Grammatical errors in the Russian language. Typical errors in the Russian language: grammatical, speech and spelling

The most common mistakes in the Unified State Examination in the Russian language:

Classification of errors according to FIPI

1. Grammatical errors.
2. Speech errors.
3. Logical errors
4. Factual errors.
5. Spelling mistakes.
6. Punctuation errors.
7. Graphic errors.

Grammar mistake– this is an error in the structure of a linguistic unit: in the structure of a word, phrase or sentence; This is a violation of any grammatical norm: word formation, morphological, syntactic.

For example:

• slip instead of slip, nobility instead of nobility– here an error was made in the word-formation structure of the word, the wrong prefix or suffix was used;
• no comment, go instead of go,more easier– the form of the word is formed incorrectly, i.e. the morphological norm is violated;
• pay for travel, awarded– the structure of the phrase is broken (management standards are not followed);
• After skating on the skating rink, my legs hurt; In the essay I wanted to show the importance of sports and why I love it– incorrectly constructed sentences with dee participial phrase(1) and with homogeneous members(2), i.e., syntactic norms are violated.

Unlike grammatical speech errors– these are errors not in the construction, not in the structure of a linguistic unit, but in its use, most often in the use of a word. These are mainly violations of lexical norms, for example:

• Stolz is one of the main characters in Goncharov’s novel of the same name “Oblomov”;
• They lost their only two sons in the war.

A speech error can only be noticed in context, this is what distinguishes it from a grammatical error, for the detection of which context is not needed.

Below are generally accepted classifiers of grammatical and speech errors.

Types of grammatical errors:

1. Erroneous word formation - Trudol beam oh, above laugh.
2. Erroneous formation of a noun form - Many miracles A technology, not enough time I.
3. Erroneous formation of the adjective form - More interesting, more beautiful.
4. Erroneous formation of the numeral form - WITH five hundred rubles
5. Erroneous formation of the pronoun form - Theirs pathos , ihi children.
6. Erroneous formation of the verb form - They travel, want, write about the life of nature.
7. Violation of agreement - I know a group of guys who are seriously into... imisya jazz.
8. Impaired control - You need to make your nature more beautiful.
   Narrates readers.
9. Disruption of connection between subject and predicate - Majority objected against such an assessment of his work.
10. Violation of the way of expressing the predicate in individual constructions - He wrote a book that epic.
    Everyone was glad, happy and funny.
11. Errors in constructing sentences with homogeneous members - A country loved And was proud poet.
    In the essay I wanted to say about the meaning sport and why I love it.
12. Errors in constructing sentences with participles - Reading the text , there is such a feeling...
13. Errors in constructing sentences with participial phrases - The narrow path was covered failing snow under your feet.
14. Errors in construction complex sentence - This book taught me to appreciate and respect friends, which I read as a child. It seemed to the man That that this is a dream.
15. Mixing direct and indirect speech - The author said, what am I I do not agree with the reviewer's opinion.
16. Violation of supply boundaries - When the hero came to his senses. It was too late.
17. Violation of the type-temporal correlation of verb forms - Freezes for a moment the heart and suddenly will knock again.

Types of speech errors:

1. Using a word in a meaning that is unusual for it - We were shocked wonderful acting.
   Thought develops on continuation the entire text.
2. Failure to distinguish shades of meaning introduced into a word by prefix and suffix - My attitude to this problem is not has changed.Were accepted spectacular measures.
3. Non-distinction of synonymous words - IN final In the sentence, the author uses gradation.
4. The use of words of a different stylistic coloring - The author, addressing this problem, tries to guide people A little to another track.
5. Inappropriate use of emotionally charged words and phraseological units - Astafiev every now and then resorts to the use of metaphors and personifications.
6. Unjustified use of colloquial words - Such people always succeed burn others.
7. Violation of lexical compatibility - ​​​​​​ Author increases impression. Author uses artistic peculiarities(instead of facilities).
8. The use of unnecessary words, including pleonasm - The author conveys the beauty of the landscape us using artistic techniques.Young young man, Very beautiful.
9. The use of words with the same root in a close context (tautology) - In that the story is told about real events.
10. Unjustified repetition of a word - Hero story does not think about his actions. Hero He doesn’t even understand the depth of what he’s done.
11. Poverty and monotony syntactic constructions - When the writer came to the editorial office , he was accepted Chief Editor. When they talked, the writer went to the hotel.
12. Poor use of pronouns - This text was written by V. Belov. He refers to artistic style.I immediately had a picture of his imagination.

Typical grammatical errors (K9)

This errors associated with the use of verbs, verb forms, adverbs, particles:

1. Errors in the formation of personal forms of verbs: They are driven by a feeling of compassion(follows: moves);
2. Incorrect use of tense forms of verbs: This book gives knowledge about the history of the calendar, teaches you how to make calendar calculations quickly and accurately(follows: ...give.., teach... or...gives.., teaches...);
3. Errors in the use of active and passive participles: Streams of water flowing down amazed the author of the text(follows: flowing);
4. Errors in the formation of gerunds: Having walked onto the stage, the singers bowed(norm: going out);
5. Incorrect formation of adverbs: The author here was wrong(norm: here);

These errors are usually associated with violations of the laws and rules of grammar and arise under the influence of vernacular and dialects.

Typical ones include grammatical and syntax errors :

1. Disruption of connection between subject and predicate: The main thing that I now want to pay attention to is the artistic side of the work(norm: ... this is the artistic side of the work); To benefit the Motherland, you need courage, knowledge, honesty(norm: ... courage, knowledge, honesty are needed);
2. Errors associated with the use of particles, for example, unjustified repetition: It would be nice if the artist’s signature was on the picture; separation of a particle from the component of the sentence to which it relates (usually particles are placed before those members of the sentence that they should highlight, but this pattern is often violated in essays): The text reveals two problems"(the restrictive particle “total” must come before the subject: “... only two problems”);
3. Unjustified omission of a subject (ellipsis): His courage (?) to stand up for honor and justice attracts the author of the text;
4. Incorrect construction of a complex sentence: The author of the text understands intelligence not only as enlightenment, intelligence, but also with the concept of “smart” the idea of ​​free-thinking was associated.

Typical speech errors (K10)

These are disorders associated with underdevelopment of speech: pleonasm, tautology, speech cliches; unmotivated use of colloquial vocabulary, dialectisms, jargon; unsuccessful use of expressive means, clericalism, non-distinction (mixing) of paronyms; errors in the use of homonyms, antonyms, synonyms; polysemy not eliminated by the context.

The most common speech errors include:

1. Non-distinction (mixing) of paronyms: In such cases, I look at the Philosophical Dictionary(verb take a look usually requires the control of a noun or pronoun with the preposition "to" ("to look at someone or something"), and the verb look in(“quickly or furtively look somewhere, look in order to find out, find out something”), which must be used in the above sentence, controls a noun or pronoun with the preposition “in”);
2. Errors in choosing a synonym: The name of this poet is familiar in many countries(instead of the word known its synonym was mistakenly used in the sentence familiar); Now our press devotes significant space to advertising, and this does not appeal to us(in this case, instead of the word space it is better to use its synonym - place; And non-lingual word impresses also requires synonymous replacement);
3. Errors in the selection of antonyms when constructing an antithesis:In the third part of the text, a cheerful, not major motif makes us think(antithesis requires precision when choosing words with opposite meanings, and the words “cheerful” and “major” are not antonyms;
4. Destruction of the figurative structure of phraseological units, which happens in an unsuccessfully organized context: Do not put your finger in the mouth of this undoubtedly talented writer Zoshchenko, but just let him make the reader laugh.

Logical errors

Logical errors associated with a violation of the logical correctness of speech. They arise as a result of a violation of the laws of logic, committed both within one sentence, judgment, and at the level of the entire text.

1. comparison (contrast) of two logically heterogeneous (different in scope and content) concepts in a sentence;
2. as a result of a violation of the logical law of identity, the substitution of one judgment for another.

Composition and text errors

1. Bad start. The text begins with a sentence containing an indication of the previous context, which is absent in the text itself, by the presence of demonstrative word forms in the first sentence, for example: In this text the author ...
2. Errors in the main part.
   • Bringing together relatively distant thoughts in one sentence.
   • Lack of consistency in presentation; incoherence and violation of sentence order.
   • The use of sentences of different types in structure, leading to difficulty understanding the meaning.
3. Bad ending. Duplication of conclusion, unjustified repetition of previously expressed thoughts.

Factual errors

Factual errors- a type of non-linguistic error, which consists in the fact that the writer cites facts that contradict reality, gives incorrect information about factual circumstances, both related and not related to the analyzed text (background knowledge)

1. Distortion of the content of a literary work, incorrect interpretation, poor choice of examples.
2. Inaccuracy in the quote. No indication of the author of the quotation. Incorrectly named author of the quote.
3. Ignorance of historical and other facts, including time displacement.
4. Inaccuracies in the names, surnames, and nicknames of literary characters. Distortions in names literary works, their genres, an error in the indication of the author.

Spelling, punctuation, graphic errors

Errors are taken into account when testing literacy (K7-K8)

1. To the rules learned;
2. Non-rough (two non-rough ones count as one):
   • in exceptions to the rules;
   • in writing capital letters in compound proper names;
   • in cases of separate and continuous writing not with adjectives and participles,
   • acting as a predicate;
   • in writing And And s after prefixes;
   • in difficult cases of distinguishing between not and neither ( Where did he turn! Wherever he turned, no one could give him an answer. No one else...; none other than…; nothing else is...; nothing more than...etc.);
   • in cases where one punctuation mark is replaced by another;
   • in the omission of one of the combined punctuation marks or in violation of their sequence;

It is also necessary to take into account the repeatability and uniformity of errors. If an error is repeated in the same word or in the roots of words with the same root, then it is counted as one error.

1. Same type(the first three errors of the same type are counted as one error, each subsequent similar error is counted as an independent one): errors per one rule, if the conditions for choosing the correct spelling are contained in grammatical ( in the army, in the grove; prick, fight) and phonetic ( pie, cricket) features of this word. Important!!!
   • The concept of errors of the same type does not apply to punctuation errors.
   • Errors for such a rule are not considered to be of the same type, in which, to clarify
2. Repetitive(a repetition in the same word or in the root of words with the same root is considered one mistake)

Spelling mistakes

1. ­ In word wrapping;
2. ­ Letters e/e after consonants in foreign words (racket, plein air) and after vowels in proper names (Marietta);
3. ­ Uppercase or lowercase letters
   • in names associated with religion: M(m)aslenitsa, R(r)Christmas, B(b)og.
   • with the figurative use of proper names (Oblomovs and Oblomovs).
   • in proper names of non-Russian origin; spelling surnames with first
   • parts of Don, Van, Saint... (Don Pedro and Don Quixote).
4. Continuous / hyphen / separate writing
   • in names, with in complex nouns without a connecting vowel (mostly borrowings), not regulated by rules and not included in the minimum dictionary ( Lend-Lease, Lula-kebab, know-how, papier-mâché, tumbleweed, Walk-City paperweight, but beef Stroganoff, head waiter, sedan chair, price list);
   • to rules that are not included in school curriculum. For example: in spill, scold behind your back, to match, on the run, in installments, on the back foot, as a curiosity, by touch, on the hook, put on the butt(cf. the current spelling recklessly, scattered);

Punctuation errors

• Dash in incomplete sentence;
• Isolation of inconsistent definitions related to common nouns;
• Commas in restrictive and emphatic phrases;
• Distinguishing between homonymous particles and interjections and, accordingly, not highlighting them or separating them with commas;
• In the transmission of the author's punctuation;

Graphic errors

Graphic errors– various techniques for abbreviating words, using spaces between words, various underlinings and font selections. These include: various clerical errors and typos caused by the inattentiveness of the writer or haste in writing.

Common graphic errors:

• Omission of letters, for example: the entire novel is based on this conflict (follows: built);
• Rearranging letters, for example: new product names(follows: products);
• Replacing some alphabetic characters with others, for example: legendary Battle on the Ice(follows: legendary);
• Adding extra letters: That is why it is important in any, even the most difficult, conditions...(follows: even).

Grammar mistake– this is a violation of the norms of word formation, inflection, construction of phrases and sentences.

Grammar mistake

I . Grammatical errors in word structure may be associated with incorrect word formation and morphology.

1) Errors in word formation are the incorrect formation of a word according to the models available in the language, when the writer or speaker uses the wrong suffix or the wrong prefix, “loses” a morpheme, invents words that do not exist in the language and does not motivate this in any way: fawns, mocks, slipped

2) Errors in the formation of word forms appear when the speaker or writer changes the word in a way that is not typical for him. Each part of speech has its own difficult cases of formation. Let's look at examples of errors.

a) Noun: form formation plural (engineer, contract); forms R.p. plural (hollows, bottoms, socks, stockings).

b) Adjective: formation of the form of degrees of comparison ( more impressive, deepest).

c) Pronouns: formation of possessive pronoun forms their(theirs, theirs); the use of the initial letter “n” in 3rd person pronouns ( thanks to him, instead of her).

d) Numeral name: declension of cardinal numerals ( with five hundred and sixty-seven subjects); Declension of ordinal numbers ( in two thousand eight); use of collective numerals ( two participants, both functions).

e) Verbs: use of colloquial forms ( measures, pinches); formation of forms of 1st person ( I'll win, I'll vacuum); formation of participles ( sleeping, eating).

II. Grammatical errors in the structure of the phrase.

a) Violation of approval norms: Described the types of essays used in Russian language lessons.

b) Violation of management norms, that is, placing the dependent word in a different case ( laughs at me, head of the department, I missed you), incorrect use of prepositions when forming the case form of a dependent word ( pay for participation in the conference).

III.Grammatical errors in sentence structure.

1) Violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate ( Those whoresearched verbal aggression, came to the conclusion...; The relationship between the theme and the main idea of ​​the text becomes obvious to me.).

2) Violations of the way of expressing the predicate ( I found a quote in the article thatfriend ).

3) Errors in constructing sentences with homogeneous members: the use of a common object with homogeneous predicates when they require different cases of the dependent word ( We love and are passionate about psychology); use as a homogeneous phrase and subordinate clause ( This was an article written by I. Brandt and which I studied).

4) Errors in constructing sentences with participial phrases ( The data presented in the article...).

5) Errors in constructing sentences with adverbial verbs ( After reading the text, it seems to me that...; After studying the statistics, the conclusions have changed).

6) Errors in the construction of complex sentences ( The research data is reflected in the publications that he received during many years of practice).

7) Errors in transmitting someone else’s speech ( Academician L. Shcherba wrote that: “Replicas are absolutely not characterized by complex sentences, which are the domain of only a monologue»).

8) Violation of word order in a sentence ( He not only studied written speech, but also oral).

Speech error– this is the incorrect use of a linguistic unit: a word, phraseological unit, phrase. Such errors are associated with a poor or passive vocabulary, the inability to choose the right word to express a thought, the use of speech cliches, and the inability to eliminate the possibility of ambiguous understanding of a phrase due to the context.

In order to express yourself correctly in writing and oral speech, you need to constantly work on your education. Sometimes it can be terribly embarrassing to read the largest news portals, whose journalists make simply enchanting mistakes.

Please note that in the headings the correct variants of words are indicated in brackets.

1. Coordinally (cardinally)

Where this word monster came from is unclear. After all, the word “cardinal” and “coordinates” have absolutely nothing in common in meaning.

Cardinally means completely, radically, in its entirety, in its entirety, radically.

1. In general (in general or in general)

In general, I must say this: this error does not tolerate any compromises, so either “in general” or “in general”.

In general, we would like to add that the origin of this error is, in general, quite clear.

1. Participate (participate)

Here, remembering the correct spelling and pronunciation is quite simple. To do this, ask yourself a screening question: are you ready to become a teacher? V stnikom or not?

If not, then get involved, become a member and start participating in self-education. There are only two letters “BB” in the word, not three.

1. Tsya / tsya

One of the most favorite mistakes in the Russian language. Although to check it is enough to ask a simple question to the verb.

If we get “What to do?”, that is, at the end it stands soft sign, which means the verb will have it too. If the question is posed differently: “What does it do?”, then there will be no “b” in the verb.

1. Sorry (sorry)

If you have a specific And on, then it must be brought from And opinion. But don’t even think about mentioning the e disagreements. Izv And sheet metal And also cannot be considered as a statement And nittyny. If there is a fault, then ask for an apology.

1. Put on/dress

Often on the street you can hear the irritated cry of a young mother: “Put on your hat immediately.” Not good…

It will be correct to either dress someone or put on something. At school, teachers helped us remember this rule with a simple example: put on clothes, but put on Nadezhda.

1. Coffee Expresso (espresso)

An express vehicle is a vehicle moving at a higher speed than usual. But coffee is only espresso. We don’t insert any more “K” into “espresso”.

1. To the white knee (to the white heat)

It is quite possible that our knees under the meat, that is, the bones, are really white. But in this case it is correct to say “to the point of white heat.” This means the following.

When metal is hardened in fire, it first turns red, then yellow and finally white. If you waited white, that means they brought him to the limit, that is, to white heat. There's nowhere else to go.

1. Reluctantly (reluctantly)

The heart is not a cart and not the door of an ancient castle to creak. Correct writing of this expression - reluctantly, and it means something that is done reluctantly, contrary to one’s desire. Reluctantly - this means having tightened the heart, or in general - strengthened.

1. During/during

This is also one of the most common mistakes in the Russian language. In order not to confuse the use of these two words, remember a simple rule: during e – This is a preposition that is associated with a certain period of time. That is, if the expression can be replaced with “during”, then at the end there will be “E”: during.

“During” is written only when talking about the flow of a river. For example: in a powerful current And In the water, their boat began to spin uncontrollably.

1. Theirs (theirs)

One of the most scary words for modern literates. Although, in fact, in Russian classical literature(in particular in) this word is often found.

It’s just that today it’s outdated, so only the shortened version is used: them.

This is their home, their family, not their home, not their wife, and not her husband.

1. Also / likewise

Errors in this use of Russian words come from a reluctance to concentrate. But it’s so simple: “also” is the same as the conjunction “and”. For example: “Petya, Vanya will go to the store And Angela" = "Petya, Vanya, and Also Angela."

But “in the same way” means “exactly like that”: he loves his wife just as much as he loves his mother; he enjoys hunting as much as fishing.

1. Painting/signature

Well, everything is quite simple here. You can paint walls with graphics, but only signatures are placed on documents.

1. Lay down (put down)

With the words “I’ll lay down, I’ll lay down” there is a wonderful joke about a lieutenant and an ordinary soldier. But the author of this article did not remember him, so if he is familiar to you, please write him in the comments. Very useful for memorization.

So, in what cases is it correct to use the words “put” and “put”?

And a few examples for reinforcement.

• I'm already with you put tiles, but I'll put again.
• Luggage chips. You too put chips on the table.
• So I I put this map here.

If the principle is still not fully understood, save it to your wall at any time. social network the following picture.

1. In Kratsi (in brief)

Judging by the statistics, such an absolutely wild error occurs quite often in the Russian language. The word “briefly” means “in a shortened form.”

We also know what a walkie-talkie is. But it’s hard to even imagine what the mysterious “in Kratsi” is.

1. Inside (inside)

It is correct to speak and write only together: “inside.”

• This medicine is taken orally.
• They wanted to look inside the tank.
• They entered the building.
• It was dark inside the room.

1. Sunday/Resurrection

If you mean the day of the week, be sure to use a soft sign: Sunday b f. If you are talking about how Christ rose from the dead, then say through “I”: risen And e.

1. Cream(s)

In a professional environment, you can often hear correct option this word, that is, with pronunciation through “A”. However, it is correct, after all, there will be “creams”. Just remember this.

1. Agency (agency)

Pretty too common mistake, found in Russian. But here the test word is “agen” T" Therefore, the correct option is only “agent” T stvo".

1. Meticulous (scrupulous)

A difficult word that many people pronounce and spell incorrectly. We offer this option for memorization (record only the underlined words): tearful poor man eats cereal . Now let's combine these two parts: C cereal useful.

It sounds absurd, but try to write this word correctly tomorrow without peeking, and you will immediately see lacrimal the face of a poor man who is devouring cereal for both cheeks. You will immediately remember: C cereal useful.

1. Too much (too much)

In the Udmurt Republic () there is a river Chur. If you are talking about it, then you can say this: we passed through Chur.

In all other cases, this word is written together and with the letter “S”: too much.

1. Functionality (Functionality)

As a rule, the word “functional” is mistakenly used to describe a set of functions. However, it is correct to say “functionality”. For example, the functionality of a new smartphone or computer.

The functionality is from the . Therefore, if you are not a mathematician, simply forget the word “functional” and do not use it in your speech.

1. Try (try)

We will not go into details, but simply give a well-known rule of the Russian language: if in the first person singular present or future tense verb ends in -y or -yu, then in indefinite form and in the past tense the suffixes -eva-, -ova- are used. Try it wow- I tried ova t.

1. Burner (burner)

Previously, this word could be written and spoken with an “M”. But today only one standard is considered correct: “burner”.

1. Extreme (extreme)

As sad as this may sound, for the word “extra” e small" you cannot use "extra And m" as a test word. This is how it happened historically, so just remember.

1. From under the radar (on the sly)

It is written only together. To remember, read a few simple examples.

• He glanced at her surreptitiously.
• The children were spoiled and did everything on the sly.
• He is kind only in appearance, but he himself does mischief on the sly.

1. My birthday (my birthday)

How could “lovers” of the Russian language distort this phrase! How to remember the correct option? It's simple! It's about about the DAY, therefore, it is not “mine”, but “mine”. Next we ask the question: day of what? Birth. My birthday.

It is appropriate to recall here that the names of public holidays containing the word “day” are written with a capital letter, and only the word “Day”. For example: Day of Knowledge, Day national unity, Cosmonautics Day, etc.

But the names of personal holidays are usually written with a small letter: birthday, angel’s day, etc.

1. Adore (adore)

The explanatory dictionary of the Russian language states that “adore” comes from “god” O create." Therefore, it is written exclusively with “O”: about O reap

1. Slip (slip)

There are no “D”s in this verb and never have been. A man was walking on a slippery road, slipped and fell. The question is, what does the letter “D” have to do with it? Don't you know either? Then don't write it.

By the way, many people also try to insert the letter “D” into the verb “to mock,” which, of course, is completely wrong.

1. Cute (cute)

Simp A sympathetic is someone who evokes sympathy A tyu. But the letter “O” is completely useless here.

Well, this is where we will finish the list of the most common mistakes in the Russian language, although the list, undoubtedly, can be continued for a long time.

In the end, we just note that a person who reads regularly will simply not be able to make the above mistakes in the Russian language. Well, perhaps only as an exception or inattention.

If any serious errors are not listed in this article, write about it in the comments.

Together let's strike with education against rampant illiteracy!

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Types of grammatical errors	Examples of errors	Correct option/rule
Errors in management Incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition	* Pay for travel I miss you *according to the order, on arrival	(to whom; to what?) Lagodarya According to Upon arrival e, arrive And, completed And, expiration And, return And(in pp.)
Disruption of connection between subject and predicate Mixing the designs of the main and subordinate clauses	*MSU completed O reception *The chair-bed stood A *Came good doctor Ivanova. No one, not even excellent students, decided And. *Those, (who was late), didn't look movie.	Main word-m.r. Main word-sr.r Polezh.-zh.r./Tale-zh.r. Nobody decided They didn't look to see who was late.
Errors in constructing sentences with homogeneous members 1.Use of general salary at o.ch.p. , requiring different management 2. Incorrect word order in a sentence with double conjunctions 3. Use of double conjunctions in a distorted form 4. Redundancy of allied funds 5. Elimination of not only identical, but also different prepositions 6. Discrepancy between the form of the generalizing word and the o.c.p. 7. Uniting “unequal” components in a homogeneous series.	* Graduate student is engaged selection and observation over the facts. *Living branches are not only unsuitable for starting a fire, but also for maintaining it. *Living branches are not suitable Not only for starting a fire, and to maintain it. *The owner was surprised, but nevertheless remained silent. *Concerts took place IN theaters, parks, stadiums. *She raised five children: two boys and three girls. * Found / lost yesterday / dog and ( which the neighbors were looking for)	Selection (what?) Observation (over what?) not only for breeding, but also for maintenance. Not only but Both and but nonetheless ON stadiums Two boys and three girls Or 2 /p.o/, or 2 subordinate clauses!!!
Error in constructing a sentence with a participial phrase - torn apart by a qualifying word Incorrect agreement of the participle with the word being defined	*From a distance were visible/floating logs on water/ We saw logs, floating their on water	Logs /floating on water/
Error in constructing a sentence with an adverbial phrase The participle and the verb must have the same character	* Flipping through album, me got caught two photos	Flipping through album, I saw two photos.
Violation in the construction of a sentence with an inconsistent application - the application should be in Im.p. in the presence of a qualifying noun, and in its absence - in the required case.	*In the novel "The Captain's Daughter" Pushkin reflected the events of the 18th century. *IN "Captain's daughter" main character– P. Grinev.	In the novel "Captain's daughter".. IN "The Captain's Daughter"...
Error in constructing a complex sentence - with attributive clause(it refers to the last noun in the main) -using compound conjunctions in a distorted form -redundancy of allied funds	*The seminar was organized by Professor Matveev, who passed very interesting. * Before write a letter, he was looking for a long time the right words. * He asked, What is where his things. * I don't know, What we can whether we find mutual language	Professor Matveev organized seminar that took place very interesting Before as In order to Instead of Before Since As Similar to In view of the fact that Due to the fact that despite the fact that He asked, Where his things. I don't know if we can whether we will find...

Indirect speech

Direct speech	Means of communication when replaced with indirect one	Indirect speech
Declarative sentence * « I I’ll wait for you somewhere nearby,” said Valya.		*Valya said thatshe will be waiting for me nearby.
Incentive offer *Ivan asked: “Name, Lyuba, all the members of the headquarters and describe each of them.”	to	* Ivan asked Lyuba to name all the members of the headquarters and describe each of them.”
Interrogative sentence “Aren’t you thinking of playing hide and seek with me?” Vanya said with annoyance.		*Vanya said with annoyance, am I thinking of playing hide and seek with him?

In indirect

Direct speech	Examples of errors	Indirect speech
He said:		He said,that he will do this work for me.
He said:"Come early."		He said,so that I come early.
You ask:		You ask,
I'm asking:“Were you at the institute yesterday?”		I'm asking,were you at the institute yesterday?

5. fall; the shades they express are conveyed only approximately by other lexical means, for example:

1. If direct speech is declarative sentence, then when replacing it with indirect speech, the conjunction that is used, for example:

*The servant entered and announced that the horses had been served (P.). (Wed: The servant entered and announced: “The horses have been served”).

2. If direct speech is incentive offer, then when replacing it with indirect speech, the conjunction so is used, for example:

*Tell him to get out... (Ch.). (Wed: Say: “Get out...”).

3.If direct speech is interrogative sentence, then when replacing it with indirect speech, two cases are possible:

a) when present in direct speech interrogative pronominal words they are preserved in indirect speech in the role of relative words, for example: They drove up to the hut and asked, Where here to find the economic part (Furm.). (Wed: They drove up to the hut and asked: “ Where can I find the economic part here?”).

b) in the absence of interrogative pronominal words in direct speech, an indirect question is expressed using the particle whether as a conjunction, for example: The general inquired if I was the son of Andrei Petrovich Grinev (P.). (Cf.: The general inquired: “Are you the son of Andrei Petrovich Grinev?” or “Aren’t you the son of Andrei Petrovich Grinev?”).

4. Indirect personal speeches and possessive pronouns and the persons of the verb are used from the point of view of the author, and not the person of the speaker, for example:

Direct speech	Examples of errors	Indirect speech
He said:"I'll do this job for you."	He said I will do this work for you.	He said,which will do the job for me.
He said:"Come early."	He said come early.	He said,so that I come early.
You ask:“When will you give me back my book?”	You are asking when you will return my book to me.	You ask,when I return your book to you.
I'm asking:“Were you at the institute yesterday?”	I ask that you were at the institute yesterday?	I'm asking,were you at the institute yesterday?

5.Addresses, interjections, emotional particles, available in direct speech, in indirect speech fall; the shades they express are conveyed only approximately by other lexical means, for example.

Grammatical errors occur when the rules of the Russian language are not followed, which sometimes gives speech an unflattering sound. We cannot always convey a beautifully presented idea to our interlocutor if we allow such inaccuracies in verbal and writing. By remembering the rules in speech patterns, you can avoid the occurrence of grammatical errors in order to speak or write beautifully, elegantly and expressively. A grammatical error is the weakest point in completing tasks in the Russian language, so in this article we will look at them in more detail.

A little theory

Grammatical errors are errors in the structures of linguistic units, in the structures of words, phrases, and sentences. These also include violations of one or another grammatical norm: morphological, word-formation or syntactic. Below you can take a closer look at the table, which shows options for such a violation as a grammatical error. Study the examples of incorrect use of words and their combinations carefully. Try to remember simple rules that will be useful in later life when constructing beautiful dialogues.

Grammatical errors

No.	Type of error	Example
1	Erroneous word formations	Hardworking, you mock me
2	Erroneous formations of noun forms	Various miracles of electronics, not enough time
3	Erroneous formations of adjective forms	More attractive, beautiful
4	Erroneous formations of numeral forms	With six hundred rubles
5	Erroneous formations of pronoun forms	Their neighbor, their urchins
6	Erroneous formations of verb forms	They walk around, unwillingly, writing about what happened
7	Negotiation violations	He knows a lot of girls who do needlework
8	Control violations	You need to make your speech more correct. Tells readers
9	Violations of connections between subjects and predicates	A minority objected to such an assessment of his creation
10	Violations of ways of expressing predicates in individual constructions	He wrote a novel that is epic
11	Errors in sentences with homogeneous members	The team loved and was proud of the goalkeeper. In the letter I wanted to show the importance of competitions and why I love them
12	Errors in sentences with participial phrases	Reading the article, I get this feeling...
13	Errors in sentences with participial phrases	The wide road was covered with snow falling under the boots
14	Errors in constructing complex sentences	This book made me respect and appreciate my parents, which I read in my youth. It seemed to me that this...
15	Violation of sentence boundaries	And when the hero came to his senses. It was too late.
16	Mixing indirect and direct speech	The author wrote that I agree with this reviewer’s opinion

Conclusion

Studying the grammatical rules of the language and cases of their violation will allow you to make your speech more accurate and expressive. Your cultural level as a native speaker will increase. Indeed, beautiful, clean speech in compliance with all rules and regulations literary language distinguished by logic, richness, purity and euphony. Believe me, in conversation and in writing grammatical errors(and any others) do not look very decent, so remember the simple rules and try to speak and write beautifully!