Russian house of five walls in central Russia. A typical three-slope roof with a light. Five-wall with a cut along the house

These examples, I think, are quite enough to prove that this type of houses really exists and that it is widespread in the traditionally Russian regions. It was somewhat unexpected for me that this type of house prevailed until recently on the coast White Sea. Even if we admit that I am wrong, and this style of houses came to the north from the central regions of Russia, and not vice versa, it turns out that the Slovenes from Lake Ilmen have nothing to do with the colonization of the White Sea coast. There are no houses of this type in the Novgorod region and along the Volkhov River. Strange, isn't it? And what kind of houses did Novgorod Slovenes build from time immemorial? Below I give examples of such houses.

Slovenian type of houses

Slovenian style can be sophisticated, with a canopy in front of the house, under which there are benches where you can relax, get some fresh air (see photo on the right). But the roof is still gable (with a horse), and the rafters are attached to the upper crown of the wall (they lie on it). On the side, they are not moved away from the wall and hang over it.

Carpenters in my homeland (North Yaroslavl region) contemptuously called this type of fastening of rafters "suitable only for sheds." But this house in Vitoslavitsy near Novgorod on Ilmen is very rich, there is a balcony in front of the pediment, and a canopy on carved pillars. Another one characteristic houses of this type - the absence of a longitudinal cut, so the houses are narrow, with 3-4 windows along the facade.

In this photo we see a gable roof, which allows us to attribute this house to the Slovenian type. A house with a high basement, decorated with carvings typical of Russian houses. But the rafters lie on the side walls, like a barn. This house was built in Germany in early XIX century for Russian soldiers whom the Russian Tsar sent to help Germany. Some of them stayed in Germany for good, the German government, as a token of gratitude for their service, built such houses for them. I think that the houses were built according to the sketches of these soldiers in the Slovenian style

This is also a house from the German soldier series. Today in Germany, these houses are part of the open-air museum of Russian wooden architecture. The Germans earn money from our traditional applied arts. In which perfect condition they keep these houses! And we? We don't appreciate what we have. We turn our noses up, we look at everything overseas, we do European-quality repairs. When will we start repairing the Rus and repair our Russia?

In my opinion, these examples of houses of the Slovenian type are enough. Those interested in this issue can find a lot of evidence for this hypothesis. The essence of the hypothesis is that real Slovenian houses (huts) differed from Russian huts in a number of ways. It is probably stupid to talk about which type is better, which is worse. The main thing is that they are different from each other. The rafters are set differently, there is no cut along the house at the five-walls, the houses, as a rule, are narrower - 3 or 4 windows along the front, the platbands and lining of the houses of the Slovenian type, as a rule, are not sawn (not openwork) and therefore do not look like lace . Of course, there are houses of a mixed type of construction, somewhat similar to Russian-type houses in the setting of rafters and the presence of cornices. The most important thing is that both Russian and Slovenian types of houses have their own areas. Houses of the Russian type in the territory of the Novgorod region and the west of the Tver region are not found or are practically not found. I didn't find them there.

Finno-Ugric type of houses

The Finno-Ugric type of houses is, as a rule, five-walled with a longitudinal cut and significantly large quantity windows than the houses of the Slovenian type. It has a log pediment, in the attic there is a room with log walls and big window, which makes the house seem to be two-story. The rafters are attached directly to the wall, and the roof hangs over the walls, so this type of house does not have a cornice. Often houses of this type consist of two joined log cabins under one roof.

The middle course of the Northern Dvina is above the mouth of the Vaga. This is what it looks like typical house Finno-Ugric type, which for some reason ethnographers stubbornly call northern Russian. But it is more widely distributed in the Komi Republic than in Russian villages. This house in the attic has a full warm room with log walls and two windows

And this house is located in the Komi Republic in the Vychegda River basin. It has 7 windows on the facade. The house is made of two four-wall log cabins connected to each other by a log capital insert. The pediment is timbered, which makes the attic of the house warm. There is an attic room, but it has no window. The rafters are laid on the side walls and hang over them.

The village of Kyrkanda in the southeast of the Arkhangelsk region. Please note that the house consists of two log cabins placed close to each other. The pediment is log, in the attic there is an attic room. The house is wide, so the roof is quite flattened (not steep). There are no carved platbands. The rafters are installed on the side walls. There was also a house consisting of two log cabins in our village of Vsekhsvyatskoye, only it was of the Russian type. As children, playing hide-and-seek, I once climbed out of the attic into the gap between the log cabins and barely crawled back out. It was very scary...

House of the Finno-Ugric type in the east of the Vologda region. From the attic room in this house you can go to the balcony. The front roof overlap is such that you can stay on the balcony even in the rain. The house is tall, almost three-story. And in the back of the house there are still the same three huts, and between them there is a huge story. And it all belonged to the same family. Perhaps that is why there were many children in the families. The Finno-Ugric peoples lived splendidly in the past. Today, not every new Russian has such a large cottage

Kinerma village in Karelia. The house is smaller than the houses in the Komi Republic, but the Finno-Ugric style is still discernible. Not carved architraves, so the face of the house is more severe than that of Russian-type houses

Komi Republic. Everything suggests that we have a house built in the Finno-Ugric style. The house is huge, it accommodates all utility rooms: two winter residential huts, two summer huts - upper rooms, pantries, a workshop, a canopy, a barn, etc. You don't even have to go outside in the morning to feed the cattle and poultry. During the long cold winter this was very important.

Republic of Karelia. I want to draw attention to the fact that the type of houses in Komi and Karelia is very similar. But these are two different ethnic groups. And between them we see houses of a completely different type - Russian. I note that Slovenian houses are more like Finno-Ugric than Russian. Strange, isn't it?

Houses of the Finno-Ugric type are also found in the northeast of the Kostroma region. This style has probably been preserved here since the time when the Finno-Finnish tribe of Kostroma had not yet become Russified. The windows of this house are on the other side, and we see the back and side wall. According to the flooring, one could drive into the house on a horse and cart. Convenient, isn't it?

On the Pinega River (the right tributary of the Northern Dvina), along with houses of the Russian type, there are also houses of the Finno-Ugric type. The two ethnic groups have long coexisted here together, but still retain their traditions in the construction of houses. I draw your attention to the absence of carved platbands. There is a beautiful balcony, a room - a light room in the attic. Unfortunately, such good house abandoned by the owners who were drawn to the city couch potato life

Probably enough examples of houses of the Finno-Ugric type. Of course, at present, the traditions of building houses are largely lost, and in modern villages and towns they build houses that differ from the ancient traditional types. Everywhere in the vicinity of our cities today we see ridiculous cottage development, testifying to the complete loss of our national and ethnic traditions. As can be understood from these photographs, borrowed by me from many dozens of sites, our ancestors did not live cramped, in environmentally friendly spacious, beautiful and comfortable houses. They worked happily, with songs and jokes, they were friendly and not greedy, there are no blank fences near houses anywhere in the Russian North. If someone's house burned down in the village, then the whole world built it new house. I note once again that there were no Russian and Finno-Ugric houses near and today there are no deaf high fences, and this says a lot.

Polovtsian (Kypchak) type of houses

I hope that these examples of houses built in the Polovtsian (Kypchak) style are enough to prove that such a style really exists and has a certain distribution area, including not only the south of Russia, but also a significant part of Ukraine. I think that each type of house is adapted to certain climatic conditions. There are many forests in the north, it is cold there, so the inhabitants build huge houses in the Russian or Finno-Ugric style, in which people live, livestock, and belongings are stored. There is enough forest for both walls and firewood. There is no forest in the steppe, there is little of it in the forest-steppe, so the inhabitants have to make adobe, small houses. A big house is not needed here. Livestock can be kept in a paddock in summer and winter, inventory can also be stored outdoors under a canopy. A person in the steppe zone spends more time outdoors than in a hut. That's how it is, but here in the floodplain of the Don, and especially the Khopra, there is a forest from which one could build a hut and stronger and bigger, and make a roof for a horse, and arrange a light room in the attic. But no, the roof is made in the traditional style - four-pitched, so the eye is more familiar. Why? And such a roof is more resistant to winds, and winds in the steppe are much stronger. The roof will be easily blown away by a horse during the next snowstorm. Besides hipped roof it is more convenient to cover with straw, and straw in the south of Russia and Ukraine is a traditional and inexpensive roofing material. True, the poor also covered their houses with straw in central Russia, even in the north of the Yaroslavl region in my homeland. As a child, I still saw old thatched houses in All Saints. But those who were richer covered their houses with shingles or boards, and the richest - with roofing iron. I myself had a chance, under the guidance of my father, to cover our new house and the house of an old neighbor with shingles. Today, this technology is no longer used in the villages, everyone has switched to slate, ondulin, metal tiles and other new technologies.

By analyzing the traditional types of houses that were common in Russia quite recently, I was able to identify four main ethno-cultural roots from which the Great Russian ethnos grew. There were probably more daughter ethnic groups that merged into the ethnic group of Great Russians, since we see that the same type of houses was characteristic of two, and sometimes even three related ethnic groups living in similar natural conditions. Surely every type traditional houses subtypes can be distinguished and associated with specific ethnic groups. Houses in Karelia, for example, are somewhat different from houses in Komi. And the houses of the Russian type in the Yaroslavl region were built a little differently than the houses of the same type on the Northern Dvina. People have always strived to express their individuality, including in the arrangement and decoration of their homes. At all times there were those who tried to change or denigrate traditions. But exceptions only underline the rules - everyone knows this well.

I will consider that I wrote this article not in vain if in Russia they build fewer ridiculous cottages in any style, if someone wants to build their new house in one of the traditional styles: Russian, Slovenian, Finno-Ugric or Polovtsian. All of them have now become all-Russian, and we are obliged to preserve them. An ethno-cultural invariant is the basis of any ethnic group, perhaps more important than a language. If we destroy it, our ethnic group will degrade and disappear. I saw how our compatriots who emigrated to the USA cling to ethno-cultural traditions. For them, even the production of cutlets turns into a kind of ritual that helps them feel that they are Russians. Patriots are not only those who lie under the tanks with bundles of grenades, but also those who prefer the Russian style of houses, Russian felt boots, cabbage soup and borscht, kvass, etc.

In the book of a team of authors edited by I.V. Vlasov and V.A. Tishkov "Russians: history and ethnography", published in 1997 by the publishing house "Nauka", there is a very interesting chapter on rural residential and economic development in Russia in the 12th - 17th centuries. But the authors of the chapter L.N. Chizhikov and O.R. Rudin, for some reason, paid very little attention to Russian-type houses with a gable roof and a light room in the attic. They consider them in the same group with houses of the Slovenian type with gable roof overhanging the side walls.

However, it is impossible to explain how the houses of the Russian type appeared on the shores of the White Sea and why they are not in the vicinity of Novgorod on Ilmen, based on the traditional concept (stating that the White Sea was controlled by Novgorodians from Ilmen). This is probably why historians and ethnographers do not pay attention to Russian-type houses - there are none in Novgorod. The book by M. Semenova "We are Slavs!", published in 2008 in St. Petersburg by the Azbuka-classika publishing house, contains good material on the evolution of the Slovenian-type house.

According to the concept of M. Semenova, the original dwelling of the Ilmen Slovenes was a semi-dugout, almost completely buried in the ground. Only a slightly gable roof rose above the surface, covered with poles, on which a thick layer of turf was laid. The walls of such a dugout were log. Inside there were benches, a table, a lounger for sleeping. Later, an adobe stove appeared in the semi-dugout, which was heated in a black way - the smoke went into the dugout and went out through the door. After the invention of the stove, it became warm in the dwelling even in winter, it was possible not to dig into the ground. The Slovenian house "began to crawl out" from the ground to the surface. A floor appeared from hewn logs or from blocks. In such a house it became cleaner and brighter. Earth did not fall from the walls and from the ceiling, it was not necessary to bend into three deaths, it was possible to make a higher door.

I think that the process of turning a semi-dugout into a house with a gable roof took many centuries. But even today, the Slovenian hut bears some features of the ancient semi-dugout, at least the shape of the roof has remained gable.

Medieval house of the Slovenian type on a residential basement (essentially two-story). Often on the ground floor there was a barn - a room for livestock)

I suppose that the most ancient type of house, undoubtedly developed in the north, was the Russian type. Houses of this type are more complex in terms of roof structure: it is three-sloped, with a cornice, with a very stable position of the rafters, with a chimney-heated room. In such houses, the chimney in the attic made a bend about two meters long. This bend of the pipe is figuratively and accurately called "boar", on such a hog in our house in Vsekhsvyatsky, for example, cats warmed themselves in winter, and it was warm in the attic from it. In a Russian-type house, there is no connection with a semi-dugout. Most likely, such houses were invented by the Celts, who penetrated the White Sea at least 2 thousand years ago. It is possible that on the White Sea and in the basin of the Northern Dvina, Sukhona, Vaga, Onega and the upper Volga lived the descendants of those Aryans, some of whom went to India, Iran and Tibet. This question remains open, and this question is about who we Russians are - newcomers or real natives? When a connoisseur of the ancient language of India, Sanskrit, got into a Vologda hotel and listened to the dialect of women, he was very surprised that the Vologda women spoke some kind of corrupted Sanskrit - the Russian language turned out to be so similar to Sanskrit.

Houses of the Slovene type arose as a result of the transformation of the semi-dugout as the Ilmen Slovenes moved north. At the same time, the Slovenes adopted a lot (including some methods of building houses) from the Karelians and Vepsians, with whom they inevitably came into contact. But the Varangians Rus came from the north, pushed apart the Finno-Ugric tribes and created their own state: first Northeast Russia, and then Kievan Rus, moving the capital to warmer climes, while pushing the Khazars.

But those ancient states in the 8th - 13th centuries had no clear boundaries: those who paid tribute to the prince were considered to belong to this state. The princes and their squads fed by robbing the population. By our standards, they were ordinary racketeers. I think that the population often passed from one such racketeer-sovereign to another, and in some cases the population "fed" several such "sovereigns" at once. Constant skirmishes between princes and chieftains, constant robbery of the population in those days were the most common thing. The most progressive phenomenon in that era was the subjugation of all the petty princes and chieftains by one sovereign, the suppression of their freedom and the imposition of a hard tax on the population. Such a salvation for the Russians, Finno-Ugric peoples, Krivichi and Slovenes was their inclusion in the Golden Horde. Unfortunately, our official history is based on chronicles and written documents compiled by the princes or under their direct supervision. And for them - the princes - to obey the supreme authority of the Golden Horde king was "worse than a bitter radish." So they called this time a yoke.

Alexander Nikolayevich, wood is a native Russian building material, our country has rich traditions of wooden architecture and the largest forest reserves. And yet, Russia cannot boast of a large number of high-quality wooden houses. What is the reason for this: has the tradition been stopped or is there a lack of demand?

It is more expensive to use in construction a tree that grows in Russia than an imported one - we still do not have a full cycle of harvesting "business" timber in sufficient volumes. And if the European forest were not subject to such customs duties, we could compete in prices with affordable housing programs.

Let's debunk the myths that the tree is often associated with. For example, today many people still consider wood a fire hazardous material. There is also an opinion that the tree requires a long shrinkage - up to 3 years. Is it so?

As for the shrinkage of wooden houses. For example, glued wood technology: glued from well-dried and sorted parts (lamellae), glued laminated timber has high strength and durability. Houses made of glued beams do not shrink at all and in the future cracks will not appear in it. This happens because all parts of the structure are seated in different directions.

As far as fire hazard is concerned, we are located in Russia, where there are certain rules and regulations related to fire safety regulations, the operation of electrical equipment, etc. As a company that operates in Russia, we comply with all necessary rules and regulations. In particular, our designs have passed all the necessary certifications in state supervision bodies.

By the way, about myths. Wooden houses are no more fire hazardous than buildings made of other materials. Moreover, a wooden house burns more slowly than any other. It is known from building codes that long-span structures in non-wood buildings are still made of wood. The burning speed of a wooden beam is longer than the burning speed of a metal beam, which bursts immediately and leads to the collapse of the house. A wooden beam burns longer and allows you to save people.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of wood over stone and brick?

Advantages - this is undoubtedly the environmental friendliness of the tree. After all, even at the production stage, the smallest amount of CO2 is produced, compared with the production of other building materials. And in further operation, the wooden house "breathes", it maintains the oxygen balance and optimal humidity air.

Another point is energy saving in wooden houses. The technologies used in construction make it possible to keep the heat in the room as long as possible in the winter and cool in the summer.

Wooden houses, in my opinion, are the most organic for a comfortable country living, they fit logically into the surrounding landscape. In general, I believe that the future belongs to wooden houses.

As for the cons, here I can only name the personal preferences of a person. If the family for some reason likes brick house, then in this case, wooden, of course, will not suit them.

In an interview with our publication, the architect Totan Kuzembaev said that in order for a wooden house to stand for centuries, all technologies must be strictly observed. What are these technologies? Does the amount of wood impregnation violate its ecological qualities? Is it possible to build a wooden house on your own?

A home should be sustainable, just like food should be delicious. Still, we must attribute a number of cumulative factors to ecology - the location of this house, its fundamental engineering solutions. This makes the house environmentally friendly. And not the presence of glue or impregnations, which are present in any other materials as well.

The company has a number of patents for its original solutions in the field wooden construction. It was the first manufacturer of wooden houses in the world to receive the right to put the CE mark on its products, confirming compliance with European quality standards.

Fortunately, almost all the world's largest manufacturers have in their assortment compositions based on natural and safe ingredients and dyes. Usually, these are formulations in water or alkyd base, sometimes based on natural oils. Such compositions have sufficiently high protective properties, and at the same time retain the natural texture of wood, do not violate its natural properties. The secret is that the composition used should not form a rigid protective film on the surface of the wood, but create a vapor-permeable "breathable" coating. It is these compositions that HONKA uses.

The only drawback of such compositions is their shorter service life, that is, after several years of operation at home, the issue of painting will have to be returned.

But what can you do for yourself and your family? By the way, HONKA does not use such materials as nitro-varnishes, epoxy and polyurethane varnishes and enamels in their homes at all, despite their exceptional durability.

As a wall material in the construction of houses in elite villages, glued laminated timber of various sizes is often used. We, in particular, actively use cabin timber, consisting of six glued parts, an ideal material for the construction of wooden buildings with high storeys. Own development - glued logs with a diameter of 230 mm and 260 mm, combining the appearance of a traditional log and the technical qualities of a saloon beam. There are practically no cracks in a glued log, and its diameter and density make it possible to build well-insulated, large buildings. All these types of building material are distinguished by high strength, aesthetics. appearance, as well as a low draft coefficient. From round models of logs, houses are often built in classical and country style. Whereas glued beams are great for buildings more modern look, not traditional for wooden houses of architecture - with large areas of glazing, pitched roofs etc. In the construction of large-scale facilities, it is most efficient to use materials with a large diameter.

In general, an eco-friendly wooden house, which we build, is built from natural, natural, certified materials. Under environmentally friendly materials, most often they mean wood, because. it is it that has a "breathing" effect, passing air through itself and thereby ensuring constant air exchange, infiltration, in the premises. In addition, one of the most important characteristics of an "eco-house" is its energy efficiency, that is, the maximum reduction in heat loss, and wood, as you know, is an excellent heat insulator. To this we can add the unique disinfecting qualities of a coniferous tree that releases phytoncides, which, as scientists have proven, increase the biological activity of oxygen and neutralize pathogens. BUT large areas glazing in such wooden houses allows you to make the most of daylight which reduces power consumption.

Is it possible to build a quality wooden house yourself?

Before starting any work on the design and construction of a house, everyone decides for himself the following questions: what place on the site will be the best for the location of the house on it? How to arrange the house in the best way on the cardinal points, neighboring buildings (if there are any nearby)? And finally, what architectural and spatial solution for the house will the best way correspond to the wishes of the client and the features of his site (illumination, relief, trees on the site, viewpoints, access roads, etc.)?

The questions are not easy, so many customers already at this stage prefer to turn to specialists. If a client comes to our company with such questions, then an architect is immediately sent to his site, often together with a landscape architect. Talking with the customer on his own site you can pay attention to many features of future design and construction, which will allow you to start the process of designing a house correctly and use the features of the site, including its possible shortcomings, to your advantage.

In what regions of the Russian Federation do you build?

HONKA - as an international concern, has offices in 30 countries, and HONKA houses are delivered to more than 50 countries. In Russia, the concern ranks first in the import of Finnish wooden houses. The first representative office of HONKA was opened in Russia in 1995 in St. Petersburg, then in 1998 the Moscow representative office was opened, and already in 2007 - Perm.

In total, over 1,500 facilities have been built on the territory of the Russian Federation during this time, and about 700 in the Moscow region.

The suburban housing market of the Leningrad Region is actively developing and includes several villages built in accordance with the principles of eco-development, which we adhere to. We can name the cottage settlements Honka-Park, Russian Switzerland, Copper Lake, Honka Family Club, etc.

This autumn, the HONKA representative office in Perm is just 3 years old. If we talk about the results of work in the Urals, then over the years, the construction of the cottage settlement Derevnya Demidkovo has been fully completed. The total building area is more than 10 hectares. The HONKA representative office performed the functions of a single contracting organization. In the village - 23 individual houses of "premium" class ranging from 367 to 507 square meters. m. By the way, it should be noted that architectural projects were developed by our specialists specifically for the Ural region, taking into account climatic features.

During its work, the company has taken a leading position in terms of construction volume in the market of wooden housing construction in organized high-level cottage settlements. The geography of HONKA's presence in the Urals is expanding. In addition to Perm, orders for construction were received in Yekaterinburg and other cities of the Sverdlovsk region. The volume of private orders is constantly growing.

What is the volume of wooden housing construction compared to other materials today in the Moscow region and in other regions where you build? Where is it more, where is it less? What changes have taken place in the last 5-10 years?

In the Russian market of low-rise construction, wooden houses today occupy a share of about 40%. Almost half of the low-rise buildings are made of wood - these are both cottage settlements and private buildings. All of them, of course, different levels and quality, but in any case, this vector is present: many companies produce wooden houses in Russia; the distribution of western timber houses is also growing. However, I do not think that this percentage will grow much; I think now we are seeing its most correct meaning.

However, for example, in Perm the volume of private orders in 2010 increased by 3 times compared to the same period last year. It should only be noted that we are talking about high-level settlements located in picturesque places.

In general, it is impossible for the Russian market to name figures characterizing the volumes of construction services and production accompanying wooden housing construction. Any expert assessments here will be taken from the "ceiling".

In the market of wooden housing construction today there is a serious differentiation of manufacturers, participants in the construction and real estate markets. At the level of the Ministry natural resources and the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade of the Russian Federation, measures are being developed to limit the export of raw materials abroad, aimed at creating a comfortable subsidized and tax climate for potential investments in the wood processing industry. However, we, as experts with vast experience, see that this situation will lead to the stimulation of the pulp and paper complex, the emergence of primary processing plants and the construction of factories for the production of building materials, but not to the growth of high-quality production of wooden houses. including for reasons biological characteristics Russian forest and for reasons of logging logistics. Today, the market for high-quality wooden housing construction has a pronounced import character in terms of production and a huge difference between the service and range of services of well-known Finnish manufacturers and Russian companies.

What is the percentage of wooden construction in European countries and how much is HONKA's share in it?

As for the situation abroad, it is similar in proportion in quantity and differs in proportion in regional distribution. Northern and Central Europe build houses from wood to a greater extent than in the European south.

Today, HONKA is the leader in terms of turnover, both in the domestic market in Finland and in the export of supply kits for the construction of houses made of dense-grained pine. Now, in terms of imports, Russia shares the first place with Germany, followed by Japan, America and the domestic Finnish market.

What areas of houses, in what architectural style and what layout are most in demand in Russia today?

In his cottage village HONKA No. 1 we offer houses in the style of "polite" scandinavian architecture. The area of houses in the village varies from 330 to 510 sq.m. These are HONKA wooden houses of adequate area in an ecologically clean and picturesque place near Moscow. Each house has the maximum number of bedrooms and bathrooms. We do not offer palaces of 1500 sq.m.

Another HONKA project is the HONKA Dachi cottage village - a country complex in the Istra Valley, a joint project with the Vector Investments company. The project provides for 4 types of houses ranging from 280 to 350 sq.m.

Undoubtedly, the change in the financial situation in the country also affected the structure of demand. Analysis of consumer preferences potential clients showed that the demand vector has shifted towards smaller houses, 250-400 sq.m. The share of houses of similar adequate space in high-level cottage settlements is steadily growing compared to the pre-crisis period.

This format has replaced the most active and demanded segment of the pre-crisis period “500+”.

What is the cost of a turnkey wooden house, depending on the footage?

For example, in the cottage village "Dachi HONKA", where we acted not only as construction company, but we also carry out a full cycle of development, we have formed an offer that is optimal in terms of "price-quality". This project features a completely different approach to pricing than in other HONKA settlements. The cost of a land plot with utilities and wooden house HONKA with an area of 280-350 sq.m will be at the level of 30,000,000 rubles. The project partner is Vector Investments.

Interviewed by Irina FILCHENKOVA

Traditions of the people ancient Russia First of all, they are connected with the house, with how relationships were built in the family, how the household was run, with customs, rituals and holidays. Building a house is an act of creation, creation. And carpenters in Russia were likened to creators, were considered involved in the sacred sphere and endowed with supernatural power and special knowledge about the outside world. To legitimize new model world, a world transformed by the accomplished creation, the construction was accompanied by certain sacraments...

The main, and often the only tool of the ancient Russian architect was an ax. Saws, although known since the 10th century, were used exclusively in carpentry for internal works. The fact is that the saw breaks the wood fibers during operation, leaving them open to water. The ax, crushing the fibers, seals the ends of the logs, as it were. Not without reason, they still say: "cut down the hut." And, well known to us now, they tried not to use nails. After all, around the nail, the tree begins to rot faster. In extreme cases, wooden crutches were used.

Russia has long been considered a country of wood - there were plenty of vast mighty forests around. Russian life has developed in such a way that almost everything in Russia was built of wood. From powerful pines, firs and larches, Russians of all classes - from the peasant to the sovereign, erected temples and huts, baths and barns, bridges and hedges, gates and wells. As historians note, Russians lived in the Wooden Age for centuries. And the most common name for a Russian settlement - a village - indicated that the buildings here were made of wood.

Late 1940s. The construction of a log house in the village of Bukhovoe, Chaplyginsky District, Ryazan Region, Central Order Street, household of Toropchin Alexei Makarovich. Two carpenters set window frame: the owner of the house has a level in his hands (on the left - A.M. Toropchin), the third member of the brigade caulks the gaps between the logs.

Wood is one of the most ancient, traditional and favorite building materials of the Russian people. Why not stone? After all, we had a stone!

D. Fletcher answered this question back in the 16th century in the book “On the Russian State”:

“A wooden building is more convenient for Russians than stone or brick, because there is a lot of dampness in them, and they are colder than wooden houses, which is important in the harsh climate of Russia; houses from dry pine forest give the most warmth...

The tree in Russia has been honored since ancient times. They addressed him, as if he were alive, in a variety of cases: “Holy tree, help.” And the tree, listening to the request, helped. The great power of the earth and sky is concentrated in trees. wooden huts-mansions built: “as beauty and the world say”, they loved so much.

The spirit of the tree continued to live in the logs of the log house, in the floor and ceiling boards, in the tabletop polished to a shine and in the benches. Therefore, the peasant considered the hut itself, his dwelling, as part of nature, its spiritual continuation.

Entering such a house, you understand that its space is filled with the measured noise of the forest and streams. fresh air; this space breathes peace and serenity. A delicate “forest” aroma of Siberian pine or larch, cedar, and spruce always hovers in the house. The sun reigns here from morning to evening, soft pastel colors look natural, resin flows down the logs like a solar tear, and from a dark icon the bright face of the Mother of God looks with an all-penetrating gaze...

The house looks genuinely majestic, like nature itself. One gets the impression that this house has taken root, "taken root" in the environment, has become an integral part of the surrounding forests and fields, of everything that we call Russia.

Home is a unique place on earth where a person feels confident and calm, where he feels like a full owner. From here he counts all his movements in time and space, returns here, here his family hearth awaits, here he raises and educates children, here his life flows. “Home is where your heart is,” wrote the Roman scholar and historian Pliny the Elder.

When creating a house for himself and his family, our ancestor entered into the closest and very complex ties and relationships with environment. Skillfully using its features, he sought to get used to nature, merge harmoniously and consistently with it, fit into its living and easily vulnerable structure. Existing alongside and together with nature, developing in constant contact with it, he achieved sometimes amazing results in the most difficult and responsible business of forming a full-fledged dwelling, practical and expressive.

Natural observation, the experience of ancestors, traditions developed over the centuries, the ability to perceive and objectively evaluate the features of the natural landscape awakened an amazing “flair” in the Russian - he settled down, settled down in the really best place, where it was not only convenient, but also beautiful - the beauty of the surrounding nature had to it is very large, and sometimes decisive. It uplifted the soul, gave a feeling of freedom and spaciousness.

A Russian hut... She envelops the wise goodness of children's fairy tales, dissolving in peace in the heart. For a Russian person, an ordinary village hut is a kind of original monument of his being, the beginning of the Fatherland is connected with it - the root basis of his life.

Calm confidence emanates from simple Russian huts, they have firmly and thoroughly settled in their native land. When looking at the buildings of old Russian villages, darkened from time to time, the feeling does not leave that they, once called by man and for man, live at the same time some kind of their own, separate life, closely connected with the life of the nature surrounding them - so they became related to that place where they were born.

Ancient North Russian huts tell us about how our ancestors lived during the times of Novgorod the Great and Moscow Russia. What our ancestor did is practically what he said. Each hut is a story.

We know a lot about how modern wooden houses are built, which construction material, tool, means of protection is used for this. We are also familiar with other information, thanks to which we can easily build a house with our own hands. All this is good, but only in order to build the future, you need to know our past well, in fact, what we will do today. In this article, we will fill the informative void in our memory and find out how wooden huts were built in Russia.

construction tool

So, before talking about the construction itself, let's look at what tool our ancestors used. Here, there is nothing special to talk about, since our ancestors had a single, reliable and trouble-free tool - an ax that was used at any stage of construction. With its help, cut down trees, remove the bark from them, clear them of knots, fit the logs to each other. In a word, they did everything that could be required at the time of building a house. Due to the widespread use of an ax in construction, the expression “cut down a house” was widely used at that time.

That is why today, out of habit, we call wooden houses log cabins, although we hardly use an ax.

Procurement of materials

So, armed with an ax, our near ancestors went into the forest and cut down trees. It is worth noting that the priority building material of that time was coniferous trees, mainly pines and spruces. This is explained by the fact that these rocks have an even structure, so they are easy to process and lay. In addition, these trees, for the most part, have a suitable level of humidity, which made the house more resistant to shrinkage. Of course, at that time they did not know about the humidity of the tree, but they noticed that when using the same pine, the walls of the house less often gave deformation and cracked, as happened with other species.

Trees were cut down in winter. First of all, this was due to the fact that in winter there was more free time, since there was almost no housework. In addition, our ancestors believed that a tree sleeps in winter, so it simply does not feel pain from ax blows. Surprisingly, they were right, since the tree in winter stops the vital processes associated with metabolism, as a result of which the internal moisture content of the tree decreases several times, which, in turn, favorably affects the construction. Of course, people did not know any of this, but only used what their hearts told them.

The felled trees were hauled home on horseback. Further, with the help of the same ax, the bark was removed from the tree and sorted, where diseased trees, on which rot or insects were noticed, were culled for sawing. After that, the tree was dried for some time, shifting from place to place, and then, directly, they began construction, in which men from the streets of the city or from all over the village took part.

Construction of a wooden frame

So, when starting to build a log house, our ancestors used the same tool - an ax, with which, having previously stepped back a certain distance from the edge of the log, they cut out special holes in which other logs were fixed. There was no concrete, crushed stone, durable stone at that time, so no one equipped the foundation. The first logs that fit into the crown were laid on compacted soil. To compact the soil, a certain layer of earth was removed. In the same way, the surface was leveled relative to the horizon. Having laid the first crown, the carpenters of that time proceeded to lay the next, then another, and so on, until the walls of the house were completely ready. It is worth noting that when laying, the carpenters signed each log, regardless of the row. This was done in order to protect yourself from unnecessary work, if suddenly something goes wrong and you have to dismantle the whole house to the log.

In the construction of a log house of the past, it is striking that the builders did not use a single nail, and this did not affect the strength of the house in any way. In addition, before there were no heaters, protective equipment, paintwork materials, but wooden houses, with proper care, were always warm and could stand for 50 years or more. It turns out that this was the case.

In order to make the house warm, close all the cracks and compact the logs, the carpenters of that time went to the trick. Ordinary forest moss was placed on the surface of each next log, which, when the wooden house was shrinking, pressed so hard that it completely covered everything. through holes. In addition, these houses were small size, so it was very easy to heat them.

They built the house not as fast as in the old days. As a rule, construction began in early spring, and finished in autumn. The owners simply did not have time to wait a year or two for the house to shrink, so the construction of the roof began immediately after the walls of the house were completed.

As for the construction of the roof, then, for the most part, the roof was gable. This was due to the fact that a minimum of building material was used for the construction of this type of roof. As roofing material people chose straw, as it was free and protected the house well from rain and snow. The roof structure itself strongly resembles a modern roof with two slopes, load-bearing beams, “interfloor floor beams”, a primitive crate, a ridge and the roof itself. At that time, people used the attic to dry clothes, store some supplies from the garden, and also for unnecessary things. This was explained by the fact that in the house, due to the lack of free space, these things simply did not have a place. In turn, in an empty attic, the air was much warmer than outside, which was achieved thanks to the chimney.

As wall cladding, but more for the purpose of insulation, our ancestors used straw, which, no matter how strange it may sound, they mixed with cow dung and clay. The clay was smoothly rubbed, giving the contour of the house perfectly even edges of the walls and surface. Whitewash was applied over the clay, which was renewed, as a rule, several times a year.

Center definition

Construction began with the definition of a ritual center. Such a point was recognized as the middle of the future dwelling or its red (front, holy) corner. A young tree (birch, mountain ash, oak, cedar, fir tree with an icon) or a cross made by carpenters was planted or stuck here, which stood until the end of construction. A tree or a cross was likened to the world tree, symbolizing the world order, the cosmos. In this way, relations of similarity were established between the structure of the future structure and the structure of the cosmos, and the act of construction itself was mythologized.

Victim

In the center, marked by the world tree, the so-called building sacrifice was laid. Like the world, which in the mythological representation was "deployed" from the body of the victim, the house was also "brought out" from the victim.

In the early stages of history, the Slavs did not exclude human sacrifices when laying buildings, then livestock (most often a horse) and small animals (rooster, chicken) became the ritual equivalent of a human sacrifice.

An extract from the Christian nomocanon reads: “When building houses, it is customary to lay the human body as a foundation. Whoever puts a person in the foundation is punished - 12 years of church repentance and 300 prostrations. Put a boar, or a bull, or a goat in the foundation. Later, the building sacrifice became bloodless. A set of three sacrificial symbols is stable: wool, grain, money, which correlate both with the ideas of wealth, fertility, prosperity, and with the personification of the three worlds: animal, plant and human.

Laying the first crown

The rite of sacrifice was combined with the laying of the first crown. Special attention was paid to this operation, because the first crown is a model for the rest of the crowns that make up the frame.

With the laying of the first crown, the spatial scheme of the dwelling is realized, and now the whole space is divided into domestic and non-domestic, internal and external.

Usually, on this day, carpenters lay only one crown, followed by a “salary” (“overlay”, “stowing”) treat, during which the craftsmen say: “The owners are in good health, and the house should stand until it rots.” If the carpenters wish the owners of the future house evil, then even in this case, laying the first crown is the most appropriate moment: hitting the log crosswise with an ax and keeping the intended damage in mind, the master says: “Duck! Shut up like that!” - and what he conceived, then it will come true.

Matrix laying

The central moment of construction - the laying of the matitsa (a beam that serves as the basis for the ceiling) - was accompanied by ritual actions, the purpose of which was to ensure warmth and prosperity in the house.

One of the carpenters walked around the topmost log (“crown of the skull”), scattered grains of grain and hops on the sides. The owners prayed to God all this time.

The master priest stepped onto the matitsa, where a sheepskin coat was tied with a bast, and bread, salt, a piece of meat, a head of cabbage and green wine in a bottle were placed in its pockets. The bast was cut with an ax, the fur coat was picked up below, the contents of the pockets were eaten and drunk. They could raise a mat with a pie or a loaf of bread tied to it. And only a day later they continued to finish building the house.

Cutting windows and doors

Close attention was paid to the process of manufacturing door and window openings in order to regulate, secure the connection of the inner world (home) with the outside. When they inserted the door frame, they said: “Doors, doors! Be locked up to the evil spirit and thieves, ”and they made the sign of the cross with an ax. The same thing happened when they installed lintels and window sills for windows, and they also turned to the windows with a request not to let thieves and evil spirits into the house.

House Cover

The sky is the roof of the earth. Hence the orderliness of the world, harmony, because everything that has an upper limit is definitely finished. The house, like a picture of the world, becomes "one's own", residential and safe only when it is covered.

The last, most plentiful treat of carpenters, which was called the "lock" of the roof, is connected with laying the roof.

In the North, they arranged a "salamatnik" - a solemn family dinner for carpenters and relatives. The main dishes were salamata of several varieties - a thick mash made from flour (buckwheat, barley, oatmeal), kneaded with sour cream and seasoned with melted butter, as well as porridge from cereals fried in butter.

Completion of construction

The rituals that complete the construction of the house seem strange. For a certain period (7 days, a year, etc.), the house had to remain unfinished in order to avoid the death of any of the family members. For example, they could leave a piece of the wall over the icons unwhitewashed, or they didn’t make a roof over the entryway for a year, so that “all sorts of troubles would fly out into this hole.” So incompleteness, incompleteness was associated with the ideas of maintaining the existing order, eternity, immortality, the continuation of life.

Traditions and modernity of Russian wooden architecture

Wood is one of the most ancient, traditional and favorite building materials of the Russian people. Why not stone? After all, we had a stone!

D. Fletcher answered this question back in the 16th century in the book “On the Russian State”:

The tree in Russia has been honored since ancient times. They addressed him, as if he were alive, in a variety of cases: “Holy tree, help.” And the tree, listening to the request, helped. The great power of the earth and sky is concentrated in trees. huts-mansions, built: "as beauty and the world will say," they loved so much.

Entering such a house, you understand that its space is filled with the measured noise of the forest and fresh air; this space breathes peace and serenity. A delicate “forest” aroma of Siberian pine or larch, cedar, and spruce always hovers in the house. The sun reigns here from morning to evening, soft pastel colors look natural, resin flows down the logs like a solar tear, and from a dark icon the bright face of the Mother of God looks with an all-penetrating gaze...

When creating a home for himself and his family, our ancestor entered into the closest and very complex ties and relationships with the environment. Skillfully using its features, he sought to get used to nature, merge harmoniously and consistently with it, fit into its living and easily vulnerable structure. Existing alongside and together with nature, developing in constant contact with it, he achieved sometimes amazing results in the most difficult and responsible business of forming a full-fledged dwelling, practical and expressive.

Ancient North Russian huts tell us about how our ancestors lived during the times of Novgorod the Great and Moscow Russia. What our ancestor did is practically what he said. Each hut is a story.

| They built in the old days freely, with a daring Russian scope. There was a lot of land, the forest was at hand, and there were no workers: there were no honors for idlers in Russia, and they simply would not have survived in the harsh northern regions. The huts were built large, solid and comfortable. Sometimes on one floor, more often on two with a light room above it, with a large covered courtyard. The volume of some huts is impressive - up to two and a half thousand cubic meters.

The basis of each building is a log house - always powerful, regardless of its size, plastic, saturated with chiaroscuro, playing with many halftones and shades of natural wood. Natural beauty log cabin- unique in its beauty and expediency appears before us in every work of truly folk wooden architecture.

The house served as protection, protected. Its ornaments and details are requests and wishes addressed to the forces of nature and symbolizing the unity of man with it. "The horse on the roof is quieter in the hut," says a folk proverb. The horse is an allegorical reminder of the endless movement human life about the need to choose the righteous path in it. Where the spirit of moral strength reigns, wisdom and silence settle - this is the semantic basis of the proverb.

In the protective and incantatory ornamentation of the Russian hut, a symbolic image of the sun played an important role, which was shown three times: rising, at the zenith and leaving, - at the points of contact of the roof with the log house on (piers) and above under the junction roof slopes and moorings.

I Carved towels, on which symbolic suns were usually carved, personified the purity of human thoughts, inextricably linked with the sunny joy of being, with the victory of light over darkness.

The same symbolic meaning of illumination, lighting was given to the arrangement of a red (beautiful, sunny) corner inside the hut, where icons were placed. The ceiling in the hut personified the sky, and the wide beam supporting it - the mother - the Milky Way. Everything is not accidental in life, - folk wisdom narrated, you just need to look with attention, as if reading what you see, calling for a deep understanding of this seemingly simple, but endless truth in knowledge. I To understand the architecture of the northern village, we need to take another step towards comprehending the nature and essence of ancient Russian wooden architecture, concentrated in its original principle - in the unity of constructive-technical and architectural-artistic forms.

This principle, known in the ancient architecture of many peoples, was expressed in the wooden architecture of Russia with the greatest completeness, if not with the absolute and maximum possible.

It seems that it is worth taking a closer look at the priceless wealth that was intuitively found by the collective folk mind, which is stored in the memory of the people. Stop, look around to see, remember, consider and understand how our ancestors solved the most important problems for the very existence of communication with the outside world, with natural nature.

Preference given conifers because of the beautiful texture, strength and high resistance to the rather difficult conditions of Siberia. Pine, due to its low thermal conductivity, creates a microclimate inside the house, so in summer it is cool in a house built of pine, and warm in winter. A wall built of wood allows you to reduce the load on the foundation by 7 times compared to a brick wall, which means that the house can be placed on a lighter foundation, and thereby minimize foundation costs.

At the same time, in the North, larch was used to build a house. Larch is a sound breed. The heartwood is reddish-brown in color, the sapwood is light narrow. Its wood has a few small resin passages, is highly resistant to decay and fungal diseases, therefore it is especially valued in hydraulic structures. An example of this is Venice, which has been standing on piles of larch for over a thousand years. Possessing high hardness and strength, larch surpasses pine by about 30% in its qualities. In a number of regions of Siberia, a log house was assembled from durable and dense larch, while the entire interior decoration was made from Siberian cedar.

And yet, the most common material for housing construction was pine, in particular, upland pine or, as it was also called, “kondovy”. The log from it is heavy, straight, almost without knots and, according to the master carpenters, "does not hold damp." In one of the contract entries for the construction of housing, concluded in the old days between the owner and carpenters (and the word “orderly” comes from the Old Russian “row” - contract), it was quite clearly emphasized: “... carve a forest of pine, kind, vigorous, smooth, not bitchy"...

There are ore pine, which grows on deep loose sandy loams and light loamy soils, in elevated places, has fine-layered dense wood, narrow sapwood, resinous. Another variety of pine - myandovaya - grows on low-lying clay soils, has a less dense spring wood, broad-layered, less resinous than ore pine.

Timber was usually harvested in winter or early spring, while “the tree is sleeping, and excess water has gone into the ground”, while the logs can still be taken out by sledge. Then the wood is less prone to shrinkage, decay and warping. Logs for building a house were usually selected with a thickness of about eight inches in diameter (35 cm), and for lower rims a log house - and thicker ones up to ten inches (44 cm.). Often the contract stated: "and not to put less than seven inches." The age of such a beauty is 100-200 years, the height is up to 20 meters.

A wooden house made of logs of large diameter is now very expensive. But the pleasure of living in it is incomparable with anything. The owners of such a house emphasize that the warmth emanating from real large logs is incomparable. It is unusually easy to breathe here, irritation goes away and the eternal bustle of city life leaves: in such a house health will be preserved until old age, and thoughts and feelings will be bright. Wood is a malleable, clean and responsive material. Its warm shine, pattern, color and aroma are unique. As a material, it gives extraordinary scope for creativity. It is strong enough, able to retain heat for a long time, lends itself well to processing. And, once in the hands of the master, it seems to acquire a soul, comes to life. We note in passing that today the recommended diameter of a log for a chopped wall is 22 cm ... The logs were taken to the village and put into "bonfires", where they lay until spring.

The beginning of the construction of a dwelling in Russia was associated with certain, regulated by special rules, terms. It was considered best to start building a house on Veliky Prost (early spring) and so that the construction process included the Trinity holiday in terms of time - “Without the Trinity, the house is not built.” It was impossible to start construction on the so-called “hard days” - on Monday, Wednesday , Friday, and also on Sunday. The time was considered favorable for the start of construction, “when the month is filled” - after the new moon ...

Not the last role was played by the fact that wooden buildings could be erected in a fairly short time. High-speed wood construction in Russia was generally widely developed, which indicates a high level of organization of carpentry. It is known that even churches - the largest buildings in Russian villages - were sometimes built "on the same day", which is why they were called "ordinary".

In addition, log houses could be easily dismantled, transported over a considerable distance and put back in a new place. There were special markets in the cities, where prefabricated log cabins and entire wooden houses with all interior decoration were sold “for export”. In winter, such houses were shipped straight "from the sleigh" disassembled, and it took no more than two days to assemble them and caulk.

The desire of our distant ancestors to decorate their homes, to surround themselves with beautiful utensils is an ancient tradition that was formed at the call of the inner nature of a Russian person, his genetic desire for beauty and harmony.

Decorative carvings on ancient Russian buildings, preserved in the Russian North, the Volga region, the Urals and Siberia, have always attracted the attention of travelers, researchers, artists with their bewitching beauty, craftsmanship and figurative expressiveness.

Nowadays modern methods wood processing allows you to ensure the perfect fit of the logs and the absolute density of the joints. The tree meets all the requirements for the level of comfort, and also fits perfectly into the "ecological" concept of interior space, which has been so popular in the last decade.

For many centuries, master carpenters have resorted to primordial natural components to “protect” wood. The use of these components preserved the ecological cleanliness and natural beauty of the wood. Since a tree is an element of wildlife, its decorative processing carried out with natural materials, based on natural oils, wax, various plant extracts, capable of leaving pores open, despite the deep processing of wood. Thus, the tree "breathes", excess moisture evaporates from it, the wear resistance is significantly increased.

Natural glaze giving wood easy silky sheen, preserves and enhances the natural beauty and texture of wood, provides protection from harmful effects ultraviolet radiation, insects, moisture and wind. The walls of the house - the estate at the same time retain the natural tone of the pine and always look fresh.

Centuries-old searches and experiments of folk craftsmen of the past had a huge impact on the appearance of the current wooden house. ! A comfortable, warm, cozy and beautiful manor house is able to provide its inhabitants with a high level of comfort, ensure the harmonious development of all life processes, and create the necessary amenities for housekeeping. It is the manor house that can fully and organically connect a person with the surrounding nature, with the landscape, with the earth.

Numerous projects and constructions, carried out on the basis of wood in Russia and abroad, indisputably prove its modernity and unconditional prospects for use in today's practice of estate building.

Wooden houses in Europe are very expensive and are considered elite.

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09:23 pm: Why didn't they build castles in Russia?
As a true Westerner, I even read Russian history as presented by the 19th-century French historian Alfred Rambaud. The book is interesting for comparisons of Russian events with the history of Europe, for example, an observation that seemed curious to me about the difference in architecture:

There is no stone in Russia, except for the areas adjacent to the mountains. This fact had a huge impact on its development economically and artistically. It was necessary to use a different building material than in the West: architectural monuments were erected mainly from oak and pine or from brick; ancient churches, royal chambers, fortifications of ancient cities were built from wood; the houses of the townspeople and the huts of the peasants are still being built of wood. Russian villages and most cities are accumulations of combustible materials - hence the periodically advancing fires; we can say that the whole of Russia burns out on average every seven years. With such materials, buildings could not have those colossal dimensions that distinguish French castles and cathedrals on the Rhine.

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Comments

written truths.
As well as short autumn - spring, forcing people in Russia to work not measuredly, but in a rush.

I do not claim that this information is unique =)
however, it never occurred to me that the difference in architecture was due to the absence of stone, so this observation was unexpected.

add here the conclusion about the national character - Russian cities burned every two or three years, they had to be rebuilt from scratch, and they were rebuilt quickly. And the western stone city was built for a very long time and slowly. Therefore, the Russian could at any moment spit on his wooden walls, go to the Don, beyond the Stone - he had nothing to lose except a handful of ash. But a German or a Frenchman was held by stones, which were hewn by his grandfather.
The second is the operating mode. In Russia, there is a short spring and a short autumn - you have to have time to weed out in two weeks, when the snow melted - before the heat dried up the soil. And in the fall, you need to have time to harvest in two weeks - until the frost kills it. But in the long winter you can lie on the stove, take a break from the autumn rush and prepare for the spring. While the Western peasant could sow and harvest crops relatively slowly, according to a measured schedule, working without rush jobs and breaks. Exactly this quality - work "for a breakthrough" and rest after it - in my opinion is more noticeable in Russians.

Rambaud also writes about the mobility of Russians, although he does not connect it with cities, explaining that the land was mostly infertile and the people sought to move further south, because there was nothing to leave in terms of good land.
I have long heard about emergency work with long breaks, a really noticeable character trait.

In Rome, the Colosseum was built of stone in ancient times, the same theme in Greece. It's about time frames. In Russia, they began to massively build from stone only under Peter I, in Europe several hundred years earlier, and these hundreds of years European cities were built. That's what it is, and not at all about the fact that there are stone buildings from the time of the apes.

and the stone in Russia was in the mountains, from where its transportation was too expensive to build cities, castles, cathedrals, etc.

>in Russia, the city was not opposed to the feudal lord, but, on the contrary, was the guarantor and symbol of his power

this does not explain the absence of stone cathedrals, palaces, etc., in addition, in Russia there was a constant struggle with the surrounding tribes, and feudal civil strife, which threatened cities no less, so Castles would be very useful.

Yes, even in Novgorod the stone Kremlin was completed only in the 15th century, in Moscow in the 14th century, when castles were built in Germany in the 9th, 10th, 11th centuries. What hindered us, if not the absence of a stone? Especially since European cities often formed around Castles. Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv is made of mixed brick and stone masonry by the Byzantines. Apparently there were not too many stones =)

Yes, even if the active construction of cities made of stone in Europe began in the 15th century, then in Russia only from the beginning of the 18th century, and throughout the 19th century, most of the cities were wooden.

yeah, as well as the function of the cathedral and the palace, everything is clear.

I didn't read it =)
You haven't read it either, have you?

yes, damn it, pulls on the article =)

it's nice, nice to say that they come to me in the history magazine, make discoveries here in the kaamments! Walk ischo =)

On the other hand, a hundred in general for a strange tendency to compare everyone with Europeans?! What kind of Eurocentric position, where did they get that THERE was more correct?!
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Based on the result. Muscovy and the Republic of Ingushetia have always been lagging behind in relation to Europe.