometimes acquire some features characteristic of adjectives (short form, degrees of comparison, form of subjective assessment, etc.). For example: I have never heard a more brilliant answer; The most brilliant number of the program at the concert was the reading of poetry by V. Mayakovsky; His affairs were not very brilliant. Wed. also the use in book style (most often, in the author’s style) of short forms of participles that turn into adjectives: The look... was already too intent and searching (Ver.); His bayonet is sharp and warning (A.N.T.). Much less often, active past participles with the suffixes -ш- and -вш- turn into adjectives, for example: dried plants. In addition to participles, other parts of speech can also become adjectives. Thus, in the context of context, some pronouns, as well as ordinal numbers, can be used as qualitative adjectives. Wed, for example: A year passes and another - there is no news (P.). - I’m no speaker, there’s a lunch break between two words (Gran.). Or: Three treasures in this life were my joy. And the first treasure was my honor (P.). - Soon the boy became the first student in the class.
Participles and adjectives have many common grammatical features, which contributes to their confusion. For example, active participles of the present tense in -shchy very easily turn into adjectives (brilliant abilities, stupefying smell, irritating tone, aspiring writer, etc.). Passive participles no less easily pass into the category of adjectives: an exhausted child, a limited person, exquisite taste, an absent-minded person, a hackneyed topic, a favorite city, an unforgettable impression
These participles have lost their verbal features (they do not denote action, time, type), their qualitative meaning has increased, compare: a flying object was either approaching or moving away - “flying” is a participle, since it denotes an action in the process occurring in the present tense; Butterflies and dragonflies are flying insects - the word “flying” has lost the meaning of an action that takes place at a certain time, and has come to mean a constant attribute of an object, i.e., it has turned into an adjective.
However, from the initial, dictionary form of the words hackneyed, scattered, brilliant, it is impossible to determine whether it is a participle or an adjective. Only in context does the difference between these words appear: Beaten half to death, he was unconscious for several hours - communion; Don't say hackneyed phrases - adjective.
As a rule, participles that have become adjectives are single, they do not have explanatory words and are easily replaced by synonyms, compare: He has brilliant (excellent) abilities.
In some cases, the correctness of their spelling depends on the correctness of assigning a homonymous participle and an adjective to one category or another (The dog, abandoned by its owners, ran along the street and The abandoned dog lived in the entrance).
Participles can also become nouns (students, workers, manager, etc.). This process is called substantivation.
Signs by which you can determine a part of speech (verbal adjective or participle):
1) Verbal adjectives are formed only from imperfective verbs: boiled milk from boil, burnt cork from burn.
But there are a number of verbal exception adjectives: made, affected, seen, desired, arrogant, minted, cursed, slow, sacred, unprecedented, unheard of, unexpected, unexpected, accidental, counted, watchful eye.
If the form is formed from a perfective verb, then this is a participle: solved problem from solve, abandoned things from throw. Exceptions: smart, named - with one n.
2) For verbal adjectives no consoles: fried cutlet, confusing answer. If the prefix not- is added to an adjective, then it remains an adjective and is written with one n: slaked lime - quicklime; ironed linen - unironed linen.
Participles can have prefixes: fried meat, confused traces.
3) For verbal adjectives no dependent words: dried mushrooms, sauerkraut. Participles can have dependent words: dried in the sun mushrooms, pickled for the winter cabbage.
4) Verbal words on -ovanny, -evanny- adjectives, they are always written with two n (pressed, uprooted).
Adjectives forged, chewed , are written with one n, since -s And -ev are included in the root, as we are convinced of by analyzing the words according to their composition.
Hence, if we are considering a form formed from a verb that does not have a prefix or dependent word, then before deciding whether it is a participle or an adjective, we must determine the type of verb from which this form is formed.
It is useful to compare the mixed forms:
oil(paints) - an adjective formed from the noun oil using the suffix -yan;
buttery(pancake) is a verbal adjective formed from the verb oil; oiled (apron) - a participle formed from the verb to oil.
IN short adjectives as many n are retained as were in full ones, and short passive participles always written with one n.
Conversion of participles into adjectives and nouns
Think about whether the highlighted words have verbal properties: tense, aspect, ability to control nouns? That is, can these words be called participles?
Brilliant speaker, outstanding capabilities, dependent state, closed character, educated Human, well-mannered child.
Words brilliant, outstanding, dependent, reserved, educated, well-mannered have lost the indicated verbal properties and denote only a sign. In these examples we observe the phenomenon of the transition of participles into adjectives.
What conditions are necessary for the transition of participles into adjectives and do changes occur in this case? lexical meaning words? Support with examples.
To transform participles into adjectives, the participle must be placed before the word it is defining. (frost,brilliant (adv.) in the sun -shiny (adj.) capabilities), lack of controlled words (poisonous (adj.) substances), loss or weakening of verbal categories of aspect, tense. Changes occur in the lexical meaning of words (burning (adv.) firewood -burning (adj.) eyes; embankment,educated (adv.) explosion -educated (adj.) woman).
A technique that allows you to check whether a participle has turned into an adjective is to replace it with synonymous adjectives, while constructions with participles are replaced by subordinate clauses.
Brilliant (adj.) success- magnificent, excellent, wonderful. Loving (adj.) sight- Kind. Open (adj.) character- sincere, direct. Jumping (adv.) boy- a boy who jumps.
Make a similar substitution in the following examples:curly hair, poisonous substances, exciting spectacle, knowledgeable specialist .
Curly hair– hair that is curly; curly. Poisonous substances – substances that poison; poisonous. Exciting spectacle– a spectacle that excites the soul; alarming. Knowing specialist– a specialist who knows a lot; competent, intelligent, erudite.
A brilliant answer is a brilliant answer, a brilliant speech is a brilliant speech. A brilliant answer is the most brilliant answer. A threatening situation is a dangerous situation. Favorite flowers are the most favorite flowers. Perform brilliantly.
From these examples it is clear that participles that have become adjectives acquire grammatical features characteristic of adjectives: the ability to have degrees of comparison, a short form, adverbs are formed from them, they can have synonyms and antonyms from among ordinary adjectives.
Changing participles to adjectives
The most common words with one n – participles turned into adjectives: boiled, baked, fried, boiled, dried, dried, smoked, soaked, salted, melted, wounded, dyed, oiled, torn, confused.
The transition of participles into nouns is accompanied by the fact that there is no need for a defined noun, the categories of gender, number and case become independent in them, in a sentence they perform syntactic functions characteristic of a noun, they can have definitions with them, that is, they develop the meaning of objectivity and the meaning of the attribute is lost.
Exercises for training:
Turn adjectives into participles by adding dependent words or prefixes.
Soaked apples, salted fish, a wounded bird, a quilted jacket, a confusing answer.
2. Turn participles into adjectives.
Cabbage pickled in a barrel, a whitewashed ceiling, melted butter, a paved street, an overloaded car, potatoes fried in oil.
3. From these verbs, form verbal adjectives or participles, and select nouns for them.
Praise, decide, mow, deprive, let go, captivate, sharpen, weave.
4. Turn adjectives into participles, and participles into adjectives:
a sawn log is sawn sugar, a forged sword is chained.
A woven tablecloth, a knitted scarf, an etched wolf, a mended sleeve, an untrodden path.
5. Form full and short participles from adjectives, select nouns for them: broken line - broken pencil, broken toy.
Frozen fish, boiled egg, sown herbs, confused story, unironed shirt.
6. Explain the spelling of N and NN.
a) Cleared path, cleaned boots, cleaned shoes today, unpeeled potatoes, uncleaned shoes.
b) Painted floors, painted walls, unpainted tables, white-painted windows, painted shelves.
c) Dinner party, student called, uninvited guest, guests invited to dinner.
7. Insert H or NN.
1) Bunches of dried herbs, bundles of wrinkled roots and kitchen utensils hung on the walls (K. Paustovsky).
2) The patched cab driver's coats with tin plates sparkled in the eyes (K. Paustovsky).
3) Our brigade entered a Turkish village abandoned...by its inhabitants, ravaged and half-burned out (V. Garshin).
4) On large tables without tablecloths they placed several wooden, beautiful and golden bowls with liquid wheat porridge (V. Garshin).
5) At this strange hour of the bright and dim... oh autumn night, the desolate park seemed sad and mysterious, like an abandoned cemetery (A. Kuprin).
6) The walls, painted with oil... paint, grabbed... with dirty fingers, turned yellow (K. Paustovsky).
7) They were overtaken by a man in a ragged coat and a straw hat (A.N. Tolstoy).
8) On an empty street a strange figure of a frightened man appeared (A.N. Tolstoy).
9) The palaces looked into the Neva with their empty... windows (A.N. Tolstoy).
10) He was lying in someone's sheep's coat, surrounded by a whole crowd of people (A. Kuprin).
11) The army melted like tin soldiers thrown into an oven (A.N. Tolstoy).
12) The walls are whitewashed with lime, and the bottoms are painted with brown oil paint (A. Kuprin).
