A person experiences feelings and experiences emotions. The ability to feel is the main wealth of a person

"Emotions" And "feeling" - very close and most often inseparable concepts, but still they are not identical.

Emotions- This is a direct experience in a specific period of time. Most often they are associated with a person’s innate reactions, his motives and needs.

Feeling- This is a personality trait, a relatively stable attitude towards the world around us.

The inseparability of emotions and feelings is expressed in the fact that feelings are manifested in specific emotions.

For example, love for to a loved one manifested in joy for his successes and achievements.

The importance of emotions in human life is great. They help to navigate what is happening, assessing it from the standpoint of desirability or undesirability; under their influence, a person can do the impossible, since there is an instant mobilization of all the forces of the body.

Emotions are one of the few factors inner life person, which are easily detected and quite subtly understood by other people. Even, Small child, having not yet learned to speak, is very sensitive to the emotional state of others, especially the mother.

Emotions perform the function of reflecting not objective phenomena, but a subjective attitude towards them. An object or event can evoke an emotion and serve as its cause, but cannot be a model for its analysis and description. That is why there is no objective “standard” when analyzing emotional phenomena. This fact makes the experimental study of emotions extremely difficult and reduces it to the study of what causes emotions and how these latter influence behavior, physiology or other mental processes.

However, existing objective limitations in the study of emotions do not stop researchers. On the contrary, interest in the study of emotions is steadily growing. This is due to the enormous importance that emotions play in the life of every person.

Very often, emotions are the cause of failures or mistakes in any human activity. We can give examples when, on the contrary, this or that feeling, this or that emotional state helps a person cope with the tasks facing him. Essential have emotions in a person's personal life. Emotions are the most important components of intimate family communication.

Emotions are mental and/or physiological reactions of humans and animals to the influence of internal and external stimuli related to the satisfaction or dissatisfaction of needs. Emotion is a specific form of the mental process of experiencing feelings. For example, a feeling of patriotism, responsibility for an assigned task, or a mother’s feeling of love for her children manifests itself in the mental life of people as a stream of emotional experiences that vary in strength, duration, complexity, and even in content.

By feeling is meant special shape mental reflection, characteristic only of man, in which what is reflected is the person’s subjective attitude to the objects and phenomena of reality.

The structure of feelings is emotions And concepts. Let's give an example: in order for a person to have a feeling of love for the Motherland, he must master the concept of the Motherland. If he does not have this concept, he does not own it, then there is no point in talking about feeling. Animals do not have concepts, so talking about the feelings of animals is complete nonsense; they only have emotions. Our feelings perform two main functions: signaling and regulatory.

The signaling function of feelings is expressed in the fact that experiences arise and change in connection with changes occurring in the environment or in the human body.

The regulatory function of feelings is associated with the fact that experiences determine human behavior, becoming long-term or short-term motives for his activities. Due to the presence of a regulatory mechanism, a person experiences a decrease in emotional motivation or its increase. In the first case, a person’s strongest emotional experiences are transformed into muscle movements, laughter, exclamations, and crying. In this case, a rarefaction of excess voltage occurs, the long-term preservation of which is extremely dangerous.

Usually feelings are divided into positive And negative. Sometimes so-called neutral feelings are also identified, such as curiosity.

It is also customary to distinguish between lower and higher feelings.

Higher feelings are feelings that express the spiritual world of a person and determine his personality.

Lower feelings are associated with the satisfaction or dissatisfaction of a person’s physical or physiological needs.

Feelings are also divided into sthenic And asthenic.

Feelings that increase the activity of the individual are called sthenic, while asthenic are feelings and experiences that reduce activity.

One of the most important features experiencing feelings is ambivalence (duality) - the simultaneous experience of opposing emotions and feelings (joy and grief, pleasure and disgust).

Ambivalence is explained by conflicting, complex circumstances in which people have to act.

A person’s feelings are based on his needs, which give rise to activity; on the other hand, human activity gives rise to new needs.

Physical needs (for food, drink, clothing, housing) and spiritual (for communication, work, aesthetic, moral) are closely related to each other: clothing can be both a physical and an aesthetic need at the same time. The same can be said about food, housing, etc.

Satisfaction or dissatisfaction of these needs evokes corresponding feelings that are clearly not only individual, but also social in nature.

Perceiving the world, a person expresses his personal attitude towards various objects and phenomena in a unique way. And these are not just judgments, but special complex experiences that are accessible to all of us thanks to a complex of different emotions. Human emotions are one of the most important components of personality, fulfilling biological and social functions: make a proactive reflection of reality, play a key role in the formation of relationships with other people.

Human emotions and feelings create a multi-level and multi-dimensional world of emotional phenomena. They characterize a person, reflecting the complexity of his interaction with the outside world. Without understanding yourself, it is impossible to understand others. Developed emotional intelligence creates the possibility of deep relationships with other people, where the highest manifestation of the emotional sphere of the individual is the ability to empathy - penetration into the inner world of another through the identification mechanism.

Emotions are states that are associated with assessing the significance of factors acting on a person and determining the satisfaction of current needs. They can be an internal indicator of goal achievement. The emotional sphere of a person is very diverse. To better understand it, you should know that emotional phenomena, according to their complexity, can be divided into several levels.

• Emotional tone of sensations. This is the basic, simplest form of emotions in the form of fuzzy sensations, a genetically determined experience that does not relate to a specific object, but accompanies vital impressions (taste, pain, temperature). Gives a person different emotional shades.
• Actually emotions. These are fairly specific states that arise in connection with the satisfaction of needs. They characterize a person’s attitude towards current or possible situations. Among them are the basic emotions inherent in humans. For example, it could be excitement, joy, surprise, suffering, anger, shame. Their different combinations create complex emotions or feelings: anxiety, depression, love.
• Mood . This is a form of emotion that does not relate to a specific object or event, but has sufficient persistence and can act as an indicator of temperament. The main sign of mood is positive or negative tone.
• Feelings . These are persistent emotional attitudes towards certain aspects of reality. They are the highest product of human cultural and emotional development. Feelings can be divided into two groups: sthenic and asthenic. Stenic feelings are positive emotional states associated with the occurrence excitement, activity, vigor. They are a manifestation of preparation for large energy expenditures. Asthenic feelings are associated with experiencing sadness, decreased activity and decreased energy. They are evidence of a refusal to struggle with difficulties in conditions of increased emotional stress.

Now let’s take a closer look at what basic emotions a person has. The famous American psychologist Carroll Izard included the main human emotions in a list of 10 main emotions. They come together in groups and create emotional states and can become the basis psychological type personality.

1. Interest is a positive emotion that motivates learning and promotes creative activity, has a positive effect on attention and interest in the object of interest.
2. Joy is a maximally desirable emotion, which is a product of actions and certain conditions rather than the result of the desire to experience it. The state of joy is associated with confidence and self-worth.
3. Surprise - occurs under the influence of unexpected events, promotes release from previous emotions and directs all attention to the object of surprise.
4. Suffering is an emotion that causes a state of “decline” internal forces", a feeling of loneliness and self-pity.
5. 
   Anger is associated with the mobilization of energy, a feeling of strength, courage and self-confidence.
6. Disgust – causes a desire to get rid of an object, due to the physical or psychological deterioration of this object.
7. Contempt – serves as a way of preparing for a meeting with a dangerous enemy, and is associated with a sense of one’s own superiority. This is a rather “cold” emotion, which, together with anger and disgust, are often combined in a person’s experiences and create the so-called “hostile triad”.
8. Fear – arises under the influence of information about a real or fictitious threat, and can be associated with uncertainty and bad premonitions.
9. Shame – causes a desire to hide, disappear, may be associated with a personal feeling of unworthiness.
10. Guilt is associated with shame, but shame can arise due to some mistakes, and guilt arises in case of violations of a moral, ethical or religious nature in situations where a person feels personally responsible for the events that occur.

Feeling is the highest manifestation of emotions

Feelings are a selective and persistent emotional attitude of a person. Feelings reflect the basic higher social and spiritual needs of a person. You already know what types of emotions a person has, and now let’s look at the main types of feelings.

Emotional Intelligence and Empathy

Emotional intelligence is a characteristic of the degree of development of a person’s emotional sphere. It includes such personality abilities as recognition of emotional states, accurate assessment of emotions, a tendency to report on the various states of other people, attention to them, and high sensitivity to the needs and feelings of other people.

It ensures the use of knowledge that is based on emotions. This is a special ability to encode and reveal emotional phenomena. A person with a highly developed emotional intelligence able to listen to one’s own feelings, control emotional impulses, and be optimistic.

An important trait of a person with developed emotional intelligence is the ability to empathize.

Empathy is feeling, penetration into the inner world of a person, the basis of which is the intellectual and emotional component. An empathic person is able to perceive the experiences of another person from his position, identifying himself with this person, without losing the clarity of understanding of his own personality. Empathy is an extremely valuable quality in people, professional activity which is associated with close interaction with other people.

Video about human emotions.

Whatever a person does, everything evokes in him a certain attitude, expressed in experiences: he likes something, and something causes dissatisfaction, but it is difficult to find something completely indifferent. Emotions are a positive value, since human life is impossible without experiences. People who do not show their emotions and feelings are very different from those around them and resemble a machine: they cannot be happy, afraid, angry or love. It is the absence of experiences that distinguishes biorobots from people.

Emotions are a person’s biased attitude towards the world around him, towards what happens to him. The experience of this relationship is an emotion or feeling. Emotions express acceptance or rejection of what is happening to a person in a given situation.

Conditions, objects and phenomena that contribute to the satisfaction of needs and the achievement of goals cause positive emotions: pleasure, joy, interest, etc. Situations that are perceived by a person as preventing the satisfaction of needs cause negative emotions: anger, sadness, fear, etc.

Emotions- This mental reflection in the form of direct, partial experience, the vital meaning of phenomena and situations, determined by the relationship of their objective properties to the needs of the subject. (Shapar V.B. Newest psychological dictionary).

Emotions - This subjective reactions a person on the influence of external and internal stimuli, reflecting in the form of experiences their personal significance for the subject and manifested in the form of pleasure (displeasure).

Emotions- a special class of mental phenomena occurring in the form of experiences, reflecting a person’s attitude towards the satisfaction or dissatisfaction of his current needs. (Gamezo M.V.)

Thus, necessary conditions the occurrence of emotions are:

Availability of needs,

Knowledge about the features of a given situation from the point of view of the possibility of satisfying them.

The cortex regulates the actions of the subcortex, so a person restrains hunger and socially unacceptable impulses. But if the cortex is weakened (due to intoxication, overwork, etc.), then the person loses the ability to restrain himself.

In 1950, D. Olds and P. Milner discovered in animal experiments pleasure centers And centers of suffering, and later the centers of hunger, thirst, etc., which formed the emotional map of the brain. At the same time, the centers of suffering, being located in different parts brain, form a single system. Therefore, negative emotions are experienced rather monotonously. The pleasure centers of such a system do not form and positive emotions are experienced more differentiated.

table 2

Physiological mechanisms of emotions and feelings

Theories of emotions

Information theory P.V. Simonova : emotions arise when there is a mismatch between a vital need and the possibility of satisfying it (with a lack of information necessary to achieve the goal); A person's awareness of the means to satisfy a need can relieve emotions.

Cognitive theory L. Festinger : positive emotions- if expectations are confirmed. Negative- if expectations are not confirmed

Biological theory PC. Anokhina : positive emotions occur when the result of an action matches or exceeds the expected result. The discrepancy leads to anxiety and the search for new combinations that would lead to positive emotions.

Classification of types of emotional phenomena

Man is the most emotional creature. He is able to experience different periods There are tens of thousands of shades of emotions in life, but a person’s vocabulary is limited to 5-6 thousand words, which are not enough to express all these shades. There is no single classification of emotions. Let's present the most common classification in psychology (see Fig. 1).

Rice. 1. Types of emotional phenomena

In Table 3 we give definitions to the emotional phenomena indicated in the classification.

Table 3

Types of emotional phenomena

Concept	Definition of the concept. Purpose of emotion
Sensual tone -	- these are positive or negative experiences that accompany certain vital influences (taste, temperature, etc.) and encourage the individual to maintain or eliminate them. Many human sensations have a certain emotional connotation. We don’t just smell or taste something, we perceive it as pleasant or unpleasant. When we feel warm or cold, we simultaneously experience pleasure or displeasure. Images of perception, memory, thinking, imagination are also emotionally charged. A.N. Leontiev called this phenomenon “bias” of reflection and considered it one of the essential features of human cognition.
Basic emotions -	- These are emotions that are situational in nature, expressing an evaluative attitude towards emerging or possible situations. They are short-term, quite strongly expressed, and the reasons for their occurrence are quite well understood by humans. These emotions have been well studied and 10 main ones have been identified: (K. Izard). Each basic emotion underlies a whole spectrum of conditions. Almost all of them can be read by facial expressions.
Joy -	- positive emotional experience, associated with the ability to sufficiently fully satisfy the current need. Serves to establish contacts with people, retain useful thoughts and actions in memory, and eliminate the negative impact of negative emotions.
Astonishment -	- does not have a clearly expressed positive or negative sign emotional reaction to sudden circumstances. Serves to pay off existing activity nervous system and to prepare the body for activity in a new situation.
Interest -	- emotional reaction to something new, a source of motives for learning and creativity.
Sadness (grief, suffering) -	- an emotional signal of the inability to satisfy vital needs. It manifests itself in chained thoughts to the object of sadness, tears, bitterness in the mouth. Sadness slows down the pace of life, gives you the opportunity to look back, see the future, and in this sense is an adequate state.
Anger -	- an emotional experience, negative in sign, usually occurring in the form of affect and caused by the sudden emergence of a serious obstacle to the satisfaction of an extremely important need for a person(pain, restriction of freedom, physical influence, etc.). Anger ensures the mobilization of all the forces of the body to fight.
Fear -	- negative emotion, which manifests itself when a person receives information about a real or imagined danger; emotional reaction to danger. Fear is a way of activity and protection from strong shocks.
Disgust -	- a negative emotional experience caused by objects (objects, people, circumstances, etc.), contact with which comes into sharp conflict with the ideological, moral or aesthetic principles and attitudes of a person. In evolution it arose as a defense against poisoning.
Contempt -	- negative emotion that arises in interpersonal relationships and generated by a mismatch in life positions, views and behavior with the life positions, views and behavior of the object of experience. Contempt is the rejection of another person.
Shame -	- a social emotion that expresses the subject’s awareness of the inconsistency of his actions, thoughts, appearance with the expectations of other people and his own ideas. The experience of shame is an indicator of condemnation of one’s actions and the desire to correct them.
Guilt -	- emotion that arises when a violation occurs moral and ethical standards . Without the individual’s acceptance of social norms, social norms do not arise. Guilt expresses a person’s condemnation of his action and himself, accompanied by a decrease in self-esteem, repentance and a desire to improve. Experiencing the emotion of guilt is similar to experiencing shame.
Mood -	- a stable, weakly expressed, relatively long-lasting experience that colors a person’s behavior and activities for a considerable time. The reasons are not always clear to the person experiencing them, but they always exist and can be determined. Mood depends on health, self-esteem, level of aspirations, character, etc. It is an emotional reaction not to the direct impact of certain events, but to their significance in a person’s life in the context of his life plans, interests and expectations. Mood is an individual’s unconscious assessment of how favorable circumstances are for him. Can be joyful and sad, cheerful and depressed, cheerful and depressed, calm and irritated. It indicates that a person is determined and ready to react in a certain way. S.L. Rubinstein believed that, 1) it is not objective, but personal; 2) this is not a special experience dedicated to some particular event, but a diffuse, general state. Other people, their attitude, their attention, care, even just their facial expressions shape a person’s mood. Repeated often, mood can become a stable personality trait (pessimists and optimists). The older a person is, the more stable and constant his mood becomes. Mood leaves a significant imprint on a person’s behavior: it can stimulate or suppress his activity. When a positive mood prevails, a person easily experiences temporary failures and disappointments. Hence, it is important to be able to manage your mood(through reflection, self-knowledge, introspection, mastery of the means of mental self-regulation).
Affect -	- an emotional experience that arises suddenly, quickly takes possession of a person, proceeds rapidly, characterized by a change in consciousness, a violation of volitional control. Occurs in extreme conditions when a person does not see a constructive way out of an existing situation. The cause of affect is most often a conflict between a person’s strong attraction, desire, desire for something and the objective impossibility of satisfying the urges that arise. When affected, the volume of consciousness narrows and is limited a small amount ideas and perceptions that are closely related to the experienced emotion, and also the mobilization of all the forces of the body occurs. The forms of its manifestation are anger, delight, ecstasy, horror, despair or stupor, stiffness. The affect ends with a loss of strength, fatigue and even fainting, since extremely strong excitement has passed the limit of working capacity nerve cells, is replaced by unconditional protective inhibition, emotional shock. Impaired consciousness can lead to an inability to subsequently remember episodes of the event that caused the affect, or the event as a whole ( complete amnesia). Expressing emotions in the form of affect is not desirable. With the exception of rare cases of the development of pathological affect, accompanied by deep clouding of consciousness, a person is responsible for his actions committed in a state of passion. It would be wrong to think that affect is completely uncontrollable. Despite the apparent suddenness, it has certain stages of development. And if at the final stages, when a person completely loses control over himself, it is almost impossible to stop, then in the beginning any normal person can do this. Of course, this requires enormous volitional efforts, all the more significant the more the affective state has developed. The most important thing here is to delay the onset of affect, “extinguish” the outbreak, restrain yourself, and not lose power over your behavior. There are special techniques that help a person cope with a strong emotion and prevent it from turning into passion. To do this, it is recommended to notice and realize an unwanted emotion in time, analyze its origins, release muscle tension and relax using the following techniques: breathe deeply and rhythmically; attract a pre-prepared “duty image” of a pleasant event in your life; try to look at yourself from the outside, separate the experience itself from the object that “caused it,” etc. Thus, affect can be prevented, but this requires endurance, self-control, special training, and the development of moral qualities of the individual. Almost all experienced affects are remembered. Their influence on the psyche is so great that often even a memory evokes trace affect reaction. A person, in his memory, seems to be reliving it. Having studied the mechanism of trace affect, A.R. Luria in the early 1930s created the first lie detector. Its action was based on the fact that when naming words associated with experienced affect, a person unconsciously exhibits a complex of vegetative and motor reactions. Initially, the lie detector was used to answer questions during the interrogation of defendants and witnesses. Now it is not used in domestic criminology, firstly, for ethical reasons, and secondly, because of the possibility of obtaining unreliable information, i.e. the same type of change in vegetative indicators occurs with different emotions.
Stress - Physiological stress - Information stress - Emotional stress - Depression -	- neuropsychic stress caused by extremely strong extreme exposure; the state of the necessary total mobilization of the body’s forces and mental activity to find a way out of a very difficult, dangerous situation (Enikeev M.I.). - this is a nonspecific response of the body to any demand presented to it, which helps it adapt to the difficulty that has arisen and cope with it (G. Selye). With the help of stress, the body mobilizes itself entirely to adapt to a situation that cannot be dealt with by ordinary means. Stress is a natural part human life, not all stress is harmful. Stress, according to Hans Selye(1907-1982), Canadian biologist, physician and psychologist, is a nonspecific response of the body to any demand presented to it (adaptation syndrome). Manifests itself in incoherent speech, confusion, memory impairment, etc. Occurs in three stages (G. Selye): 1) anxiety- mobilization of everyone protective forces the body to adapt to a situation that cannot be dealt with by normal means (eustress). This is manifested in the intensification of the work of internal organs, in improving the volume and stability of attention, and in increasing efficiency. A person is internally ready to overcome obstacles; he is characterized by faith in success. But already at this stage, increased excitation from the centers of the brain spreads to the peripheral parts and internal organs; 2) stabilization- the situation is consolidated, there is an overexpenditure of adaptive forces (distress). All systems of the body, brought out of balance, begin to function at the maximum level. Externally, the behavior differs little from the norm, everything seems to be getting better, but internally there is an overexpenditure of adaptation reserves. If the effect of stress factors continues, the third stage begins; 3) exhaustion, as a result, there is a deterioration in health, illness (nervous or somatic) and even death. A feature of stress is that a person reacts not only to danger or a real deterioration of the situation, but also to the threat of this. For example, stress often arises not only in the situation of job loss or divorce, but also in the fear of losing a job or in anxious anticipation of the breakdown of a marital relationship. Behavior under stress is different from affective behavior. Under stress, a person, as a rule, can control his emotions, analyze the situation, and make adequate decisions. If it lasts for a long time, serious problems arise. People experience stress differently Leo stress(danger spurs a person, forces him to act boldly and courageously; activity increases, forces are mobilized, activity efficiency increases) or bunny stress(can cause disorganization of activity, a sharp drop in its effectiveness, passivity and general inhibition occur)). Not a single person manages to live and work without experiencing stress. Everyone experiences severe life losses, conflicts, and stress when performing difficult or responsible work from time to time. Some people cope with stress more easily than others, e.g. are stress-resistant. Based on the type of stressor and the nature of its influence, stress is distinguished between physiological and psychological. - the body’s reaction to a threatening situation (pain, blood loss, breathing problems, etc.). Psychological stress is divided into informational and emotional. - a type of stress that occurs in a situation of significant information overload, when a person cannot cope with the task of processing incoming information and does not have time to accept right decisions at the required pace (especially with high responsibility for the consequences of decisions made). This type of stress is characterized by a decrease in the volume and concentration of attention, increased distractibility, inability to concentrate, memory deterioration, an increase in the number of errors and wrong decisions, thinking becomes confused, unable to evaluate existing conditions or predict outcomes. - a type of stress (R. Lazarus) that occurs when a person is emotionally overloaded; Most authors associate its occurrence with situations of threat, resentment, danger, etc. The consequences of this type of stress are the following. Tension, anxiety, and restlessness increase. Painful suspiciousness appears, the feeling of health disappears. Sleep gets worse. The consumption of drugs and stimulants is increasing. Are changing personal characteristics: neat people can become slobs, sociable people can become gloomy and withdrawn. Life goals may be abandoned, hobbies abandoned. Depression, feelings of helplessness, or emotional outbursts may occur. Responsibility for what happens is often placed on other people. Thoughts and phrases containing a threat of suicide arise. - an affective state characterized by negative emotional background, changes in the motivational sphere (decreased or complete lack of interest in the world around us, etc.), cognitive ideas and general passivity of behavior. Ways to reduce the psychotraumatic impact of stressful situations: 1) rationalization of an impending negative event, its comprehensive analysis, reducing the degree of its uncertainty, getting used to it, preliminary adjoining to it, eliminating the effect of surprise; 2) depreciation, reduction in the significance of a stressful situation; 3) extreme mental intensification of possible negative consequences of upcoming events (reality may turn out to be easier than expected crisis situations).
Emotional burnout -	- the mental state of healthy people who are in intensive and close communication with clients and patients in an emotionally charged atmosphere when providing professional assistance; manifests itself in emotional and/or physical devastation: a feeling of emotional tension and a feeling of emptiness; in this case, an indifferent and even negative attitude arises towards people served by the nature of their work, the consequences of which are irritability and conflict. Emotional burnout also leads to a decrease in labor productivity, self-esteem competence, increased dissatisfaction with oneself and a negative attitude towards oneself as an individual. Causes: monotony and uniformity of work, inadequate management, lack of conditions for career and professional growth, professional inconsistency, socio-psychological maladjustment, etc. Internal conditions factors influencing the occurrence of emotional burnout: accentuation of a certain type of character, high anxiety, high aggressiveness, conformity, inadequate level of aspirations, etc. Emotional burnout interferes with professional and personal growth and, like stress, leads to psychosomatic disorders. Prevention measures: optimization of working conditions, psychological correction emotional disorders in the early stages, etc.
Anxiety -	- a state of unconscious threat, a feeling of apprehension and anxious anticipation, or a feeling of vague anxiety.
Anxiety -	- a person’s tendency to experience anxiety, a state of conscious or unconscious anticipation of the impact of a stressor, frustrator; a fairly stable personality trait.
Panic -	- a motivational mental state associated with the manifestation of mass fear of a real or imaginary threat, a state of periodic fear, horror, growing in the process of mutual infection by them.
Frustration -	- extremely emotionally intense negative state, associated with the emergence of an obstacle that is insurmountable for a given individual in achieving a goal that is significant to her. (Enikeev M.I.) If the causes of frustration cannot be eliminated, a deep depressive state may occur associated with significant and prolonged mental disorganization (weakening of memory, ability to logical thinking and so on.). It manifests itself in unbearably painful, oppressive mental stress, in a feeling of despair, hopelessness, extreme aggressiveness towards the frustrator. The depth depends on the significance of the target being blocked and its proximity. Neuroses and character deformations may also occur: persistent self-doubt, low self-esteem and level of aspirations, rigidity (inability to change behavior programs). The intractability of frustration is due to the fact that a person cannot eliminate the causes of this condition. Therefore, he looks for some kind of compensating outlets, goes into the world of dreams, sometimes returns to more early stages mental development(regresses). A person’s resistance to frustrators depends on the degree of his emotional excitability, type temperament, experience of interaction with such factors. What to do? Behave rationally, lower your level of claims, come to terms with difficulties, etc.
Euphoria -	- a mental state (mood), which is characterized by carelessness, serenity, complacency, carelessness and at the same time an indifferent attitude towards the serious aspects and phenomena of life. Euphoria is caused by alcohol, drugs, spectators for artists, etc.

Feelings are the most developed and complex shape emotional processes in a person, is formed in the conditions of his life in society.

Higher feelings - a special form of experience associated with more complex spiritual needs, which contain all the wealth of truly human relations. The objects of these feelings are individuals, groups of people, cultural objects, works of art and literature. The education of higher feelings is cultural and historical in nature, associated with the awareness and acceptance of universal human values, knowledge national characteristics, folk traditions and rituals (MSPU).

Types of higher feelings

Depending on the nature of a person’s relationship to various objects of social reality, the following main types of higher feelings are identified:

Moral feelings are a person’s experience of his relationship to other people, to society, to the rules and norms of society. They arise when comparing the phenomena of reality with social norms after their adoption.

Intellectual feelings - feelings associated with cognitive activity and regulating the intellectual activity of the individual.

Aesthetic feelings are a peculiar coloring of sensations that characterize our attitude to the individual qualities of an object.

Practical feelings are feelings associated with the practical activities of a person.

Table 4 shows examples of higher feelings.

Table 4

Examples of higher feelings

Moral	Intelligent	Aesthetic	Practical
Love, Partnership, Patriotism, Sense of Duty, Honor, Friendship, Goodwill, Humanity, Sympathy, Tenderness, Pity, Sympathy, Shame, Pangs of Conscience, Hatred, Cowardice, Selfishness, Enmity, Envy, Schadenfreude, Cruelty, etc.	Thirst for knowledge, Curiosity, Curiosity, Feeling of interest, Feeling of love for the truth, Feeling of surprise, Joy of discovering the truth, Feeling of satisfaction from intellectual activity, Doubts about the correctness of the decision, Confidence in the correctness of the evidence, Sense of humor, Irony, Sarcasm.	The experience of the beautiful and the ugly in nature, life, art, man, etc. Associated with the understanding of harmony, the sublime, tragic, comic Aesthetic pleasure, etc.	Annoyance, Pleasure, Creative enthusiasm, Hard work, Feeling of passion for work, Pleasant fatigue, Satisfaction with the task completed, etc.

Morality- the doctrine of virtues that allow a person to become happy; this is the proper attitude and behavior in society; area of ​​due, based on the positions of good and evil. Moral- sphere of existence, How a person specifically implements moral norms is the specific behavior of specific people. Moral culture of the individual - an indicator of how deeply and organically humanistic norms, principles, and moral values ​​are embodied in her real actions. Moral standards develop and change in the process historical development society, depending on its traditions, customs, religion, prevailing politics, etc.

A mother's love for her child is the highest feeling, not depending on her mood or what grade she received. The mother may get angry with the child, be dissatisfied with his behavior, punish, but all this does not affect her feeling, which remains strong and relatively stable.

What moral (moral) feelings inherent in a person, largely depends on the conditions of his life in society, relationships with other people, and upbringing. These factors determine the place of spiritual needs and value-semantic attitudes in the structure of personality orientation. For example, a feeling of love for the Motherland develops when the concept “Motherland” is filled with personal meaning. To do this, it is important to know the history of your country, its sights, cultural monuments, get acquainted with outstanding works of art, and take an active part in public and cultural life.

Moral feelings are effective. They act as the motivating forces of many heroic deeds and actions. It is important that compliance with the requirements and rules of public morality becomes a vital necessity for a person. Violation of these requirements and rules should cause moral dissatisfaction, feelings of resentment, shame, and anger.

Styles of love according to Lee (Andreeva, Family Psychology):

- « Eros” is love at first sight, an intense relationship.

- “Ludus” - love is a game.

- “Storge” - love - affection or friendship, with slow development and long-term commitment.

- “Pragma” - love of convenience, compatibility with a partner and the presence of obligations on his part.

- “Agape” - altruistic love.

- “Mania” - possessive love, dependence on a partner and lack of self-confidence.

It’s difficult for me to understand my feelings - a phrase that each of us has encountered: in books, in movies, in life (someone else’s or our own). But it is very important to be able to understand your feelings.

The Wheel of Emotions by Robert Plutchik

Some people believe - and perhaps they are right - that the meaning of life is in feelings. And in fact, at the end of life, only our feelings, real or in memories, remain with us. And our experiences can also be a measure of what is happening: the richer, more varied, and brighter they are, the more fully we experience life.

What are feelings? The simplest definition: feelings are what we feel. This is our attitude towards certain things (objects). There are more scientific definition: feelings (higher emotions) are special mental states, manifested by socially conditioned experiences that express long-term and stable emotional relationships of a person to things.

How are feelings different from emotions?

Sensations are our experiences that we experience through our senses, and we have five of them. Sensations are visual, auditory, tactile, taste and smell (our sense of smell). With sensations everything is simple: stimulus - receptor - sensation.

Our consciousness interferes with emotions and feelings - our thoughts, attitudes, our thinking. Emotions are influenced by our thoughts. And vice versa - emotions influence our thoughts. We’ll definitely talk about these relationships in more detail a little later. But now let’s remember once again one of the criteria for psychological health, namely point 10: we are responsible for our feelings, it depends on us what they will be. It is important.

Fundamental Emotions

All human emotions can be distinguished by the quality of experience. This aspect of human emotional life is most clearly presented in the theory of differential emotions by the American psychologist K. Izard. He identified ten qualitatively different “fundamental” emotions: interest-excitement, joy, surprise, grief-suffering, anger-rage, disgust-disgust, contempt-disdain, fear-horror, shame-shyness, guilt-remorse. K. Izard classifies the first three emotions as positive, the remaining seven as negative. Each of fundamental emotions underlies a whole spectrum of conditions that vary in severity. For example, within the framework of such a unimodal emotion as joy, one can distinguish joy-satisfaction, joy-delight, joy-jubilation, joy-ecstasy and others. From the combination of fundamental emotions, all other, more complex, complex emotional states arise. For example, anxiety can combine fear, anger, guilt and interest.

1. Interest is a positive emotional state that promotes the development of skills and abilities and the acquisition of knowledge. Interest-excitement is a feeling of capture, curiosity.

2. Joy is a positive emotion associated with the opportunity to sufficiently fully satisfy an actual need, the probability of which was previously small or uncertain. Joy is accompanied by self-satisfaction and satisfaction with the world around us. Obstacles to self-realization are also obstacles to the emergence of joy.

3. Surprise - an emotional reaction to sudden circumstances that does not have a clearly defined positive or negative sign. Surprise inhibits all previous emotions, directing attention to a new object and can turn into interest.

4. Suffering (grief) is the most common negative emotional state associated with receiving reliable (or seeming) information about the impossibility of satisfying the most important needs, the achievement of which previously seemed more or less likely. Suffering has the character of an asthenic emotion and more often occurs in the form of emotional stress. The most severe form of suffering is grief associated with irretrievable loss.

5. Anger is a strong negative emotional state, often occurring in the form of affect; arises in response to an obstacle in achieving passionately desired goals. Anger has the character of a sthenic emotion.

6. Disgust is a negative emotional state caused by objects (objects, people, circumstances), contact with which (physical or communicative) comes into sharp conflict with the aesthetic, moral or ideological principles and attitudes of the subject. Disgust, when combined with anger, can motivate aggressive behavior in interpersonal relationships. Disgust, like anger, can be directed toward oneself, lowering self-esteem and causing self-judgment.

7. Contempt is a negative emotional state that arises in interpersonal relationships and is generated by a mismatch in the life positions, views and behavior of the subject with those of the object of feeling. The latter are presented to the subject as base, not corresponding to accepted moral standards and ethical criteria. A person is hostile to someone he despises.

8. Fear is a negative emotional state that appears when the subject receives information about possible damage to his life well-being, about a real or imaginary danger. In contrast to suffering caused by direct blocking of the most important needs, a person, experiencing the emotion of fear, has only a probabilistic forecast of possible trouble and acts on the basis of this forecast (often insufficiently reliable or exaggerated). The emotion of fear can be both sthenic and asthenic in nature and occur either in the form stress conditions, either in the form of a persistent mood of depression and anxiety, or in the form of affect (horror).

9. Shame is a negative emotional state, expressed in the awareness of the inconsistency of one’s own thoughts, actions and appearance not only with the expectations of others, but also with one’s own ideas about appropriate behavior and appearance.

10. Guilt is a negative emotional state, expressed in the awareness of the unseemlyness of one’s own actions, thoughts or feelings and expressed in regret and repentance.

Table of human feelings and emotions

And I also want to show you a collection of feelings, emotions, states that a person experiences during his life - a generalized table that does not pretend to be scientific, but will help you better understand yourself. The table was taken from the website “Communities of Addicted and Codependent”, author - Mikhail.

All human feelings and emotions can be divided into four types. These are fear, anger, sadness and joy. You can find out what type a particular feeling belongs to from the table.

Anger Anger Disturbance Hatred Resentment Angry Annoyance Irritation Vindictiveness Insult Militancy Rebellion Resistance Envy Arrogance Disobedience Contempt Disgust Depression Vulnerability Suspicion Cynicism Alertness Concern Anxiety Fear Nervousness Trembling Concerns Fright Anxiety Excitement Stress Fear Susceptibility to obsession Feeling threatened Dazed Fear Dejection Feeling stuck Confusion Lost Disorientation Incoherence Feeling trapped Loneliness Isolation Sadness Sadness Grief Oppression gloominess Despair Depression

Devastation Helplessness Weakness Vulnerability Sullenness Seriousness Depression Disappointment Backwardness Shyness Feeling that you are not loved Abandonment Soreness Unsociability Dejection Fatigue Stupidity Apathy Complacency Boredom Exhaustion Disorder Prostration Grumpiness Impatience Hot temper Yearning Blues Shame Guilt Humiliation Disadvantage Embarrassment Inconvenience Heaviness Regret Remorse Reflection Sorrow Alienation awkwardness Astonishment Defeat Stunned Amazement Shock Impressionability Desire Enthusiasm Excitement Excitement Passion Insanity Euphoria

Trembling Competitive spirit Firm confidence Determination Self confidence Insolence Readiness Optimism Satisfaction Pride Sentimentality Happiness Joy Bliss funny Delight Triumph Luck Pleasure Harmlessness Daydreaming Charm Appreciation Appreciation Hope Interest Passion Interest Liveliness Liveliness Calm Satisfaction Relief Peacefulness Relaxation Contentment Comfort Restraint Susceptibility Forgiveness Love Serenity Location Adoration Delight Awe Love Attachment Safety Respect Friendliness Sympathy Sympathy Tenderness Generosity Spirituality Puzzled Confusion

And for those who read the article to the end. The purpose of this article is to help you understand your feelings and what they are like. Our feelings largely depend on our thoughts. Irrational thinking is often at the root of negative emotions. By correcting these mistakes (working on our thinking), we can be happier and achieve more in life. There is an interesting, but persistent and painstaking work above oneself. You are ready?

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P.S. And remember, just by changing your consumption, we are changing the world together! © econet

Emotions and feelings are something without which our life would not be so interesting and filled with impressions. The functions of feelings in psychology are very diverse, and to understand them in more detail, you can turn to simple classifications.

Emotions are specific sensations that a person experiences here and now. These sensations are associated with a person’s positive or negative attitude towards various objects. Emotions have their main functions:

1. Signal. We experience emotions in those moments when we have any need.
2. Regulatory. Emotions allow a person to behave in accordance with the situation, based on the norms characteristic of the society in which the person lives. In addition, emotions allow us to evaluate situations.
3. Motivational. For a person to take action, he needs emotions. We are all inherently inclined to experience as many different sensations as possible, both negative and positive.

Despite the fact that emotions play a very important role in a person’s life, few of us know how or even strive to learn to understand other people’s impressions. Moreover, even with their own with your own feelings And not every person knows how to manage emotions.

Psychology distinguishes between emotions, feelings and will. And each of these directions receives a lot of its own separate types and branches. For example, there are several types of emotions:

1. Excitement - calm.
2. Pleasure - displeasure.
3. Voltage - resolution.
4. Thenic (activity) and asthenic (despondency, impotence).

So gradually we came to the definition of feelings in psychology, because they are nothing more than stable emotional reactions to objects. Feelings can be regarded as a character trait, and indicate certain preferences and.

Properties of feelings in psychology

As with emotions, the concept of feeling in psychology allows us to create a certain classification. They can be:

1. Intellectual feelings. They are associated with cognition and arise in the course of scientific or academic work- this is surprise, confidence, curiosity, uncertainty, doubt, inquisitiveness, bewilderment.
2. Moral feelings. They are related to a person’s attitude to public morality. These include duty, conscience, respect and contempt, sympathy and antipathy, patriotism and so on.
3. Aesthetic feelings. They are related to aesthetic needs. These are feelings of the beautiful, the sublime, the ugly, the base, etc.
4. Feelings of justice. People react painfully to any injustice, and strive to look dignified and independent in any, even the most oppressive situation.

Human psychology distinguishes feelings by strength, speed of occurrence and duration. Some arise quickly and disappear just as quickly, others are slow and stable. Depending on how strong and lasting the feelings are, they can be classified as different types emotional states of a person.