How to write the endings of adjectives. Case endings of adjectives. Declension of adjectives

Adjectives have endings (taking into account the type of declension) similar to the endings of the question word what: poor (what?) boy, poor (what?) boy, poor (how?) boy, poor (what?) boy, about poor (about how are you?) boy, etc.
Using this rule, it is necessary to take into account the type of declination. Adjectives inflected according to the solid variety (red, valuable, civilized, etc.) will have the same singular endings as the word what, except for the masculine nominative case (red - what?) and the masculine and neuter instrumental cases (red - which one?).
R. (what?) red, valuable (what?) red, yen
D. (what?) red, valuable (what?) red, yen
V. (what?) red, valuable (what?) red, valuable
(what code?) red, valuable (what?) red^, valuable.
T. (what?) red, valuable (what?) red, yen
P. (about which?) about red, about valuable (about which?) about red, about yen
In adjectives inflected according to the soft variety (autumn, winter, father's, etc.), the following endings are written: -ego instead of -ogo, -emo instead of -om, -em instead of -om (-e instead of -oy in adjectives female). Adjectives with a soft variety of declension, in plural coincide in their endings with the word “what?”, and those having a solid variety differ from it (the stressed word and the question “what?” corresponds to s).
R. (what?) autumn, why (what?) autumn, father D. (what?) autumn and. why and (which?) autumn.. father's V. (what?) autumn, why (which?) autumn, father's (what?) autumn, father's (what?) autumn, father's T. (what?) autumn, stepfather (what?) autumn, father's
P. (about what?) about autumn, about father (about what?) about autumn, about father
I. (what?) autumn. father's (what?) red, valuable
R. (which ones?) osenpschs. father's (what?) red, valuable
D. (what?) autumn, stepfather (what?) red, valuable
V. (what?) autumn, father's (what?) red, valuable
(what?) autumn, father's (what?) red, valuable
T. (what?) autumn, stepfathers (what?) red, valuable P. (about what?) about autumn, about father's (what?) red, about valuable
For the spelling of o and e in the endings of adjectives after sibilants and if, see above.
Possessive adjectives in -iy, -ya, -ye, -yi (wolf, wolf, wolf, wolf) differ from other adjectives in their declension features. These adjectives are in all cases except the nominative case and the similar masculine accusative case singular(for example, wolf), written with b: fox, fox, fox, fox, o fox, fox, fox, etc.; fox, fox, fox, fox, fox, oh fox; foxes, foxes, foxes, foxes, about foxes; wolfish, wolfish, wolfish, wolfish, about wolfish, etc.; bearish, bearish, bearish, bearish, about bearish, etc.
These forms should be distinguished from the adjectives na -chiy, -tea, -chee (hot, hot, hot), formed from short adjectives and written without b in indirect cases: hot (pie), hot (bun), hot (pies).
1. We saw amazing (what?) things at the bird (what?) market (V. Arsenyev). 2. The sea and sky merged into blue (what?) infinity (M. Gorky). 3. It’s sweet to fall asleep in a dear (what?) house, on a familiar (what?! bed (I. Turgenev). 4. Under the ceiling, on a long (what?) cord hung a cage with a short-tailed (what?) siskin (I. Turgenev 5. Pavel Petrovich returned to his elegant (what?) office, the walls covered with beautiful (what MI?) wallpaper of a wild (what?) color, with weapons hanging on a colorful (what?) Persian (what?) carpet, with walnut (what?) furniture, upholstered in dark green (what?) tripe (I. Turgenev). 6. Soon Odintsova herself appeared in a simple morning (what?) dress. She seemed even younger in the light of the spring (what?) sun ( I. Turgenev) 7. On the throne (what?) chair made of fish (what?) tooth and silver sat Peter, without a hat, wig, in a lynx (what?) caftan of gray (what?) cloth (A. N. Tolstoy 8. Of all twelve rooms of the huge (what?) landowner's (what?) house, I occupied only one (A. Kuprin).

The secret is depending

In a sentence, an adjective is usually associated with nouns and pronouns. This part of speech is always dependent on them. This connection will tell us how to determine the case. Cases in Russian: nominative, followed by genitive, then dative, followed by accusative, then instrumental, and then prepositional. It is easy to find out the endings of adjectives by case if you ask them a question from the part of speech on which they depend. Usually the ending that appears in the question is the same as that of the adjective.

Things to consider

Changing adjectives by case depends on the number and gender of this part of speech. And here you need to remember two things. Firstly, adjectives can be changed by gender only when they are in the singular. Secondly, they can be changed by numbers. Let's look at both theses with examples.

masculine, feminine and neuter

Let’s take the phrase “noun + adjective in the singular” and see how the ending of the adjective changes in different genders. The gender of an adjective always has the same gender as the noun to which it refers.

The endings of adjectives in the masculine gender: -oy, -y, -y. Here's an example: a person (what?) is businesslike, smart, sensitive.
Finish adj. V feminine: -aya, -aya. For example, clothes (what?) are spacious and summer.
Finish adj. in the neuter gender: -oe, -ee. For example, a plant (what?) is tall and perennial.

Endings of adjectives in different numbers

Adjectives vary freely in numbers. In the singular, they denote a characteristic of one object or group of objects and answer the questions “which, which, which?” For example: a smart question, a wide road, a gentle sun, a cheerful team, a large crowd, a noisy crowd.

In names, adjectives denote many objects, answering the question “which?” For example: great hopes, little disappointments. As you can see, the number of an adjective depends on the number of the noun with which it is associated.

Spelling unstressed endings in adjectives

To determine this moment, you can follow a simple algorithm. First you need to ask a question from a noun to an adjective.

If the question is “which?”, you need to check whether the ending is stressed. If yes, then we write -oh, if not, then we write -y(s).

If a question from a noun sounds like “whose?”, then you should write -y at the end

If you can only ask questions from a noun to an adjective, then you should write the same ending that sounds in the question (taking into account the hard and soft declension). Let's consider the last statement in more detail.

Changing adjectives by case

Let us now get acquainted with the peculiarities of declension of adjectives by case. This information will help you figure out how to determine the case of an adjective in each specific case.

First group

These are singular adjectives that are feminine. They tend like this:

Nominative case: plum (what kind?) - ripe, early. Finish adjectives: -aya, -aya.
Genitive case: plum (which one?) - ripe, early. Finish adjectives: -oh, -ey.
Dative case: plum (which one?) - ripe, early. Finish adjectives: -oh, -ey.
Accusative case: plum (which one?) - ripe, early. Finish adjectives: -yu, -yu.
Instrumental case: plum (what kind?) ripe, early. Finish adjectives: -oh, -ey.
Prepositional case: about a plum (which one?) ripe, early. Finish adjectives: -oh, -ey.

Note that the endings of adjectives coincide in four cases: genitive, dative, instrumental, prepositional.

Second group

These are singular adjectives that are masculine. They tend like this:

Nominative case: ball (what?) big, rubber, blue. Endings of adjectives: -ой, -й, -й.
Genitive case: ball (what?) large, rubber, blue. Finish adjectives: -ogo, -him.
Dative case: ball (what?) big, rubber, blue. Finish adjectives: -mu, -him.
To determine the ending of an adjective found in accusative case, you must first find out whether it refers to an animate or inanimate noun. In our example, adjectives refer to an inanimate noun that answers the question “what?” Then the question for the adjective will sound like this: the ball (what?) is large, rubber, blue. The endings of adjectives for inanimate nouns: -ой, -й, -й. But if the noun is animate, in the accusative case the question “whom?” should be asked. Accordingly, the form of the adjective will change. For example, a father (what kind?) is strict and loving. The endings of adjectives with an animate noun: -ogo, -him.
Instrumental case: with a (what kind of) ball, large, rubber, blue. Finish adjectives: -ym, -im.
Prepositional case: about a ball (what?) big, rubber, blue. Finish adjectives: -om, -em.

Third group

These are singular adjectives in the neuter gender. They bow like this.

Nominative case: morning (what?) sunny, summer. Adjective endings: -oe, -ee.
Genitive case: morning (what?) sunny, summer. Finish adjectives: -ogo, -him.
Dative case: morning (what?) sunny, summer. Finish adjectives: -mu, -him.
Accusative case: morning (what?) sunny, summer. Finish adjectives: -oe, -ee.
Instrumental case: in the morning (what?) sunny, summer. Finish adjectives: -ym, -im.
Prepositional case: about (what?) sunny, summer morning. Finish adjectives: -om, -em.

Here we see that in all three groups the answer to the question of how to determine the case of an adjective comes down to one thing - it is recognized by the case of the noun on which the adjective depends.

Fourth group

These are adjectives that are in the plural. Let's say the following about them:

Nominative case: flowers (what?) yellow, autumn. Endings of adjectives: -е, -и.
Genitive case: flowers (what?) yellow, autumn. Finish adjectives: -y, -them.
Dative case: flowers (what?) yellow, autumn. Finish adjectives: -ym, -im.
Accusative case: adjectives relating to non- animate noun, are declined according to the principle of the nominative case: flowers (what?) are yellow, autumn. Endings: -е, -е. Adjectives related to animate nouns are declined according to the principle of the genitive case: relatives (what kind?) cheerful, close. Endings: -ы, -их.
Instrumental case: flowers (what?) yellow, autumn. Finish adjectives: -y, -imi.
Prepositional case: about (what kind of) yellow, autumn flowers. Finish adjectives: -y, -them.

Note that in this group the adjectives have similar endings in the genitive, accusative (if they refer to animate nouns), and prepositional cases.

Determining the case of an adjective: sequence of actions

Let's write the adjective on a piece of paper.
Let's highlight the ending in it.
Let's determine what gender and number the adjective is in.
Let us choose which of the four groups described above this word belongs to.
Let's determine the case of the adjective by ending.
If in doubt, let’s pay attention to the noun on which our word depends, ask a question about it and use it to determine the case of the adjective, since it has the same ending.

If it is difficult to figure out whether a noun (and its dependent adjective) is used in the nominative or accusative case, you should look at it. If a noun in a sentence acts as the subject, then it has a nominative case. The cases of adjectives will be the same. If the noun is a minor member of the sentence, then it is used in the accusative case. Therefore, adjectives will have the same case.

We looked at how to determine the case of an adjective and made sure that it is not at all difficult.

Unstressed case endings of adjectives are written in the same way as stressed ones, except for masculine adjectives in nominative case.

In order to correctly write the unstressed ending of an adjective, you need to find in the sentence the noun to which this adjective refers and determine its gender and case. Then remember the ending of the adjective in this case. Next, compare the ending of the adjective and the ending of the question it answers.

The woodpecker treated himself to tasty spruce cones . → treated himself(how?) cones TP, cones(which ones?) delicious mi .

Masculine adjectives in the nominative and accusative cases answer what question? and have the endings -й, -й.

Masculine: Which? -Ouch, th, -th:dashing Ouch , brave th , great th

Neuter gender: which? -oh, -her: white oh , syn her

Example: There was a funny clown at the circus . → was(Who?) clown IP, clown(Which ?) brave y. m.r. IP

Genitive case answer the question which one? and have endings -Wow, -his: near him, cheerful .

Seryozha called his beloved puppy → called(whom?) puppy RP, puppy(which one?) love Wow . m.r. RP

Masculine and neuter adjectives in dative case answer the question (which one?) and have endings -oh, -to him: handsome wow , near to him .

We arrived at a beautiful building . → we arrived(for what?) to the building DP, building(which one?) handsome wow . s.r. DP

Adjective masculine and neuter in instrumental case answer the question (what?) have an ending -th, -them: good them , cheerful th .

The plane was flying over a huge city . → flew over(how?) city TP, city(which?) huge th . m.r. TP

Adjective masculine and neuter in prepositional case answer the question (about which one?) and have endings -ohm, -eat:oh cheerful ohm ,oh neighbor eat .

I talked about my favorite writer . → told(about whom?) about the writer PP, writer(which one?) love ohm m.r. PP

Feminine adjectives in genitive, dative, instrumental and prepositional cases, answer the questions what? and have endings -Ouch, -to her. handsome Ouch , senior to her.

She was a fun girl . → was(by whom?) girl TP, girl(Which ?) cheerful Ouch . w.r. TP

IN instrumental case there may still be endings -oh, -by her.

Feminine adjectives in accusative case answer what question? and have endings - wow, -yuyu.

They went to an evening disco . → Went(where? for what?) to the disco VP, disco(which one?) evening yuyu . w.r. VP

What does it mean to decline? Name the parts of speech that are declined.

Declension is a change according to cases. All names are declined: nouns, adjectives, numerals. Only nouns are divided into three declensions, while other names do not have such a division. Pronouns that are also inflected do not have it either.

Let's decline the phrases: winter day, winter weather, winter morning.

I.P. (what?) winter day, winter weather, winter morning

R.P. (what?) winter day, winter weather, winter morning

V.P. (what?) winter day, winter weather, winter morning

D.P. (what?) winter day, winter weather, winter morning

T.P. (what?) on a winter day, winter weather, winter morning

P.P. (about what?) about a winter day, about winter weather, about a winter morning

You noticed that the question suggests the ending of the adjective, but not always accurately. In the question of the nominative and accusative cases, the masculine ending is -ой, and in the words -й, ил-й: which? snowy, winter.

There is also no coincidence when the ending in a word is not preceded by a hard consonant, as in a question, but by a soft one: which one? - winterYUYU; about what? - about winter.

In the endings of the genitive case, masculine and neuter, there are also spelling patterns: in place of the sound (B) the letter (G) is written, and at the end the letter O.

These spellings are unverifiable; you can underline not each one separately, but the entire ending (ogo) (his).

2. Rules for declension of adjectives

1. Adjectives have endings similar to the endings of the question word what: in a good (how?) mood, about an interesting (what?) book, etc.

2. Possessive adjectives in -iy, -ya, -ye, -yi (fox, fox, fox, fox) in all cases, except for the nominative and similar accusative case of the masculine singular, are written with ь: rybachiy, rybachego, to the fisherman, fisherman, fisherman, about the fisherman; fishermen, fishermen, fishermen, fishermen, fishermen, about fishermen. Note 1. Possessive adjectives are formed from nouns using the suffix -j- (iot), the indicator of which in indirect forms is the dividing b. Note 2. Possessive adjectives ending with -й should be distinguished from adjectives with the -chy type recumbent, combustible, in which ь is not written in indirect cases, since they lack the suffix -j-; cf.: recumbent, recumbent, recumbent, recumbent, etc.

3. The adjectives suburban, interurban, suburban change according to the solid variety of declension and are written with the endings -y, -aya, -oe, -e, etc.; the adjectives beskrayny, nonresident are modified according to the soft variety of declension and are written with the endings -й, -я, -е, -и, etc. The forms interurban and nonresident, beskrainy are obsolete and are not currently recommended for use.

4. Adjectives ending in -yny have a short form in the nominative singular masculine case in -yen: sultry - sultry, calm - calm, slender - slender.

3. Training exercises

1. We decline combinations of words: Difficult long journey, difficult long road. I.P. (what?) difficult long journey, difficult long road.

R.P. (what?) a difficult long journey, a difficult long journey

V.p. (what?) a difficult long journey, a difficult long journey

D.p. (what?) on a difficult long way, on a difficult long way

T.P. (what?) along a difficult long-distance path, along a difficult long-distance road

P.P. (about what?) about a difficult long journey, about a difficult long journey

2. Working with text. Fill in the missing letters.

1) Lonely snowflakes occasionally fell from the cloudy…..high….sky.

Sky (what?) cloudy, high

2) The ground is clean... white... covered with a tablecloth.

A tablecloth (what kind?) clean, white.

3) Here’s an old man….a stump has a fluffy…fur…hat on his forehead.

The stump is (what?) old. A hat (what kind?) fluffy, fur. Memo"How to recognize letters in unstressed endings adjectives? 1. Find the noun on which the adjective depends. 2. Put a question to the adjective in the form required by the noun. 3. Find out the letter by the stressed ending in the question. (Be aware of possible inconsistencies)

1. Kalenchuk M.L., Churakova N.A., Baykova T.A. Russian language 4: Academic book/Textbook.

2. Buneev R.N., Buneeva E.V., Pronina O. Russian language 4: Ballas.

3. Lomakovich S.V., Timchenko L.I. Russian language 4: VITA_PRESS.

1. Culture writing ().

1. Fill out the table by entering the correct endings of adjectives.

light... stripe	on the top floor
early... morning	white... birch tree
for the evening train	blue... light
beyond the blue... sea	cheerful... with songs
winter weather	tall... building
snow...com	smart... person
brave... to the partisans	black... cloud
lower... shelf	in a new... house
good... student	on a snowy road
on fragile... ice	in warm... fur coats

2) Copy the text, changing the endings of adjectives according to the meaning, highlight them, indicate the case. Tall, century-old pines with red, mighty trunks stood in a gloomy army. They are tightly closed at the top with green tops. In the damp corners, green grasses stretched with tall stems.

3) A) Make up sentences with the words - green leaves, dense trees, clear streams in the genitive and prepositional cases. B) Sort the adjectives according to their composition.

4) *Make a descriptive text on a free topic, using various adjectives with various case endings.

In order to correctly decline adjectives, you need to know their case questions in both numbers.

It is most convenient to check endings and adjectives by substituting a question Which? V in the required form, since the endings of the question and the adjective coincide, for example: It was hard for him to walk after the difficult Wow(How Wow?) day. The exception is the nominative singular masculine case (and the similar accusative case), where the ending is written under the accent -Ouch (tear off Ouch calendar, business Ouch Human), and without accent - th or -th (tabletop th calendar, sincerely th Human).

In adjectives on -th , -ya , -e (wolf th, wolf ya, wolf ye ) in all cases, except for the nominative (and similar accusative) case of the masculine singular, the letter is written b , For example: wolf b I(flock), wolf b e(den), wolf b And(footprints); wolf b him, wolf b hey, wolf b them, wolf b them etc. (but: wolf th howl).

Nominative case endings

In the feminine gender in the nominative singular case the ending is written -and I or -yaya , and in the neuter gender - -oh or -her (which? — correspondence and I average yaya school; which? — interesting oh comprehensively her study).

In the plural of all three genders the ending is written -s or -ies (which? — frosty s winter no days, nights, mornings).

Accusative endings

In the feminine gender in the accusative case the singular ending is written -yy or -yuyu (answers the question which one?), For example: finish (which?) correspondence course wow average yuyu school.

Instrumental endings

In the masculine and neuter gender, the ending is written in the instrumental case of the singular -th or -them (answers the question what?), For example: enjoy (what?) warmth th autumn them afternoon, morning.

In the feminine singular the ending is written -Ouch (-oh ) or -to her (-her ) (answers the question Which? which one?), For example: patronize (which? which?) shift Ouch average to her school.

Prepositional case endings

In the masculine and neuter gender, the ending is written in the prepositional case singular -ohm or -eat (answers the question which one?), For example: write about (what?) heat ohm autumn eat afternoon, morning.

Declensions of participles, ordinal numbers

Just like qualitative and relative adjectives, participles, some pronouns (every, every, most, this, etc.), ordinal numbers (first, second, fourth, etc., are inflected, except for the third, inflected, like possessive adjective wolfish). The spelling of the endings of all these words can be checked by substituting the question which? in the required form, for example: He tried to read (what?) every scientific article that appeared on (what?) the question that interested him.

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